CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V IPTV 1.

1 Gii thiu v truyn hnh s theo giao thc IP: IPTV l tn vit tt ca cm t Internet Protocol Television -truyn hnh qua giao thc Internet. ITPV theo nh ngha chnh thc nh sau: IPTV c nh ngha l cc dch v a phng tin nh truyn hnh nh, ting ni, vn bn, d liu c phn phi qua cc mng da trn IP m c qun l cung cp cc cp cht lng dch v, bo mt, tnh tng tc, tnh tin cy theo yu cu. Nh vy IPTV ng vai tr phn phi cc d liu, k c hnh nh, m thanh, vn bn qua mng s dng giao thc Internet. iu ny nhn mnh vo vic Internet khng ng vai tr chnh trong vic truyn ti thng tin truyn hnh hay bt k loi ni dung truyn hnh no khc. Thay vo , IPTV s dng IP l c ch phn phi m theo c th s dng Internet, i din cho mng cng cng da trn IP, hay c th s dng mng ring da trn IP. C th thy, IPTV l mt dch v s m c kh nng cung cp nhng tnh nng vt tri hn kh nng ca bt k c ch phn phi truyn hnh no khc. V d, set top box IPTV c th thng qua phn mm cho php xem ng thi 4 chng trnh truyn hnh trn mn hin th, hay c th nhn tin nhn sms, e mail 1.2 Mt s c tnh IPTV: +H tr truyn hnh tng tc: Kh nng hai chiu ca h thng IPTV cho php nh cung cp dch v phn phi ton b cc ng dng TV tng tc. Cc loi dch v c truyn ti thng qua mt dch v IPTV c th bao gm truyn hnh trc tip chun, truyn hnh cht lng cao (HDTV), tr chi tng tc, v kh nng duyt Internet tc cao. +S dch thi gian: IPTV kt hp vi mt my ghi video k thut s cho php dch thi gian ni dung chng trnh mt c ch cho vic ghi v lu tr ni dung IPTV xem sau. +C nhn ha: Mt th thng IPTV u cui h tr truyn thng tin hai chiu v cho php ngi dng cui c nhn ha nhng thi quen xem TV ca h bng cch cho php h quyt nh nhng g h mun xem v khi no h mun xem. +Yu cu v bng thng thp: Thay v phn phi trn mi knh ti mi ngi dng, cng ngh IPTV cho php nh cung cp dch v ch truyn trn mt knh m ngi dng yu cu. c im hp dn ny cho php nh iu hnh mng c th tit kim bng thng ca mng.
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+C th truy xut qua nhiu thit b: Vic xem ni dung IPTV by gi khng ch gii hn vic s dng TV. Ngi dng c th s dng my PC hay thit b di ng truy xut vo cc dch v IPTV. 1.3 S khc bit gia IPTV v truyn hnh Internet: Do u c truyn trn mng da trn giao thc IP, ngi ta i lc hay nhm IPTV l truyn hnh Internet. Tuy nhin, 2 dch v ny c nhiu im khc nhau: Cc nn tng khc nhau: Truyn hnh Internet s dng mng Internet cng cng phn pht cc ni dung video ti ngi s dng cui. IPTV s dng mng ring truyn cc ni dung video n khch hng. Cc mng ring ny thng c t chc v vn hnh bi nh cung cp dch v IPTV. + V mt a l: Cc mng do nh cung cp dch v vin thng s hu v iu khin khng cho php ngi s dng Internet truy cp. Cc mng ny ch gii hn trong cc khu vc a l c nh. Trong khi, mng Internet khng c gii hn v mt a l, ngi dng Internet no cng c th xem truyn hnh Internet bt k u trn th gii. + Quyn s hu h tng mng: Khi ni dung video c gi qua mng Internet cng cng, cc gi s dng giao thc Internet mng ni dung video c th b tr hoc mt khi n di chuyn trong cc mng khc nhau to nn mng Internet cng cng. Do , nh cung cp cc dch v truyn hnh nh qua mng Internet khng m bo cht lng truyn hnh nh vi truyn hnh mt t, truyn hnh cp hay truyn hnh v tinh. Thc t l cc ni dung video truyn qua mng Internet khi hin th trn mn hnh TV c th b git v cht lng hnh nh thp. Trong khi, IPTV ch c phn phi qua mt h tng mng ca nh cung cp dch v. Do ngi vn hnh mng c th iu chnh cung cp hnh nh vi cht lng cao. + C ch truy cp: Mt set-top box s thng c s dng truy cp v gii m ni dung video c phn pht qua h thng IPTV , trong khi PC thng c s dng truy cp cc dch v Internet. Cc loi phn mm c s dng trong PC thng ph thuc vo loi ni dung truyn hnh Internet. V d nh, download cc chng trnh truyn hnh t trn mng Internet, i khi cn phi ci t cc phn mm media cn thit xem c ni dung . Hay h thng qun l bn quyn cng cn h tr c ch truy cp. + Gi thnh:
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Phn trm ni dung chng trnh c phn pht qua mng Internet cng cng t do thay i. iu ny khin cc cng ty truyn thng a ra cc loi dch v da trn mc gi thnh. Gi thnh cc loi dch v IPTV cng gn ging vi mc ph hng thng ca truyn hnh truyn thng. Cc nh phn tch mong rng truyn hnh Internet v IPTV c th hp li thnh 1 loi hnh dch v gii tr. 1.4 C s h tng mt mng IPTV

Hnh 1.1 S khi n gin ca mt h thng IPTV + Trung tm d liu IPTV: Cng c bit n nh l u cui - headend. Trung tm d liu IPTV nhn ni dung t nhiu ngun khc nhau, bao gm truyn hnh a phng, cc nh tp hp ni dung, nh sn xut, qua ng cp, trm s mt t hay v tinh. Ngay khi nhn c ni dung, mt s cc thnh phn phn cng khc nhau t thit b m ha v cc my ch video ti b nh tuyn IP v thit b bo mt ginh ring c s dng chun b ni dung video cho vic phn phi qua mng da trn IP. Thm vo , h thng qun l thu bao c yu cu qun l h s v ph thu bao ca nhng ngi s dng. Ch rng, a im thc ca trung tm d liu IPTV c yu cu bi h tng c s mng c s dng bi nh cung cp dch v. + Mng truyn dn bng thng rng: Vic truyn dn dch v IPTV yu cu kt ni im im. Trong trng hp trin khai IPTV trn din rng, s lng cc kt ni im im tng ng k v yu cu rng bng thng ca c s h tng kh rng. S tin b trong cng ngh mng trong nhng nm qua cho php nhng nh cung cp vin thng tha mn mt lng ln yu cu rng bng thng mng. H tng truyn hnh cp da trn cp ng trc lai cp
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quang v cc mng vin thng da trn cp quang rt ph hp truyn ti ni dung IPTV. + Thit b ngi dng IPTV: Thit b ngi dng IPTV (IPTVCD) l thnh phn quan trng trong vic cho php mi ngi c th truy xut vo cc dch v IPTV. Thit b ny kt ni vo mng bng rng v c nhim v gii m v x l d liu video da trn IP gi n. Thit b ngi dng h tr cng ngh tin tin c th ti thiu ha hay loi b hon ton nh hng ca li, s c mng khi ang x l ni dung IPTV. + Mng gia nh: Mng gia nh kt ni vi mt s thit b k thut s bn trong mt din tch nh. N ci tin vic truyn thng v cho php chia s ti nguyn (cc thit b) k thut s t tin gia cc thnh vin trong gia nh. Mc ch ca mng gia nh l cung cp vic truy cp thng tin, nh l ting ni, m thanh, d liu, gii tr, gia nhng thit b khc nhau trong nh. Vi mng gia nh, ngi dng c th tit kim tin v thi gian bi v cc thit b ngoi vi nh l my in v my scan, cng nh kt ni Internet bng rng, c th c chia s mt cch d dng. 1.5 u im ca IP v s la chn IP cho IPTV: Truyn hnh s c nh thi mt cch chnh xc, l dng d liu lin tc c tc bit khng i, thng hot ng trn cc mng m mi tn hiu c truyn u phc v cho mc ch truyn hnh. Tri vi truyn hnh, mng IP truyn nhng loi d liu khc nhau t rt nhiu ngun trn mt knh chung, bao gm th in t, trang web, tin nhn trc tip, ting ni qua IP (VoIP) m nhiu loi d liu khc. truyn ng thi nhng d liu ny, mng Internet phn thng tin thnh cc gi. Nh vy, r rng l IP v truyn hnh khng phi l mt s kt hp hon ho (l tng) v cng ngh. Mc d khng tng thch v cn bn, nhng th trng IPTV vn bng n. Vy l do ti sao li chn cc mng da trn IP truyn tn hiu truyn hnh? Cu tr li cho cu hi ny c th tm tt thnh nm im sau: Ch : IP khong phi l cng ngh m l mt giao thc! Cn phi ni l: H tng mng s dng giao thc IP hoc H tng mng IP. Mng IP bng rng vn ti rt nhiu gia nh nhiu nc, cc nh cung cp dch v truyn hnh c th s dng nhng mng ny pht cc dch v truyn hnh m khng cn xy dng h thng mng ring ca h. IP c th n gin cng vic pht cc dch v truyn hnh mi, nh l chng trnh tng tc, truyn hnh theo yu cu Gi thnh ca mng IP tip tc gim do s thit b c sn xut mi nm rt ln v s tn ti ca cc chun trn ton th gii.
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Mng IP c mt trn ton th gii, v s ngi dng mng Internet tc cao tip tc tng rt nhanh. IP l cng ngh hon ho cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau, bao gm s trao i d liu, mng cc b, chia s tp tin, lt web v nhiu nhiu na IP cung cp c ch nh hng truyn gi gia cc thit b c lin kt trong mng. IP l mt giao thc ph bin c s dng khp cc mng Internet v hng triu cc mng khc c s dng IP. Khng c IP, mi vic s hn lon bi v khng c cch no mt thit b gi d liu mt cch ring bit ti mt thit b khc. Vi vic s dng cc mng IP truyn dn tn hiu truyn hnh, vic xem truyn hnh hin i s rt khc so vi xem truyn hnh trc y. Cc tn hiu truyn hnh by gi khng khc g nhng d liu khc. Nh , ngoi cc knh truyn hnh qung b truyn thng, chng ta s c thm nhng knh truyn hnh ring bit, tng tc tha mn nhu cu ca tng ngi. 1.6 Nhu cu thc t v ng dng ca IPTV: a) Nhu cu thc t ca IPTV: Theo nhm nghin cu a phng tin (MRG ) trong D on IPTV ton cu nm 2005-2009: tc pht trin IPTV rt cao: gn 1000%. Th trng IPTV trn th gii pht trin mc tng kp hng nm 78% ln ti 36.9 triu ngi s dng vo nm 2009. Doanh thu dch v cn tng nhanh hn trong cng thi k, t 880 triu USD ti 9.9 t USD. Theo Informa: tc pht trin IPTV tng nhanh vo 5 nm ti v t 25.9 triu thu bao IPTV vo cui nm 2010. Theo nguyn cu TDG: Doanh thu IPTV ton cu s t trn 17 t USD vo nm 2010.V trn thc t, dch v IPTV c trin khai v t dc thnh cng nhiu nh Italy ( Fast Web), Hng Kng (PCCW), Canada ( Manitoba) v Japan (Yahoo BB). Ti th trng Trung Quc, IPTV bt u c trin khai t nm 2004 vi 2 nh cung cp hng u l CHINA Telecom v ZTE cng vi nhng nh cung cp khc. S lng thu bao c th tng ln ti 3-6 triu vo nm 2010. b) ng dng ca IPTV: Cc dch v trin khai trn IPTV n vi ngi dng: Dch v truyn hnh. Dch v truyn hnh theo yu cu. Truyn hnh tng tc. Truyn hnh ca hm trc (TV of Yesterday, TVoY). My ghi hnh c nhn (Personal Video Recorder, PVR). My ghi hnh c nhn qua mng (Network PVR, NPVR).
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Hng dn chng trnh in t (Electronic Program Guide, EPG). Cc dch v thng tin. Cc ng dng tng tc. Cc ng dng bng rng. Pay-per-View (PPV) . Tr chi theo yu cu (Games on Demand). m nhc theo yu cu (Muics on Demand) . Karaoke theo yu cu (Karaoke on Demand). Dch v truyn hnh: cc ni dung truyn hnh c qung b theo lch trnh thi gian c nh nh truyn hnh truyn thng. S la chn cc gi knh theo yu cu ca khch hng c th bao gm cc knh truyn hnh cng cng (public), cc knh truyn hnh tr tin (pay TV), cc knh truyn hnh c a thch, cc knh v mua sm, cc knh v thi trang, v.v... Dch v truyn hnh theo yu cu: vic pht cc ni dung truyn hnh c la chn bt u khi ngi s dng la chn ni dung . Thng thng, ni dung l cc b phim hay cc phim c ghi li t mt th vin. Dch v ny c th c s dng trong mt thi gian gii hn. Cc chc nng thng ging nh chc nng ca my ghi hnh (VCR) hay u DVD (DVD player): pht hnh (play), dng hnh (pause), tua hnh (fast forward), v.v... My ghi hnh cc nhn (Personal Video Recorder, PVR): PVR l mt thit b in t dn dng cho php ghi li cc ni dung qung b xem li mt thi im sau . My ghi hnh c nhn qua mng (Network PVR, NPVR): y l phin bn s dng trn mng ca PVR. N c th c xem nh l mt VCR o vi vic lu tr v cc chc nng khc cung cp t mng. Ni dung truyn hnh qung b c th c ghi v xem li sau . Hng dn chng trnh in t (Electronic Program Guide, EPG): mt hng dn cung cp cho ngi s dng cc thng tin v cc chng trnh IPTV ang v sp pht. C th ni mt EPG l phng thc ngi s dng tm kim cc ni dung ca nh cung cp. Cc dch v thng tin: cc dch v thng tin c th bao gm tin tc thi s, tin th thao, d bo thi tit, thng tin v cc chuyn bay, cc s kin trong khu vc/a phng, v.v... Truyn hnh tng tc: knh ph (back-channel) IP khng ch cung cp kh nng ly thng tin m cn cho php tng tc vi cc show truyn hnh hoc khi to cc ng dng lin kt n cc chng trnh ang chy. Cc v d in hnh ca truyn hnh tng tc l tham d vo cc tr chi truyn hnh, bnh chn qua truyn hnh, phn hi ca ngi xem truyn hnh, cc chng trnh thng mi, v.v...

