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• ´‡ÀJ˜ ·ÜgC ë•Ö, wnoH! ƒÕnU‹~, üUè .

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<m% ¯ ! ‡rN ´: ES‡±Ö•Ì, ýK•9. ØU " ˜!

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1 ÉÇŒÆ 2009 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 4

2 ÉÇŒÆ 2010 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 6

3 ÉÇŒÆ 2011 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 8

4 ÉÇŒÆ 2012 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 10

5 ÉÇŒÆ 2013 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 12

6 ÉÇŒÆ 2014 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 14

7 ÉÇŒÆ 2015 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 16

8 ÉÇŒÆ 2017 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 18

9 ÉÇŒÆ 2018 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 19

10 ÉÇŒÆ 2009 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 21

11 ÉÇŒÆ 2010 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 23

12 ÉÇŒÆ 2011 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 25

13 ÉÇŒÆ 2012 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 27

14 ÉÇŒÆ 2013 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 29

15 ÉÇŒÆ 2014 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 31

16 ÉÇŒÆ 2015 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 33

17 ÉÇŒÆ 2017 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 34

18 ÉÇŒÆ 2018 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 35

3
 1. ÉÇŒÆ 2009 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û

o
‡&ú¯Ò: sxkyliyang
˜! OŽK( K 5 K, z K 8 ©, 40 ©)
1.  
1 1 1
lim + + ··· + ;
n→∞ 1+2 1+2+3 1 + 2 + ··· + n

2. Rx
0
(x − t) sin t2 dt
lim Rx ;
x→0 x 0 sin t2 dt

3. Z x
1 sin t
F (x) = dt,
x 0 t
(4) (9)
¦F (0), F (0);
∂z ∂z ∂ 2 z ∂ 2 z
4. xyzex+y+z = 1, ¦ , , , ;
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂x∂y
5. ¦È©
x3
ZZ
ln dxdy,
y
D

Ù¥ D ´d y = x, y = 1, x = 2 Œ¤ n /.

! ( K 12 ©)
{Oα } ´k.4«m [a, b] ˜‡mCX.
1. y²: ∃δ > 0, ∀x1 , x2 ∈ [a, b], •‡ |x1 − x2 | < δ, Ò•3 O ∈ {Oα }, ¦ x1 , x2 ∈ O;
2. Þ~`²: m«m mCXŒUvkù‡5Ÿ.

n! ( K 12 ©)
f (x) 3 (0, a) þŒ‡, … f (a − 0) = +∞, ¦y: f 0 (x) 3 x = a mýÃþ..

o! ( K 14 ©)
D : x2 + y 2 6 y, x > 0, f ëY,
ZZ
p
2 2
8
f (x, y) = 1 − x − y − f (x, y)dδ.
π
D

¦ f (x, y).

Ê! ( K 14 ©)
f (x) ´ {(x, y)|x2 + y 2 6 1} þ gëYŒ‡¼ê, …÷v

∂2f ∂2f
+ = (x2 + y 2 )2 ,
∂x2 ∂y 2

Á¦È© !
ZZ
x ∂f y ∂f
p +p dxdy.
2
x +y 2 ∂x x + y ∂y
2 2
x2 +y 2 61

4
8! ( K 14 ©)
lim an = +∞, y²:
n→∞
n
1X
lim ak = +∞.
n→∞ n
k=1

Ô! ( K 14 ©)
¼ê
1

(x2 + y 2 ) sin p
 , x2 + y 2 6= 0;
x 2 + y2
f (x, y) =
x2 + y 2 = 0.

0,

1. ¦ fx (0, 0), fy (0, 0);

2. y²: fx (0, 0), fy (0, 0) 3 (0, 0) ØëY;
3. y²: f (x, y) 3 (0, 0) Œ‡, ¿¦ df (0, 0).

l! ( K 15 ©)
z(x, y) ëY Œ‡, 釩•§

∂2z ∂2z ∂2z

   
1 1 ∂z ∂z
+2 + 2 − + = 0.
(x2 + y 2 )2 ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y (x2 + y 2 )3 ∂x ∂y

ŠCþ“† u = xy, v = x − y.
1. ¦“† •§;
2. •ÑCþ“†” :8, ¿`²” nd, “†3” :8þ¬ )Ÿoy–.

Ê! ( K 15 ©)
∞
1 3
X
un (x) = ln(1 + n x), n = 1, 2, · · · , P S(x) = un (x).
n3 n=1
∞
X
1. ¦y: un (x) 3k.«m [0, b] þ´˜—Âñ , 3 (0, +∞) þØ´˜—Âñ ;
n=1

2. ?Ø S(x) Œ‡5.

5
 2. ÉÇŒÆ 2010 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û

o
‡&ú¯Ò: sxkyliyang
˜! OŽK( K 5 K, z K 10 ©, 50 ©)
1. OŽ4•:
1
ln(1 + x) x − 1
lim ;
x→0 x

2. OŽ4•: !
1 2 n
2n 2n 2n
lim + + ··· + ;
n→∞ n + 11 n + 12 n + n1

3. OŽØ½È©: Z
dx
1 + tan x
;
4. OŽ F 0 (α), Ù¥:
Z eα Z x+3α
F (α) = dx cos(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )dy;
0 x−2α

5. OŽn-È© ZZZ
ex y 2 z 3 dxdydz.
V

Ù¥ V ´d-¡ z = xy, y = x, z = 0, x = 1 ¤Œ¤.

! ( K 14 ©)
√ √
a > 0, x1 = a, xn+1 = a + xn , n = 1, 2, · · · . y²: {xn } Âñ, ¿¦ lim xn .
n→+∞

n! ( K 14 ©)
Z 1
2
f (x) 3«m [0, 2] þŒ‡, … f (2) = xf (x)dx, ¦y: •3 ξ ∈ (0, 2), ¦ f (ξ) + ξf 0 (ξ) = 0.
0

o! ( K 14 ©)
v = v(x, y) këY ˜ ê, u(x, y) = xv + yϕ(v) + φ(v), Ù¥ ϕ, φ Œ‡, … x + yϕ0 (v) + φ0 (v) = 0.
y²: 2
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u

· − = 0.
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x∂y

Ê! ( K 14 ©)
p
¦-¡ x2 + y 2 = az Ú z = 2a − x2 + y 2 (a > 0) ¤ŒáN L¡È.

8! ( K 14 ©)
¦y: ?ê
∞
X ln(1 + nx)
,
n=1
nxn

1. 3«m [1 + a, +∞] þ˜—Âñ (ùp a > 0);

2. 3 [1, +∞) SëY.

