TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF PERU

ISSUE

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN METROPOLITAN LIMA

MEMBERS
MERGE ACUÑA, WALTHER
PADILLA CISNEROS, DAVID
RODRIGUEZ LAURA, RENZO
VARA SURCO, FRANK JUNIOR
YONAMINE SALAZAR, ACSAFKINERET
ZEGARRA GATICA, FERNANDO

FEBRUARY 28, 2018

 INDEX
I. Introduction

II. Contextualization of the Problem

a. Urban Solid Waste Management in Metropolitan Lima

b. Resources used by Municipalities in the treatment of MSW

c. Environmental Management Standards

III. Causes of excess MSW

a. Causes of excess MSW in La Victoria

b. Characteristics of MSW in La Victoria and La Molina

IV. Consequences of excess MSW in the environment

a. Health

b. Impact on the environment

V. Projects and strategies

a. PIGARS

b. National RSU Plan

c. Environmental Education Programs

d. Solution proposals

1. Ecuador – Loja

2. Ecuador – Cayambe

3. Holland

4. Spain

VI. Conclusions

VII. Bibliography

VIII. Annexes

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I. Introduction

The management carried out regarding solid waste in Lima is different in each
district because each mayor prioritizes the primary needs of his district, it is
necessary to understand that the excessive amount can bring a problem to
people's health, as well as the presence of his district before others. The personnel
who handle MSW must also be informed, protected and have received talks so that
they do not expose their health since it is one of the least paid jobs and MSW is
considered waste with little knowledge of its origin and composition due to lack of
ethics. when recycling. Most of the rules for managing MSW in some countries are
voluntary and in this way non-compliance does not imply some type of punishment,
something that should change taking other countries as an example.

The abundance of MSW is increasingly detrimental to the health and image of the
districts of Lima. Mainly in the most polluted districts like La Victoria. In comparison
to the La Molina district, where they have greater control and management of
MSW. This excessive increase in MSW is due to an accelerated process of
urbanization and population increase due to the demand for raw materials.
Likewise, the lack of infrastructure such as garbage cans or containers. Finally, the
lack of concern and carelessness of the same inhabitants that harm their district.
The difference in the management of MSW in these 2 districts is several, such as
the containers and equipment they use to transport the garbage. Likewise, the
difference in budgets and income that each of the districts has and especially how
much importance they give to managing and controlling their RSU.

The excess of MSW on the streets of both districts is very risky, whether in the
health and climate change. They can cause very severe problems to
inhabitants of said districts, there are two ways in which the inhabitant can be
damaged by MSW; directly and indirectly. MSW also contributes to climate
change since organic matter decomposes and releases a gas greenhouse effect.

The projects that we will propose are based on MSW management models that
have been executed in other countries and as a result have obtained good results,
achieving eco-efficiency. For this reason, we define and explain in detail the term

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PIGARS and the National MSW Plan, mentioning the concept, general and specific
objectives. On the other hand, we will detail the activity carried out in Ecuador, Loja
with respect to the management of MSW and we will point out essential aspects
that we can apply as citizens and municipality of the Cayambe project, Ecuador. As
well as, we will describe the important MSW management that Holland has been
carrying out, specifically in Amsterdam, to be able to make the most of waste and
thus eradicate the environmental impact that it produces on the environment.
Furthermore, we show the other side of the coin reflected in the poor work that
Spain has done in recent years, comparing it to the context of the district of La
Victoria and La Molina. As a result of all this in-depth analysis, we will propose
solidly founded positions and projects.

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II. Contextualization of the Problem

a. Urban Solid Waste Management in Metropolitan Lima

Due to the alarming increase in population in the city of Lima, it is inevitable

not to observe and suffer the consequences of the proliferation of solid waste. The
National Plan for Comprehensive Solid Waste Management 2016 states:

(..) Peru during 2014 generated a total of 7,497,482 t/year of municipal

urban waste, of which 64% is household waste and 26% is non-domestic
waste, with the coastal region producing the largest amount of waste,
particularly Metropolitan Lima and Callao, where an average of 9,794 t/day
is generated (...).
(Ministry of Environment)

Following these statistics, it is necessary to develop a good waste

management plan; especially for the Metropolitan Lima sector, which is where the
highest percentage of waste is found.

The solid waste generated every day leads to pollution and is not only a
problem in Lima, from various information we know that it is also worldwide, being
a major issue because it generates a problem for society as a whole which affects
human beings and our home, which is planet Earth. That is why we must act now
to prevent this problem from becoming even greater. Alejandro Barradas (2009)
says:

Solid waste management has reached a high level of importance in many

countries, responding to international calls to achieve environmental
sustainability and protect public health, from a natural resource economics
approach. (p.4)

Given the lack of creating environmental culture in our population, solid

waste management is presented as an incentive to the pollution problems we face.
Being aware that in some countries it is even more serious, we propose the
sustainability of the environment and protection of people, preserving natural

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resources in this same way, with the vision of having a population aware of
environmental culture in order to extend the life of our planet and preserving our
nature which we will inherit to our successors.

