3.05.4 The gap separation should be determined in context of the overall surge portective scheme. It should be based oa the insulation Characteristic of rod-rod gaps (Section 3.04.3) and adjusted co that there is small probability of sparkover. Table 3-5 gives cange of typical gap settings. TABLE 3-5 GAP_SPACING System Voltage Range of Gap Class KV Spacing Gentimeter (Inches) ns 40-80 16-31.5 132/138, 53-101 21-40 230 . 81-162 32-69 345 162-246 64-97 Surge Arrester furge arrester (lightning arrester) is a protective device for Limiting surge voltages on equipment by discharging or by passing surge current, preventing the continued flow of follow carvent te ground and is capable of repeating these functions as specified. arrester rating is defined as the specified maxinun permissible rns Yalue of power-frequency voltage between their terminals at hich ene¥ gE designed to operate correctly. The principal requirencats for the arrester is that the voltage produced across the temnte gf the arrester at any moment prior to and during operation mest te below the withstand characteristic of the protected equipment, This requirement can be summarized as follows: a: Arresters must not spark over under temporary pover frequency voltages within its rating. >. Arrester protective volt/tine characteristic curves aust lie below the withstand level of the protected insulation ia any zeeion in which the protection is needed. The margin between the two curves mist be adequate to allow for the effect oe distance, polarity, variation in relative air density, humidity, aging of the insulation and likely changes in the characteristics of the protective device. The protective TeySen 1s 1.4 for equipment in the voltage range 1 to 32 XV; 1.2 for equipment in the voltage range 52-300 KV and 1.15 fer switching overvoltages and 1,20 - 1.25 for lightning overvoltages for equipment voltage class above 300 KV. B193 3. 06 06.1 €. Arrester must be able to discharge high energy lightning and switching surges without changes ia their protective level or damage to itself or adjacent equipment. 4. “After discharging a surge, the arresters should reseal; i.e., becone nonconducting in the presence of temporary power frequency overvoltages. The distance separating the object to be protected from the surge arrester reduces the efficiency of the latter. In fact, when the surge arrester is separated from the object to be protected, the latter is subjected to an overvoltage exceeding the protective level of the arrester This increase is due, in the first place, to the inductive voltage drop in the arrester connections and in the link between arrester and apparatus to be protected. Secondly, the duration of propagation between arrester and apparatus is'aot negligible as compared to the duration of the incoming wave front, due to an increase of short duration of the voltage at the terminals of the arrester. Thus, it is a general rule to locate the arrester as close as possible to the apparatus to be Protected. In particular, surge arresters should preferably either be installed on the transformer tank or its high-voltage and ground terminals should be connected to the transformer by the shortest possible connections. Similarly, surge arresters should be fitted close to cable terminations if they need protection, with the shortest possible connections between the terminals of the surge arrester and the phase conductor and the cable sheath respectively. See Section 5.11 for the requirements of surge arresters. INSULATION COORDINATION FOR INTERNAL INSULATION (CONVENTIONAL GRSULATION COORDINATION FOR INTERNAL INSULATION (CONVENTIONAL General Insulation co-ordination comprises the selection of the electric strength of equipment with internal insulation and its application, in relation to the voltages which can appear on the system for which the equipment is intended. This process takes into account the characteristics of available protective devices, so as