6
Ô! ( K 14 ©)

Z +∞
2
f (y) = e−x cos xydx.
0

1. ¦ f (y) ½Â•;
2. ¦y f (y) k?¿ ëY ê;
3. ¦ f (y).

l! ( K 14 ©)
Σ•
z (x − 3)2 (y − 2)2
1− = + (z > 0),
5 16 9
þý, ¦y: ZZ
xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy
p = 2π.
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3
Σ

Ê! ( K 12 ©)
√
1. y²: f (x) = x 3 (0, +∞) þ˜—ëY;
√
2. ?Ø f (x) = x 3 (0, +∞) þ´Ä Lipschitz ëY, =•3~ê L > 0, ¦

|f (x2 ) − f (x1 )| 6 L|x2 − x1 |, ∀x1 , x2 ∈ (0, +∞).

7
 3. ÉÇŒÆ 2011 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û

o
‡&ú¯Ò: sxkyliyang
˜! OŽK( K 5 K, z K 10 ©, 50 ©)
1. OŽ4•: √
n
n!
lim (α > 0);
n→∞ nα

2. OŽ4•: √
1 − cos tan x − sin x
√
lim √ ;
x→+∞ 3 1 + x3 − 3 1 − x3

3. OŽØ½È©:
√
Z
1 + cos xdx;

4. OŽ Fx00 (x, y), f (x) •Œ‡¼ê, Ù¥:

Z xy
F (x, y) = (xz − y)f (z)dz;
y
x

5. OŽ -È© ZZ
|x − y 2 |dxdy.
D

Ù¥ D : {(x, y)| − 1 6 x 6 1, 0 6 y 6 1}.

! ( K 12 ©)
®• f (x), g(x) 3 [a, b] þëY, 3 (a, b) SŒ‡, … g 0 (x) 3 (a, b) þÃ":, y²: ∃ξ ∈ (a, b), ¦ :

f 0 (ξ) f (b) − f (ξ)

0
= .
g (ξ) g(ξ) − g(a)

n! ( K 14 ©)
®•ê {an } šKüN4O, … lim bn = b, y²:
n→∞

a1 bn + a2 bn−1 + · · · + an b1
lim = b.
n→∞ a1 + a2 + · · · + an

o! ( K 14 ©)
®• f (x) • [−π, π] þ à¼ê, f 0 (x) k., y²:
1. Z π
1
a2n = f (x) cos 2nxdx > 0;
π −π

2. Z π
1
a2n+1 = f (x) cos 2(n + 1)xdx 6 0.
π −π

Ê! ( K 16 ©)
®• un (x), n = 1, 2, · · · Ñ3 R þ˜—Âñ,
∞
X
1. e un (x) ˜—Âñu S(x), y² S(x) 3 R þ˜—ëY;
n=1

8
 ∞
X
2. e un (x) 3 R þÅ:Âñu S(x), þã(شĤá.
n=1

8! ( K 14 ©)
®• f (x, y) ½Â3 [a, b] × (c, d] þ, …3 y = c NCÃ..
Z d
1. Qã¹ëCþ‡~È© f (x, y)dy ˜—Âñ ½Â† Cauchy OK;
c
Z d Z d
2. e |f (x, y)|dy 3«m [a, b] þ˜—Âñ, … g(x, y) 3 [a, b] × [c, d] þëY, y²: f (x, y)g(x, y)dy
c c
3 [a, b] þ˜—Âñ.

Ô! ( K 16 ©)
®• f (u) k ëY ê,
x y   
z z
g(x, y, z) = f ∓f ∓z f + .
z z x y

1. ¦
∂2g ∂2g ∂2g
x2 2
+ y2 2 − z2 2 ;
∂x ∂y ∂z

2. OŽn-È©
∂2g ∂2g ∂2g
ZZZ  
x2 2
+ y2 2 − z2 2 dxdydz.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Ω

Ù¥ Ω d²¡ z = ai x, z = bi y Ú-¡ xyz = ci (i = 1, 2) … a1 < a2 , b1 < b2 , c1 < c2 Œ¤.

l! ( K 14 ©)
®•«• D : {(x, y)|x2 + y 2 6 1}, u(x, y) 3 D þëY, … ∇u = cos(π(x2 + y 2 )), ¦y:
ZZ  
∂u ∂u 1
x +y dxdy = .
D ∂x ∂y π

9
 4. ÉÇŒÆ 2012 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û

o
‡&ú¯Ò: sxkyliyang
˜! OŽK( K 5 K, z K 8 ©, 40 ©)
1. OŽ4•:     
1 1 1
lim 1 − 1− ··· 1 − ;
n→∞ 1+3 1+3+5 1 + 3 + · · · + (2n + 1)

2. Z x
1
lim (x − t) sin(t2 )dt;
x→0 x4 0

3. Z x
1
F (x) = cos(t2 )dt;
x 0

¦ F (8) (0), F (10) (0);

4. z = f (xy, x + y), Ù¥ f k ëY ê, ¦ zxx , zxy .
ZZ
y
5. ln 2 , Ù¥ D ´d y = x, y = 1, x = 2 ¤Œ¤ n /.
D x
! ( K 12 ©)
an+1 > an , n = 1, 2, · · · , … lim an = a > 0, ¦
n→∞

v
u n
uX
lim t
n
ank .
n→∞
k=1

n! ( K 12 ©)
f (x) 3k•«mþ (a, b) þŒ‡, …Ã.. ¦y: f 0 (x) 3 (a, b) þ•˜½Ã..

o! ( K 14 ©)
f (x) † g(x) 3 (a, b) þëY, …Ó•üNØ~ (½Ó•üNØO)¼ê, y²:
Z b Z b Z b
(b − a) f (x)g(x)dx > f (x)dx · g(x)dx.
a a a

Ê! ( K 14 ©)
¼ê
2

 x y , x2 + y 2 6= 0;

f (x, y) = x + y 2
2

x2 + y 2 = 0.

0,

?Ø:
1. fx (0, 0), fy (0, 0) ´Ä•3;
2. fx (0, 0), fy (0, 0) 3 (0, 0) :?´ÄëY;
3. f (x, y) 3 (0, 0) ?´ÄŒ‡.

8! ( K 14 ©)

xz p p p p
= u, x2 + y 2 + y 2 + z 2 = v, x2 + y 2 − y 2 + z 2 = w.
y

10
 ´n‡©O± u, v, w •ëê üëê-¡x.
y²: LÓ˜: n-¡x n‡-¡´üü .