Nowadays, different types of efforts are carried out to counteract the

pollution of urban solid waste (MSW), teaching and learning in different contexts, it
is then that each municipality prepares, manages and applies or develops a plan
according to its needs presented by each district, in this context the mayor of
Puente Piedra promises:

(…) for the treatment of urban solid waste (MSW) generated in the northern
cone of Lima. The plant will be installed in the Puente Piedra district, Lima
region. The treatment capacity is 1500 MT/day and ethanol, methane and
diesel 2 are produced as value-added products. A reduction of more than
80% in the volume of MSW currently destined for final disposal in the
Zapallal landfills is also achieved. and La Vizcacha. The impact of the
implementation of this process will be positive in both technological,
economic and environmental aspects.

(Erazo and woolcott 2014,6)

For the treatment of MSW, a treatment plant will be created prepared to store the
amount generated by the inhabitants of the northern cone, so that it will be positive
in different social aspects, making the inhabitants of said territory active
participants and benefiting technologically, economically and as much as possible.
important environmental free from how harmful solid waste is.

In order to develop good management of urban solid waste we would need

to carry out a study with prior information, background, scientific support, examples
to then carry out planning. Taking into account some of the many successful
projects that have already been developed elsewhere, for example:

The management of urban solid waste (MSW) is arranged as follows:

generation and storage, collection (through the garbage dump or cleaning
staff, recycling and classification, and stored or compacted. Processes that

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 generate economic impact since these wastes are classified, transported
from the streets and then taken to their destination, and then these same
wastes must be classified and separated for their full use.

(Otero,2015, 39_41)

For good solid waste management, good trained personnel are needed to
develop good management of them, following the steps and processes, which are
often used in favor of those who generate it, benefiting from many contributions for
the good of the community. human development.

Every day we are overwhelmed by the poor management of solid waste,

whether due to ignorance or not being a good citizen, we contribute to this
pollution, since we generate large amounts of solid waste. To do? For example, if
the vehicles that transport solid waste are monitored, they can perform at their
maximum so that the route is traced and thus the eco-friendly efficiency for the
planet is notable since less fuel can be spent and more carbon dioxide generated.
carbon. (Ramírez and Romucho,2017,23) A good project developed with allies
aware of the work to be carried out would lead to good management of solid waste,
and thus it would be achieved successfully and efficiently to extend the life of our
beloved planet.

b. Resources used by Municipalities in the treatment of MSW

Among all the tasks carried out in the various work areas, there are less dignified
jobs, but no less important than that of collecting garbage or solid waste generated
by an unconscious population, which is why they are exposed to many risks; Thus,
one of the least dignified and most important jobs is that of collecting garbage,
since those who provide this service do not have the necessary equipment, and
are exposed to a high degree of contamination, often putting their health at risk,
despite that thanks to them the cities stay clean and prevent the accumulation of
organic and inorganic waste which would contaminate the city and the proliferation
of diseases from the simplest to the most risky, they are not given the importance
of being a garbage collector .

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 What's more, it is known to every conscious and unconscious inhabitant that
many of the cleaning workers lack the safety measures that they should have, due
to the health-polluting work that they face every day:

physical integrity of every worker, strictly related to the prevention of

occupational accidents and occupational diseases, its study corresponds
largely to the branch of social security, within the general conditions of work,
in which the activity must be carried out. In the labor code of the Republic of
Nicaragua it is stated in title V Chapter I of Occupational Hygiene and
Safety.

(Talavera,2015,43-44)

Every worker's physical integrity is protected, which helps you prevent accidents
within the work activity, as well as diseases caused by the work you carried out,
which is supported through current social security.

III. Causes of excess MSW

a. Causes of excess MSW in Victoria

In recent years, the population has increased in different districts, one of

these is La Victoria. District in which urban solid waste has been increasing due
to the increase in population. The increased demand for raw materials in this
district has been so great that MSW is scattered and thrown in the streets of La
Victoria. R. Erazo and JC Woolcott Hurtado explains that:

“The accelerated development of the city of Lima, in recent decades and in

a centralized manner, both in the industrial and commercial aspects, has
also been accompanied by an accelerated and disorderly urbanization
process. which has caused an increase in the population and consequently
the demand for raw materials, energy, goods and services has also
increased, causing an increase in the production of municipal solid waste
(MSW) to an average of 4000 metric tons per day (TM/day).”

This increase in population is affecting many districts of the country. La

Victoria, being one of these districts, is constantly polluted by the urban solid

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 waste scattered on the streets. This affected many people in their health,
behavior, mood and quality of life.

Another reason why the La Victoria district has a great abundance of urban
solid waste is due to the lack of garbage disposal infrastructure. This is due to
the municipality's neglect and the district's lack of budget. According to Marilú
Luque, he explains that:

“The lack of garbage collection or its deposit in unsuitable places

(dumps, beaches, rivers, etc.) brings with it the accumulation of flies,
rats and lazy dogs and, consequently, the risk of contracting
diseases.”

The lack of trash cans and recycling cans causes the accumulation of urban
solid waste. In addition, this causes diseases in people and brings pests with it.
This is mainly the responsibility of the municipality of La Victoria.

The great abundance of urban solid waste in the district of La Victoria is

due to the lack of infrastructure and personnel specialized in reporting on the
consequences of urban solid waste.