to reduce to an economically and operationally acceptable level the probability that the resulting voltage stresses imposed on the equipment will cause damage to equipment insulation or affect continuity of service. The purpose of insulation coordination is the rational combination of three elements: the voltage stresses, electrical strength of the equipment insulation and the protective characteristic of protective devices.3.06.2 3.06.3 Voltage stresses that may be encountered during the operation of the equipment are described in Section 3.03. The insulation strengths of various equipment are given in Chapter 5. The protective characteristics of surge arresters are dealt in Section 3.06.2 below, Protective Characteristics of Surge Arresters Typical surge arrester characteristics include maximum spark over (8.0.) on front-of-wave, maximum $.0. on full wave (1.2 x 50 (us), naximin §.0. on switching surge (S.S.), maximum discharge voltage for 5, 10 and 20 kA of discharge current and minimum S.0. on 60 Hz voltage. For accurate application, specific manufacturer information should be used. Typical characteristics are shown on Table 3-6. These characteristics are based on the typical characteristics compiled from catalog data of US manufacturers and the expected arrester discharge voltage levels prepared by International Electrotechnical Commission. Insulation Coordination Procedure ANSI (62.2 - "Guide for Application of Valve Type Lightning Arresters for Alternating Current System" is an excellent guide on the application of arresters. It contains information on general procedures, step by step procedures for protection of transformers and substation equipment. The procedure outlined below is based on this standard. Step No. 1 Based on the grounding of the system, determine the coefficient of grounding and obtain the maximum power frequency rms voltage between an unfaulted phase and ground during a fault to ground on one of the other phases. The maximum power frequency voltage is obtained by multiplying the maximum line to line operating voltage by the coefficient of grounding (refer section 3.03.2). Step No. 2 Estimate magnitude of arrester discharge current. A conservative value of maximum current is 10 XA for an effectively shielded Substation. The current can be as high as 20 KA if the substation is not effectively shielded (see section 3.03.4) 32h06 og uw ze zor a 9 wt oot v6 co oct au w ost cet au set ou m ® one 6st " oo v02 eu 2 wv ue oat ate we vee’ 08 ow az we ow soe ove wo 00€ 9% SEZ cle 6Ee 687 oe vee vee ost ost wee ue zi ony ver aes ser evs om» wet ors sos om o0s ove ws vez sos ors oxy oes as us Pee 0x9 609 ovs as zt mm ve o8L 889 ug £69 Bee ose ze osou ve6 ozs ves eau soot wy oni us cue cts cst scot oy V 0000 ¥ 000°0t ¥ 000°S ax at aN CSR) AH aati sting attwoaras ——oaendvong omen hing gorse ae aon 21 sitet Phmeree om sie? “ante He SULISHRIV IATA oe TTavE :(REP eR ee eRe Ree eee Pees) Step No. 3 Tenetatively select arresters. First choose the proper class of surge arresters from the three class of arresters available: station, line and distribution. The class selection is based on: a. The system voltage b. The protective level of arresters c. Thermal capability of the arresters d. The pressure relief current (Refer Section 5.11 for the requirements of arresters) Choose the tentative arrester voltage based on the maximum phase to ground overvoltage. The arrester voltage rating aust be at least equal to the maximum phase to ground voltage as determined in Step 1 in order to interrupt the power follow current under all conditions, and it is recommended that an arrester voltage rating of at least 25% higher than the maximum continuous phase-to-ground voltage be selected. Use of an arrester with too low a voltage rating may result in an excessive failure rate. Special conditions to be considered in selecting the arrester ratings are: Abnormal system voltages Selection of arrester voltage ratings