Ô! ( K 14 ©)
f : R → R këY ê, … f 0 (x0 ) 6= 0. ²: ‹IC†

u = f (x);
v = xf (x) − y.

3 (x0 , y0 ) NC´ÛÜŒ_ , …Ù_äk/ª


x = g(u);
y = ug(u) − v.

l! ( K 15 ©)
Ω ⊂ R3 ´k.«•, Ù>. ∂Ω ´1w-¡, ¼ê3 Ω þëY, 3 Ω Sk ëY ê, …÷v

∆u ≡ uxx + uyy + uzz = λu, (x, y, z) ∈ Ω;
u(x, y, z) = 0, (x, y, z) ∈ ∂Ω.

Ù¥ λ ´~ê. ¦y: ZZZ ZZZ

|∇u|2 dxdydz + λ u2 dxdydz = 0.
Ω Ω

Ê! ( K 15 ©)

1
u(x, y) = ln(1 + y 3 x),
y3
P Z +∞
S(x) = u(x, y)dy.
1

1. ¦ S(x) ½Â•;
2. ¦y: S(x) 3k.«m [0, b] þ´˜—Âñ , 3 (0, +∞) þØ´˜—Âñ ;
3. ?Ø S(x) Œ‡5.

11
 5. ÉÇŒÆ 2013 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û

o
‡&ú¯Ò: sxkyliyang
˜! OŽK( K 5 K, z K 8 ©, 40 ©)
1. ¦ √
n
1+x−1
lim ,
x→0 ln(1 + x)
Ù¥ n ´ ê;
2. ¦ √

x ln x + 1 + x2
Z
dx;
(1 + x2 )2

3. ¦ Z π/2 √
1 − 2 sin 2xdx;
0

4. y = arcsin x, ¦ y n (0);
5.
n
1 Xp
Sn = (nx + k)(nx + k − 1),
n2
k=1

Ù¥ x > 0, ¦ lim Sn .
n→∞

! ( K 12 ©)
√ √
a > 0, x1 = a, xn+1 = axn , n ∈ N+ . y²: {xn } Âñ, ¿¦ lim xn .
n→∞

n! ( K 12 ©)
y²: ‡~È© Z +∞
dx
,
0 (1 + x)2 (1 + xα )
† α Ã', ¿¦ÙŠ.

o! ( K 12 ©)
¼ê f (x) 3 [0, 2] þëY, … f (0) = f (2), y²: •3 ξ ∈ [0, 1], ¦ f (ξ) = f (ξ + 1).

Ê! ( K 14 ©)
®•¼ê z = z(x, y) ëYŒ‡, ÷v ‡©•§

∂2z ∂2z ∂2z

   
1 1 ∂z ∂z
+ 2 + − + = 0,
(x + y)2 ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2 (x + y)3 ∂x ∂y

- u = xy, v = x − y, ¦y:
∂2z 1 ∂z
+ 2 = 0.
∂u2 v + 4u ∂u

8! ( K 14 ©)
D : 0 6 x 6 1, 0 6 y 6 1.
1. OŽÈ© ZZ 
1 
A= xy −

4
dxdy;
D

12
 2. z = f (x, y) 3 D þëY, ¿÷v
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dxdy = 0, xyf (x, y)dxdy = 1.
D D

1
¦y: ∃(x∗ , y ∗ ) ∈ D ¦ |f (x∗ , y ∗ )| > .
A
Ô! ( K 15 ©)
¦-¡
x2 y2 z2
+ + = 1,
a2 b2 c2
ƒ²¡ π, ¦ §31˜%• Ü©†n‡‹I²¡¤Œ o¡N NÈ• , ¿¦ù‡• NÈ.

l! ( K 15 ©)

Z +∞
2
f (y) = xe−x cos xydx, −∞ < y < +∞.
0

1. ¦y f (y) k?¿ ëY ê;
2. ¦ f (y) ðŽN ?ê.

Ê! ( K 15 ©)
¦1˜a-¡È©
− 12
x2 y2 z2
ZZ 
2 2

3
2 −2
I= x +y +z + + dS.
a4 b4 c4
Σ

x2 y2 z2
Ù¥ Σ •ý¥¡: + + = 1 (a, b, c > 0).
a2 b2 c2

13
 6. ÉÇŒÆ 2014 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û

o
‡&ú¯Ò: sxkyliyang
˜! OŽK( K 5 K, z K 12 ©, 60 ©)
1. ¦È© Z 1
(x ln x)n dx;
0

2. ¦4•
∞
X
lim (1 − x)3 n2 xn ;
x→1−
n=1

3. ¦4•  n 
1
lim n 1+ −e
x→∞ n

4. ¦Ø½È© Z
1 + sin x −x
e dx;
1 − cos x
Z
5. ¦ xyds, Ù¥ c ´ x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 † x + y + z = 0 ‚.
c

! ( K 12 ©)
f (x) 3 [−1, 1] þk ëY ê, … f (0) = 0, y²: •3 ξ ∈ [−1, 1], ¦
Z 1
00
f (ξ) = 3 f (x)dx.
−1

n! ( K 12 ©)

   
1 2 n
xn = f +f + ··· + f ,
n2 n2 n2
f (x) 3":NCŒ‡, … f (0) = 0, f 0 (0) = 1, y² {xn } •3, ¿¦ xn 4•.

o! ( K 12 ©)
z 'u x, y ¼ê, ^ 
u = x + 2y;
v = x + ay.

C†
∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
2 2
+ − 2 = 0,
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
C†•
∂2z
= 0,
∂u∂v
¦ a.

Ê! ( K 14 ©)

14
 ý 3x2 + y 2 = 1 7 y ^= Ω, (u, v, w) ´ Ω ¥¡þ {•þ ••{u, Σ • Ω þŒÜ©, •••
þ, OŽ ZZ
z(xu + yv + 2wz)dS.
Σ

8! ( K 14 ©)

+∞
1 − e−αx
Z
I= dx, α > −1.
0 xex

1. y² I 3 α > −1 þÂñ;
2. OŽ I Š.

Ô! ( K 15 ©)
k¼ê‘?ê
+∞
X nn+2
,
n=1
(1 + nx)n

1. y²?ê3 (1, +∞) þÂñ;

2. ?ê3 (1, +∞) þš˜—Âñ, 3 (1, +∞) þëY.