Cc ng dng tng tc: s tng tc khng ch c lin kt n mt chng trnh truyn hnh truyn thng. u gi, mua sm, dch v ngn hng l cc ng dng truyn hnh c s dng rng ri, to ra s hi t ca thit b v s pht trin cc giao din ngi s dng mi. Truyn hnh khin cho vic s dng cc ng dng tng tc (ging nh vic s dng Internet) tr thnh mt trong nhng thnh phn chim u th ca IPTV/VoD tng lai. y cng l mt yu t khc bit ch yu nht so vi truyn hnh qung b truyn thng vn khng c mt knh ph no (c chng l mt ng in thoi). Cc ng dng bng rng: cc ng dng dng cho ngi tiu dng v doanh nghip cng c th c thc hin thng qua h tng IPTV/VoD nh hi ngh truyn hnh, o to t xa, gim st an ninh, v.v... Pay-per-View (PPV): l hnh thc tr tin xem mt phn chng trnh truyn hnh, v d: tr tin xem mt s kin th thao hay tr tin nghe mt bn nhc. H thng cung cp mt knh phim truyn hnh theo hnh thc PPV cho cc thu bao. Tr chi theo yu cu (Games on Demand): dch v ny s cung cp nhiu loi game ty chn n thu bao t mt danh sch c sn. IPTV yu cu game n gin da trn HTML. m nhc theo yu cu (Muics on Demand): cc thu bao c th xem nhng clip ca nhc theo yu cu, ging nh dch v VoD. Truyn hnh ca hm trc (TV of Yesterday, TVoY): dch v ny cho php thu bao xem phim truyn hnh c pht nhng ngy trc. Karaoke theo yu cu (Karaoke on Demand): cc thu bao c th chn v xem cc bi Karaoke qua Set-top Box (STB) trn TV. T list cc bi karaoke c gii thiu, thu bao c th mua mt hoc nhiu bi ht cng lc. Dch v s c trin khai trong tng lai.

CHNG 2:CHUN NN S DNG TRONG IPTV Nn cho php cc nh cung cp dch v truyn cc knh hnh v ting vi cht lng cao qua mng IP bng rng. Do mt ngi ko th phn bit c ton b cc phn ca hnh nh. Do vic nn s lm gim ln ca tn hiu ban u bng cch b bt cc phn khng nh hng nhiu n cht lng ca hnh nh. Mt h thng nn video tiu biu (hay b m ho ngun) bao gm: b chuyn i, b lng t ho, b m ho.

Hnh 2.1:

S khi h thng nn nh tiu biu.

+B chuyn i: thng dng php bin i Cosin ri rc tp trung nng lng tn hiu vo mt s lng nh cc h s khai trin thc hin php nn hiu qu hn l dng tn hiu nguyn thy. + B lng t ho: to ra mt lng k hiu gii hn cho nh nn vi hai k thut: lng t v hng (thc hin lng t ho cho tng phn d liu) v lng t vect (thc hin lng t ho mt ln mt khi d liu). Qu trnh ny khng thun nghch. +B m ho: gn mt t m, mt dng bit nh phn cho mi k hiu. 2.1 Khi qut v nn MPEG: MPEG (Moving Picture Expert Group) l nhm chuyn gia v hnh nh, c thnh lp t thng 2 nm 1988 vi nhim v xy dng tiu chun cho tn hiu Audio v Video s. Ngy nay, MPEG tr thnh mt k thut nn Audio v Video ph bin nht v n khng ch l mt tiu chun ring bit m tu thuc vo yu cu c th ca tng thit b s c mt tiu chun thch hp nhng vn trn cng mt nguyn l thng nht. Nn tn hiu video theo chun MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) l phng php nn nh ng khng nhng lm gim d tha khng gian (nh JPEG) m cn lm gim d tha thi gian gia cc khung nh, y l khc bit so vi JPEG l chun nn nh tnh ch lm gim d tha thng gian trong mt khung nh. MPEG l mt chun nn c s dng rng ri trong thng tin v tinh, truyn hnh cp v trong cc h thng truyn hnh mt t. MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert Group) c thnh lp nhm pht trin cc k thut nn cho ph hp vi vic truyn hnh
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nh. T khi c thnh lp, MPEG a ra cc chun nn nh: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG4-( Part 2 v part 10), MPEG-7, v MPEG-21. Trong cc chun ny, MPEG-2 v MPEG-4 Part 10 c s dng rng ri trong IPTV. 2.1.1 Cu trc dng bit MPEG: Cu trc dng MPEG gm 6 lp: lp dy nh (sequence), lp nhm nh (GOP), lp nh (picture), lp ct lt dng bit (slice), lp macroblock, lp khi (Block). a) Khi : Khi 8x8 cc im nh tn hiu chi v tn hiu mu dng cho phng php nn DCT. b) T hp cu trc khi (macroblock): mt cu trc khi l mt nhm cc khi tng ng vi lng thng tin cha ng trong kch thc 16x16 im trn bc nh. Cu trc khi ny cng xc nh lng thng tin cha trong s thay i ty theo cu trc mu c s dng. Thng tin u tin trong cu trc khi mang dng ca n (l cu trc khi Y hay Cr, Cb) v cc vector b chuyn ng tng ng. c) Mng (Slice): mng bao gm mt vi cu trc khi k nhau. Kch thc ln nht ca mng c th bao gm ton b bc nh v kch thc nh nht ca mng l mt cu trc khi. Thng tin u ca mng cha ng v tr ca mng trong ton b nh, v h s cn bng lng t. d) nh (Picture): lp nh cho php b gii m xc nh loi ca nh c m ha l nh P, I hay nh B. Thng tin u dng ch th t truyn khung b gii m c th sp xp cc nh li theo mt th t ng. Trong thng tin u ca nh cn cha cc thng tin v ng b, phn gii v phm vi ca vector chuyn ng. e) Nhm nh (GOP): nhm nh l t hp ca nhiu cc khung I, P v B. Cu trc nhm nh c xc nh bng hai tham s m v n. Mi mt nhm nh bt u bng mt khung I cho php xc nh im bt u tm kim v bin tp. Thng tin u gm 25 bit cha m nh thi v iu khin. f) on (chng trnh) video: on video bao gm thng tin u, mt s nhm nh v thng tin kt thc on. Thng tin u ca on video cha ng kch thc mi chiu ca nh, kch thc ca im nh, tc bit ca dng video s, tn s nh v b m ti thiu cn c. on video v thng tin u to thnh mt dng bit c m ha gi l dng c bn (Elementary Stream).

Hnh 2.2:

Kin trc dng d liu MPEG

2.1.2 Cc loi nh trong chun MPEG : Trong nn MPEG ngi ta s dng 3 loi nh sau: + nh I (Intra Pictures): c m ha m khng c s so snh tham kho cc nh khc, dng trong nn trong nh. Chng cha tt c cc thng tin cn thit ti to li nh sau gii m, nn t l nn cc nh I tng i thp. V vy, nh I l im nt quan trng phc v vic truy cp vo mt on Video. +nh P (Predicted Pictures): c m ho t nh I, nh P trc , nh s dng cc thut ton d on b chuyn ng. Cc nh P c th c s dng nh l c s d liu cho vic d on nh tip theo. Tuy nhin do hn ch ca k thut b chuyn ng, s nh P gia hai nh I khng th qu ln. T l nn ca cc nh P tng i ln so vi t l nn cc nh I. +nh B (Bidirectionally Predicted Pictures): c m ho bi php ni suy gia cc nh I v P trc v sau . V khng c s dng m ho cc nh tip theo,
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nh B khng phi l ngun gc sinh ra cc li nh trong qu trnh m ho. Cc nh B cho t l nn cao nht. 2.1.3 Nhm nh (GOP): i vi chun MPEG, cht lng nh khng nhng ph thuc vo t l nn trong tng khun hnh m cn ph thuc vo di ca nhm nh. Nhm nh (GOP-Group of picture) l khi nim c bn ca MPEG. Nhm nh l n v mang thng tin c lp ca MPEG. MPEG s dng ba loi nh I, B, P. Trong , nh P, B khng phi l mt nh hon chnh m ch cha s khc bit gia nh v nh xut hin trc n (i vi nh P) hay s khc bit i vi c khun hnh xut hin trc v sau n (i vi nh B). c mt khun hnh hon chnh nh P v B cn c d liu t cc nh ln cn, chnh v vy i vi MPEG mt khi nim mi l GOP (nhm nh) c s dng. Mi GOP bt buc phi bt u bng mt nh hon chnh I v tip sau n l mt loi cc nh P v B. Nhm nh c th m (Open) hoc ng (Closed).

Hnh 2.3: Cu trc GOP Trong Hnh 2.3, nh P ( nh 4) c d bo trc trn c s nh I (nh 1). nh B c d on t hai hng, nh B (nh 2) v nh B ( nh 3) c d on t hai nh I ( nh 1) v nh P (nh 4). nh B (nh 5,6) c d on t nh P (nh 4) v nh I tip theo

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(nh 6). Mt iu ch l th t truyn nh v hin nh trn mn hnh l khng ging nhau. T l nn video ca MPEG ph thuc rt nhiu vo di ca GOP. Tuy nhin, GOP di thng gy kh khn cho qu trnh tua, nh v, sa li... Do ty thuc vo tng khu (sn xut, dng hnh, truyn dn, pht sng v..v) m ta chn di GOP thch hp. Trong sn xut hu k, nu c yu cu truy cp ngu nhin vo bt c nh no, iu cng c ngha l yu cu dng chnh xc n tng nh, GOP ng nhin s phi ch c duy nht nh I. Trong trng hp ny, t l nn s t rt thp. tng t l nn cho truyn dn v pht sng, trong GOP s lng nh P, B s phi tng ln. Lc ny khng cho php vic dng hnh cng nh lm cc k xo trn chui hnh nh . Trong trng hp ny ta c th c GOP gm 12 nh. 2.1.4 B chuyn ng trong chun nn MPEG : Trong tt c cc trng hp, khi mt nh m ho dng khung tham kho th lun dng k thut b chuyn ng nng cao hiu sut nn. Sau y, chng ta s cp n phng php b chuyn ng. Cc phng php b chuyn ng: c hai cch l b chuyn ng c on v ni suy. Phng php c on b chuyn ng gi thit nh hin ti l mt php bin i t nh trc , ngha l bin v hng dch chuyn khng cn thit phi ging nh trc . Phng php ni suy b chuyn ng l k thut nhiu phn gii: ch m ho mt tn hiu ph vi phn gii thp (khong 1/2 n 1/3 tc khung). nh c phn gii y s c xy dng li qua ni suy nh c phn gii thp cng thm thnh phn sa sai. n v x l nh m MPEG s dng l macroblock (MB) 16 16 im nh. Trong nh m ho ni suy, cc MB c th l loi nn trong khung hay nn lin khung. Trong k thut c on chuyn ng, nu s dng k thut so snh khi (BMA Block Matching Algorithm) th s thu c cc vect chuyn ng theo tiu ch ti thiu ho sai s gia khi cn tm vect chuyn ng v mi khi ng c.

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Hnh2.4:

Minh ho qu trnh b chuyn ng theo gii thut BMA

2.1.5 Nguyn l nn MPEG: C s ca cng ngh nn video MPEG l s kt hp gia nn trong nh (Intra Frame Compression) v cng ngh nn lin nh ( Inter-Frame Compression). Trong :

Hnh 2.5: Nn MPEG g?

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Nn trong nh (Intra -Frame Compression): l loi nn nhm gim bt thng tin d tha trong min khng gian. Nn trong nh s dng c hai qu trnh c tn hao v khng c tn hao gim bt d liu trong nh. Qu trnh ny khng s dng thng tin ca cc nh trc v sau nh ang xt. Nn lin nh (Intra -Frame Compression): Trong tn hiu video c cha thng tin d tha trong min thi gian. Ngha l vi mt chui lin tc cc nh, lng thng tin cha ng trong mi nh thay i rt t t nh ny sang nh khc. Tnh ton s dch chuyn v tr ca ni dung nh l mt phn rt quan trng trong k thut nn lin nh. Trong thut nn MPEG, qu trnh xc nh Vector chuyn ng c thc hin bng cch chia hnh nh thnh cc Macro-Block, mi Macro-Block c 16 x 16 phn t nh (tng ng vi 4 Block, mi Block c 8 x 8 phn t nh). xc nh chiu chuyn ng, ngi ta tm kim v tr ca Macro-Block trong nh tip theo, kt qu ca s tm kim s cho ta Vector chuyn ng ca Macro-Block . + Nguyn l nn MPEG : Dng thc u vo l Rec- 601 4:2:2 hoc 4:2:0. nh hin ti c so snh vi nh trc to ra nh khc bit. nh ny sau li c nn trong nh qua cc bc : bin i DCT, lng t ha, m ho. D liu ca nh khc bit v vector chuyn ng (c xc nh nh trn ) mang thng tin v nh sau nn lin nh c a n b m u ra. Tc bt ca tn hiu video c nn khng c nh, ph thuc vo ni dung nh ang xt (v d mt phn nn t hn hoc nhiu hn), nhng ti u ra b m ho dng bt phi c nh xc nh tc cho dung lng knh truyn. 2.1.6 Nguyn l gii nn MPEG:

Hnh 2.6: Gii nn MPEG g?

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+ Nguyn l gii nn MPEG : - u tin l gii m Entropy, sau tch d liu nh (h s bin i DCT) ra khi cc vector chuyn ng. D liu nh s c gii lng t ho v bin i DCT ngc. - Nu nh l nh loi I bt u mi nhm nh trong chui, u ra s nhn c nh hon chnh bng cch trn ( v nh loi I ch l nn trong nh, khng c b chuyn ng, khng dng d liu ca nh khc). N c lu tr trong b nh nh v c v c dng gii m cc nh tip theo. - Nu nh l nh loi P th cng thc hin gii lng t ha v bin i DCT ngc kt hp vi vic s dng vector chuyn ng v lu vo b nh nh sm hn. Trn c s xc nh c d on nh ang xt. Ta nhn c nh ra sau khi cng d on nh (nh d on) v kt qu bin i DCT ngc. nh ny cng c lu vo b nh c th s dng nh l chun khi gii m cc nh tip theo. 2.2 S pht trin ca chun nn H264/ MPEG-4 part 10: Khi Internet c pht trin thnh h thng c qui m ton cu, n tr nn ph cp rt nhanh trong mi lnh vc. Ngoi vn cung cp d liu di dng vn bn, nh ho ... Internet cng h tr truyn dn audio v video, c s ca cc dch v Multimedia trn qui m ton cu. Vi s ra i ca truyn hnh k thut s, cc thnh tu mi trong lnh vc truyn dn Internet tc cao - c bit l cng ngh ng thu bao s khng i xng ADSL (Assymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) s dng k thut truyn dn bng rng (Broadband) cho php nng tc ti ca cc kt ni Internet ln 500 Kbit/s, 2Mbit/s, 5Mbit/s v cao hn na v chun nn MPEG -4 cho php gim bt tc truyn ti cn thit ca truyn hnh s t 4 6 Mbit/s hin nay xung 1.5 2 Mbit/Slice l nhng tin k thut to iu kin cho s hi t gia truyn hnh v Internet. 2.2.1 K thut m ho video:

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Hnh 2.7: S m ho video ca H264/MPEG part 10 Lp m ho video ca H264/MPEG Part 10 l s kt hp ca m ho khng gian, m ho thi gian v m chuyn v. nh c tch thnh cc khi, nh u tin ca dy hoc im truy cp ngu nhin th c m ho Intra- m ho trong nh, c ngha l khng dng thng tin ca cc nh khc m ch dng thng tin cha trong nh . Mi mu ca mt khi trong mt Frame Intra c d on nh dng cc mu khng gian bn cnh ca cc khi m ho trc . i vi tt c cc nh cn li ca dy hoc gia cc im truy cp ngu nhin, m ho Inter c s dng, dng d on b chuyn ng t cc nh c m ho trc .Qu trnh m ho cho d on lin nh (b chuyn ng) gm vic la chn d liu chuyn ng, cc nh tham chiu v s dch chuyn khng gian c ng dng cho tt c vic ly mu ca khi. B m ho c th la chn gia m ho Intra v Inter cho min hnh dng khi ca mi nh. M ho Intra c th ch ra im truy cp ca chui c m ho, ti vic gii m c th bt u v tip tc mt cch chnh xc. M ho Intra s dng cc mode d on khng gian ring r lm gim d tha khng gian trong tn hiu gc ca mi nh n. M ho Inter (d on mt chiu hay nhiu chiu) th vic s dng d on lin nh hiu qu hn cho mi block ca gi tr ly mu t mt vi nh c gii m trc . M ho Inter s dng cc Vector chuyn ng cho cc block c s d on lin nh (Inter prediction) lm gim s d tha thi gian gia cc nh (picture) khc nhau.
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Vic d on c thu c t tn hiu lc tch khi ca cc nh c thit lp li trc . B lc tch khi lm gim s nhiu khi ti cc ng bin ca block. Cc vector chuyn ng v cc mode d on trong nh (intra prediction) c th (theo l thuyt) lm bin i kch thc block trong nh. S d on thng d c nn tt hn bng vic s dng mt php bin i loi b s tng quan theo khng gian trong mt block trc khi c lng t ho. Cui cng, Vector chuyn ng hay cc mode d on lin nh c lin kt vi thng tin ca h s bin i lng t ha v c m ho s dng m Entropy nh m ho chiu di bin i thch ng theo tnh hung CAVLC (context-adaptive variable length code) hay m ho theo s hc nh phn thch ng theo tnh hung CABAC (context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding). 2.2.2 Chia nh thnh cc Macro-Block : Mi nh video, Frame hoc Field c chia thnh cc Macro-Block c kch thc c nh bao trm mt din tch nh hnh ch nht gm 16 x 16 mu cho thnh phn chi (luma) v 8 x 8 mu cho mt trong hai thnh phn mu (chroma). Tt c cc mu MacroBlock ca thnh phn chi hoc ca thnh phn mu c d on theo khng gian hoc thi gian v kt qu sai s d on c truyn i bng vic s dng m ho bin i. Do , mi thnh phn mu ca sai s d on c chia nh thnh cc khi. Mi khi c bin i nh dng mt php bin i nguyn, v cc h s bin i c lng t ho v c bin i s dng phng php m ho Entropy. Cc Macro-Block c t chc thnh cc Slice, biu din cc tp con ca nh cho v c th c gii m c lp. Th t truyn ca cc Macro-Block trong dng bt ph thuc vo Bn nh v Macro-Block - Macro-Block Allocation Map- v khng nht thit phi theo th t qut. H264/MPEG Part 10 h tr 5 dng m ha Slice khc nhau. n gin nht l Slice I, trong tt c Macro-Block c m ho khng c s tham chiu ti cc nh khc trong dy video. Tip theo l hai dng Slice P v Slice B c s tham chiu ti cc nh khc; vi Slice P th ch tham chiu ti cc nh trc ; cn Slice B th tham chiu ti c nh trc v nh sau n. Hai dng khc m mi xut hin H264/MPEG Part 10 l SI (Switching I) v SP (Switching P) c dng cho chuyn mch hiu qu gia cc dng bt c m ho cc tc bt khc nhau.

2.2.3 D on trong nh Intra- Frame:

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Cc tiu chun trc chp nhn Macro-Block m ho trong nh, m ho bng chnh n m khng c d on thi gian. Macro-Block m ho trong nh xy ra trong cc mng (slice) hay cc Macro-Block khng chp nhn s hiu chnh thi gian ca vic d on b chuyn ng. V bn cht, Macro-Block m ho trong nh a ra mt s lng ln cc bt c m ho. H.264 s dng phng php d on cc Macro-Block m ho trong nh gim mt lng ln cc bt c m ho bng chnh bn thn tn hiu gc a vo. m ho mt block hay mt Macro-Block trong mode m ho trong nh, mt block c nh dng c s trn cc block c khi phc trc (nhng khng qua b lc). Tn hiu d tha gia cc block hin ti v d on cui cng c m ho. ly mu tn hiu chi, Block d on c th c nh dng l: cho mi Block nh (Subblock) l 4 x 4, mi Block l 8 x 8, hay mi Macro-Block l 16 x 16. Trong trng hp c la chn t 9 mode, cho cc Block luma (khi tn hiu chi) l 4 x 4 v 8 x 8; 4 mode cho mt Block luma 16 x 16; v 4 mode cho mi Block chroma (khi tn hiu mu).

Hnh 2.8 : Cc mode trong MPEG-4 2.2.4 B chuyn ng trong cc Slice P (Prediction Inter Frame) Ngoi cc dng m ho Macro-Block Intra, cc dng m ho b chuyn ng hoc d on khc c xc nh cho cc Macro-Block Slice P. D on lin nh c lm gim vi s tng quan theo thi gian vi s tr gip ca vic xc nh Vector chuyn ng (Motion Estimation) v b chuyn ng (compensation). + Chia Macro-Block thnh cc Block : Trong H.264, nh hin ti c th c phn chia thnh cc Macro-Block hay cc Block nh hn. Mt Macro-Block ca cc mu thnh phn mu 16 x 16 c th chia nh hn thnh cc Block kch c t 4 x 4. Vi Macro-Block mode 16 x 16, c 4 trng hp l: 16 x 16, 16 x 8, 8 x 16, hay 8 x 8, ngoi ra cng c 4 trng hp cho mode 8 x 8 l : 8 x 8, 8 x 4, 4 x 8, hay 4 x 4 . Mt Block
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kch c nh hn yu cu mt s lng bt ln truyn Vector chuyn ng v d liu thm vo ca vic phn chia, tuy nhin d liu d b chuyn ng c th c gim. Do , vic la chn kch c phn chia ph thuc vo cc c im video u vo. S phn chia Macro-Block thnh cc Block c minh ho trong hnh sau:

Hnh2.9: Phn chia Macro-Block cho b chuyn ng + B chuyn ng: H264/MPEG Part 10 cho php cc Vector chuyn ng khng hn ch, tc l chng c th nhm ra ngoi min nh. Trong trng hp ny cc Frame tham chiu c m rng ra ngoi bin nh bng vic lp li cc Pixel bin trc khi ni suy. Cc thnh phn Vector chuyn ng c m ho vi sai khi dng hoc l gi tr trung bnh (median) hoc l d on nh hng t cc khi xung quanh. Khng c d on thnh phn Vector chuyn ng cc bin ca Slice. H264/MPEG Part 10 h tr d on b chuyn ng a nh (Multi-Picture). iu ny c ngha l c nhiu hn mt nh c m ho trc c th c s dng tham chiu cho d on b chuyn ng. Hnh 2.10 minh ho khi nim ny. C b m ho v b gii m phi lu tr cc nh tham chiu c s dng cho d on nh Inter trong b nh m a nh (Multi-Picture). B gii m sao lu li b nh m a nh ca b m ho, theo dng nh m nh tham chiu v cc hot ng iu khin qun l b nh bt k c xc nh trong dng bt. Tr khi kch thc b nh m a nh c t cho mi nh, ch s m nh tham chiu c nh v bn trong b nh m a nh th phi c k hiu. Tham s ch s tham chiu cho mi khi luma b chuyn ng 16 x 16, 16 x 8, 8 x 16 hoc 8 x 8. Ngoi cc mode b chuyn ng c m t trn, Macro-Block P- Slice cng c th c m ho trong mode gi l SKIP. i vi mode ny, c tn hiu li d on
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lng t ha ln Vector chuyn ng hoc tham s ch s tham chiu u khng c truyn i. Cc tn hiu thit lp li th thu c tng t nh cch vi tn hiu d on ca Macro-Block Inter 16 x 16, tc l tham chiu ti nh t v tr c ch s 0 trong b nh m a nh. Nhn chung Vector chuyn ng c s dng cho vic thit lp li Macro-Block SKIP l ng nht vi b d on Vector chuyn ng cho khi 16 x 16. Nu cc iu kin c bit c duy tr, Vector chuyn ng Zero c s dng thay cho n.

Hnh 2.10: B chuyn ng nhiu Frame 2.2.5 B chuyn ng trong cc Slice B (Bi-Direction Prediction Inter Frame) D on hai chiu rt c hiu qu gim s tng quan theo thi gian bng vic s dng cc nh tham chiu. Cc chun nn hin nay vi cc nh B s dng mode d on hai chiu, tc l ch cho php kt hp cc tn hiu d on trc vi cc tn hiu d on sau. Mt tn hiu d on c nhn t mt nh trong nh (Inter Picture) tip sau, hay t mt nh d on trc, hoc t tn hiu trung bnh tuyn tnh ca hai tn hiu d on b chuyn ng.

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Hnh 2.11: nh ni suy B (d on hai chiu) So vi cc tiu chun trc , H264/MPEG Part 10 tng qut khi nim Slice B v khng nhng ch h tr mt cp d on theo hng forward/backward (tin/li) m cn c hai cp theo hng forward/forward (tin/tin) v backward/backward (li/li). Tham chiu tin hai bc (two forward) c th c li cho d on b chuyn ng ca mt vng va thay i cnh trc , v tham chiu li hai bc m cnh va thay i sau . Cc Slice m ho d on hai chiu c th cng c s dng tham chiu cho vic m ho trong nh ca cc nh khc. Nh vy, cc nh khc c th tham chiu cc nh B cho d on chuyn ng, ph thuc vo hot ng iu khin qun l b nh ca vic nh m a nh. Do , s khc nhau c bn gia Slice B v Slice P l: cc Slice B c m ho theo cch trong mt s Macro-Block hoc Block c th dng trung bnh trng s ca hai gi tr d on b chuyn ng ring bit cho vic hnh thnh cc tn hiu d on. Nhn chung cc Slice B dng hai b nh m nh tham chiu khc nhau gi l b nh m nh tham chiu th nht v th hai tng ng. Cc nh no c xp t ng v tr thc t trong mi b nh m nh tham chiu th c a ra iu khin b nh m nh. + Cc mode d on trong Slice Block: Trong cc Slice B, c 4 dng d on nh Inter khc nhau c h tr: d on List 0, List 1, hai hng (bi-predictive)v trc tip (direct). Trong , d on List 0 hin th rng tn hiu d on c to thnh nh dng b chuyn ng t nh ca b nh m tham chiu u tin, th nh ca b nh m nh tham chiu th hai c s dng cho vic xy dng tn hiu d on nu d on List 1 c s dng. H264/MPEG Part 10 gii thiu mode trc tip (direct-mode), n khng yu cu thng tin km theo (bn cnh), nhng nhn nh tham chiu, kch c khi, d liu Vector

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chuyn ng t nh Inter tip theo. D on trng s c lm tng thm do s chuyn tip dn dn t cnh (scene) n sang cnh kia. 2.2.6 Xc nh Vector chuyn ng (Motion Estimation) Trong khi thc hin DCT v lng t ha phc v cho nn khng gian bn ngoi ca mt Frame, xc nh vetor chuyn ng c s dng nn s d tha v thi gian, v d nh trong min thi gian qua hai Frame lin tip. lm mt cnh tiu biu, t mt phim truyn v d t 25 30 frame lin tip c hin th trong mi giy bng tivi hay my chiu phim. Tuy nhin, khng may l trong mt vi giy bt k, mt chui cc hnh nh lu li ging nhau.Phng nn c th khng thay i tt c, cc c tnh cn li cng tng t v v vy cc Frame lin tip rt ging nhau. Vic xc nh vetor chuyn ng thc hin php phn tch gia hai frame lin tip v xc nh nhng min ca hnh nh c thay i hay chuyn ng gia cc nh. Trong nhiu trng hp mt min lu li chnh xc v n trong cc nh d on v th n cho t m ho n gii m hin th min ny khi n trong nh d on. Nu min di chuyn theo mt hng xc nh, thut ton xc nh vetor chuyn ng iu khin qu trnh gii m s dng cc mnh (piece) ca hnh nh nh trong nh d on, nhng di chuyn n mt lng nht nh trong mt hng c xc nh. Trn thc t iu ny c hon thnh bng vic gi vetor chuyn ng trong dng bt MPEG -4. Vetor ny s ch dn gii m trong vic chn cc phn thch hp ca cc nh gii m trc c s dng trong s thit lp li ca mt dng khung hnh. N c lm sch v th t l nn rt cao. Trn thc t, mt vi loi ni dung c th c nn vi phm vi ln dn ti thiu cc hnh ng trong hnh nh. Mt v d l li m u ca ni dung , nh l mt ngi pht thanh vin, ci to ra mt dng MPEG -4 nn rt cht. c th l mt iu mong i, vic xc nh vector chuyn ng l mt hm c lng rt cao. Vic tm kim qua mt hnh nh cho tt c cc vt c th (cc vng) th c th thay i bt k v tr s cn n nhiu s tnh ton.Tuy nhin ch c 1/15 n 1/30 giy lm iu ny trc khi khung tip theo n x l. hiu tt hn cc cch khc nhau ca vic thc hin xc nh vector chuyn ng, hy quan st k thao tc bn tay. V c bn, vic xcnh vector chuyn ng cn chia hnh nh thnh cc khi nh hn v ly mi khi ti cc thi gian v v tr khc nhau trn pha trn cng ca nh trc xc nh nu l ci khp nhau. Vic so khp c th c lm bng vic tnh ton s khc nhau gia mi im nh (pixel) trong khi nh v vic so khp v tr trong cc nh trc .

