AP BIOLOGY

Lab 1: Diffusion and Osmosis

Anna Biller Due: September 19,2011 Period 5

Exercise 1A: Diffusion

Purpose: To measure diffusion of molecules through dialysis tubing, an example of a selectively permeable membrane. Procedure: 1. With a medium sized piece of dialysis tubing that had been soaking in water, we tied off one end so that the tubing forms an open bag. On the opposite end, we separated the tubing. 2. We tested the 15% Glucose/ 1% Starch solution for the presence of glucose. 3. After putting the 15% Glucose/ 1% Starch solution in the bag, we tied off the other end, leaving enough space for expansion inside the bag. 4. Then we filled a beaker 2/3 full of distilled water, and added 4 mL of IKI to the distilled water and recorded the color. After which, we tested for presence of glucose and recorded the results. 5. At that point, we immersed the bag inside the beaker, and allowed it to sit for 30 mins. 6. After the 30 mins., we observed any color change in the bag and beaker. 7. We tested the liquid in the beaker and the bag for the presence of glucose, and recorded the results. Data Tables: Initial Contents Bag Beaker 15% Glucose/ 1% Starch H2O and IKI Solution Color Initial Final Clear Dark Blue Clear Very Dark Yellow Presence of Glucose Initial Final Yes Yes NO NO

Questions: 1. Glucose is leaving the bag and IKI is entering the bag. 2. The iodine moved into the bag, from the beaker, which changed the color of the contents in the bag. The iodine movement made concentrations to be isotonic. 3. Quantitative- The intital and final percent concentrations of the glucose showing the concentration of water, by the percent change in glucose. The

movement would be noticeable in the concentration because of the known concentration gradient. 4. Molecule size (smallest to largest)- Glucose, Membrane pores, Starch (too big to pass through membrane) 5. The IKI and glucose would move out of the bag and this makes it equal. The starch wouldnt move into the bag because the molecules are too big.

Exercise 1B: Osmosis

Purpose: To probe the association between solute concentration and the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane by the method of Osmosis. Procedure: 1. We obtained six, medium length (presoaked) dialysis tubing. 2. We tied off one end of the tubing and opened the other end, and formed 6 bags. We then poured approx. 20mL of: Distilled Water, 0.2 M sucrose, 0.4 M sucrose, 0.6 M sucrose, 0.8 M sucrose, and 1.0 M sucrose into the 6 separate bags. Then we tied off the other end, leaving sufficient space for expansion 3. We then determined the initial mass of the bags, in grams. 4. We placed each bag in separate beakers. 5. Then, we filled the beakers with Distilled water, making sure the bags were completely submerged in the water. 6. We let them stand for at least 30 mins. 7. After the 30 mins, we removed the bags from the beaker and massed each one again. We recorded data in the following 1.2 Data table. Data Tables: Contents in bag 0.0 M Distilled Water 0.2 M Sucrose 0.4 M Sucrose 0.6 M Sucrose 0.8 M Sucrose 1.0 M Sucrose Initial Mass 12.78g 13.0g 12.86g 11.25g 13.54g 13.83g Final Mass 13.11g 13.68g 13.93g 13.94g 16.04g 16.65g Mass Diff. 0.33g 0.63g 1.07g 1.69g 2.5g 2.82g % change in mass 2.58% 4.85% 8.32% 15.02% 18.5% 20.4%

Percent Change in Mass of Dialysis Bags Group 1 .4 5.6 9.6 12.6 18.4 10.7 Group 2 1.6 6.7 9.5 19.5 16.04 19.1 Group 3 1.19 4.78 10.35 18.15 18.83 17.52 Group 4 2.58 4.85 8.3 15 18 20

Total

Class Average 1.44 5.48 9.44 16.31 17.82 16.83

0.0 M Distilled Water 0.2 M Sucrose 0.4 M Sucrose 0.6 M Sucrose 0.8 M Sucrose 1.0 M Sucrose

5.77 21.93 37.75 65.25 71.27 67.32

25.00%

20.00%

15.00% Individual Data Class Data

10.00%

5.00%

0.00% 0.0 M Distilled Water 0.2 M Sucrose 0.4 M Sucrose 0.6 M Sucrose 0.8 M Sucrose 1.0 M Sucrose

Questions:

1. The molarity determines the amount of water that moves. This in turn, determines the mass. 2. If we had placed all of the bags in a 0.4 M sucrose solution, the mass wouldve stayed the same because the concentrations are equal. 3. You calculate the percent change in mass rather than using the change in mass to show if the mass increased or decreased.

4.