One of the main reasons why the district of La Victoria has a great abundance of
solid urban waste is due to the lack of guidance to people about pollution, they do
not have a team to inspect sanitary conditions, their garbage transports do not
They are designed for long distances so they do not have a second route. While
other larger districts such as Miraflores, La Molina, San Isidro have specialized
personnel, better equipment and waste collection trucks. (Luque 2000: 72-74)

This is mainly the responsibility of the municipality, which does not give it
much importance and does not invest enough in solving this problem.

The carelessness and lack of consideration of the people of the La Victoria

district when leaving their MSW in the streets generates a poor image and quality
of life.

Another reason for the large amount of solid urban waste in the district of La
Victoria is due to the lack of concern that the inhabitants have when accumulating

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 waste piles that are left in the streets. This is mainly made up of human and
animal waste, bringing with it insects and bad odors, giving the district a bad
image. This is because there is no one to tell them that polluting does not help
anyone and they should start worrying. (Luque 2000: 73-74)

The lack of concern is not only for the municipality of the La Victoria district,
it is also for the inhabitants themselves who do not care about the consequences
of the accumulation of solid waste in the streets.

b. Characteristics of MSW in La Victoria and La Molina

La molina is one of the districts with the best quality of life due to low
pollution and proper management of urban solid waste. This is why they have well
planned and elaborated their care of their district in which the municipality and its
inhabitants themselves participate in the protection of its streets. The main
characteristics of the urban solid waste in this district are explained by the
Municipality of La Molina:

“Operational and available 24 hours a day, without time restrictions.

Hygienic for the user, for the operator and for the environment. Waste does
not remain inside the homes, with great health advantages. Collection can
be scheduled during off-peak hours, helping to reduce traffic congestion.
Provides an adequate response to environmental problems, such as the
proliferation of micro-dumps and garbage scattered on the streets. It
ensures a substantial improvement in the quality and presentation of the
service, which is perceived and valued by the community. “It allows us to
project a decrease in the short per ton in the medium and long term, thanks
to the useful life of the containers.”

Therefore, it is known that the La Molina district has a good plan for
managing its urban solid waste. Therefore, it keeps the citizen well informed of
any problem that happens and that it offers a good quality of life and a good
image.

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 La Victoria is one of the largest districts in which we can observe a lot of
pollution and a lot of urban solid waste in large quantities. This is due to the lack
of concern of the inhabitants and the municipality of La Victoria. The main
characteristics that the district has when managing its urban solid waste are
explained by the Municipality of La Victoria:

“Number of inhabitants for each area to be served. Per capita generation of

solid waste in each area (Kg. /Inhabitants/day). Available collection
equipment (quantity, type, size and condition). Density of waste in the
collection vehicle. Collection frequency. “Number of trips feasible to make
per vehicle during the normal work day.”

As can be seen, the district of La Victoria presents its management of urban

solid waste in a not so efficient way to its inhabitants. In which it does not
guarantee an improvement of the streets because the garbage trucks would pass
by during work days. In addition to the lack of information to its inhabitants.

Mainly the difference in characteristics of districts and why one is

contaminated and another is not, is due to the lack of income or economic
budgets that each one has. A district with larger economic budgets can provide a
good image and a better quality of life to its inhabitants.

There are many differences between the characteristics of municipal solid waste
between the mill and Victoria. La Molina has better infrastructure, provides better
benefits unlike La Victoria. This is due to the low budget and lack of income that
the Victoria district has compared to the Molina district. In other cases it is
because they do not invest what is necessary to solve the problem and if they do,
they do it half-heartedly. (Municipality of La Molina 2016: 62-66)

Therefore, this serious cause of the La Victoria district is very detrimental to

all its inhabitants. The lack of budget and lack of desire to solve the problem is
only bringing the district down.

The participation and awareness of each inhabitant of a district is very important

to realize that the actions they do can benefit or harm the image of the district.
(Municipality of La Molina 2016: 62-66)

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 Another reason for the differences between the district of La Victoria and La
Molina is the lack of participation and awareness that residents have when
disposing of their solid waste. In La Victoria many of the inhabitants are used to
leaving their garbage accumulated with others for several days waiting for them to
be collected and sometimes the damage one does by leaving their waste in the
open of other people is not taken into consideration. While in La Molina he knows
that if this waste is left in the wrong place it will bring with it many problems both
for him and for other people. Affected the health and image of the district.

As can be seen, certain people do not give importance to the problems that
the disposal of municipal solid waste in unindicated places can bring. Although
the problem is not reflected instantly, this will continue to increase as the days go
by so that in the end it is a problem that cannot be remedied.

IV. Consequences of excess MSW in the environment

a. Health

We know that urban solid waste has increased considerably in Peru. In

some districts of Lima the excess of MSW is very notable, a clear example is
the district of Victoria, when passing through some streets of this district the
growth of this waste is considerably seen. Most residents are unaware of the
risks that the increase in MSW can cause.