based on maximum system temporary voltages assumes that, in service, the maximum system voltage is only exceeded under abnormal operating conditions and that the probability of a coincidental arrester operation is very small. If the maximum system voltages as determined in Step 1 are likely to be exceeded frequently, it may be Recessary to use an arrester with higher voltage rating b. Abnormal frequency <. Possibility of disconnecting the ground source. Step No. & Determine the impulse and switching surge protective levels of the tentatively selected arrester. The necessary information may be obtained from the arrester manufacturer or approximately from Table 3-6 (Refer Section 3.06.2) 3-23EBEEGC EE RB ERE REE E EGER ED Step No. 5 Calculate the maximum theoretical surge voltages that could appear at the insulation to be protected. This will depend on many factors, such as effectiveness of shielding, number of lines normally connected, and relative location of the arrester to the protected equipment. For most applications, it is sufficient to rely on the recommended minimum margins between protection levels provided by the surge arrester and the BIL of the protected equipment, See Step 7, but for specific application, refer to ANSI (62.2. Step No. 6 Calculate the minimum permissible withstand strength of the insulation to be protected. The insulation levels of various equipment are listed in applicable sections of Chapter 5. More detailed information may be obtained from manufacturers of the equipment. Power transformers are generally considered to be the most important apparatus in the substation and therefore their protection dominates the protection considerations. Because of their importance and the saving that can be realized by using a reduced insulation, the insulation coordination for the entire station is centered around the insulation of the transformer. In lieu of obtaining specific information, the following approximate withstand strength factors can be used for liquid filled transforuers. cisean =o el Front of wave at 0.5 aicrosecond fh Chopped wave at 3 miczosecond 1.15 x BIL Full wave at 8 ~ 30 microsecond 1x BIL Switching surge 30 - 2000 microsecond Sed: BIL Step No. 7 Pee Evaluation of insulation coordination. Plot voltage time curve for transformer insulation and arrester sparkover characteristic as shown in Figure 3-7. For transformer curve, plot four points for the following withstand voltages: 1. Front of the wave withstand voltage at time to crest (0.5 microsecond) 324250 CREST VOLTAGE (xv) FIGURE 3-7 TYPICAL VOLTAGE - TIME cURVE FOR COORDINATION OF ARRESTER PROTECTIVE LEVELS 750 FULL BIL LL s54 SWITCHING SURGE STRENGTH FRONT-oF ave 7% s20 750 ait SPARK OVER TRANS FOREN a 68 100 PROTECTIVE MARIN — = ae DiscHaRce cuneens r 230 ~ A TRANSFORMER 192 = XV STATION CLASS AResTER 282 = RY MAXIM OPERATING YOLTAGE a ee ee po —_ 8 1 2 & 10 20 £0 100 500 1,000 5,000 10,000 Mlcosecovos“EEE DOEB BEBE se ees = 2. Chopped wave withstand at 3 microsecond 3. Full BIL withstand at 8 microsecond 4. Switching surge at 300 microsecond For the arrester protective curve, plot three points for the following. sparkover voltages: 1. Front of the wave 2. Lightning impulse sparkover at 1.5 usec 3. Switching surge sparkover at 30 - 2000 usec Also draw a ladder at about § microsecond for the discharge voltage at 5, 10, and 20 KA. To determine whether the equipment insulation is properly protected, the following comparison should be made: a. The maximum front-of-wave sparkover voltage at the equipment, including 20% margia, must be less than or equal to the chopped-wave strength of the equipment. b. The maximum sparkover or discharge voltage at the equipment, including a 20% margin must be ‘less than or equal to the BIL or full wave strength of the equipment. c. The maximum switching surge sparkover at the equipment, including 15% margin, must be less than or equal to the switching surge strength of the equipment. In