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Nh vy, mt con s (gi tr SAD Summation of Absolute Difference = tng s khc nhau tuyt i) thu c ci biu th how well- tt nh th no l khi ring bit thch hp vi v tr no trong nh trc . Nu gi tr SAD l khng (zero) ngha l mi im nh (pixel) l chnh xc trong cng mt v tr nh trong nh trc , cho nn v tr mi cho khi tm c. Nu khng mt v tr no l khp hon ton, th thut ton c hai la chn - u tin : n kt lun rng tt c s khc nhau l qu ln ngha l mt cu hi t ra l mt thc th mi khng tn ti trong nh trc hay n di chuyn qu xa so vi v tr trc hay v tr sau . - Trong trng hp th hai, gi tr SAD nh khc khng (nonezero) n chp nhn s tho mn nht tuy nhin s tho mn khng hon ton. Trong tiu chun MPEG -4, vi mi 16 x 16 im nh trong mt khi th c tho mn cho tt c cc v tr trong mt vng tm kim, phm vi xa bao nhiu t v tr gc mt khi (block) c th di chuyn gia hai khung (frame). in hnh vng tm kim l +/- 16 im nh. Khi , vi mi v tr tm kim l 256(=16 x 16) im nh ca mi block th c so snh vi nh trc . Vi nh dng CIF phn gii l (352 x 288) ti 30 nh (frame) trn mt giy (frame/s) cho dng video, con s so snh nh sau: - Mi Macro-Block c: 16 x 16 = 256 pixel; - Mi Macro-BLock c tho mn trong mi v tr tm kim l: 16 x 16 =256; - Mi khung hnh (frame) bao gm 396 block; - 30 khung hnh c x l trong mi giy. Nh vy, tng s khc nhau (c cng v tr) trong mt giy kt qu l: 256 x 256 x 396 x 30 = 778.567.680 2.2.7 Nn video a) Nn theo min thi gian. Nhng d tha v mt thi gian l nhng hnh nh ging nhau lp i lp li t khung ny sang khung khc, v d nh khung nn khng chuyn ng ca mt chng trnh i thoi trn truyn hnh. V vy, gim bt d tha ny ta phi tin hnh nn theo min thi gian. Khi b m ho ang hot ng ch gia khi, khi ny s phi qua cng on hiu chnh chuyn ng. Qu trnh ny s pht hin ra bt k chuyn ng no din ra gia khi v mt khi tng ng mt hoc hn mt nh tham chiu c lu tr t trc, sau to ra khi chnh lch hoc li. thao tc ny lm gim bt d liu trong mi Block mt cch hiu qu do ch phi biu din chuyn ng ca n m thi. Tip n l cng on bin i Cosine ri rc DCT bt u nn theo min khng gian.

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Khi b m ho hot ng ch trong khi, khi ny s b qua cng on hiu chnh chuyn ng v ti thng cng on DCT. b) Nn theo min khng gian. D tha v mt khng gian l cc khi c cha cc im nh tng t nhau hoc ging ht nhau. Trong nhiu trng hp cc im nh thng khng thay i nhiu. Nh vy c ngha l tn s thay i gi tr im nh trong khi ny l rt thp. Nhng khi nh th c gi l khi c tn s khng gian thp. B lp m li dng c im ny bng cch chuyn i cc gi tr im nh ca khi thnh cc thng tin tn s trong cng on bin i Cosine ri rc. + Bin i Cosine ri rc (DCT) Bin i Cosine l mt hm m lm bin i d liu hnh nh c th hin trong h to X-Y sang min tn s. Cng on DCT bin i cc gi tr im nh ca khi thnh mt mng li gm cc h s ngang dc t trong khng gian tn s. Khi khi ban u c tn s khng gian thp, DCT s tp hp nng lng tn s vo gc tn s thp ca mng li. Nh vy, nhng h s tn s thp gc s c gi tr cao hn. Mt s lng ln cc h s khc cn li trn mng li u l cc h s c tn s cao, nng lng thp v c gi tr thp. Ti y, h s DC v mt vi h s tn s thp s hm cha phn ln thng tin c m t trong khi ban u. C ngha l b lp gii m c th loi b phn ln h s tn s cao cn li m khng lm gim cht lng hnh nh ca khi. B lp m chun b cc h s cho cng on ny bng cch qut cho mng li theo ng zigzag, bt u t h s DC v qua v tr ca h s ngang dc tng dn. Do vy n to ra c mt chui h s c sp xp theo tn s. + Lng t ho Qu trnh lng t ho l qu trnh bin i c mt thng tin, lm gim bt s lng bt cn thit biu din cc h s. Da trn mt h s t l xch (c th iu chnh bi b m ho), b lng t ho s cn i tt c cc gi tr h s. Do phn ln cc h s i ra t DCT u mang nng lng cao nhng gi tr thp nn b lng t ho bt u bng mt s gi tr cao u chui, theo sau l mt hng di cc h s c lng t ho v 0. B lp m Entropy c th theo di s lng cc gi tr 0 lin tip trong mt chui m khng cn m ho chng, nh vt gim bt c khi lng d liu trong mi chui. lng t ha cc h s bin i, H264/MPEG Part 10 dng phng php lng t ha v hng. Cc b lng t ho c la chn cho mi Macro-Block l da vo cc tham s lng t ho QP (Quantization Parameter). Cc b lng t ho c sp xp sao cho c s tng khong 12.5% trong kch thc bc lng t ho khi QP tng mt n v. Nhn chung cc h s bin i c lng t ho ca khi c qut zig-zag v c truyn i nh dng phng php m ho Entropy. +M ho entropy:
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Sau y l mt s k thut m ho entropy hay dng trong h thng x l video: - M ho chiu di di lin tc (RLC - Run Length Coding): cc chui im nh c cng chi (mc mu) s c m ho bng cp thng tin ( chi, chiu di chui). - M ho bng cc loi b trng lp: cc chui c bit c thay th bng c v s m lp. - M ho dng mu thay th: y l dng m ho thng k m n thay th cc mu hay lp li bng mt m. - M ha vi di (ca t m) thay i (VLC- Variable-Length Coding). Phng php ny cn c gi l m ha Huffman. Nguyn l ca n da trn xc sut xut hin ca cc gi tr bin trng hp trong mt bc nh v vic gn mt t m ngn cho cc gi tr c tn sut xut hin cao nht v t m di hn cho cc gi tr cn li. Khi thc hin gii nn, cc thit lp m trng hp s c s dng to li gi tr tn hiu ban u. M ha v gii m Huffman c th thc hin mt cch d dng bng cch s dng cc bng tm kim. Nh vy, m Huffman da trn nguyn tc k t c tn s sut hin cng cao th s bit m ho cng ngn. M ho Entropy trong cc tiu chun trc nh MPEG -1,2,4, H.261, v H.263 th c bn l trn cc bng c nh m ho bin i theo chiu di (VLC). Cc tiu chun xc nh cc b m ho t l c bn trn s phn b xc sut ca cc video chung thay cho m Huffman chnh xc n cc chui video. Tuy nhin H.264 s dng cc VLC m khp vi mt biu tng c m ho c bn trn cc c trng ca ng cnh. Tt c cc phn t c php, ngoi tr cc d liu d tha, c m ho bng m Exp- Golomb. m c c cc d liu d tha (cc h s bin i lng t ho) th ta s dng phng php qut Zig-Zag (xen k nhau) hay qut ln lt (khng xen k hay phn trng). m ho d liu d tha, mt phng php phc tp hn gi l CAVLC (m ho chiu di bin i tng thch theo tnh hung) c pht trin. Ngoi ra, CABAC (m ho thut ton nh phn tng thch theo tnh hung) c pht trin trong Mail Profile v High Profile, CABAC c kh nng m ho tt hn nhng phc tp cao hn so vi CAVLC. 2.2.8 B lc tch khi Mt c trng ring ca m ho da trn c s khi l c th nhn thy cc cu trc khi. Cc mp ca khi c cu trc li vi chnh xc km hn cc phn t nh (pixel) bn trong v nhn chung dng khi (blocking) c xem l mt trong nhng nhiu artifact d nhn thy nht vi cc phng php nn hin ti. Do nguyn nhn ny m H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 s dng b lc tch khi (Deblocking Filter) lm gim hin tng tch khi, ngn chn vic truyn ca tp m m ho c tch lu. Ti b lc ny, cng lc c iu khin bi gi tr ca nhiu phn t cu trc.
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Cc chun nn trc khng s dng b lc tch khi bi v vic b sung rt phc tp, mt khc vic chia cc nhiu khi c th c lm gim bng vic s dng MC chnh xc mt na phn t nh. Mt na phn t nh thu c bng cch lc tuyn tnh (bilinear filtering) ca cc phn t nh nguyn vn bn cnh pht huy vai tr lm nhn ca m ho tp m trong min phn t nh nguyn vn. H.264 s dng b lc tch khi vic thc hin vic m ho cao hn mc d vic thc hin rt phc tp. Vic lc c p dng cho cc mp ca cc Block 4 x 4 trong mt Macro-Block. Qu trnh iu khin b lc tch khi thnh phn chi c thc hin trn 4 cnh ca mu 16 x 16 (16-sample) v qu trnh x l b lc tch khi cho mi thnh phn mu c thc hin trn 2 cnh ca mu 8 x 8. 2.2.9 K thut gii m video

Hnh 2.12: S gii m Video H264/MPEG -4 Part 10 2.2.10 So snh hiu qu m ho ca H264/MPEG- 4 Part 10 vi tiu chun trc : Qua qu trnh tm hiu k thut m ho ca H264/MPEG-4 Part 10, ta thy mt s u im ca H264/MPEG-4 Part 10 so vi MPEG-2 l: - Cc cng c ton hc mi nh CAVLC v CABAC cho s ci thin ng k trong m ho Entropy. - Trong khi b chuyn ng trong MPEG-2 Part 2 c hn ch n ni suy hai chiu pixel th H264/MPEG-4 Part 10 cho php cc Vector chuyn ng chnh xc n pixel v sau dng ni suy nhiu chiu(Bi-cubic). Ni suy nhiu chiu to ra s thch
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hp hn cho Macro-Block , do vy gim nng lng c lu trong nh li, lm gim s bt cn phi m ho. Tuy nhin ni suy nhiu chiu i hi nhiu thut ton hn, s phc tp thc hin b chuyn ng cao hn. - Vic dng b lc tch khi c hai pha b m ho v b gii m lm gim s khng lin tc cc bin ca khi do cc h s cht lng khc nhau c s dng cho cc khi cnh nhau gy ra. iu ny lm gim nhiu khi thng thy trong m ho MPEG-2 tc bt thp v n nm trong vng b chuyn ng, b m ho v b gii m vn cn trong s ng b. Cng c ny c nh hng n tnh phc tp ca b m ho v b gii m v s bin khi v cng v thc t l b lc tch khi cng khng th c thc hin nh mt module ring bit. - Kch thc khi thay i t 16 x 16 xung cn 4 x 4. Khi kch thc khi gim cung cp li m ho m khng c s tng ng k tnh phc tp. Qua qu trnh thc nghim cho rng s tit kim tc bt trung bnh ca H264/MPEG 4 Part 10 so vi MPEG-2 l khong 65%. Nh vy hiu qu ca nn H264/MPEG 4 Part 10 tng ln ng k. Hiu qu nn tng ca H264/MPEG Part 10 to ra cc phm vi ng dng v cc c hi kinh doanh mi. H.264 gim yu cu bng thng trong khi cht lng nh tng ng MPEG-2 v MPEG-4. Cng ngh ny gip cho tng cng kh nng nn khng gian v nn thi gian, cho hnh nh truyn rt nhanh trn mng LAN, internet. Vi nhng u vit ca mnh, H.264 ang c ng dng rt nhiu vo ngnh an ninh. 2.2.11 u im ca H.264/AVC +Cht lng hnh nh tt: H.264 l chun nn s dng cng ngh m thanh, hnh nh mi kh nng nn tt hn so vi cc chun nn trc . Do , chun nn cung cp dch v phn pht hnh nh cht lng cao qua mng bng thng gii hn. +Yu cu bng thng thp: Cht lng hnh nh ca H.264 gn ging vi MPEG2 nhng H.264 cn t bng thng truyn ti tn hiu vi cng cht lng. c im ny rt ph hp s dng trong h thng IPTV. +C kh nng kt hp vi cc thit b x l video c sn nh MPEG-2 v h tng mng da trn IP c sn. +H tr truyn hnh phn gii cao: Khi s dng ti u chun nn c th lm tng kh nng truyn d liu ca mng. Do cc nh cung cp dch v truyn thng c th s dng chun nn ny cung cp chng trnh video phn gii cao qua mng sn c. +H tr nhiu ng dng:Chun nn H.264 c s dng trong nhiu ng dng, vi nn khc nhau th c nhng yu cu ring. V d, ng dng truyn a im trong IPTV yu cu phi hin th hnh nh dng chun truyn hnh, trong khi, i vi cc ng
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dng gii tr di ng, hnh nh phi hin th c trn cc thit b di ng. ph hp vi mi ng dng, chun nn H.264 c rt nhiu profile v level. c im ca profile v level l tc bit v kch thc nh. +C th truyn c lp: Chun nn H.264 c th truyn qua nhiu giao thc nh ATM, RTP, UDP, TCP. +D dng thch nghi vi cc mng cht lng km nh c ch sa li . 2.2.12 Cc ng dng ca H.264/AVC Chun nn ny c thit k cho cc ng dng sau: + Truyn hnh qung b qua qua v tinh, cp, mt t + Truyn hnh tng tc, video theo yu cu (VoD). + Lu tr a quang, bng t, DVD. + Tch hp dch v qua ISDN, LAN, DSL, mng khng dy, mng di ng, modem. +Nhn tin a phng tin MMS qua ISDN, DSL, LAN mng di ng. Cn nhiu ng dng khc c pht trin trn mng hin ti nh video phone, v mng tng lai. Kt lun: MPEG -4 vi nhim v l nhm pht trin cc chun x l, m ho v hin th nh ng, audio v cc t hp ca chng. MPEG -4 khc so vi MPEG -2 l trong mt khung hnh th n khng m ho ton b khung hnh m n miu t tng i tng ring r v sau mi m ho tng i tng . MPEG -4 chia cc Macro-Block thnh cc Block nh hn. Trong khi b chuyn ng trong MPEG-2 Part 2 c hn ch n ni suy hai chiu pixel th H264/MPEG Part 10 cho php cc Vector chuyn ng chnh xc n pixel v sau dng ni suy nhiu chiu(Bi-cubic). V cn nhiu im u vit khc na. Do hiu qu nn ca chun nn MPEG -4 tt hn so vi MPEG -2. Qua qu trnh thc nghim cho rng s tit kim tc bt trung bnh ca H264/MPEG Part 10 so vi MPEG-2 l khong 65%. Nh vy hiu qu ca nn H264/MPEG Part 10 tng ln ng k so vi cc chun nn khc. Hiu qu nn tng ca H264/MPEG Part 10 to ra cc phm vi ng dng v cc c hi kinh doanh mi nh: ng dng H264/MPEG Part 10 cho truyn hnh s v di ng hay c th ci to cht lng truyn hnh qua giao thc Internet t c cht lng hnh nh tt nh truyn hnh s hin nay. T nhng c im v u im ca MPEG-4 AVC nh du mt bc ngot trong lnh vc nn video, p dng cc k thut tin tin nhm mc ch s dng bng thng hiu qu hn v em li cht lng nh cao hn. Vi cc k thut ny, MPEG-4 AVC c
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th gim tc bit xung hn 50% so vi chun MPEG-2. Do , MPEG-4 Part 10 c la chn ng dng trong IPTV.

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CHNG 3: NG GI NI DUNG VIDEO Vic ng gi cc chng trnh video bao gm vic chn v t chc cc d liu video thnh cc gi ring bit. +Tng quan v m hnh truyn thng IPTV (IPTVCD) M hnh truyn thng trong IPTV c 7 lp (v mt lp ty chn) c xp chng ln nhau. Cc d liu video pha thit b gi c truyn t lp cao xung lp thp trong m hnh IPTV, v c truyn i trong mng bng rng bng cc giao thc ca lp vt l. thit b nhn, d liu nhn c chuyn t lp thp nht n lp trn cng trong m hnh IPTV.