The waste is made up of a high proportion of organic waste, which undergoes

a process of decomposition or putrefaction and constitutes an appropriate
medium for the proliferation of bacteria and parasite eggs, as well as viruses
and fungi that can be the origin of infectious disorders. Each of the stages that
organic or inorganic waste goes through, from its generation to its final
disposal, are possible triggers, conditions or causes of conditions or diseases
in humans. (Barragán Horacio, Luis 2010, p.218)

The accumulation of waste can cause many diseases to humans

transmitted by rodents that feed on this waste. One of the pollutants that
affects us is caused by the decomposition of organic waste.

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 Having too much MSW attracts insects that serve as disease carriers. Thus,
the majority of these insects are flies that reproduce quickly and many of them
reproduce in organic waste, this is very dangerous since it is known that these
insects transmit bacteria, because they settle on waste contaminated with
agents. of diseases, it is said that flies can travel within a 10km radius (Vesco,
Laura Paulina, 2006). So these insects are the carriers of most diseases since
they can be flying from one place to another carrying bacteria caused by MSW.

You can also contract diseases directly, since the waste discarded
by the inhabitants is not only organic waste, but also physical waste.

They are caused by direct contact with garbage, by the population's habit of
mixing waste with dangerous materials such as: broken glass, metals,
syringes, razor blades, excrement of human or animal origin, and even
infectious waste. from hospital establishments and industrial substances,
which can cause injuries to garbage collection operators. (Vesco, 2006,
p.49)

So these wastes cause disease transmission directly, in this case

the people most affected are those who are in the habit of collecting
garbage for different uses.

b. Impact on the environment

MSW not only causes diseases, it is also responsible for emitting

greenhouse gases. The fermentation of organic matter in the absence of
oxygen generates methane, which is a greenhouse gas twenty times more
powerful than carbon dioxide; It is this methane gas (CH4) that constitutes
50% of the gaseous emissions produced in landfills. Other gases that are also
harmful to the atmosphere and that can be released during improper disposal
of MSW are volatile organic compounds, vinyl chloride and methyl chloride.
(Martínez Sepúlveda, José Alejandro and Montoya Gómez, Nancy Johana,
2013, p.75)

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 So the excess of MSW contributes to global warming due to the gases that
emanate from the fermentation of organic matter, so the more the MSW
increases, the more it contributes to global warming.

The research shows that the Victoria district has more MSW on the streets
compared to the Molina district. However, this does not mean that the Molina
district is exclusive of MSW, it has, but in less quantity.

The MSW affects the quality of the air, which is known from conclusions
that in the district of Victoria the air quality is bad compared to the district of La
Molina, all this is due to the fact that in the streets of the first mentioned
municipality there is RSU by approximately 60%.

Excess waste is something that cannot be avoided, however we can control

it, we already know what this waste can do if we do not control it. The
degradation of organic matter produces gases whose structure belongs to
methane and carbon dioxide, these gases are known as biogas, these belong
to greenhouse gases (Ecological Economy Research Group, 2013). The more
waste a city has, the greater the pollution, not only in the air, but also in the
seas, rivers, soils, etc. This affects the quality of life.

V. Projects and strategies

a. PIGARS

It is important to mention the work plans proposed by the Peruvian state and the
influence it has had on the municipal management of the Lima districts. For this we will
quote the following:

The PIGARS is a management instrument that is obtained after a strategic and

participatory planning process, which will improve the health and environmental conditions
of a certain city. For which long-term objectives and goals will be established (10 to 15
years), and short-term (up to 2 years) and medium-term (3 to 5 years) action plans will be
developed, with the aim of establishing a system sustainable solid waste management.

(MINAM, 2001, p.5)

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As the quote mentions, the PIGARS will allow the health and environmental conditions of
the districts of La Victoria and La Molina to be optimized, but these results may be shown
according to the period that the authorities propose to achieve the goals and objectives.

Now, the question that arises when we define the PIGARS is: What are those goals and
objectives that can be achieved if we execute this strategy effectively? This is indicated in
the following quote:

The formulation and execution of PIGARS offers the following benefits, both to the
municipalities and institutions related to the topic, and to the population in general:

- Facilitate the development of a sustained process of improving the coverage and

quality of the solid waste management system.
- Prevent diseases and improve public decoration.
- Minimize the negative environmental impacts caused by inadequate management
of solid waste (SR).
- Promote the participation of the population and key institutions in initiatives to
improve the solid waste management system.
- Increase the level of environmental education in the population.

Install appropriate management structures for the environmental management of the RS.

(MINAM, 2001, p.6)

All these purposes are what justify the existence of management instruments such as
PIGARS. Now, from a legal point of view, the question to be developed would be: Where
does the need to formulate management strategies such as PIGARS come from? We
denote the answer in the following quote (…) The need to formulate the PIGARS has been
established in the aforementioned law, with the provincial municipalities being responsible
for executing the actions that are necessary to comply with this mandate. However, it must
be taken into account that the formulation of PIGARS goes beyond complying with a mere
legal or formal requirement, it is rather a good opportunity for municipalities and institutions
to improve the conditions of the solid waste management system, in benefit of the local
population.”(National Environmental Council 2001, p. 23)

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b. National RSU Plan

When talking about alternative solutions to the increase in Urban Solid

Waste, it is common to mention the National MSW Plan. This means of
solution, according to the Ministry of the Environment, is defined as “a planning
instrument (…) to adequately articulate efforts towards the improvement of
comprehensive solid waste management at the national level, through policy
guidelines, strategic axes and indicators.” (Ministry of the Environment, 2016,
p. 39)

In other words, it is a tool that guides decision-making with the objective of

achieving the standards adopted for MSW management, and is supported by
other development entities within the political, social and environmental
framework.