addition to the above margins, a factor must be added to account for the arrester lead drop. a. For the 500, 345, 230, 115KV System use 30KV b. For the 34.5KV system use 20KV Figure 3-7 gives typical volt time curves for the arrester and 230KV transformer indicating the margins of protective level of the arrestor. These margins are much higher than the margins stipulated above, however, the minimum margins cannot be applied without detailed system study taking into considerations the physical Getails of the substation layout, and the traveling wave buildup due to the separation of lightning arrester from the protected equipment. Figure 3-7 shows selection of transformer insulation two steps from the full BIL withstand of 1050KV on the 230KV system resulting in considerable savings. At lower voltage, there is less incentive to reduce standard insulation level of the transformer from the basic rated value.3.06.4 Step No. 8 When coordination cannot be achieved, it becomes necessary to consider alternative measures. The solution may be to select a different arrester, improve arrester location relative to protected equipment, increase insulation level of protected equipment, improve shielding or install additional arresters. Selection of Arrester Voltage Ratings for IRHE System S0OKV system - effectively grounded Maximum operating voltage 550KV Coefficient of grounding 0.8 Maximum system overvoltage 40K . Arrester rating selected 4auxV b. 345K system - effectively grounded Maximum operating voltage 362K Coefficient of grounding 0.8 Maximum system overvoltage 290KV : Arrester rating selected 312K c. 230KV system - effectively grounded Maximum operating voltage 242Ky Coefficient of grounding og | Maximum system overvoltage 193. 6xV Arrester rating selected 192K d. LIS system - effectively grounded Maximum operating voltage 121KV Coefficient of grounding 0.8 Maximum system overvoltage = 96 .BKV ~ Arrester rating selected ~ $108KV e. G4KY grounded Maximum operating voltage 462K Coefficient of grounding 08 Maximum system overvoltage 36.96KV Arrestor rating selected 36K £. 34.5KV system ungrounded Maximum operating voltage 36.5KV Coefficient of grounding 1d Maximua system overvoltage 40.15 Arrester rating selected 4eKv 30273.06.5 Selection of BIL of Other Substation Equipment Seiection of BIL of Other Substation Equipment The new techniques for selecting the transient insulation level including BIL and BSL of power transformers and other substation equipment are as follows: a. Select the arrester rating as outlined above in section 3.06.4. bd. Select the minimum equipment TIL's using the following formula and preferred TIL Table 3-3. For switching surge: Min, BSL = 1,15 (arrester switching surge sparkover voltage of discharge voltage) id de Min. BSL = 1.15 (maximum switching surge expected) for aa unprotected station 1 For lightning impulse: BIL = 1.2 (arrester discharge voltage + arrester lead drop) or: Min, BIL = 1.2 (arrester front of wave sparkover) cw — Where CW is the chopped wave test in per_unit of BIL Ch This BIL €. Select the final BIL of other substation equipment on the basis of the BSL to BIL ratios listed below. This ratio is for estimation purposes only and should be verified for each installation. The BSL of the arrester selected is used to determine equipment BIL. ‘Transformer and bushing internal, BSL/BIL = 0.83. b. Transformer external bushing, BSL/BIL 5-0.60) 0,70) c. Circuit breaker, BSL/BIL = 0.70. 