Hnh3.1: m hnh truyn thng IPTV Do , nu mt b m ha gi chng trnh video n mt thit b IPTV ca khch hng, th phi chuyn qua cc lp trong m hnh IPTV c pha thit b nhn v thit b gi. Mi lp trong m hnh IPTV c lp vi nhau v c chc nng ring. Khi chc nng ny c thc hin, d liu video c chuyn n lp tip theo trong m hnh IPTV. Mi lp s thm vo hoc b i phn thng tin iu khin ca cc gi video trong qu trnh x l. Thng tin iu khin cha cc thng tin gip thit b c th s dng gi d liu ng chc nng ca n, v thng c nh dng nh cc header hoc trailer. Bn cnh vic truyn thng gia cc lp, cn c cc lin kt o gia cc tng
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cng mc. 7 lp v 1 lp b sung trong m hnh IPTV c th c chia lm 2 loi: cc lp cao v lp thp. cc tng cao hn th quan tm nhiu hn ti cc ng dng ca IPTV v cc nh dng file, trong khi cc tng thp hn th quan tm ti vic truyn ti cc ni dung. M hnh IPTV v truyn ti cc ni dung MPEG: 3.2.1 Lp m ha video: Qu trnh truyn thng bt u lp m ha, cc tn hiu tng t hoc s c nn. Tn hiu li ra ca b nn l cc dng MPEG c bn. Cc dng MPEG c bn c nh ngha l cc tn hiu s lin tc thi gian thc. C nhiu loi dng c bn. VD, m thanh c m ha s dng MPEG c gi l dng m thanh c bn. Mt dng c bn thc ra ch l tn hiu th ra t b m ha. Cc dng d liu c t chc thnh cc khung ti lp ny. Cc thng tin cha trong mt dng c bn c th bao gm: +Loi khung v tc . +V tr ca nhng block d liu trn mn hnh. +T s cnh. +Cc dng c bn l nn tng to nn cc dng MPEG. 3.2.2 Lp ng gi Video: truyn cc dng m thanh, d liu v hnh nh c bn qua mng s, mi dng c bn ny phi c chuyn i sang mt dng c chn ca gi PES c nh du thi gian (PES- parketized Element Stream ). Mt dng PES ch bao gm mt loi d liu t mt ngun. Mt gi PES c th c kch thc khi c nh hoc thay i, c th ln ti 65536 byte/gi. Bao gm 6 byte header, v s byte cn li cha ni dung chng trnh. Do bn cht ca mng, th t hay chui cc khung video t li ra ca trung tm d liu IPTV c th khc th t cc khung do cc thit b ca ngi dng nhn c. Do , gip qu trnh ng b, cc h thng da trn MPEG thng dn nhn cc gi PES khc nhau trong chui video. C 2 loi nhn thi gian c s dng i vi mi gi PES: nhn thi gian trnh din (PTS), v nhn thi gian gii m (DTS): +PTS--- nhn thi gian trnh din c gi tr thi gian 33 bit, c t trong trng PES header. Mc ch ca vic s dng PTS cho mi gi l xc nh xem khi no v theo trt t no th gi c xem (bi ngi xem). +DTS--- nhn gii m s dng gip b gii m thit b ca ngi s dng bit khi no x l gi .

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Nh ch ra trn, th t cc gi c truyn i qua mng khc vi th t cc gi nhn c thit b ca ngi s dng. Thit b ngi s dng IPTV s dng cc nhn PTS v DTS ti to li ni dung video gc. Bn cnh vic gi i cc ni dung nn MPEG-2, PES cn c kh nng truyn ti cc khi H.264/AVC qua mng IPTV.

Hnh 3.2 ng dng nhn thi gian vi cc gi MPEG PES 3.2.3 Lp cu trc dng truyn ti: Lp tip theo trong m hnh truyn thng IPTV lm nhim v to nn dng truyn ti, bao gm mt dng lin tip cc gi. Nhng gi ny thng c gi l cc gi TS, c to ra bng cch ngt cc gi PES thnh cc gi TS c kch thc c nh l 188 byte c lp vi thi gian. S dng thi gian c lp ny lm gim kh nng mt gi tin trong qu trnh truyn v gim n. Mi gi TS bao gm 1 trong 3 nh dng truyn thng: d liu, m thanh, hnh nh. Do , cc gi TS mang c nh 1 loi hnh truyn thng. Lp ny cng cung cp chc nng to ra cc dng chng trnh. Mt dng chng trnh l mt gi PES cha mt vi dng c bn c m ha s dng cng ng h ch, hoc ng h h thng. Cc kiu dng ny c pht trin cho nhng ng dng nh lu tr ni dung video trn cc a quang hoc a cng. Khi TS c cu trc v nh dng, n s c chuyn xung lp truyn ti trc tip hoc ti lp s dng giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc (RTP). 3.2.4 Lp giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc( ty chn): Lp ty chn ny c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ng dng khc nhau. Lp ny hot ng nh mt lp trung gian gia cc ni dung c nn MPEG-2, H.264/AVC lp cao hn v cc lp thp hn trong m hnh IPTV. Giao thc RTP chnh l li ca lp ny v thng l block c s h tr truyn dng ni dung theo thi gian thc qua mng IP.
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Ch rng, k thut RTP thng c trin khai trong cc mng khng m bo cht lng dch v QoS truyn cc dch v IPTV. Mc d RTP gip lm tng kh nng cc dng ti ch trong trt t ng, nhng khng c thit k m bo cc mc cht lng dch v. Do , trch nhim ca nh cung cp dch v l m bo video lun c u tin khi chng c truyn i trong h tng mng. 3.2.5 Lp truyn ti: Thng thng cc gi RTP l dng u vo ca lp truyn ti. iu ng ch l c th nh x trc tip cc gi MPEG-TS sang payload giao thc ca lp truyn ti. Lp truyn ti IPTV c thit k m bo cc kt ni u cui l tin cy. Nu d liu ti thit b ngi nhn khng ng. Lp truyn ti s truyn li. Lp truyn ti thng bo vi lp trn c cc thng tin chnh xc hn. TCP v UDP l 2 giao thc quan trng nht c s dng lp ny. a) S dng TCP nh tuyn cc gi IPTV : TCP l giao thc ct li ca b giao thc internet v c xp vo loi nh hng kt ni. iu ny c bn c ngha l kt ni c thit lp gia u cui nh cung cp v thit b IPTV ca ngi s dng truyn cc chng trnh qua mng. TCP c kh nng iu khin li xy ra trong qu trnh truyn cc chng trnh qua mng. Cc li nh mt gi, mt trt t gi,hoc lp gi thng gp trong mi trng truyn IPTV. x l cc tnh hung ny, TCP s dng h thng cc s lin tc cho php thit b gi c th gi li cc d liu hnh nh b mt hoc hng. H thng s lin tc ny l trng c di 32 bit trong cu trc gi. Trng u tin cha chui s bt u ca d liu trong gi v trng th hai cha gi tr ca chui s tip theo m video server ang i (mong) nhn tr li t IPTVCD.

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Hnh 3.3 C ch iu khin lung ca TCP Bn cnh vic sa cc li c th xy ra trong qu trnh truyn ni dung video qua mng IP bng rng, TCP cn c iu khin lung d liu. iu ny c th t c bng cch s dng trng kch thc ca s, vi thut ton c gi l ca s trt. Gi tr trong trng ny xc nh s cc byte c th truyn i qua mng trc khi nhn c xc nhn t pha thit b nhn. Trong mi trng IPTV, gi tr trng kch thc ca s chnh l kch thc vng m trong IPTVCD tr i lng ni dung c trong vng m ti mt thi im. D liu ny s c gi cho ti khi bn tin thng bo nhn c gi v t IPTVCD. Khi gi tr ca trng ny bng 0, IPTVCD pha u thu s khng kh nng x l cc d liu IPTV tc ln. Khi , TCP s ch th cho video server dng hoc lm chm li tc gi cc gi d liu ti IPTVCD. iu ny s m bo rng IPTVCD s khng b trn cc gi d liu ti. Khi IPTVCD x l xong cc cc gi d liu trong vng m v video server bit c iu th gi tr ti vng m s tng ln, v video server s bt u truyn tip cc ni dung. Trong mi trng IPTV l tng, s ca ca s c bo v t IPTVCD s bo cho server bit khng gian vng m cn trng chnh l tc m ti cc ni dung video c gi i t video server.
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Cc cng TCP v Socket: Mi im cui ca mt lin kt IPTV th c mt a ch IP v mt gi tr cng lin quan. V th mi lin kt c 4 thnh phn khc nhau: +a ch IP ca video server. +S ca cng ca video server. +a ch IP ca IPTVCD. +S ca cng ca IPTVCD. Vic kt hp a ch IP v s ca cng cho php mt tin trnh trn IPTVCD c th lin lc trc tip vi tin trnh ang chy trn mt trong cc my server c t trung tm d liu IPTV. Socket cng l mt thnh phn quan trng khc trong m hnh truyn thng IP. Mt socket v c bn l mt giao din ng dng chng trnh (API), c s dng lm vic lin lc gia cc tin trnh ang chy trn mt thit b IP. Mt socket c thit lp bng cch kt hp a ch IP vi s ca cng.

Hnh 3.4 Qu trnh truyn thng trong mng IPTV hiu hn v mi lin h gia a ch IP v socket xt cc bc thit lp mt knh truyn thng gia mt tin trnh chy trn IPTVCD v mt tin trnh chy trn trung tm cung cp d liu IPTV. Bc c m t nh sau: (1) Chun b d liu: Tin trnh gi chy trn h thng server dng IPTV chun b ni dung v gi module truyn thng TCP/IP truyn cc d liu ti mt tin trnh ang chy trn mt IPTVCD. Cc tin trnh truyn thng bt u v thng tin header c thm vo ni dung khi truyn qua cc lp trong IPTVCD. (2) Thit lp kt ni logic TCP: C 2 u kt ni u c nh ngha bi mt a ch IP v mt s cng, kt hp gia a ch IP v s cng gi l socket. H thng a ch i vi lin kt truyn thng bao gm cc thnh phn sau: +Giao thc.
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+a ch IP ca my ch IPTV. +ID ca tin trnh chy trn my ch IPTV . +a ch IP ca IPTVCD. +ID ca tin trnh chy trn IPTVCD. (3) Truyn d liu: Truyn thng bt u thng qua socket gia 2 tin trnh t pha IPTV server n IPTVCD. (4) Qun l cc dng ni dung IPTV: giao thc TCP qun l cc dng IPTV trong khi kt ni c thit lp. (5) Hy b kt ni: Khi hon thnh vic truyn cc ni dung IPTV, IPTVCD hoc trung tm d liu s hy b socket v kt ni mng. b) S dng UDP nh hng cc gi IPTV: UDP l giao thc thuc v b giao thc Internet. UDP cho php my ch kt ni vi mng bng rng gi ti cc IPTVCD dch v truyn hnh qung b c cht lng hi lng ngi dng. UDP ging vi TCP nhng l phin bn s lc hn, a ra cho s lng ti thiu cc dch v truyn ti. UDP l giao thc khng lin kt, iu c ngha l kt ni gia video server v IPTVCD khng cn phi thit lp trc khi d liu c truyn i. Video server n gin ch thm vo a ch IP ch v s cng vo datagram v gi ti c s mng phn pht ti a ch IP ch. Khi trn mng, UDP s dng cch tt nht c gng thu c d liu v im ch ca n. Ch rng UDP s dng cc khi d liu c gi l cc datagram truyn ni dung qua mng. u im v nhc im ca UDP: +u im ca UDP: Khng c ngt trong qu trnh truyn ni dung video: khng c tr trong qu trnh phn phi ngay c khi trong mng c cc gi b tr hoc b hng. Ngc li, khi s dng TCP, c th xy ra s ngt qung khi phi ch cc gi b tr v cc khung hnh ti hoc phi ch cc gi b hng c thay th. Dung lng thp: Kch thc header ca UDP ch bao gm c 8 byte trong khi TCP header chim ti 20 byte. Tc thit lp kt ni: thi gian thit lp v hy b kt ni gia IPTVCD v cc thit b trung tm d liu IPTV ngn. Do , vic phn phi cc gi s dng giao thc UDP thng nhanh hn so vi s dng giao thc TCP. H tr truyn mt chiu: UDP khng yu cu ng v, do cho php cc cng ty s dng v tinh c th truyn ni dung IPTV truyn a im ti khch hng ca mnh. +Nhc im ca UDP: Mc d UDP l nhanh chng v hiu qu i vi cc ng dng cn thi gian, v s l khng hiu qu trong trng hp:

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Tnh ton vn ca d liu: Tnh ton vn ca d liu khi s dng UDP l khng c bo m khi UDP ch cung cp mt dch v duy nht l kim tra tng v multiplexing thng qua s cng. Bt k vn no cng c th xy ra trong qu trnh truyn thng ti u cui no cn c iu khin c lp vi cc ng dng. Cc vn thng gp nh l pht li, ng gi v lp rp li, truyn li cc gi b mt, s tc nghn, v iu khin lung nm ngoi kh nng sa li ca UDP. Kh khn trong vic vt qua cc tng la: Nhiu loi tng la trn mng chn cc thng tin UDP gy ra cc li trong qu trnh truyn thng. y khng phi l vn ln i vi cc nh cung cp dch v IPTV, tuy nhin n cng nh hng ti cc cng ty cung cp dch v Internet TV. i vi IPTV, UDP t ra hu ch khi trung tm d liu cn gi cc ni dung video IP ti nhiu IPTVCD v l giao thc mc truyn ti ph bin nht m cc nh cung cp dch v IPTV. c) S khc bit gia TCP v UDP: Khi cc nh cung cp dch v pht cc ni dung IPTV ti cc thu bao, iu quan trng l cc ni dung ny phi n thit b ca ngi dng ng lc v trong dng ng. Ni cch khc, cc gi video phi khng b ngt qung. Do , cc nh cung cp dch v cn chc chn s dng giao thc h tr kh nng phn phi qua h tng mng. Mc d TCP cung cp cc ng dng vi nhiu c trng v mng so vi UDP, nhng cc nh cung cp dch v IPTV khng thng chn TCP l giao thc truyn ti. iu ny ch ra mt thc t rng IPTV l ng dng thi gian thc v khng c tr. TCP c th a ngm vo s phn phi ni dung video IP do thc t rng giao thc s dng c ch iu khin dng. c im v hn ch cu TCP i vi phn phi chng trnh thi gian thc: o Cn bng gia nhy v tr---- IPTV t nhy vi mt hoc ngt gi hn l vi tr. Vic truyn li cc gi nng cao tin cy ca kt ni gia my ch v thit b truy cp IPTV. Tuy nhin, khi vic truyn li din ra nhiu th s lm tr tng ln. o TCP l giao thc kt ni lin kt---- Nh trnh by trn TCP yu cu thit lp kt ni logic gia my ch v IPTVCD trc khi truyn cc ni dung IPTV. Khi ngi xem chuyn t knh ny sang knh khc cng s gy ra tr i vi mi trng truyn hnh trc tip ca IPTV. o H tr sa li---- TCP cung cp nhiu tnh nng, ng ch l kh nng sa li v iu khin lung. Tuy nhin, vic sa li trong mng IP video c th lm gim cht lng dch v ti khch hng. o c im ca truyn video: video bao gm mt chui cc nh lin tip, bt c khi no xy ra ngt vi tc m ti cc hnh nh ny c x l v hin th
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trn IPTVCD cng lm gim cht lng hnh nh hin th v nh hng ti ngi s dng. Thi gian x l mi nh ring bit ch mt khong mt phn ca giy. Nu s dng TCP sa li do ngt, c ch sa li nh sau: IPTVCD s bo gi d liu b li bng vic t c. Mt bn tin s c gi ti my ch IPTV thng bo cho ng dng bit mt trong cc gi nhn c b ngt. Di s qun l ca TCP, my ch cn phi tm ra v gi li gi b ngt. IPTVCD nhn c gi mi trong vng m v hin th ni dung video trong gi . Trong khi TCP thc hin cc bc trn, IPTVCD phi ch gi b li c truyn li v phi trng lung video hoc b qua gi truyn li khi nhn c, Do k thut sa li ca TCP l khng cn thit. o Mt gi IP----- qu trnh x l mt cc gi IPTV nhiu hay t cng ging nh qu trnh sa ngt gi IPTV. Cc gi b mt cng cn c truyn li, gy ra nh hng bt li ti dch v phn phi IPTV. o H tr iu khin lung---- Bn cnh vn sa li v thit lp kt ni logic, giao thc TCP cn h tr iu khin tc bit lung d liu gi i, c th gy ra nhiu tr ngi trong vic truyn v nhn ni dung IPTV. Tr ngi ny xy ra khi vng m IPTV bt u trn cc gi IPTV hoc mng b nghn. Khi xy ra trng hp ny, my ch nhn c yu cu gim tc gi cc gi tin ln mng. Nu my ch thc hin yu cu gim tc , c mt kh nng l: khi tc gim xung hnh nh s khng th hin th c. Nu bn tin dng c thc hin, dch v IPTV s b tt hon ton. o Khng h tr a truyn thng---- TCP khng hot ng hiu qu trong mi trng a truyn thng, Do , UDP l la chn tt hn TCP i vi cc dch v truyn thng nh cc ng dng a truyn thng IPTV v truyn qung b. y l nhng nguyn nhn chnh TCP t c s dng trong IPTV trc tip. TCP c dng trong cc ng dng khc nh e-mail, download cc chng trnh Internet TV. Mc d, tin cy v kh nng sa li ca UDP khng bng TCP nhng UDP l giao thc c la chn phn pht cc dch v IPTV. UDP c cc nhc im sau: khng c kh nng tm v sa li. Vn ny c khc phc bng cch gn cc hm sa li vo cc ng dng IPTV chy trn cc mng hoc trong chnh cc dng video. 3.2.6 Lp IP: Sau lp truyn ti l lp IP (cn c gi l lp lin mng ). Nhim v chnh ca lp ny l a cc d liu ti cc v tr mng ring bit thng qua nhiu mng c lp
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c lin kt vi nhau c gi l lin mng. Lp ny c s dng gi cc d liu thng qua cc ng khc nhau ti ch. IP l giao thc tt nht c s dng trong lp lin mng, giao thc ny cung cp dch v phn pht gi c bn cho tt c cc dch v IPTV. Cc loi dch v ny vi h thng truyn n im, ni cc gi c truyn t ngun ti mt IPTVCD ch, khc vi h thng truyn a im ni m cc gi c truyn t my ch ti nhiu IPTVCD. IPv4 l giao thc ph bin nht c s dng trong mng IPTV ngy nay. Nhim v chnh ca IP l phn pht cc bit d liu trong cc gi t ngun ti ch. IP s dng k thut c hiu qu cao nht phn pht d liu. Ni cch khc khng c tin trnh no m bo qu trnh phn pht chnh xc thng tin qua mng. Cc khi c s ca giao thc IP l cc on bit d liu c t trong cc gi v c nh a ch. Gi IP l n v d liu bao gm d liu video thc v cc thng tin ca vic nhn video t trung tm cung cp d liu IPTV ti ch IPTVCD. Cch nh a ch IP: trong mi trng IPTV, a ch IPv4 thng c dng nh ngha IPTVCD v trung tm cung cp d liu. a ch IPv4 l chui 4 s c ngn cch vi nhau bng cc du chm nh ngha mt cch chnh xc v tr vt l ca mt thit b, v d nh set-top box, trong mng. a ch IPv4 gm 32 bit trong h nh phn. Cc s nh phn ny c chia thnh 4 octet, mi octet 8 bit, mi octet c i din bi 1 s h thp phn nm trong khong t 0 n 255. Mi octet c ngn cch bi 1 du chm trong h thp phn. a ch IP c t chc thnh 2 phn: (1) a ch mng dng nh ngha mng bng rng m IPTVCD kt ni ti. (2) a ch host dng nh ngha cc thit b IPTV. Mt im ng ch l mt vi bit u tin ca a ch s nh ngha cc bit cn li ca trng a ch s c phn chia th no cho host v mng. thun li cho vic s dng v qun l, a ch IP c chia thnh cc lp khc nhau. Bn cnh vic chia thnh cc lp, mt s a ch IP c dnh ring cho cc mng t nhn. Cc a ch ny nm trong di: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

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Hnh3.5 Cc lp a ch IP a) Mng con IPTV: Trong cc mng ln IPTV vi hng ngn IPTVCD tri rng trn mt khu vc a l rng, mng da trn IP ny cn c chia thnh cc mng nh hn gi l mng con. Mng con ca mng IPTV cho php nh cung cp dch v nh ngha v gim st cc phn ring bit trong mng m khng cn a ch IPv4 mi. Ngi iu hnh mng cng s dng a ch mng con giu i cu trc mng ni b trnh b tn cng t mng Internet cng cng. Ngi qun tr mng IPTV s dng cc s ring bit c gi l a ch subnet mask to cc mng con trong mi trng IPTV. Subnet mask l a ch IP 32 bit. Gi tr mc nh ca subnet mask ca lp A, B, C l: Class A----- 255.0.0.0 Class B----- 255.255.0.0 Class C-----255.255.255.0 Cc tin trnh chy trn mng con thng c qun l bi thit b phn cng gi l router. Mt router c th ni vi nhiu mng v quyt nh thng tin s c gi n u trong mng.
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b) Tng lai ca a ch IP: Khi cu trc a ch IP ca mng Internet mi c pht trin trong nhng nm u ca thp k 80, ngi ta cho rng n p ng c nhu cu ca ngi dng hin ti v trong tng lai. a ch IP 32 bit trong vesion IPv4 c th nh a ch cho hn 4 t my trm trong khong 16,7 triu mng khc nhau.a ch IPv4 khng p ng c nhu cu tc pht trin ca mng Internet nh hin nay.Tc pht trin ca mng Internet nm ngoi d on ca nhng ngi pht trin giao thc IP v s lng mng kt ni vi mng Internet tng ln tng thng. tm gii php cho hn ch ca a ch IPv4, Nhm K S mng Internet a ra version mi IPv6 vi 128 bit a ch. . IPv6 c th cung cp lng a ch gp hng t ln s a ch IPv4. IPv6 c c cc kh nng cung cp h tr vic xc thc, tnh ton vn QoS, m ha v b mt. Vic s dng IPv6 trn mng IPTV l thch hp bi v c ch QoS bn trong n v c kh nng h tr s lng khng gii hn cc IPTVCD.T 5 ti 10 nm ti, IPv6 s dn thay th IPv4. Ti sao li s dng IPv6 khi trin khai IPTV ? IPv6 c tnh nng vt tri hn so vi IPv4. Cc nguyn nhn chnh khin cc nh cung cp dch v xem xt vic s dng IPv6: Quy m c tng ln: IPv4 dng a ch 32 bit trong khi IPv6 dng a ch 128 bit, ln hn gp 4 ln. iu ny cho php nh cung cp dch v IPTV m rng s lng thit b c th qun l . Cu trc header n gin: IPv6 gim kch thc header xung cn 40 byte c nh v n gin cu trc ca trng header. Tng mc bo v: IPv6 c 2 c im gip tng mc bo v: (1) Bao gm header xc thc----- bao gm cc bn tin xc nhn v kim tra ngi gi gi. (2) Payload bo mt c ng gi----- c im ny m bo tnh ton vn ca d liu IPTV v bo mt gia cc my ch trung tm d liu IPTV v cc IPTVCD khc. Lu lng thi gian thc tt hn: kh nng dn nhn lung ca IPv6 cho php nh cung cp dch v nh du cc gi ring, ph thuc vo tng loi dch v. Trong mi trng triple-play, cc router c th coi cc gi IP c dn nhn vi mt nhn dng video l cc gi IP c dn nhn khi mang ni dung web.??? T ng cu hnh: Kh nng plug and play ca IPv6 gip gim bt phc tp khi ci t dch v IPTV ti nh ca khch hng. V nhng u im k trn IPv6 c xem nh gii php lu di h tr trin khai cc thit b s quy m ln, c th s dng nhiu loi ng dng da trn IP. Nhc im chnh khi s dng giao thc IP l khng c g m bo rng khi no cc gi ti ng ch hay gi c n ng lc khng, ngay c th t cc gi c chuyn n
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cng khng c xc nh. Do , lp IP lm vic cng vi giao thc lp truyn ti m bo rng cc gi n IPTVCD ng lc v theo trt t ng. IP cng lm cho qu trnh phn pht ni dung video b tr. 3.2.7 Lp lin kt d liu: Lp lin kt d liu ly cc d liu th t lp IP v nh dng chng thnh cc gi ph hp truyn qua mng vt l. Ch , lp lin kt d liu khc vi cc giao thc mng. K thut Ethetnet l mt trong nhng k thut ph bin hn c s dng trong h thng IPTV. Lp lin kt d liu bao gm cc chc nng dnh cho cc mng da trn Ethernet: Encapsulation---- Lp ny thm vo cc gi IPTV mt header. Ethernet header l loi Encapsulation ph bin nht dng trong lp lin kt d liu ca IPTVCD. nh a ch---- Lp lin kt d liu x l cc a ch vt l ca mng ngi s dng v cc thit b ch. H thng a ch khc nhau vi cc topo mng. V d, a ch MAC c s dng trong mng Ethernet. Mi thit b kt ni vi mng IPTV th c 1 a ch MAC. di ca a ch MAC l 48 bit v thng c biu din bng 12 s trong h 16. Trong 12 s h 16 ny, 6 s u tin dnh cho nh sn xut thit b IPTV v cc s cn li c dng nh ngha giao din mng o. Kim tra li----- chc nng kim tra li c dng trong vi lp ca m hnh IPTV, bao gm c lp lin kt d liu. Cc gi b ngt l li thng gp trong qu trnh truyn cc ni dung video qua mng da trn IP. Phng php sa li thng dng l kim tra d tha vng (CRC) trong IPTV tm v loi b cc gi b ngt. S dng k thut CRC thit b gi IPTV thc hin vic tnh ton trn cc gi v lu tr kt qu trong gi. Cc php tnh ton tng t cng c thc hin trn thit b nhn khi nhn c cc gi. Nu kt qu tnh ton l nh nhau, th cc gi c x l bnh thng. Tuy nhin, nu kt qu ny l khc nhau, th gi b li s b loi b.Thit b gi s to mt gi mi v gi li n. Thng bo vi lp trn trong m hnh IPTV khi c li xy ra l nhim v chnh ca lp lin kt d liu trong k thut kim tra li m cc h thng IPTV end to end. iu khin lung---- iu khin lung l mt trong chc nng ca lp truyn ti. Trong mng IPTV, iu khin lung cho thit b IPTV ca ngi s dng khng b trn bi cc ni dung. Lp lin kt d liu cng vi lp truyn ti thc hin bt k yu cu iu khin lung no.

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3.2.8 Lp vt l: Lp vt l quy nh lut l truyn cc bit s qua mng. N cp n vic a cc d liu qua cc mng vt l ring bit nh xDSL, v khng dy. Lp ny nh ngha cu hnh mng vt l, thng s k thut, in trong mi trng truyn. Khi dng bit c truyn qua mng, cc gi c chuyn t lp thp n lp cao trong m hnh truyn thng IPTV. V d lp lin kt d liu s kim tra cc gi v loi b i phn header Ethernet v trng sa li CRC. Tip s kim tra trng kiu m ca Ethernet header v xc nh gi cn c x l bi giao thc IP. Do gi d liu c chuyn ln lp mang. Lp mng kim tra v loi b i phn IP header v chuyn gi ln lp truyn ti. Phng php b i phn header khi qua cc lp khc nhau gi l bc gi. Qu trnh ny tip tc c thc hin cho ti khi gi d liu ln n tng trn cng trong m hnh. Hnh nh gc c th hin trn mn hnh TV ca ngi xem.

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CHNG 4: TRUYN DN V PHN PHI Cc gii php k thut cho h thng IPTV bao gm : -IP Unicast : c s dng truyn d liu (hay gi d liu) t mt my pht n mt my thu n gin.

Hnh 4.1 IP Unicast - IP Broadcast : s dng gi d liu t mt my pht n ton b mng con Subnetwork.

Hnh 4.2 IP Broadcast - IP Multicast : c dng cung cp d liu t mt my pht n mt nhm cc my thu c ci t theo mt cu hnh thng nht, cc thnh vin ca mt nhm ny c th thuc cc mng phn tn khc nhau.

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Hnh 4.3 IP Multicast - IP Simulcast : l mt gii php mang tnh cch mng mi c pht trin bi hng Pipe Dream Inc. Cng ngh mi ny bao gm giao thc truyn thng Internet IP Simulcast, cc thut ton nn video v audio mi cho php truyn pht d liu video v audio thi gian thc ti cc tc bt rt thp m vn m bo cht lng nh v m thanh kh cao, hnh nh c hin th trn ton b mn hnh. Cc phng php truyn thng a phng tin i vi cc ng dng IPTV , hnh thc phn phi d liu mt n nhiu im l cn thit, trong dng d liu cn c truyn i t mt my pht n nhiu my thu ng thi, nhng khng c php i n ton b mng con. V l do ny nn gii php IP Broadcast thng khng c s dng trong IPTV. Cc ng dng truyn IPTV hin nay thng s dng phng php IP Unicast v IP Multicast v IP Simulcast, trong IP Multicast hin l gii php ph bin nht hin nay. Tuy nhin do cc u im hn hn ca mnh, gii php IP Simulcast c d bo s l cng ngh ch yu ca IPTV trong vi nm sp ti. 4.1 IP Unicast : Mt s ng dng truyn IPTVcho truyn hnh giai on u s dng phng php truyn d liu IP Unicast. Trong trng hp ny, cc truyn ti theo dng c nh hng kt ni c s dng phn phi d liu n mi my thu mt cch ring l.