15
 7. ÉÇŒÆ 2015 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û

o
‡&ú¯Ò: sxkyliyang
˜! OŽK( K 20 ©)
1. ¦4•
(xn − 1)(xn−1 − 1) · · · (xn−k+1 − 1)
lim ;
x→1 (x1 − 1)(x2 − 1) · · · (xk − 1)

2. ¦4• √ √
n
cos αx − m cos βx
lim ,
x→0 sin2 x
Ù¥ m, n • ê;
3. ¦4• !
n
r
X k2
lim 1+ 3 −1 ;
n→∞ n
k=1

1
4. 0 < xn 6 xn+1 + , ?Ø4• lim xn •35.
n2 n→∞

! ( K 20 ©)
‰½-¡
F ((x − a)(x − c)−1 , (y − b)(y − c)−1 ) = 0 ( a, b, c•~ê)

, Ù¥ u = F (s, t) ëYŒ‡, FÝ??Ø• 0. y²:

1. -¡ ƒ²¡L˜½:;
2. ¼ê z = z(x, y) ÷v
2
∂2z ∂2z ∂2z

− = 0.
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x∂y

n! ( K 20 ©)
an > 0,  
an
lim n − 1 = λ > 0.
n→∞ an+1
∞
X
y²: (−1)n−1 an Âñ.
n=1

o! ( K 15 ©)
¦4• Z tZ t
ex − ey
 
lim e−t dxdy .
t→+∞ 0 0 x−y
½y²d4•Ø•3.

Ê! ( K 30 ©)
1. ¦È© ZZ
| cos(x + y)|dxdy.
D

Ù¥ D : 0 6 x 6 π, 0 6 y 6 π.
Z 1 Z 1
2. 0 < α < 1, ¦È© f (tα )dt þ(., Ù¥ëY¼ê f ÷v: |f (t)|dt 6 1.
0 0

16
8! ( K 25 ©)

Z +∞
cos xt
f (t) = dx.
1 1 + x2
y²:
1. È©33 (−∞, +∞) þ˜—Âñ;
2. lim f (t) = 0;
t→∞
3. f (t) 3 (−∞, +∞) þ˜—Âñ;
Z π
4. f (t) sin tdt 6 0;
0
5. ∃ξ ∈ [0, π], ¦ f (ξ) = 0.

17
 8. ÉÇŒÆ 2017 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û

o
‡&ú¯Ò: sxkyliyang
˜! OŽK
1. ¦4• √ √
n
cos αx − m cos βx
lim ;
x→0 sin2 x

2. ¦4•
n 
k2
X 
lim e n3 − 1 ;
n→∞
k=1

√ √
3. a > 0, x1 = a, xn+1 = axn (n = 1, 2, 3, · · · ), ¦ lim xn .
n→∞

dy
! ®• y = f (x, t), Ù¥ t ´d•§ F (x, y, t) = 0 (½ Û¼ê, ¦ .
dx
n! ®• f (x) 3 [0, +∞) þkšK ¼ê.
1. y²:
f (x) − f (x − h) f (x + h) − f (x)
6 f 0 (x) 6 , 0 < h < x.
h h

2. f (x) 3÷vŸo^‡ž, k lim f 0 (x) = 0.

x→+∞

1
o! f (x) 3 [0, 1] þk ëY ê, f (0) = f (1) = 0, min f (x) = − ,¦y: max f 00 (x) > 1.
x∈[0,1] 8 x∈(0,1)

Ê! 1. OŽ ZZ
|x2 + y 2 − 2y|dxdy,
D

2 2
Ù¥: D = {(x, y)|x + y 6 4};
2. ˜‡†´»Ã' 1 .-‚È©;
3. ¦ ZZ
xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy
p ,
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3
Σ

Ù¥ Σ ´
(x − 1)2 (y − 1)2
1−z = +
4 9
þŒÜ© þý.

8! u(x, y) 3m«• Ω SkëY ê, y²:

∂2u ∂2u
+ 2 = 0,
∂x2 ∂y
Z
∂u
3 Ω S??¤á …= ds = 0 é?¿ B ⊆ Ω Ѥá.
∂→
−
n
∂B

Ô! f (x) 3 (−∞, +∞) þëY, …ðk f (x + 1) = f (x + π), ¦y: f (x) ð•~ê.

l! f (x) 3 [0, 1] þëY, …Ø•~ê, y²: f (x) 3 [0, 1] Skš4Š:.

18
 9. ÉÇŒÆ 2018 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û

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˜! OŽK( K 30 ©, z K 10 ©)
1. OŽ4•
(n+1)2
X 1
lim √ ;
n→∞ k
k=n2

2. OŽ4• Rπ
0
sinn x cos6 xdx
lim Rπ n ;
n→∞
0
sin xdx

3. ®• xn+1 = ln(1 + xn ), … x1 > 0, OŽ lim nxn .

n→∞
Z x
! f (x), f1 (x) 3 [a, b] «mþëY, fn+1 (x) = f (x) + sin{fn (t)}d. y²: {fn } 3 [a, b] ˜—Âñ.
a

n! 
e− x12 , x 6= 0;
f (x) =
0, x = 0.

y² f (x) 3 x = 0 ??¿ ê•3.

1
q
o! ®• (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 , Ù¥ u = , |x| = x21 + x22 + x23 , OŽ
|x|

∂u
ZZ
dS, i, j = 1, 2, 3.
∂xi ∂xj
S

Ù¥ S : x21 + x22 + x23 = R2 .

Ê! ?ئ)•§ f (x) Ú{.

1. í Ú{S“úª;
2. 3· ^‡e, y²ÚîS“{Âñ.

8! ¦4•
n  !
X k
lim nA − f = B.
n→∞ n
k=1

•3ž, A, B Š.

Ô! ui = ui (x1 , x2 ), i = 1, 2, …'uz‡Cþ•±Ï• 1 ëYŒ‡¼ê, ¦

ZZ  
∂ui
det δij + dx1 dx2 ,
∂xj
06x1 ,x2 61

 
∂ui
Ù¥ det δij + ´N x 7→ (x1 + u1 , x2 + u2 ) äŒ'1 ª.
∂xj

l! f (x) 3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ, ϕ(x) ´±Ï• T ëY¼ê, y²:

1. •3 F¼ê gε (x) ¦
Z b
ε
|f (x) − gε (x)|dx < ;
a 2

19
2. OŽ: Z b
lim ϕ(nx)dx;
n→∞ a

3. y²: Z b Z T Z b
1
lim f (x)ϕ(nx)dx = ϕ(x)dx f (x)dx.
n→∞ a T 0 a

4. OŽ: Z T
1 ϕ(nx) ϕ(nx)
lim dx, Ù¥¼ê Âñ.
n→∞ ln n 0 x x

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 10. ÉÇŒÆ 2009 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê

o
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˜! ( 15 ©) OŽ n 1 ª
 
 a2 − µ a a ··· a1 an 
 1 1 2
 a2 a1 a22 − µ · · ·
 
a2 an 
D=  (µ 6= 0)..