4. Bus Support, BSL/BIL = 0.64. Disconnect switch, BSL/BIL = 0.64. The BIL determined by the above method for equipment vith external insulation will require the additional consideration of degree of contamination to insure that leakage distances are adequate.REEBRE Ee EEE | EE 3.07 3.07.1 Tables 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11 and 3-12 list the selected BIL for the substation equipment. st STICAL METHOD OF INSULATION COORDINATION General At lowe voltages the conventional method insulation coordiaation is possible because insulation and protection against lightning surges was also adequate for the switching overvoltages. At higher voltages, above approximately 300KV, this situation does not hold, because when the lightning performance tends to improve the increasing insulation level the switching impulse strength no longer increases in proportion to the air gap unlike lightning impulse strength. Due to this saturation phenomenon in external insulation with switching impulses, the method of coordination by selecting simply a margin between the equipment BIL and protective voltage level would not be economical. The switching surge behavior of air insulation is subject to much aore uncertainty than the behavior during lightning impulses, with much greater scatter of the discharge voltage for a given applied switching impulse. It becomes evident that external insulation withstand strength for switching surges can only be defined in term of random quantities leading to statistical approach. This statistical approach is particularly valuable where there is strong economic incentive tovards a reduction of insulation strength when switching overvoltage is a problem. For these reasons, the statistical procedure is mainly appropriate to voltages above 300KV. Since the statistical approach requires a too large number of impulse applications when testing the insulation, the use of the statistical procedure is at present practically restricted to self restoring insulation. Basic of Statistical Method The statistical method is based on the assumed knowledge of the random character of insulation strength and that of the overvoltages. The amplitude of any overvoltage like energization of direct Lightning stroke cannot be predicted with certainty. However, one can determine what is the probability of the overvoltage having a certain value in a given interval AE. That means that it is possible to draw the graph of probability density of the peak value of the overvoltages. 7 Insulation strength is also a random quantity. The probability of the discharge can be determined through tests by establishing the of the number of discharges to the total number of voltage application. The breakdown probability of insulation is defined as the limiting value of this ratio. In practice, such tests can only be carried out on self restoring insulation.’ These tests can determine theBEEBE EEE REREERE RED TABLE 3-7 INSULATION COORDINATION SOOKV SYSTEM - MAXINUM OPERATING VOLTAGE 550K Arrester Rating KV (zms) Front of Wave Sparkover KV A Maximum Discharge Sparkover(10KY) RV Maximum Switching Surge Sparkover Rv BIL ~ Lightning Voltage Insulation Level KW a (2x 93) 4 15 = 1244KV b. 1.2 x 977 + 30 = rpebev /202 KV BSL - Switching Voltage Insulation Level KV a. (1.15 x 973) + 30 = 1149 b. (1.15 x 977) + 30 = 1153 Selected Standard Basic Insulation Level KV Selected Standard Switching Insulation KV level EQUIPMENT INSULATION LEVELS BSL BSL/BIL BIL(calc) ‘rans former (Wdg) UTS 1300 0.83 ‘1415 Transformer(Bush) 1175 1300 0.70 1678 Circuit Breaker ehh iy 1300 0.70 1678 Disconnect SW 1175 1300 0.64 1800 Bus Support. 1175 1300 0.64 1800 1153 1300 1175 Selected BIL 1425 1800 1800 1800 1800TABLE 3-8 INSULATION COORDINATION 345KW SYSTEM - MAXIMUM OPERATING VOLTAGE 362KV SUSKY SYSTEM > MAXIMUM OPERATING VOLTAGE 362KV Arrester Rating KV(ms) 312 Front of Wave Spazkover KV 838 Maximum Discharge Sparkover(10KA) RV 688 Maximum Switching Surge Sparkover Kv 693 BIL - Lighnning Voltage Insulation Level Kv 874 a. (1.2 x 838) 41.15 = 874KV be 1.2 x 688 + 30 = 85.6KV BSL ~ Switching Voltage Insulation Level Kv 827 a. (1.15 x 693) + 30 = 827 . (1.15 x 688) + 30 = 821 Selected Standard Basic Insulation Level wv 900 Selected Standard Switching Insulation Level RV 825 EQUIPHENT INSULATION LEVELS ’ BSL iL BSL/BIL BIL(calc) Selected BIL wv OW Transformer (Wag) 825 9000.83 994 1050 ‘Transformer (Bush) 825 9000.70 1179 1300 Circuit Breaker 825 9000.70 17g 1300 Disconnect SW 825 9000.64 1289. 