One of these indicators is the Selective Collection and Segregation

Program, as a result of the execution of the National Plan for Comprehensive
Solid Waste Management PLANRES 2005 – 2015, it was found that:

Within the framework of the Selective Collection and Segregation Program

at source, 596 recyclers were trained nationwide, the selected places being
the cities of Trujillo, Satipo, Bagua, Arequipa, Huamanga and Moquegua, in
Lima, the districts of Los Olivos, Carabayllo , Rímac, La Victoria and in
Callao, the Ventanilla district.

(Ministry of the Environment, 2016, p. 34-35)

The progress achieved after completing the Management prior to the

National Plan for Comprehensive Solid Waste Management PLANRES 2016 –
2024 is commendable. We can find a list of these achievements and activities
carried out in Chapter IV: EVALUATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE
NATIONAL PLAN FOR COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT OF SOLID
WASTE 2005 – 2015 of the National Plan for Comprehensive Management of
Solid Waste 2016-2024.

Even more so, taking into account its various achievements, the same
document recognizes an undeniable truth: despite the degree of impact on the

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 activities carried out, these are not sufficient to achieve the stated goals.
(Ministry of the Environment, 2016, p. 34) And, to achieve better results it is
not only necessary to have programs, strategies, laws, etc., it is necessary to
have objective goals, a municipal and social commitment, good corporate
governance, resources and even moral values.

Now, the districts of La Victoria and La Molina participate in the Selective

Collection and Segregation Program, however, according to the proposed data
from the Information System for Solid Waste Management (SIGERSOL):
Annual Report 2014 and 2015 of these districts. (see Table No. __):

By observing the numerical quantities in the table, we affirm that:

1) The district of La Victoria has not shown any progress, instead an increase
of 0.09 kg has been recorded. /inhab./day of per capita generation of household
solid waste and an increase of 39.97 in the average density of uncompacted
household solid waste.

2) The district of La Molina has reduced its uncompacted solid waste by 15

Kg/m3. The management of environmental plans that are linked to Solid Waste,
such as the Pilot Program for the Recovery of Inert Solid Waste – La molina
ECO RECICLA, which aims to establish “a set of rights and obligations for the
adequate management and environmental management of Waste Electrical
and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) through the different stages of management:
generation, collection, transportation, storage, treatment, reuse and final
disposal, involving the different actors in responsible management, in order to
prevent, control , mitigate and avoid damage to people's health and the
environment.” (Mayor's Decree, 2012), are giving favorable results.

c. Environmental Education Programs

In Peru there are some programs proposed by the State such as the
National Environmental Policy, whose objectives are shown below:

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 The objective of the Poli National Environmental Ethics is to improve the quality of life of
people, guaranteeing the existence ence of healthy, viable and functional ecosystems in
the long term; and the sustainable development of the country, through the prevention,
protection and recovery of the environment and its components, the conservation and
sustainable use of natural resources, in a responsible manner. wise and consistent with
respect for the fundamental rights of the person. In addition, the specific objective is to
achieve a high degree of environmental awareness and culture in the country, with active
participation citizen participation in an informed and conscious manner in the decision-
making processes for sustainable development. (PNEA-MINAM 2012, p.5)

This National Environment Program is very explicit in defining its objectives

and its intentions to improve the quality of life of the population. It also seeks to
maintain the existence of healthy ecosystems in order to achieve the sustainable
development of the country.

These types of proposals have not been made for a long time but have only
existed for a very short time, (…) It is worth noting that environmental education,
although it has a long experience in Peru, was recently prioritized in the first
National Environmental Agenda approved by the CONAM in 1996 and the
efforts to have the first formulation of the policy date back to 2006 (...) (GLOBE-
Perú, 2017). So, we can specify that we are still beginning these environmental
projects and that if they are consciously taken into account by everyone, in this
way we will be able to achieve sustainable development.

The GLOBE Peru program is promoted worldwide by international scientific

institutions such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA),
the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), among others and
promotes the following aspects:

To make the GLOBE Peru Program sustainable, it is necessary to empower

schools, professors and teachers in scientific practice and environmental
research, encourage regional and local governments aware of and promoters of
environmental initiatives to support this initiative, generate alliances with a

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 private sector committed to the development of environmental sciences in the
country. (GLOBE-Perú, 2017)

This approach and methodology is very relevant since it is the basis for
optimizing management, not only of MSW, but in general, it allows us to carry
out efficient ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT. Since, it promotes research
from schools, engaging students and teachers with this purpose that will greatly
improve our environment.

d. Solution proposals

1. Ecuador - Loja

Analyzing the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Project of Loja,

Ecuador results in benefits. This project has become a model to follow because
the results obtained are favorable. The authorities can apply their strategy. In
Loja, each household is responsible for the classification of its solid waste. They
are given 2 containers, green for biodegradable waste and black for non-
biodegradable waste, and the collection vehicle picks them up daily. This aspect
not only focuses on homes, but also on markets. (CF+S Library, 2002)

It is convenient to analyze the Loja project on your own, since excellent

lessons are obtained that will help us improve as citizens and, especially,
municipal governments. Some aspects that stand out and that we can use as a
model are:

1. Establish priorities: needy, environment and quality of life

2. Set clear objectives: Promote environmental awareness and citizen

participation, decent jobs and obtain economic efficiency.