.. .. ..

 . . . 

 2 
 an a1 an a2 · · · an − µ 

! ( 16 ©) A = (α1 , α2 , · · · , αn ) † B = (β1 , β2 , · · · , βn ) Ñ´ m × n Ý , …÷v r(A) < r(B) = n. éue

ã 4 ‡À‘, e (K‰ƒy², eØ (ž‰Ñ‡~.
(A) •þ| α1 , α2 , · · · , αn , β1 , β2 , · · · , βn 7‚5ƒ';
(B) •þ| α1 , α2 , · · · , αn , β1 , β2 , · · · , βn 7‚5Ã';
(C) •þ| α1 + β1 , α2 + β2 , · · · , αn + βn , α1 − β1 , α2 − β2 , · · · , αn − βn 7‚5ƒ';
(D)•þ| α1 + β1 , α2 + β2 , · · · , αn + βn , α1 − β1 , α2 − β2 , · · · , αn − βn 7‚5Ã';

n! ( 15 ©) ®•Ý
   
1 0 3 1 2 1
   
A=
 1 4 ,B =  3
5   5 ,
a 
0 0 2 2 5 7

…Ý Q ÷v AQA∗ = B, r(Q) = 2, Ù¥ A∗ ´ A Š‘Ý , Á(½ a Š.

o! ( 15 ©) A, B ´ê• K þ n • , x ´™•þ x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ¤ ¤ n × 1 Ý . ®•àg‚5•

§| Ax = 0 Ú Bx = 0 ©Ok l, m ‡‚5Ã' )•þ, ùp l >, m > 0. y²:
1. •§| ABx = 0 – k max(l, m) ‡‚5Ã' )•þ;
2. XJ l + m > n, @o (A + B)x = 0 7kš");
3. XJ Ax = 0 † Bx = 0 Ãú š")•þ, … l + m = n, @o Kn ¥?¿˜•þ α ÑŒ•˜/L«¤
α = β + γ, ùp β, γ ©O´ Ax = 0 † Bx = 0 )•þ.

Ê! ( 15 ©) A = (aij ) ´ n ¢Ý , …÷v

n
X
(I) aij = 1, ∀i = 1, 2, · · · , n; (II)aij > 0, ∀i = 1, 2, · · · , n.
j=1

y²:
1. •3 n × s Ý B 6= 0, ¦ AB = B, Ù¥ s > 1;
2. r(E − A) < n, Ù¥ E • n ü Ý ;
3. éu λ ∈ R, •3 n ‘¢ •þ ξ 6= 0, ¦ Aξ = ξ, K |λ| 6 1.

8! ( 16 ©) A, B Ñ´ n ¢Ý , … A † A − B T AB Ñ´ ½Ý , y²:
1. det(E + A) > 1, Ù¢ E • n ü Ý ;
2. XJ λ ´ B A Š, @o |λ| < 1.

21
Ô! ( 14 ©)
1. n Ý A Ú B kƒÓ A õ‘ª9• õ‘ª, ¯ A † B ´Äƒq? e´, K‰ƒy²; eØ´,
K‰Ñ‡~;
2. A, B ∈ M3 (C) Ñ•k˜‡A Š λ0 . y²: A † B ƒq ¿©7‡^‡´ dim Vλ0 (A) = dim Vλ0 (B),
ùp Vλ0 (A) , Vλ0 (B) ©OL« A, B áu λ0 A f˜m.

l! ( 14 ©) σ ´îª˜m V ‚5˜m, τ ´ V ˜‡C†, … ∀α, β ∈ V Ñk (σ(α), β) = (α, τ (β)). y²:

1. τ ´ V ˜‡‚5C†;
2. τ Š• Im τ uσ Ø ker σ Ö.

Ê! ( 15 ©) ®•‚5˜m M2 (K) ‚5C†

A(X) = B T X − X T B, ∀X ∈ M2 (K),
!
1 1
Ù¥B = , Ú‚5f˜m
0 1
( ! )
x11 x12 
W = x11 + x21 = 0, xij ∈ K ,

x21 x22

1. ¦ W ˜‡Ä;
2. y²: W ´ A ØCf˜m;
3. ò A w¤ W þ ‚5C†, ¦ W ˜‡Ä, ¦ A 3TÄe Ý •é Ý .

›! ( 20 ©) f : Rn×n 7→ R ´d Rn×n ¢ê• R ‚5N .

1. ‰Ñ Rn×n ˜‡Ä, ¦ Rn×n ¥ ?˜Ý A 3ù‡Äe ‹ITÐÒ´ A ƒ;
2. y²: •3•˜ C ∈ Rn×n , ¦ f (A) = T r(AC), ∀A ∈ Rn×n ;
3. y²: e ∀A, B ∈ Rn×n , f (AB) = f (BA), K•3 λ ∈ R ¦

f (A) = λT r(A), ∀A ∈ Rn×n .

n
X
ùp T r(A) ´Ý A ,, = A = (aij ) é ƒÚ T r(A) = aii .
i=1

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 11. ÉÇŒÆ 2010 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê

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˜! ( 15 ©) ®•Ý
   
1 1 1 1 2 3
   
A=
 0 2 ,B =  2
0   3 ,
1 
1 0 3 3 1 2

Á¦ X, ¦ AT X − 3X = B.

! ( 16 ©) A, B ´ n Ý ( n > 2), A∗ † B ∗ ©O´ A, B Š‘Ý . ®• B ´ †A 1 1 1†1

21 Ý . éueão‘, e (K‰ƒy²; eØ (ž‰Ñ‡~.
(A) † A∗ 11 †1 2 B∗;
(B) † A∗ 1 1 1†1 2 1 B∗;
(C) † A∗ 11 †1 2 −B ∗ ;
(D) † A∗ 1 1 1†1 2 1 −B ∗ ;

n! ( 15 ©) A ´n ‡é¡Ý , b ´ n ‘ •þ, r(A) = r(A, b). ¦y:

!
A b
r = r(A).
−bT 0

o! ( 15 ©) M2 (R) L«¢ê• R þ N • ¤ ‚5˜m, Ý

! ! ! !
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
η1 = , η2 = , η3 = , η4 = ,
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

´ M2 (R) ˜‡Ä, q
! ! ! !
1 0 1 1 3 1 3 3
ξ1 = , ξ2 = , ξ3 = , ξ4 = .
3 0 3 3 7 3 7 7

®• σ ´ M2 (R) ˜‡‚5C†, σ(ηi ) = ξi (i = 1, 2, 3, 4).