1300 Bus Support 825 9000.64 i289 1300 3-31TABLE 3-9 INSULATION COORDINATION 230KV SYSTEM - MAXIMUM OPERATING VOLTAGE 242KV 230KY SYSTEM - MAXIMUM OPERATING VOLTAGE 242KV Arrester Rating KV(ems) 192 Front of Wave Sparkover KV 343 Maximum Discharge Sparkover(10XA) KV 426 Maximum Switching Surge Sparkover XV 426 BIL ~ Lighting Voltage Insulation Level wv 367 a. (1.2 x 543) 1.15 = 567KV b. 1.2 x 42h + 30 = 539KV BSL - Switching Voltage Insulation Level WV 520 a. (1.15 x 426) + 30 = 520 b (1.15 x 424) + 30 = eg SIF Selected Standard Basic Insulation Level wv 600 Selected Standard Switching Insulation Level wv 350 EQUIPMENT INSULATION LEVELS BIL BSL/BIL © BIL(cale Sele vy ‘Transformer (Wég) 600 0.83 “663 750 Transformer (Bush) 550 600 0.60 916 900 Circuit Breaker 550 600 0.70 786 900 Disconnect SW 350 600 0.64 = 859” 300 Bus Support 550 600 0.66 859 900 of 3032mn ml mi BE mi mi m= ml mi m m m= | mi _ = m | es TABLE 3-10 INSULATION COORDINAI nN SKV SYSTEM - MAXIMUM OPERATING VOLTAGE 121KV Arrester Rating Front of Wave Sparkover Maximum Discharge Sparkover(10KA) Maximum Switching Surge Sparkover BIL - Lightning Voltage Insulation Level a. (2.2 x 305) 1.15 = 318KV be 1.2 x 238 + 30 = 316KV BSL - Switching Voltage Insulation Level a. (1.15 x 245) + 30 312 b. (1.15 x 238) + 30 = 303 Selected Standard Basic Insulation Level Selected Standard Switching Insulation Level XV(rms) wv Kv xv EQUIPMENT INSULATION LEVELS BSL Selected BIL KV ‘Transformer (Wdg) 350 450 ‘Transformer (Bush) 450 Circuit Breaker 350 450 Disconnect SW 350 450 Bus Support 350 450 238 245 a8 318 350 350TABLE 3-11 INSULATION COORDINATION 24.5KV SYSTEM ~ MaxT OPERATING VOLTAGE 76.2KV 1. Arrester Rating XV(mms) 48 | 2. Front of Wave Sparkover KV 136 | Maximum Discharge Sparkover(10KA) KV 106 | 4. Maximum Switching Surge Sparkover xv 109 5. BIL - Lightning Voltage Insulation Level RV 157 a. (1.2 x 136) /1.15 = 142KV b. (1.2 x 106) + 30 = 157KV 6 BSL - Switching Voltage Insuldtion Level RV 155 a. (1.15 x 109) + 30 = 15 b. (1.15 x 106) + 30 = 152 7. Selected Standard Basic Insulation Level 8. Selected Standard Switching Insulation Level 9. EQUIPMENT INSULATION LEVELS BSL Selected BIL ‘Transformer (Wdg) 200 200 Transformer (Bush) 200 200 Circuit Breaker 200 200 | Disconnect sw 200 200 Bus Support, 200 200 3-34EEEE CHES EEE EEE EES LH TABLE 3-12 DNSULATION COORDINATION S4KV SYSTEM - MAXIMUM OPERATING VOLTAGE 46.2KV Arrester Rating KV(rms) Front of Wave Sparkover wv Maximum Discharge Sparkover(10KA) xv Maximum Switching Surge Sparkover Kv BIL ~ Lightning Voltage Insulation Level xv a. (1.2 x 102) 1.15 = 122KV b. 1.2 x 80 + 30 = 12.6x7 BSL - Switching Voltage Insulation Level_ KV a. (1.15 x 82) + 30 = 126 b. (1.15 x 80) + 30 122 Selected Standard Basic Insulation Level Selected Standard Si ching Insulation Level EQUIPMENT INSULATION LEVELS BSL Selected BIL ‘Transformer(Wdg) 150 150 ‘Transformer (Bush) 150 150 Circuit Breaker 150 150 Disconnect SW 150 150 Bus Support 150 150 335 36 102 80discharge probability on an insulation for a given voltage and such a function fully describes the insulation quality for insulation coordination. The critical flash over of the self restoring insulation is defined as having 50 percent discharge probability or 0.5 failure probability Deviations from the mean value in the probability distributioa are measured in units of the standard deviation &. In the Gaussian distribution, the reduction of one standard deviation from the mean value will decrease the probability from 50 percent to 16 percent, 2 deviations to 2.3 percent, and 3 deviations to 0.13 percent. Traditionally, the voltage dispersion per standard deviation is taken as 3.3 percent for lightning impulse and 5 percent for switching surge voltage. Having the probability density function of the overvoltage and the discharge probability function of the insulation, the risk of failure of the insulation can be calculated. The