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Hnh 4.4 Gii php truyn thng IP Unicast Cc ng dng ny hin cn mang nhiu hn ch v hin nay t c ng dng v nhng l do sau : - Bng thng ca mng b lng ph - Dch v khng th m rng phc v khi s lng my thu tng ln - Khng th s dng trong cc thit b gii hn thi gian, do s cung cp n mi my thu phi theo trnh t xp hng. 4.2 IP Multicast : 4.2.1 Truyn thng IP Multicast: Phng php IP Multicast cng cho php truyn d liu t mt my pht sender n nhiu my thu, nhng khng ging nh IP Unicast, con s cc bn sao (copy) d liu ging nhau truyn i c gim mc ti thiu. Tt c cc my thu ca mt nhm multicast (lp mng D) c ci t cu hnh ging nhau. My pht sender truyn mt gi IP n mt a ch multicast v cho php gi chuyn tip mt bn copy ca gi d liu n my ch ca mi nhm. Nh vy con s cc bn copy di ra qu mc cn thit truyn n cc mng cp di (subnet) c gim thiu v IP Multicast c hiu qu hn IP Unicast, do tit kim c nhiu bng thng my ch server.

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Hnh 4.5 Gii php truyn thng IP Multicast Giao thc c s dng trong truyn thng IP Multicast c thc hin ti cc Router mng, khng phi trong cc my ch Server. Cc Router mng t ng to ra mt bn copy ca mi gi multicast cho mi my thu. Vic nh tuyn trong truyn thng IP Multicast i hi cc Router c bit : cc router trung gian gia my pht sender v cc my thu receiver cn phi c kh nng IP Multicast. IP Multicast khng phi l mt phng thc truyn thng kt ni nh hng : my pht sender gi d liu n nhiu my thu thng qua giao thc gi d liu ngi dng UDP (User Datagram Protocol). UDP cng l mt giao thc thuc lp giao vn (Transport Layer) nh TCP. Nhng khc vi TCP, UDP l loi giao thc khng lin kt, khng i hi phi thit lp lin kt logic gia hai thit b trao i thng tin vi nhau, m cho php truyn s liu thng qua s hiu cng m khng cn thit lp mt phin kt ni logic. Kh nng ny cho php rt ngn c thi gian truyn s liu, nhng li khng m bo chc chn gi d liu c gi i s n ch. Nu mi li xut hin trong qu trnh truyn th gi d liu s b hu b. Vic phc hi cc gi d liu b mt s c thc hin thng qua cc yu cu phn hi n my pht sender (iu ny tt nhin s lm cho s truyn thng phc tp hn hnh trn v ny sinh yu cu bng thng mng cao hn). Trong nhiu trng hp, khi cc my thu nm trong cc mng con c ngn cch vi cc mng Internet bng cc bc tng la (fire wall), nhng bc tng la ny cn c c kh nng v c ci t cu hnh cho php cc dng IP Multicast i qua. c th thu c v hin th cc dng truyn thng IP Multicast cc my thu cn p ng cc yu cu sau : - H tr truyn thng (truyn v nhn d liu) IP Multicast theo nhm giao thc TCP/IP.

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- Ci t phn mm h tr giao thc mng Internet IGMP gi cc yu cu hy b hay tham gia kt ni multicast n cc my thu multicast trong nhm. - Card giao din mng c th lc mt cch hiu qu cc a ch lp kt ni d liu mng Lan c nh x t n a ch. 4.2.2 nh tuyn trong truyn thng IP Multicast: nh tuyn cc dng lu thng multicast l mt vn phc tp, v cc a ch multicast cn c nhn bit nh l a ch ca phin truyn d liu c bit, ch khng n thun ch l mt a im vt l cn gi d liu n. Mt s k thut mi c pht trin gii quyt c hiu qu vn nh tuyn dng lu thng multicast. Do con s my thu trong mt phin multicast ln, nn ngun pht khng cn thit phi bit r tt c cc a ch ny. Thay vo cc b nh tuyn mng cn phi c kh nng chuyn cc a ch multicast vo trong a ch chnh (host addresses). trnh lp li cc hot ng ny, mt thit b nh tuyn duy nht c chn lm b nh tuyn chnh (designated router) cho mi mng, v t thit b nh tuyn chnh ny s to ra mt cu trc m rng hnh cy kt ni tt c cc thnh vin ca mt nhm IP Multicast. Mt cu trc m rng dng cy ch c kt ni vi phm vi va sao cho ch c mt ng kt ni duy nht gia tng cp router. Tu theo tnh hnh mt phn b cc my thu trn mng, truyn thng IP Multicast s dng mt trong hai giao thc (v thut ton) nh tuyn sau : Giao thc nh tuyn mt cao (Dense-mode routing protocol) : c s dng khi cc thnh vin nhm Multicast c phn b dy c trn ton mng. N to ra s lu thng trn ngp trn mng trong tng giai on cc d liu multicast trin khai v duy tr cu trc hnh cy m rng. Giao thc nh tuyn mt thp (Sparse-mode routing protocol) : c s dng khi cc thnh vin nhm multicast phn b tha tht trn mng, cn s dng cc k thut chn lc hn t chc v duy tr cu trc multicast dng cy. Trong trng hp ny nu lu thng trn ngp cc d liu multicast trn mng s gy lng ph bng thng v c th gy ra nhng vn nghim trng trong vn hnh mng. Nhn chung, d phng thc truyn thng IP Multicast cho php phn phi d liu t mt n nhiu im hiu qu hn IP Unicast rt nhiu, nhng vn tn ti mt s vn cha gii quyt c nh : - Cc b nh tuyn trung gian cn phi c kh nng Multicast. - Tnh nng v vn cu hnh li (reconfiguration) cc tng la trong cc mng con - Vn tin cy v kh nng kim sot li trong truyn d liu

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- Cc yu cu lin quan n cc my thu, cn c card mng v phn mm c bit h tr IP Multicast 4.3 Truyn thng IP Simulcast: 4.3.1 Nguyn l truyn thng IP Simulcast: IP Simulcast l mt gii php mi truyn d liu trn IPTV t mt my pht sender ng thi n nhiu my thu. N c nhng u im c bn so vi IP Unicast v IP Multicast, gii quyt c nhng hn ch ca IP Multicast. IP Simulcast s dng m hnh truyn thng mi, gi l m hnh my ch - pht li (repeater-server model). Trong m hnh ny, my ch server s qun l v kim sot s kt ni ln nhau gia cc my pht repeaters. Vi k thut ny my ch server ging nh mt my ch server thng thng, nhng cc my pht li repeater (my thu) c b xung thm tnh nng ca my ch ngoi nhng tnh nng my khch thng thng. iu ny c ngha l mi my thu khng ch hin th dng d liu cho ngi xem, m cn truyn pht li dng d liu n hai my khch client khc ng sau n.

Hnh 4.6 Thp truyn thng IP Simulcast So vi IP Multicast, IP Simulcast gip lm gim bt s server (my pht sender) cn thit bng vic phn ti cho mi my thu receiver (khch hng). Mi my thu tr thnh mt my pht li repeater, truyn i tip ni dung m n nhn c n hai my
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thu pha sau (child receiver), to thnh mt m hnh truyn thng hnh thp (Broadcast pyramid). Phng php ny s lm gim mt cch ng k bng thng server cn thit trn mng, do my ch server ch cn gi mt bn copy d liu, sau d liu li c copy li v chuyn tip bi my thu ng ngay sau n. Do khng cn cc chi ph phc v dch v d phng m bo bng thng c nh cho cc my thu (trong trng hp ny cng ng thi l my pht), nn chi ph cho truyn thng IP Simulcast thp hn trong trng hp IP Multicast. Hn na IP Simulcast cng khng yu cu thm bt c thit b mng c bit no (nh cc b nh tuyn Router) trin khai cc dch v truyn thng nh trong IP Multicast. S my thu trong thp truyn thng tng theo biu hnh cy nh phn, nu thp c 1 tng th c 2 khch hng, nu c 2 tng th s c 6 khch hng v nu c n tng th s c 2n(n-1)+2 khch hng. Cc my thu/pht li (repeater/receiver) thc hin cc chc nng my trm thng thng, bao gm sa li v pht hin mt kt ni. IP Simulcast cho php thc hin vic truyn pht cc gi d liu c m bo. y l kh nng m k thut IP Multicast khng th p ng c v do vy cc dch v s dng k thut ny kh c kh nng sa li. Cc gi tin b mt s b b qua, hay cn b sung bng thng server thc hin cc yu cu sa li. iu ny lm chi ph bng thng server tng cao. Nh vy, c th thy im c bit ca truyn thng IP Simulcast nm trong mi quan h gia cc chc nng server, my pht li v my khch. Cc chc nng ny c thc hin hon ton trn cc thit b u cui (my ch server, my khch client) v khng ph thuc vo kh nng ca cc thit b mng Internet, trong cc server ch thc hin hai chc nng c bn l : - Truyn pht dng truyn thng. - To cc kt ni, cc lin kt lm nhim v pht li/my thu (repeater/receivers) v duy tr truyn thng IP Simulcast. Cc my khch lm nhim v pht li bao gm hai modul chc nng : - Modul pht chuyn tip (Repeater-client) thu nhn dng d liu truyn thng v pht li mt cch tng tc dng d liu ny cho my khch client ng sau n. Ngoi ra, n cn thc hin cc chc nng my khch client truyn thng bao gm : kt ni, thu nhn d liu, qun l b nh trung gian buffer, gii nn cc d liu, sa li, hin th v pht hin tn tht kt ni. - Modul pht sa li (Repeater-sender) pht li (rebroadcast) d liu p ng yu cu sa li t cc my khch m n nhn c. N cng thc hin chc nng pht i cc yu cu sa li trong cc chng trnh m n thu c. 4.3.2 Phng thc hot ng truyn thng IP Simulcast:
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Trong thp truyn thng IP Simulcast, m bo d liu truyn i c thu nhn mt cch y v chnh xc, cc yu cu truyn pht li gi d liu tht lc hay b li c thc hin thng qua cc ng cung cp ph secondary feeds (cc ng chm chm trn hnh )

Hnh 4.7 Mi quan h my ch-my pht li. Yu cu truyn li cc gi d liu phc v sa li c thc hin thng qua cc ng cung cp ph Trong thp truyn thng, my ch server c cc chc nng sau : - S ho chng trnh ngun : mt chng trnh ngun thng bao gm c audio v video tng t. Cc chng trnh ny c s ho v chuyn thnh cc dng d liu theo trnh t thi gian. - ng b cc ngun d liu chng trnh c s ho, cc dng d liu theo trnh t thi gian c th n t cc ngun khc nhau : s ho cc ngun tng t, d liu c nn v lu trong a, d liu s t cc chng trnh ang pht, cc chng trnh bn quyn hay t cc ngun khc. Cc chng trnh ngun c th c x l, c ng b khc vi cc on chng trnh qung co, lp k hoch pht sngNhng ngun khc nhau ca cc dng d liu s cn phi c ng b v nh du thi gian pht li sau ny. - Nn ngun : mi dng d liu ngun di dng s thi gian thc c th c nn gim kch thc v thi gian truyn pht. y l qu trnh cn bng gia nhiu yu t bao gm t s nn, cht lng thu, phc tp nn v gii nn, kh nng thch nghi tu theo cc cp bng thng mng sn c, chng nhiu.

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- Tp hp (trn) cc chng trnh ngun c nn vo cc gi d liu truyn pht. Truyn pht s dng giao thc IP l cng ngh truyn pht trn c s k thut gi d liu. D liu s c tp hp v ng gi vo cc gi IP truyn pht. Cc d liu nn c th hin bng nhiu s ng gi khc nhau thch nghi vi cc tc truyn ti khc nhau, cng nh nng lc x l khc nhau ca tng my PC. Cc s ng gi ny li c s dng cung cp dng d liu cho cc my khch client ng sau n c th tip tc pht li. - Truyn pht cc gi d liu ca ngun chng trnh c nn. - Kt ni cc my trm client c chc nng pht li. Vic xc lp cc ng cung cp ph cho cc my trm client c yu cu nhn d liu b sung sa li c thc hin nh sau : khi c mt my trm client gi mt yu cu n server ngh c sa li. Server s ch nh mt my trm client thch hp ang hot ng gn nht lm ngun v gi d liu phc v sa li cho my trm c yu cu thng qua ng cung cp ph c thit lp gia hai my ny. - Kt ni thng tin thng k, server kim sot vic to dng v hu b kt ni. Nhm modul pht chuyn tip trong cc my trm client ca m hnh thp truyn thng thc hin cc chc nng : - Thit lp cc kt ni : khi my trm client gi mt yu cu kt ni n my ch, my ch s thit lp mt kt ni ring cho my trm ny. - Kt ni li : khi mt kt ni b gin on, my trm s a ra yu cu v thc hin kt ni li theo s ch o ca my ch. - Lu gi cc gi d liu : cc gi d liu nhn c cn c phn on v ct gi phc v cho vic xc nh cc gi d liu b tht lc. - a ra cc yu cu pht li sa li : cc yu cu ny c gi n my ch thit lp ng cung cp ph phc v cho vic truyn pht li cc gi d liu b tht lc. - Khc phc s c : trong trng hp mt gi d liu b hng khng th sa c, my trm client cn thc hin mt s ng tc tnh th nh : hin th trng (play silence), pht li hnh nh c, gim cp cht lng... - Gii nn dng d liu nhn c. - Hin th dng d liu c gii nn cho khn gi xem chng trnh. - ng b vi my ch : tc hin th trn my trm cn c lm ng b (ph hp) vi tc thu pht ca my ch hay my trm ng trc lm nhim v pht chuyn tip trnh hin tng qu ti bng thng mng hay s trng rng ca b nh m trong my trm. Cc my trm cn c kh nng thch nghi vi nhng sai khc nh v tc truyn pht thuc phm vi cho php. Modul pht li phc v sa li trong my trm thuc m hnh trn thc hin cc chc nng :
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- Truyn pht cc gi d liu c nn truyn t ngun, c hai ng cung cp chnh v ph u c h tr bi chc nng ny, mi ng u c kh nng nhn v truyn pht li nh chc nng ny ca my trm thu nhn dng d liu ny. - Truyn pht li cc gi d liu b li cho cc my trm ng sau thng qua ng cung cp ph.

Simulcast chnh l mng P2P???

CHNG 5: K THUT NH GI CHT LNG TN HIU V VIDEO CHO H THNG IPTV

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Trong nhng nm gn y xut hin nhiu ng dng truyn video thi gian thc qua mng IP, c th k n nh: IPTV, video phone, video-conferencing, tele-medical hay video theo yu cu (VoD),v.v.. khi cht lng video l vn rt quan trng. Trong qu trnh truyn ti video t ngun n ch c rt nhiu yu t nh hng lm suy gim cht lng video: m ha/gii m v cc tham s mng nh: t l mt gi, tr, jitter, bng thng, Mt trong nhng phng php nh gi cht lng video cho kt qu tt nht l phng php nh gi ch quan ca con ngi (Mean Opinion Score - MOS). Tuy nhin, phng php ny tn thi gian v tin bc, khng phi lc no cng thc hin c. Cc nghin cu gn y tp trung xy dng m hnh cho php nh gi cht lng hnh nh t cc tham s lin quan n mng truyn dn v cc h thng m ha v gii m. C ba m hnh c bn: Tham chiu ton phn Full reference; Khng tham chiu Zero reference v Tham chiu rt gn Reduced reference. 5.1 Tm lc v tiu chun MPEG M ha v gii m video l mt trong nhng khu quan trng trong cc ng dng a phng tin. Hin ti c hai h thng tiu chun chnh trong vic thit lp cc tiu chun nn video. chnh l ITU (International Telecommunications Union) v MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group). Trong nhng nm qua c hai h thng tiu chun ny u a ra cc tiu chun cho vic m ha v gii m video.