3. Establish a strategy in advance: educational and motivational campaign.

4. The municipality as an intermediary between the recycling industries and

the garbage sorters.

5. Financing: Continuous negotiations with the authorities, use of municipal

and community resources, loans.

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6. In the process, never forget the citizens. (CF+S Library, 2002)

As a warning, below, we will quote verbatim what the Loja - Ecuador project
includes:

1. Garbage collection:

 Classification of solid waste in homes

 Separation of biologically hazardous waste in medical

centers

 Planning garbage collection routes

2. Use of recoverable waste:

 Preparation of compost from biodegradable waste

 Organized and professional recycling of non-biodegradable

waste

 Control of gas emissions from treatment plants

3. Final disposal of non-recoverable waste:

 Appropriate management of sanitation infrastructure

 Safety cells for biologically hazardous waste

 Control of gas and leaching liquid emissions

4. Training and awareness of the population:

 Campaigns in homes

 Training courses for medical center staff

 Training courses at a technical, social and management level

for recycling workers

(CF+S Library, 2002)

Of all this, what are we doing? What's more, let's look at the results:

20
 1. The quality of life of recyclers has improved, they now have the
support of the Municipality, who continues to guide them to organize
their resources in the best way.

2. Currently, the citizens of Loja are active members in caring for the
environment.

3. Thanks to the elimination of uncontrolled landfills, environmental

pollution has been mitigated, especially in 2 rivers that are currently
tourist attractions. (CF+S Library, 2002)

As we can see, it is possible to achieve change, if there is a commitment

and like them we say “Poverty is no excuse to forget the environment” (CF+S
Library, 2002). Not only the districts of La Victoria and La Molina can benefit
from this measure. All Metropolitan Lima can apply it and it would result in
mutual benefit.

2. Ecuador - Cayambe

Another model to follow, also occurred in Ecuador, but in the town of

Cayambe, in 2001, is the creation of an Environmental Department in the
Municipality, so that it is in charge of the waste management process. This is
very convenient to achieve more efficient work, since an organization focused
only on one aspect is much more profitable than an association dedicated to
multiple tasks. In addition, it is also beneficial to apply technology, in Cayambe
“the most advanced technology for waste management is used, such as the use
of bacteria and microorganisms to process waste” (Biblioteca CF+S, 2006).

What stands out most is that the Municipality of Cayambe was not receiving
support from the central government. However, they did not wait for him to
approve their proposals, but instead sought “technical [economic] and political
support from NGOs and the Department of the Environment of Ecuador.” In
addition, they focused on encouraging citizen participation. And today, they can
say “proper waste management protects the health and well-being of the
population, as well as their living conditions” (CF+S Library, 2006).

21
The towns of La Victoria and La Molina, and why not say each Municipality of
Lima, would do well to apply these tips and adopt objective, practical and
profitable measures, remembering that the change lies in citizen collaboration
and good corporate governance.

3. Netherlands - Amsterdam

The Netherlands is another of the governments whose environmental

management is exemplary for many countries that still cannot take the correct
reins for this problem that involves us all. (…) currently occupies first place in the
European Union ranking in waste management. Among other reasons, for the
brilliant management carried out in its economic capital. In fact, it could be said
that Holland has largely led the way for Europe, especially in the now
widespread concept of circular economy (...) (Horrach, 2017 Art. Web)

Furthermore, its Work Plan has not been carried out for many years, it is
worth mentioning that it has been perfected with the advancement of technology
and to do so it has used all the necessary tools, adding to these a wealth of
complementary research and experiments, this is shown in the following quote:

The most notable factor of its model is the commitment to incineration

since time immemorial. Indeed, its first installation dates back to the
beginning of the 20th century, specifically since 1919 . At that time, AEB
was created as a municipal company for waste management in the municipality
of Amsterdam, to which other nearby municipalities have been incorporated
through agreements. The company operates as an independent entity,
competing in the waste and energy markets. Its fundamental objectives are
excellence in treatments and obtaining the best price for its clients; the citizens
of Amsterdam and surroundings. To this it has added to becoming a long-term
supplier of raw materials from waste treatment.

(Horrach, 2017 Art. Web)

22
 As we can see, eco-efficiency has been achieved in Amsterdam due to an
exemplary environmental project that seeks sustainable development using
fundamental tools such as technology and scientific research. (See Annex 3)

4. Spain

On the other hand, we have the example of Spain, a country that has not yet been
able to achieve the same objectives as Holland, Sweden, Denmark or Austria because the
authorities do not find an adequate Environmental Plan to eradicate this MSW
management problem. (…) The correct management of municipal waste is an increasingly
worrying problem in Spain, due to the incessant increase in the quantities generated and
the increase in the severity of its effects on the environment. The main agents responsible
for waste management are the Administrations, which face the important challenge of
reversing this trend by optimizing said management. One of the possible ways to achieve
this is the application of public policies by authorities, with the aim of maximizing the
diversion of waste from landfills. The policies developed in the most advanced community
countries in management –Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and
Austria– show that the joint application of a series of instruments results in very high
deviation rates, which is why they can serve as a guide for the design of management
policies in Spain. (Horrach, 2017 Art. Web).