1. ¦ σ(ξ1 ), σ(ξ2 ), σ(ξ3 ), σ(ξ4 );
2. ¯ σ(ξ1 ), σ(ξ2 ), σ(ξ3 ), σ(ξ4 ) UÄ ¤ M2 (R) ˜‡Ä? ž ãnd.

Ê! ( 15 ©) 3 ¢é¡Ý A ˆ1 ƒƒÚþ• 3, •þ α1 = (−1, 2, −1)T , α2 = (0, −1, −1)T ´‚5•

§| Ax = 0 ü‡).
1. ¦ A A Š†A •þ;
2. ¦ Ý Q Úé Ý D, ¦ QT AQ = D;
3. ¦1 ª  
 2 −1 4 
 B2 + B∗ + B ,
 
 3 9 

3
Ù¥ B ´ A − E ƒqÝ , B∗ ´ B Š‘Ý .
2

23
8! ( 16 ©)®•šàg‚5•§| 


 x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = −1;


3x1 + 2x2 + 4x3 − x4 = 0;

(I) :



 5x1 + 3x2 + 7x3 − 3x4 = 1;


ax + x + 5x + bx = 3.
1 2 3 4

kn‡‚5Ã' ).
1. P•§| (I) XêÝ • A, y²: r(A) = 2;
2. ¦ a, b Š;
3. ¦•§| (I) Ï).

Ô! ( 14 ©) V ´ê• F þ n ‘‚5˜m, σ ´ V ‚5C†, …•3 ξ ∈ V ¦ ξ, σ(ξ), · · · , σ n−1 (ξ)

¤V ˜‡Ä, Á¦ σ A õ‘ªÚ• õ‘ª.

l! ( 14 ©) f ´²¡ R2 þ ‚5C†, ¦
1. : (1, 0) ” u1 4 –•;
2. : (0, 1) ” u1 2 –•;
3. : (1, 1) ” u1 1 –•.
y²: f ´Œ_C†, … f −1 r1 1 –•S ?¿:ÑN . 1 –•S.

Ê! ( 15 ©) A •n Ý , y²eã·Kƒp d:
1. r(A) = r(A2 );
!
B O
2. •3Œ_Ý P † B, ¦ A = P P −1 , Ù¥ O ´"Ý ;
O O
3. •3Œ_Ý C, ¦ A = A2 C.

›! ( 15 ©) V ´ê• F þ n ‘‚5˜m, W1 , W2 , · · · , Ws • V s ‡f˜m,

W = W1 ∪ W2 ∪ · · · ∪ Ws .

y²: W • V f˜m ¿©7‡^‡´•3,‡ i ¦ W = Wi .

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 12. ÉÇŒÆ 2011 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê

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!
∗ ∗ A 0
˜! ( 16 ©) A, B • n Ý , A , B ©O• A, B Š‘Ý ,q ©¬Ý M= . éueã
0 B
o‡À‘, e (K‰ƒy²; eØ (ž‰Ñ‡~.
!
∗ |A|A∗ 0
(A) M = ;
0 |B|B ∗
!
∗ |B|B ∗ 0
(B) M = ;
0 |A|A∗
!
∗ |A|B ∗ 0
(C)M = ;
0 |B|A∗
!
∗ |B|A∗ 0
(D)M = ;
0 |A|B ∗

! ( 15 ©) n ‚5•§| Ax = b, Ù¥
     
2a 1 x1 1

 a2 ..  
x2
 
0

2a .     
r ,x =  ,b =  .
     
.. .. .. ..

 . . 1 
 
 . 


 . 

a2
2a xn 0

1. y²1 ª |A| = (n + 1)an ;

2. a •ÛŠž, T•§|k•˜), ¿¦ x1 ;
3. a •ÛŠž, T•§|káõ), ¿¦Ï).

n! ( 15 ©) 3 n ‘m V , •þ α, β SÈP• (α, β); T • V ‚5C†, éu α, β ∈ V : ½Â

¼ê f (α, β) = (T (α), T (β)). ¯ f (α, β) ´Ä• V SÈ? ž ãnd.

o! ( 14 ©) A ´n Ý , y²:
k−1
1. XJ A α 6= 0, A α = 0, @o α, Aα, · · · , Ak−1 α (k > 0) ‚5Ã';
k

2. r(An ) = r(An+1 ).

Ê! ( 15 ©)®• m ‡•þ α1 , α2 , · · · , αm ‚5ƒ', Ù¥?¿ m − 1 ‡•þÑ‚5Ã'. y²:

1. e k1 α + k2 α2 + · · · + km αm = 0, KXê k1 , k2 , · · · , km ½ö •", ½ Ø•";
2. e a1 α + a2 α2 + · · · + am αm = 0, … b1 α + b2 α2 + · · · + bm αm = 0, Ù¥ b1 6= 0, K

a1 a2 am
= = ··· = .
b1 b2 bm

8! ( 15 ©) n ¢ g. f (x) = xT Ax •• n, !K.5•ê©O• p, q, … p > q > 0.

1. y²•3 Rn ˜‡ q ‘f˜m W , ¦ ∀x0 ∈ W, f (x0 ) = 0;
2. - T = {x ∈ Rn |f (x) = 0}, ¯ T † W ´Äƒ ? •Ÿo?

Ô! ( 14 ©) A ´n ¢Ý , … ∀α (6= 0) ∈ Rn×1 þk αT Aα > 0, ¦y: det A > 0.

25
l! ( 16 ©) V ´ n ‘‚5˜m, V1 , V2 , · · · , Vs (s > 1) ´ V f˜m, …

V = V1 ⊕ V2 ⊕ · · · ⊕ Vs .

y²: •3 V þ ‚5C† σ1 , σ2 , · · · , σs , ¦
1. σi2 = σi (1 6 i 6 s);
2. σi σj = 0 (1 6 i, j 6 s and i 6= j);
3. σ1 + σ2 + · · · + σs = ε ´ð C†;
4. σi (V ) = Vi (1 6 i 6 s).

