6.

1 VARIOUS MINERALS FOUND IN THE EARTHS CRUST Minerals

Minerals are natural elements or compounds present in the Earths crust

Natural mineral elements They can exist as elements because they are inactive and cannot combine which other elements.

Natrual mineral compounds These are usually formed from active metals which have combined with one or more non-metals.

Metals Platinum Gold Silver Mercury

Non-mentals Carbon Sulphur Oxygen

Nutural mineral compounds Bauxite (white) Cassiterite (black) Haematite (brown) Colchosite Galena (gray) Iron pyrite (blacK Calcite Magnesite Malachite (green) Siderite Clay Mica Limestone

Main mineral present

Aluminium oxide Tin oxide Iron oxide Copper sulphide Lead sulphide Iron sulphide Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Copper carbonate Iron carbonate Aluminium silicate Potassium aluminium silicate Calcium carbonate

Harder minerals can scratched the softer one Measured using Mohs scale Generally hard Potassium Sodium

oxide sulphide carbonate Most metals Insoluble

Soluble

Hardness

Solubility in water

PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

Action of heat

Metal oxides Stable at high temperature Do not brake down Except mercury oxide Mercury oxide mercury + oxygen

Metal sulphides Brake down to Metal oxide Sulphur dioxide gas

Metal carbonates Brake down to Metal oxide carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy Calcium carbonate calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide

bleaches acidified potassium manganate (vii) solution Lead sulphide lead oxide + sulphur dioxide

ACTIVITY 1. Complete the table below.

Natrul mineral Bauxite Type of ore Aluminium ore Mineral content Almunium oxide Elements in the mineral Alminium Oxygen

Cassiterite

Hematite

Magnetite

Malachite

Iron pyrite

Galena

Colchosite

Limestone

Clay

Mica

6.2 REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS

1. Reactions between some matelswith oxygen

Glass wool

1. Pottassium manganate (VII) is heated slowly to produce oxygen

2. Most metals can react with oxygen to form metal oxides Heated Metal + Oxygen 3. Examples: Heated a) Magnesium + oxygen Heated b) Aluminium + oxygen Heated c) Zinc + oxygen Heated d) Iron + oxygen Heated e) Copper + oxygen Metal oxide

2. Reactions between some matelswith sulphur

1. Sulphur is a non-metal which is yellow in colour

2. Most metals can react with sulphur to form metal sulphides Heated Metal + sulphur 3. Examples: Heated e) Magnesium + sulphur Heated f) Aluminium + sulphur Heated g) Zinc + sulphur Heated h) Iron + sulphur Heated e) Copper + sulphur Metal sulphide

2. Activity series of metals

Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium CARBON (non-metal) Zinc Iron Tin Lead Copper Mercury Silver Gold Platinum D E S C E N D I N G

6.3 SILICON COMPAOUND

1. Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earths crust. 2. Silicon is a non-metallic element. 3. Silicon does not exist freely but combined with other elements to form silica and silicate 4 Complete the chart below

Silicon compounds

Silica

Silicate Similarities 1. Do not react with........................................... 2. Do not react with........................................... 3. Do not break down when..............................

Differences

......................... and .............................

Elements

.................... , .............. and ..........................

Examples

Uses of silicon compounds

Choose from the given silicon compound and fill in the blanks with the correct use of silica and silicate Silicon compound Silica -Sand -Flint -Quartz Silicate -Silica gel -Abestos -Sodium silicate (water glass) -Coloured silicates jade) -Clay --Mica -Feldspar (e.g. ruby,

Silicon compound

Use Used for making glass, cement, concrete and bricks Used for producing sparks by friction in lighters and gas stoves Used in the making af glass and porcelain Used as a drying agent (for absorbing water) Used for making bricks, roof tiles, cenment and ceramics Used for electrical insulators in electrical appliances Used for making ceramics e.g. cups, plates, bowls and vases Used as a heat insulator in firemans fire-proof clothing and as ceiling boards Used for preserving eggs and for making furniture polish and silica gel Used as decorative orecious stones or accessories

Pure silicon

Used in making silicon chips or electronic ships use in computers

6.4 CALCIUM COMPOUND Properties of calcium carbonate 1. calcium carbonate is a natural calcium compound made up of calcium,
carbon and oxygen. 2. It does not dissolve in water. 3. it reacts with a dilute acid to form salt, water and carbon dioxide. Matel carbonate + acid salt + water + carbon dioxide

Calcium carbonate powder

a) Observation : The gas released turned lime water chalky. b) Conclusion: Carbon dioxide was produced when calcium carbonate reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid. c) Equation: Calcium carbonate + Hydrochloric acid + +

4. Calcium carbonate decomposes on strong heating to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide except potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate.

a) Observation : The gas released turned lime water chalky The new substance formed in the boiling tube was caccium oxide. b) Conclusion:

Calcium carbonate dissociated to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. e) Equation: Heated Calcium carbonate + + +

Formation of calcium oxide (quicklime) and calcium hydroxide (slaked lime)

Heat a piece of calciumcarbonate (limestone) strongly until it becomes calcium oxide (quicklime) Calcium carbonate Heated + Or Limestone Heated +

When water are dripped onto the calcium oxide (quicklime), calcium hydroxide (slaked lime is formed. Calcium oxide + water

Or Quicklime + water

When more water is added to calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) and than filtered, calcium hydroxide solution (lime water is produced. Calcium hydroxide + more water

Or Slaked lime + More water

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ACTIVITY
Complete the chart below

Calcium carbonat heated

2. ........................................

1. ........................................

+ drops of .............................

3. ........................................

+ excess water 4. ........................................

+ carbon dioxide

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6.5 NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES AND THIER IMPORTANCE

1. Petroleum is a mixture that consists of various types of hydrocarbon. 2. Each hydrocarbon component has different boiling point. 3. The different boiling points are used to separate petroleum into different fractions by fractional distillation. Fractional distillation of crude petroleum Petroleum gas (< 30oC) - Used mainly for cooking Petrol (40-75)oC - Used as petrol for car Naphtha (75-150)oC - Used as a source of chemicals Kerosene (150-230)oC - Used as fuel for aeroplanes and for making detergents Diesel (230 250)oC - Used as fuel for buses, lorries and trains Lubricating oils (250 300)oC - Used as lubricants for machines Fuel oil (300 350)oC- Used as fuel for ships and boilers Bitumen (>350oC)- Used for making roads and runways 4. The hydrocarbons with lower boiling point: a) are clearer in appearance b) are less viscous c) releaseless carbon when they burn Efficient ways of using natural fuel resources Design and use fuelsaving devices Efficient ways of using natural fuel resources More emphasis should be put on the use of energy resources that can be renewed, like solar and biomass

Develop technology to improve the effectiveness in processing and using these energy resources

Recycle sustances like plastic.Reusing chemical substances from used goods reduces the usage of raw chemical substance like petroleum in the manufacturing industry

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