Given this problem that Spain has, the economist Artaraz Miñón, puts forward some
proposals to eradicate this poor management of MSW in Spain:

Given the varied typology of applicable instruments, it has been considered appropriate to
classify them considering their nature, analyzing the legislative, economic and training
instruments. Economic instruments, based on the principles of "producer responsibility"
and "polluter pays", are the most effective and efficient. However, its application usually
requires the simultaneous establishment of legal standards and criteria. Furthermore, to
consolidate the success of both types of tools, it is advisable to apply training instruments
aimed at the various agents related to waste.

23
 (Artaraz, 2014, p.85)
As the economist mentions, one of the complementary measures to manage MSW in an
eco-efficient manner would be to promulgate extremely strict laws that, if not complied
with, must drastically sanction the offenders who would be the various agents related to
the production of waste . (See Annex 2 and 4 )

VI. Conclusions

Context: It should be mandatory to comply with and apply the Urban Solid Waste
(MSW) procedures and have drastic sanctions for those who do not comply with
them in order to achieve uniformity when complying with these procedures. More
benefits should also be provided to the members of the personnel who handle
MSW so that they do not expose their health when transporting the waste to its
destination.

Causes: Excess urban solid waste is a very important problem, not only because of
the pollution it causes but because of the problems it can bring to the health of the
inhabitants. Therefore, it is suggested that awareness be made not only of the
municipality that is responsible for providing better services to its citizens, but also
of the inhabitants of the district themselves who know that this only increases
pollution and damages the image of their district, in the health of the person and
their emotions.

Consequences: The conclusion that can be reached on this topic is that if not
control the MSW, the consequences will increase, seriously affecting the
inhabitants of the districts.

Projects: If the management models are taken into account, we can conclude that
could be managed in an eco-efficient manner by promoting an environmental
culture in the population, through programs such as GLOBE-PERÚ. Furthermore, it is
important to give to know that research and the application of technology in planning
work help greatly to achieve sustainable development in the country.

24
VII. References

1. Alejandro Barradas Rebolledo (2009) Doctor of Science in Environmental

Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Madrid, Minatitlán

2. Artaraz Miñón, Miren. Municipal Waste Management in Spain: Are we on the right
track? (2014), Seville, Spain.

3. Barragán Horacio Luis. (2010). Development, human health and environmental

threats. La Plata: University of La Plata.

4. CF+S Library (2002) Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Project (Loja,

Ecuador). Good practices. Latin American: International Competition 2002.
Recovered from: http://habitat.aq.upm.es/bpal/onu02/bp014.html

5. CF+S Library (2006) Project to improve waste management (Cayambe, Ecuador)

Good practices. Latin American: International Competition 2006. Retrieved from:
http://habitat.aq.upm.es/bpal/onu06/bp1779.html

6. Mayor's Decree No. 12 (2012) Updates the Pilot Program for the Recovery of Inert
Solid Waste – La Molina ECO RECYCLES Lima: La Molina District Municipality.
Official Gazette of the Bicentennial El Peruano. Retrieved from:
http://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/actualizan-programa-piloto-de-
recuperacion-de-residuos-solid-decreto-de-alcaldia-n-012-2012-820024-1/

7. Ecological Economy Research Group. (2016). Garbage: environmental

consequences and challenges . National University of Mar del Plata. Recovered
from https://eco.mdp.edu.ar/institucional/eco-enlaces/1611-la-basura-
consecuencias-ambientales-y-desafios
8. Methodological Guide for the Formulation of Comprehensive Environmental
Management Plans for Solid Waste – PIGARS, National Council of the
Environment, Peru (2001),
URL
http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con4_uibd.nsf/
6975FD5F9A05A5D205257D6D006F3C6B/$FILE/Gu%C3%ADa_PIGARS.pdf

25
9. Horrach Juan Mateo, Web article for IRRESIDUO: Other waste management
models: Amsterdam, Netherlands (2017).
( http://www.iresiduo.com/blogs/juan-mateo-horrach/otros-modelos-gestion-
residuos-amsterdam-holanda )

10. Marilú Luque Luque (2000) Chemistry Magazine Vol. XIV. N"l. June 2000
( http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/quimica/article/view/4715 )

11. Martínez Sepúlveda José Alejandro and Montoya Gómez Nancy Johana.
( December 2013). Preliminary analysis of the feasibility of obtaining bioethanol
from the organic fraction of urban solid waste. EAN University, 8(2). Retrieved from
http://cmpr.edu/docs/bib/bibliografia-apa-CMPR.pdf

12. Ministry of the Environment. (2016) National Plan for Comprehensive Solid Waste
Management 2016-2024. Retriever from:
http://sinia.minam.gob.pe/documentos/plan-nacional-gestion-integral-residuos-
solidos-2016-2024 [Accessed 21 Feb. 2018].