(18-20) / 20= -2 / 20= -0.1 * 100 = -10%

10.

a. Independent variable: Contents in bag b. Dependent variable: Percent change in mass

Exercise 1C: Water Potential Purpose: Using potato cores placed in different concentrations of sucrose, in order to determine the water potential of potato cells. Procedure: 1. We poured 100 mL of the assigned solution into a 250mL beaker. 2. We then used a cork borer to cut out 4 potato cylinders, for each beaker. 3. Then, to determine the mass of the cylinders, we massed them together. 4. After determining mass, we placed them in the beaker with the sucrose solution. 5. We covered the beaker and with plastic wrap to prevent evaporation, and let them sit overnight. 6. The next day, we removed the cores from the beaker and blotted them dry and massed them again together. 7. We calculated the percent change in mass for the individual results as well as the class results. 8. We graphed the percent change in mass for the individual results as well as the class results.

Data Tables: Contents in Beaker 0.0 M Distilled Water 0.2 M Sucrose 0.4 M Sucrose 0.6 M Sucrose 0.8 M Sucrose 1.0 M Sucrose Initial Mass (g) 4 4.65 4.05 4.08 4.27 4.17 Final Mass (g) 4.69 4.74 3.97 3.00 2.92 2.57 Mass Difference (g) 0.69 0.09 -0.08 -1.08 -1.35 -1.6 Percent change Class average in mass percent change 17.25% 18.7% 3.01% -6.41% -26% -32% -28% 3.82% -2.2% -20.4% -27.4% -34.5%

Contents in Beaker 0.0 M Distilled Water 0.2 M Sucrose 0.4 M Sucrose 0.6 M Sucrose 0.8 M Sucrose 1.0 M Sucrose Group 1 22.1

Percent Change in Mass of Potato Cores Group 2 17.1 Group 3 17.2 Group 4 18.5

Total

Class Average 18.7

74.95

6.7 5.4 -16 -23.1 -30.4

3.37 -6.91 -19.91 -30.3 -38.2

3.01 -6.41 -26 -32 -38

2.2 -1.09 -19.6 -24.1 -31.5

15.28 -9.01 -81.51 -109.5 -138.1

3.82 -2.2 -20.4 -27.4 -34.5

30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% -10.00% -20.00% -30.00% -40.00% 0.0 M Distilled Water 0.2 M Sucrose 0.4 M Sucrose 0.6 M Sucrose 0.8 M Sucrose 1.0 M Sucrose

Line of Best Fit-

Individual Data Class Data

Line of best fit

Questions: 10. Line of best fit graphed Molar concentration of solute inside the potato = 0.3 M

Exercise 1D: Calculation of Water Potential from Experimental Data Purpose: To calculate water potential from experimental data. Procedure: 1. Calculate the water potential of the potato cells.

Questions:

1. If a potato core is dehydrated the water potential of the potato cells would decrease because the water in the potato would evaporate and lower the water potential. 2. If a plant cell has a lower water potential than its surroundings and if the pressure is equal to zero, the cell is hypertonic because the solute concentration

is higher than the water concentration. Water will diffuse into the cell and reach equilibrium. 3. According to the diagram, the pressure potential is 0. 4. According to diagram 1.5 the water potential is greatest in the dialysis bag. 5. According to diagram 1.5 the water will diffuse out of the bag, because the water potential is higher in the bag and water moves from areas of high water potential to areas of lower water potential. 7. a.

Percent Change In Mass of the Zucchini Cores

30% 20% 10% 0% Distilled water -10% -20% -30% -40% 0.2 M Sucrose 0.4 M Sucrose 0.6 M Sucrose 0.8 M Sucrose 1.0 M Sucrose

b. The molar concentration of solutes within the zucchini cells is 0.45 M. 8. a.

b.

9. Adding solute increases water potential because the solute concentration increases. a. distilled water would have a higher concentration of water molecules b. distilled water would have a higher water potential c. The cells would swell, reaching equilibrium. Exercise 1E: Onion Cell Plasmolysis Purpose: To observe the details of highly concentrated solutions on diffusion and cellular contents. Procedure: 1. We prepared a wet mount of a small piece of the epidermis of an onion. 2. Then, we added 2 drops of 15% NaC1 to one edge of the cover slip. We then spread the solution across the slide. The cells shrunk up. 10.

3. Then, we removed the cover slip and poured several drops of fresh water. We observed under 100X. The cells increased back to their normal size.

Questions:

1. Plasmolysis is the separation of the plasma membrane from the cell wall in a plant cell. 2. The onion cells plasmolyzed because the area surrounding them had a lower water potential thus water should have moved out of the cells. 3. Salt causes the grass environment to become hypertonic. When the water leaves the plant cells, it causes withering and eventual death of the plant.