Hnh 5. 1: Qu trnh pht trin ca cc tiu chun m ha c thit lp t nm 1998, MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) l mt nhm nghin cu thuc ISO/IEC, c nhim v pht trin cc tiu chun m ha cho hnh nh v m thanh k thut s. Cho n nay, nhm nghin cu ny pht trin c mt s cc tiu chun cho vic nn m thanh v hnh nh. Mi tiu chun c p dng cho nhng ng dng c th v tng ng c tc bit khc nhau.
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 MPEG-1: c thit k tc ti a n 1.5Mbps. Tiu chun nn cho m thanh v hnh nh ng. c dng ph bin cho cc ng dng video CD-ROM v cc ng dng video trn internet (cc file c phn m rng *.mpg). Mt phn m rng ca tiu chun (level 3) p dng cho m ha v nn m thanh, c bit n vi tn MP3. MPEG-2: c thit k cho cc ng dng c tc bit t 1.5Mbps n 15Mbps. Tiu chun MPEG-2 p dng cho Truyn hnh k thut s (SDTV), HDTV, Video theo yu cu (VoD) v cc ng dng DVD. MPEG-2 c thit k da trn MPEG-1, nhng c nhng yu cu c bit cho vic nn v truyn ti Truyn hnh k thut s. Mt trong nhng khc bit so vi MPEG-1 l vic nn hiu qu cho video tch hp. MPEG-4: c thit k cho cc ng dng c tc bit rt thp cho n cc ng dng c tc bit rt cao. ng dng ca MPEG-4 l cc ng dng a phng tin trn internet hay trn mng khng dy. K thut nn trong MPEG-4 da trn vic nn theo i tng, cc i tng trong cc cnh video c theo di ring r v c nn li cng nhau. MPEG-7 (Multimedia Content Description Interface): tiu chun ny hin ang c pht trin. Tiu chun ny cung cp qui nh khung cho cc ni dung a phng tin bao gm c ni dung video v thng tin iu khin (cc thao tc, lc hay c nhn ha,). MPEG-21 (Multimedia Framework): hin ti tiu chun ny ang c pht trin. MPEG-21 m t cc thnh phn cn thit v mi quan h gia chng, to nn c s h tng cho vic chuyn ti v s dng ni dung a phng tin. MPEG-4 c thit k c bit cho vic nn hnh nh v m thanh, tiu chun ny cho php cung cp cc dch v v ni dung c cht lng t thp cho n cht lng cao qua cc mi trng truyn ti khc nhau nh: bng rng, khng dy, chuyn mch gi. MPEG-4 thc s l mt tp cc tiu chun cng ngh nhm m bo cht lng dch v t nh cung cp dch v ni dung n ngi dng cui. MPEG-4 bao gm cc thnh phn sau: MPEG-4 Systems MPEG-4 Visual MPEG-4 Audio Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF) Trong MPEG-4, m thanh v hnh nh c th c lu tr v truyn ring bit, thit b u cui cn phi c kh nng kt hp cc thnh phn ring bit d liu a phng tin thc s trnh din. Thnh phn MPEG-4 Systems m t mi lin h gia hai thnh phn m thanh v hnh nh, cho php tng hp li ni dung a phng tin ti u cui.
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5.2 Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng video 5.2.1 nh hng bi h thng m ha/gii m D liu Video trong cc ng dng a phng tin hin nay thng c m ha v nn bng MPEG2, MPEG4 Part 10/H.264, Microsoft WMV9/VC1 v mt s chun nn khc. Cc b m ha video thng h tr mt khong kh rng tc nn, iu ny cho php nhng la chn khc nhau gia cht lng v bng thng. Phn ln cc phng php nn video u da vo vic m khc nhau gia cc frame (inter-frame). iu ny c ngha l, thay v phi gi i tt c cc frame, th ch gi i s sai khc ca mt frame vi frame trc . Phng php m ha ny lm vic tt vi nhng video c nhng thay i hnh nh t, tuy nhin s l nh hng ng k n cht lng hnh nh v bng thng nu c s thay i ln gia cc frame hnh nh. a s cc chun m ha va cho php m ha vi tc bt c nh (cht lng hnh nh thay i) hay tc bt thay i (cht lng hnh nh t thay i). Cc phng php m ha video ni chung thng kt hp c kiu m ha intraframe v inter-frame. Trong kiu m ha intra-frame, mt frame nh c chia thnh cc khi, mi khi ny c bin i thnh tp cc h s thng qua bin i Cosin ri rc. Mt nhm cc khi c kt hp li thnh mt thc th duy nht (slice), v i khi c ng gi vo mt gi. Nu c li trn ng truyn xy ra th c th c mt nhm cc khi s b mt, to nn sc trong cc nh di m. iu ny xy ra bi v cc h s ca bin i Cosin ri rc trong mi khi c tnh ton da trn khi u tin trong slice, nu li lm mt thng tin ca khi u tin th tt c cc khi cn li trong slice l khng xc nh. Mt vi li c th lm hng cu trc ca frame, do khng c kh nng ti to li frame. Vi kiu m ha inter-frame (motion based coding), cc vector chuyn ng c xc nh v m ha cho mi khi. Trong cc h thng m ha kiu inter-frame, vic mt mt frame c th lm cho cc frame theo sau n tr nn khng s dng c cho n khi I-frame tip theo c nhn, kt qu l c th thu c hnh nh video trng hay hnh nh b ng cng, cht lng video b suy gim ng k. Trong hu ht cc trng hp cc tiu chun m ha video u cung cp kh nng linh ng c b m ha v gii m cho vic cn bng gia cht lng v tc . Vic hiu bit r rng v nh hng ca cc b m ha v gii m video l yu t quan trng gp phn vo vic nh gi chnh xc cc nh hng ca mng n cht lng truyn video trn mng.

5.2.2 Gii hn v bng thng: S gii hn v bng thng thng xy ra ti lp truy nhp (thng l cc kt ni DSL hay Cable). Nu bng thng dnh sn khng truyn mt stream video th s
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xy ra mt gi ti cc b m ca b nh tuyn, dn n vic suy gim cht lng video. Mt vn kh tinh t cng xy ra khi m ha video vi tc bt thay i. Trong trng hp ny, s thay i hnh nh hay s thay i cc frame l ng k s lm tng yu cu v bng thng trong mt khong thi gian ngn, iu ny c th gy ln hin tng mt gi v do lm suy gim cht lng hnh nh. 5.2.3 Mt gi tin: S mt gi tin trn mng c th gy ra bi nhiu nguyn nhn: s nghn mng, mt lin kt, khng bng thng hay li trn ng truyn, v.v S mt gi thng xy ra bng pht, mc tc nghn mng cao gy ln mt gi cao. S suy gim cht lng video gy ra bi hin tng mt gi ty thuc vo giao thc c s dng truyn ti video: - Khi giao thc UDP c dng truyn ti d liu video, khi xy ra hin tng mt gi th mt vi phn ca video stream c th b mt. - Khi giao thc TCP c dng truyn ti d liu video, khi mt gi b mt th s c yu cu truyn li gi b mt, iu ny lm s thiu ht b m ti set-top-box, gy ln hin tng dng hnh. Khi truyn video bng giao thc UDP, hin tng mt gi c th lm hng mt phn hay thm ch hon ton cc frame. 5.2.4 Nghn ti my ch: Khng hn mi yu t nh hng n cht lng video u gy ra bi mng, nu my ch cung cp dch v VoD phi phc v ti a s ngi dng theo kh nng ca n, iu ny s gy ra s tc nghn ti my ch cung cp dch v. S tc nghn ny gy ra hin tng dng hnh qu lu ti pha u cui. gim ti cho my ch dch v c th dng cc giao thc ph hp nh UDP Multicast. Nhng giao thc ny ch ph hp khi c mt s lng ln ngi dng xem cng mt ni dung ti cng mt thi im. 5.2.5 Jitter v Timing drift: Jitter l khi nim dng m t s khc nhau ca khong thi gian i t ngun n ch ca cc gi tin. Jitter cng ln khi xy ra nghn mng hay tc nghn ti my ch dch v. Jitter c th gy ra trn b m ti set-top-box, gy ln hin tng dng hnh ti u cui. Hin tng Timing drift xy ra khi ng h ti u gi v u nhn c s sai khc nhau v tc , gy ra s trn vng m ti u nhn. hn ch s nh hng ca hin tng ny, yu cu pha u nhn phi hiu chnh li tc ca ng h cho ph hp trnh hin tng trn b m.

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5.3 Cc m hnh v ch tiu nh gi Nh nhng phn tch phn trn, c nhiu yu t lm suy gim cht lng hnh nh khi truyn ti qua mng IP, bao gm cc nh hng ca vic m ha/gii m v cc tc ng ca mng truyn ti. Vic m hnh ha cc tc ng ny l mt vn kh phc tp v nhng nh hng ny ph thuc nhiu vo kiu m ha, cc thuc tnh v cu hnh ca h thng c th. Hin ti c kh nhiu thut ton nh gi cht lng video, nhng u cha thng nht. Mt cch tng qut c th phn loi thnh ba m hnh gii thut nh gi cht lng video chnh: M hnh tham chiu y (Full-reference - FF): M hnh FF cung cp gii thut cho php so snh trc tip video ngun v video thu c ti ch. M hnh khng tham chiu (Non-reference/Zero-reference - ZF): Gii thut m hnh ny ch phn tch cht lng video thu c ti ch. M hnh tham chiu rt gn (Reduced-Reference/Partial-reference - RR): Gii thut m hnh ny cho php trch mt vi tham s t u vo em so snh vi cc tham s tng ng ti u ra. 5.3.1 M hnh tham chiu y : Nhng gii thut trong m hnh tham chiu y thc hin so snh chi tit gia hnh nh u vo v u ra ca h thng. Vic so snh ny l mt qu trnh tnh ton phc tp khng ch bao gm qu trnh x l theo im nh m cn theo thi gian v khng gian gia dng d liu video u vo v u ra. Kt qu ca cc gii thut tham chiu y kh ph hp vi cc kt qu nh gi ch quan (MOS), tuy nhin cc gii thut ny ch c s dng trong mt s ng dng nht nh, v d nh: cc ng dng trong phng th nghim hay cc th nghim trc khi trin khai. Mt trong nhng gii thut !!! (i lung) ra i sm nht ca m hnh tham chiu y l PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio), theo ng ngha ca thut ng s dng, gii thut ny nh gi t s gia gi tr ln nht ca tn hiu trn tp m, gi tr ny tnh theo dB. Thng thng gi tr PSNR c coi l tt vo khong 35dB v nh hn 20dB l khng chp nhn c. Hin nay PSNR c dng rng ri trong k thut nh gi cht lng hnh nh v video. Bn cnh gii thut PSNR hin ti c kh nhiu cc gii thut cho m hnh tham chiu y c pht trin v d nh: MPQM (Moving Pictures Quality Metric 1996) ca EPFL Thy S, VQM (Video Quality Metric -1999) ca Vin nghin cu Vin thng M (NTIA ITS) v CVQE (Continuous Video Quality Evaluation -2004). Cc gii thut ny ph hp cho cc ng dng video c tc bit thp. Trong ba gii thut trn ch c gii thut VQM c tiu chun v c tch hp trong tiu chun ITU-T J.144 .

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Cng vi ITU t chc VQEG (Video quality Experts Group -1997) cng tham gia nghin cu, nh gi cht lng video. VQEG thit lp hai giai on th nghim, giai on I kim tra mi gii thut tham chiu y (bao gm c PSNR), kt qu cho cc gii thut l tng ng. Giai on II ca th nghim s tin hnh th nghim vi s lng gii thut t hn, nhm nh gi v a ra khuyn ngh s dng gii thut no s cho kt qu tt hn. 5.3.2 M hnh khng tham chiu: Cc gii thut cho m hnh khng tham chiu ni chung ph hp cho vic gim st, phn tch trc tuyn cht lng video ti u cui (in-service). Kiu thut ton ny c th xem xt cc yu t nh hng t hn thut ton trong m hnh tham chiu ton phn, chnh v th m m hnh ny c th trin khai trong nhiu ng cnh hn. Thit k cc gii thut cho m hnh khng tham chiu l mt cng vic kh khn, chnh v th m hin ti ch c mt vi phng php c xut , mt vi cng ty a vo trong sn phm thng mi ca h v c coi l b mt cng ngh. Hin nay gii thut v cc tham s nh gi trong m hnh khng tham chiu vn ang c tiu chun ha. Mt s tham s nh gi trong m hnh khng tham chiu c nh ngha nh sau: VSTQ - Video Service Transmission Quality Tham s khng ph thuc vo h thng m ha/gii m, ch ph thuc vo mng truyn ti video. VSPQ - Video Service Picture Quality Tham s ph thuc h thng m ha/gii m. VSAQ - Video Service Audio Quality Tham s nh gi cht lng m thanh. VSMQ - Video Service Multimedia Quality Tham s tng hp nh gi cht lng m thanh v hnh nh kt hp. VSCQ - Video Service Control Quality Tham s nh gi cht lng iu khin video (v d nh: thi gian p ng). 5.3.3 M hnh tham chiu rt gn: Gii thut trong hnh tham chiu rt gn khng s dng ton b tn hiu video tham chiu, ch mt phn thng tin tham chiu c truyn n b so snh thng qua mt knh d liu ring. Bng thng dnh cho knh d liu ny ty thuc vo iu kin rng buc ca tng ng dng. Hin ti c nhng gii thut cho php bng thng dng cho thng tin tham chiu ch yu cu nh hn 10Kbps .

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Hnh 5.2: M hnh trin khai tham chiu khng y ; Thnh phn tham chiu c trch t ngun video gi n ch v c s dng nh gi cht lng; Mi trng truyn video c th xy ra mt gi, nhng knh gi thnh phn tham chiu c bo v ti a khng xy ra hin tng d liu b mt mt hay b sai lch. Kt lun: Vi s pht trin mnh m ca cc ng dng a phng tin trn mng internet, th vic nh gi cht lng hnh nh ti pha khch hng l mt yu t quan trng cho vic trin khai m rng dch v ca cc nh cung cp. Vn tm kim, pht trin gii thut cho mi m hnh nh gi cht lng video p ng yu cu thc t l rt phc tp. V l , vic nh ngha cc tham s cng nh m hnh nh gi cht lng video vn ang c tiu chun ha. Lnh vc ny vn cn nhiu s u t nghin cu trong tng lai.

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