two probability curves are shown on Figure 3-8. This figure also shows how the probability density of insulation failure is determined as product of the ordinates of the two curves and then, by integrating this function, the risk of failure is obtained. By increasing the insulation strength (shifting curve Pd(u) to the right) will reduce the risk of failure but also increases the cost. The most appropriate insulation should therefore be chosen as a compromise between the cost of insulation and the risk of failure. The application of the above method requires that random characteristics of insulation and that of overvoltage distribution be known and these characteristics are not always available. Also, the application of rigorous statistical methods to insulation design is often laborious. In order to adapt a statistical method of design to normal engineering practice it has been found useful to define overvoltage and insulation strength in terms of single values instead of the entire probability function. Simplified Statistical Coordination Method The single values of overvoltages and insulation strength are defined as follows: . Statistical overvoltage is the overvoltage having only 2 percent probability of being exceeded. Statistical withstand voltage is the voltage for which the insulation has a 90 percent withstand probability 3-36plu) |, Pa(u) 4 TOTAL AREA = 1 05 au16 -7! 1 1 So 1 CFO. STRENGTH 1 (cr0-15) FIG Im PROBABILITY DENSITY po(u) OF OVER- Fig, te FAILURE PROBABILITY Pa(U) AMD WITHSTAND YOLTAGES AS.A FUNCTION OF THEIR PEAK PROBABILITY 4 ~ F4(U) AS A. FUNCTION OF YAWE (U). THE PEAK YALUE U OF APPLIED IMPULSE. Po(u) po(u) Pa(u) Fig. le THE RISK OF FAILURE & FOR GIVEN OISTRIBUTIONS OF OVERVOLTAGE PROBABILITY DENSITY po(U) AND OF EQUIPMENT FAILURE PROBABILITY P4(u) CORRESPONDS TO THE SHADED AREA, FIG, 9-8 = RISK OF FAILURE EVALUATION oyPEEP EGER RRR Rey The values of 2% and 90% are called reference probabilities. Statistical safety factor is defined as the ratio of appropriate statistical switching (or lightning) impulse withstand voltage to the statistical overvoltage established on the basis of a given risk of failure. The simplified statistical method is shown on Fig. 3-9. The graph indicates the relation between the statistical safety factor and the risk of failure. These relations are established on the basis of theoretical frequency distribution called normal (or Gaussian) distribution and values of standard deviation value of insulation amd typical graph as shown on Fig. 3-9. For an assumed risk of failure the statistical safety factor is obtained from the graph. By multiplying it by the statistical overvoltage at the equipment (value exceeded in 2% of cases only), a maximum statistical impulse withstand voltage is obtained which is increased to the nearest rated standard TIL figure. As indicated before, statistical methods at present are applicable to self-restoring insulation given the requirements of the testing procedures. Example: Choice of insulation of a unprotected 345KV disconnect switch. Highest Voltage for equipment 362KV Corresponding phase-to-ground r.m.s. 208KV Peak value 295KV Statistical Overvoltage(2.5Pu switching surge factor) 738KV Maximum accepted risk of flashover to ground o for reclosing operation 10 Statistical Safety Factor (Fig. 3-9) 1.13 Maximum Statistical Switching Withstand (738 x 1.13) 833KV Rated Switching Impulse Withstand 900KY Recommended rated lightning impulse withstand = associated vith rated switching impulse withstand” 1300KY If not Standard 1300KVFIGURE 3-9 R : TT T Ty t |) I I ton! _ | I 10-2 1 X\ [Tt TT 10-3[—} | 7 t A etcare surneue mer { NX \ 10-8 | L Tt SAVELOPPE NFER 10-5 UNE ENTELOPE S 1 10.8 [ I 10-7 : i a - | f oN [ | | 10.8 c 0 TT f 4 Go| [masta saeaa a) O7 8 99 1 I nz Le Le 8 Ls y STANDARD DEVIATION OF INSULATION > = ay CORRELATIONS BETWEEN RISK OF FAILURE (R) AND STATISTICAL SAFETY FACTOR (-y) FOR VARIOUS SWITCHING SURGE DISTRIBUTIONS. 339