Ê! ( 15 ©) 6 ¢Ý
 
a −b
 
 b a 1 
 
 a −b 
A= ,
 

 b a 1 

a −b 
 

b a

Ù¥ b 6= 0, Á¦ A ØCÏfÚÐ Ïf, ¿ Ñ A Jordan IO/.

›! ( 15 ©) f (λ), m(λ) ©O•ê• F þÝ A A õ‘ªÚ• õ‘ª, …kIO©)ª

f (λ) = p1 (λ)r1 p2 (λ)r2 · · · pt (λ)rt , m(λ) = p1 (λ)s1 p2 (λ)s2 · · · pt (λ)st ,

Ù¥ ri > 0, si > 0, pi (λ) ´ê• F þ ØŒ õ‘ª, i = 1, 2, · · · , t.

¦y: Ý pi (A)si "Ý=§ ؘm ‘ê u ri deg pi (λ).

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 13. ÉÇŒÆ 2012 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê

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˜! ( 15 ©) A, B •Ó • , y²:

r(AB − I) 6 r(A − I) + r(B − I),

ùp I •ü Ý .

! ( 16 ©) A ∈ Rm×n , B ∈ Rn×m , Áy:

λn |λIm − AB| = λm |λIn − BA|.

n! ( 15 ©) A † B þ•¢ Ý , ¿… |A| + |B| = 0, y² A + B ØŒ_.

o! ( 15 ©) A •n ˜"Ý (k ê k, ¦ Ak = 0).
1. ¦ A ¤kA Š;
2. r(A) = r, K Ar+1 = 0;
3. ¦ det(I + A).

Ê! ( 15 ©) A • m × n ¢é¡, Áy:
r(AT A) = r(A).

8! ( 15 ©)¦•§| 


2x1 − x2 + 3x3 + 4x4 = 5;


4x1 − 2x2 + 5x3 + 6x4 = 7;





 6x1 − 3x2 + 7x3 + 8x4 = 9;


λx − 4x + 9x + 10x = 11.
1 2 3 4

•6uëê λ Ï).

Ô! ( 14 ©) y²: é?¿ n E• A Ñ•3Œ_Ý P, ¦ P −1 AP = GS, Ù¥ G, S Ñ´é¡• , …

G Œ_.

l! ( 14 ©) 3 Q(x, y, z) = λ(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 2xy + 2xz − 2yz ¥, ¯:

1. λ ŸoŠž, Q • ½ ?
2. λ ŸoŠž, Q •K½ ?
3. λ = 2 Ú λ = −1 ž, Q •Ÿoa.?

Ê! ( 15 ©) A •¢é¡ ½• , K
det(A) 6 a11 a22 · · · ann ,

Ò …= A •é ž¤á.

›! ( 15 ©)
 
0 2011 11
 
A=
 0 0 ,
11 
0 0 0

27
y² X 2 = B Ã), ùp X • 3 ™•E• .

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 14. ÉÇŒÆ 2013 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê

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˜! ( 15 ©)
 
  1 1
 
1 2 2 !  1 1 
  1 1  
A=
 2 5 ,B =
4  ,C =  1 1 .
 
0 1  
2 4 5 
 1 1 

1

¦Ý X ÷v
!
O B
X = C.
A O

! ( 15 ©) ¦ n 1 ª Dn ¤k ƒ “ê{fªƒÚ, Ù¥
 

 33 1 1 ··· 1 
0 61 1 ··· 1 
 

 
Dn = 
 0 0 1 ··· .

 .. .. .. .. 
. . . . 


 
 0 0 0 ··· 1 

n! ( 15 ©) α1 , α2 , α3 ´‚5•§| 


x − 3y + z = 2;

2x + y + tz = −1;



7x − 2z = −1.

3 ‡pÉ )•þ.
1. Á¦ëê t Š;
2. y²: α1 − α2 , α1 − α3 ‚5ƒ'.

o! ( 15 ©) Mn (K) L«ê• K þ n • N ¤ ‚5˜m, A ∈ Mn (K), ^ C(A) L« Mn (K) ¥¤k

†A Œ † Ý ¤ 8Ü.
1. y²: C(A) ´ Mn (K) ˜‡‚5f˜m;
2. y²: XJ A k n ‡ØÓ A Š, @o dim C(A) = n.

Ê! ( 15 ©) a1 , a2 , · · · , as ´p؃ ¢ê, Ý
 
1 1 ··· 1
 
 a1 a2 ··· as 
B= .

 a21 a22 a2s 

an−1
1 an−1
2 ··· an−1
s

Á?ØÝ A = BT B ½5.

8! ( 15 ©) σ1 , σ2 Ñ´ n ‘‚5˜m V ‚5C†, y²: ker(σ1 ) ⊂ ker(σ2 ) ¿©7‡^‡´•3 V

˜‡‚5C† σ, ¦ σ2 = σσ1 .

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Ô! ( 15 ©) A ´n ½Ý , B ´ n ¢é¡Ý , y²: 7•3 n Œ_¢Ý G, ¦

GT G = E, GT BG = diag(µ1 , µ2 , · · · , µn ),

Ù¥ E ´ n ü Ý , µ1 , µ2 , · · · , µn ´ |λA − B| = 0 n ‡¢Š.

l! ( 15 ©) A ∈ M2 (C) Ø´êþÝ , - S = {B ∈ M2 (C)|AB = BA}. y²: XJ X, Y ∈ S, @o

XY = Y X.

Ê! ( 15 ©) λ1 , λ2 , · · · , λn ´ n ¢é¡Ý A ÜA Š, −λi (i = 1, · · · , n) Ø´ A A Š, ½Â
n×n
R ‚5C†
σ(X) = AT X + XA, ∀X ∈ Rn×n .

y²:
1. σ ´Œ_‚5C†;
2. é?¿¢é¡Ý C, 7•3•˜ ¢é¡Ý B, ¦ AT B + BA = C.

›! ( 15 ©) W • n ‘m V f˜m, α ∈ V . ½Â α W ål

d(α, W ) = (α − α0 ),

Ù¥ α0 • α 3f˜m W þ ÝK. y²: e α1 , α2 , · · · , αm • W ˜‡Ä, K

s
|G(α1 , α2 , · · · , αm , α)|
d(α, W ) = ,
|G(α1 , α2 , · · · , αm )|

Ù¥ |G(α1 , α2 , · · · , αm )| ••þ| α1 , α2 , · · · , αm Gram Ý .

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˜! ( 15 ©) d
 
1 2 0 0
 
 1 3 0 0 
A=
 0
,
 0 0 2 

0 0 −1 0
 ∗ −1
1
… A BA = 6AB + 12E, ¦ B.
2
! ( 15 ©) OŽ
 

 s0 s1 ··· sn−1 1 
 
 s1 s2 ··· sn x 
D= .. ,

.. .. ..