13. Municipality of La Molina (2016) Multi-annual investment report, Technological

improvement for the comprehensive service of household and commercial solid
waste
( https://www.mef.gob.pe/contenidos/inv_privada/app/IMI_APP_MD_lamolina.pdf )

14. Municipality of La Victoria (2011). July 25. Mayoral Decree Nº012-2011-ALCMLV

( http://www.munilavictoria.gob.pe/pdf/decretos/de_012-11.pdf )
15. National Environmental Education Policy, Ministry of the Environment-Ministry of
Education (Supreme Decree No. 017_2012_ED)

16. GLOBE Peru Program – Environmental Awareness from School (Ministry of the
Environment), 2017
URL
http://www.minam.gob.pe/educacion/voluntariado/programa-globe-peru-
conciencia-ambiental- desde-la-escuela/

26
17. Otero Rozo, Angélica (2015) Tatiana METHODOLOGICAL PROPOSAL FOR THE
MONITORING AND CONTROL OF THE INTEGRAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT PLAN (PGIRS), OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF USIACURÍ IN THE
DEPARTMENT OF ATLANTIC, thesis or research work as a requirement to qualify
for the title of: Master's Degree in Sustainable Development and Environment,
Barranquilla.

18. Ramírez Puente, Xiomara Danitza and Romucho Santa María, Beatriz Alina (2017)
“Proposal to improve the collection of paper, plastic and glass waste in residential
buildings using containers monitored by GPS in the districts of Miraflores, San
Isidro, San Borja and Jesús María” Thesis to obtain the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering and Bachelor of Administrator in the Industrial Engineering Career and
Business Administration Career, Lima.

19. SIGERSOL (2014) Information System for Solid Waste Management: Annual
Report 2014 (La Molina). Retriever from:
http://sigersol.minam.gob.pe/2014/verInforme.php?id=1262

20. SIGERSOL (2014) Information System for Solid Waste Management: Annual
Report 2014 (La Victoria). Retriever from:
http://sigersol.minam.gob.pe/2014/verInforme.php?id=1263

21. SIGERSOL (2015) Information System for Solid Waste Management: Annual
Report 2015 (La Molina). Retriever from:
http://sigersol.minam.gob.pe/2015/verInforme.php?id=1262

22. SIGERSOL (2015) Information System for Solid Waste Management: Annual
Report 2015 (La Victoria). Retriever from:
http://sigersol.minam.gob.pe/2015/verInforme.php?id=1263

23. Silva Vivanco, Guadalupe Yesenia (2014) BIOSECURITY OF GARBAGE

COLLECTION PERSONNEL IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF LOJA, JUNE-
NOVEMBER 2013 PERIOD, Ecuador

27
 24. R. Erazo and JC Woolcott Hurtado (2014) PROCESS DESIGN FOR TREATMENT
OF URBAN SOLID WASTE (MSW) GENERATED IN THE NORTHERN CONE OF
THE CITY OF LIMA

25. Talavera Rodríguez, Félix Sergio (2016) Occupational hygiene and safety of
workers at the municipal landfill in the city of Estelí in the second semester of 2015,
GRADUATION SEMINAR TO OPT FOR THE DEGREE OF DEGREE IN
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, Nicaragua.

26. Vesco Laura Paulina. (2006). Urban Solid Waste: Its comprehensive management
in Argentina. Thesis presented for the degree in Political Science. Inter-American
Open University. Argentina.

VIII. ANNEXES

Table 1

Information System for Solid Waste Management (SIGERSOL): Annual Report 2014 and
2015 of these districts, the following is declared:

District to be evaluated The victory La Molina

The per capita generation of
municipal solid waste is
kg./inhabitant/day and that of
household waste is 0.75
2014 kg./inhabitant/day.
The average Density of
Compacted Household Solid
Waste is 0.00 Kg/m3 and
uncompacted is 203.77 Kg/m3.
2015 The per capita generation of
municipal solid waste is
kg./inhabitant/day and that of
household waste is 0.84
And at the mill:
The per capita generation of
municipal solid waste is
kg./inhabitant/day and that of
household waste is 0.62
kg./inhabitant/day.
The average density of
compacted Household Solid
Waste is Kg/m3 and
uncompacted is 175.01 Kg/m3.
The per capita generation of
municipal solid waste is
kg./inhabitant/day and that of
household waste is 0.61

28
 kg./inhabitant/day. kg./inhabitant/day. The
Average density of compacted average Density of Compacted
Household Solid Waste is Household Solid Waste is
Kg/m3 and uncompacted is Kg/m3 and uncompacted is
243.74 Kg/m3. 160.01 Kg/m3.
Source: Table based on data from the Information System for Solid Waste Management:
Annual Report 2014 & 2015, from the districts of La Molina and La Victoria. Retriever from:
http://sigersol.minam.gob.pe

Table 2

Source: Production and Management of Urban Solid Waste (2006), Spain

URL: http://www.mapama.gob.es/es/estadistica/temas/estadisticas-ambientales/
anexomem07_3_4_3prodresiduosurbanos_tcm7-15364.pdf

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Table 3

Table 4

30