 . . . . 
xn 
 
 sn sn+1 ··· s2n−1

Ù¥ sk = xk1 + sk2 + · · · + xkn .

n! ( 15 ©) k α1 , α2 , · · · , αs , αs+1 , … βi = αi + ti αs+1 , i = 1, · · · , s, y²XJ β1 , β2 , · · · , βs ‚5Ã', K

α1 , α2 , · · · , αs , αs+1 7½‚5Ã'.

o! ( 15 ©) ‚5˜m V ½Â 1 (3), (4) ^ún, =

(3) ?¿ α ∈ V , •3 0 ∈ V , ¦ α + 0 = 0 + α = α;
(4) ?¿ α ∈ V , •3 β ∈ V , ¦ α + β = β + α = 0.
y²§‚ d ^‡•: ∀α, β ∈ V, ∃x ∈ V, ¦ α + x = β.

Ê! ( 15 ©) sln (F ) ´ M (F ) þ A, B Ý ÷v AB − BA )¤ f˜m, y²

dim(sln (F )) = n2 − 1.

8! ( 15 ©) ê• K þ n ‘‚5 V m ‘‚5˜m V 0 þ ¤k‚5N |¤˜m Homk (V, V 0 ), y²:

1. Homk (V, V 0 ) ´‚5˜m;
2. Homk (V, V 0 ) ‘ê• mn.

Ô! ( 15 ©) ®•
 
0 −c0
 1 0 −c1
 

..
 
 
 1 0 . 
A= ,
 
..

 1 . −cn−3 

 .. 

 . 0 −cn−2


−cn−1

1. ¦ F A õ‘ª f (x) †• õ‘ª m(x);

2. ¦¤k† F Œ † Ý .

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l! ( 15 ©) ϕ ´Eê•þ ‚5C†, ε •ð C†, λ0 • ϕ ˜‡A Š, λ0 3 ϕ • õ‘ª¥ -
+ k k+1
ê m0 = min{k ∈ N | ker(λ0 ε − ϕ) = ker(λ0 ε − ϕ) }.
k

Ê! ( 15 ©) f (α, β) • V þ šòzV‚5¼ê, é ∀g(x) ∈ V ∗ , •3•˜ α ∈ V, ¦ f (α, β) =

g(β), ∀β ∈ V .

›! ( 15 ©) ϕ ´î¼˜m V þ C†, … ϕm = ε, m > 1, P W = {x ∈ V |ϕ(x) = x}, Wϕ⊥ •Ù Ö,

é?¿ α ∈ V , ek α = β + γ, Ù¥ β ∈ Wϕ , γ ∈ Wϕ⊥ , y²:

m
1 X i−1
β= ϕ (α).
m i=1

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 16. ÉÇŒÆ 2015 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê

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" #
A A
˜! 1. y² Œ_ ¿‡^‡´ AB Œ_;
C −B C
" # " #
A A A A
2. e Œ_, ¦Ñ _.
C −B C C −B C

! b 6= 0, r(A) = r(A, b) = r, Ax = b ¤k)8Ü• S, y²:

1. S ¥•¹ n − r + 1 ‡‚5Ã' •þ η1 , η2 , · · · , ηn−r+1 ;
n−r+1
X n−r+1
X
2. ξ ´ S ¥ ƒ ¿‡^‡´•3 ki , (i = 1, , 2, · · · , n − r + 1), ki = 1, ¦ ξ= ki ηi .
i=1 i=1

n! ®• A •¢ Ý , det(A) = 1, y²•3 Ý P, ¦
 
1 0 0
P 0 AP = 
 
 0 cos θ ,
− sin θ 
0 sin θ cos θ

a11 + a22 + a33 − 1

Ù¥ cos θ = .
2
o! ±ek'Ý • ·K3ê• F þ ä Ø, X (ž`²nd, XØ (žÞ~`².
1. e r(A) = r(B), K r(A∗ ) = r(B ∗ );
2. e r(AB) = r(B), K r(ABC) = r(BC);
3. r(A) = r(AA0 );
4. e˜‡é¡Ý •• r, Kk˜‡š" r Ìfª.

Ê! ®•Ý
 
1 1 1
P 0 AP = 
 
 1 1 ,
0 
1 0 1

¦ Ý Q Úé ‚ ƒ•K þn Ý R, ¦ A = QR.

8! A ´ n ¢é¡Ý , Ù K.5•ê©O´ p, q, f (x) = X 0 AX, P Nf = {x|f (x) = 0, x ∈ Rn }, y²:

1. •¹u Nf ‚5˜m‘ê–õ´ n − max(p, q);
2. e w ´ Rn ˜ ‡ ‚ 5 f ˜ m, ò g . • ½ w 3 ¥, K . 5 • ê © O ´ p1 , q1 , K k
p1 6 p, q1 6 q.

Ô! 1. ®• A, B Ñ´¢ ½Ý , K•3Œ_Ý P, ¦ P 0 AP, P 0 BP Óž•é /;

2. A, B ´Œ ½Ý ž, þã(شĤá, e¤á‰Ñy², eؤáž`²nd.

l! ®• α1 , α2 , α3 , α4 , α5 , α6 ´‚5˜m V ¥ ˜|Ä, ϕ ´‚5˜m V þ ‚5C†, …

ϕ(α1 ) = α1 , ϕ(α2 ) = α1 + α2 , ϕ(α3 ) = α2 + α3 , ϕ(α4 ) = α3 + 2α4 , ϕ(α5 ) = 2α5 , ϕ(ξ6 ) = α5 + 3α6 .

1. ¦Ñ¤k ‘ ϕ ØCf˜m, ¿`²nd;

2. y² ϕ Ø´Ì‚C†, = ∀α ∈ V, α, ϕ(α), ϕ2 (α), · · · , ϕ5 (α) Ø ¤˜|Ä.

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 17. ÉÇŒÆ 2017 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê

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˜! ( 25 ©) •þ| (I) : α1 , α2 , · · · , αr ‚5Ã', …Œ±d•þ| (II) : β1 , β2 , · · · , βs ‚5LÑ. y²:
1. r 6 s;
2. 7 ‡ ž é • þ | (II) - # ? Ò, 2 ^ • þ | (I) O † • þ | (II) c r ‡ • þ, •þ|
(III) : α1 , α2 , · · · , αr , βr+1 , · · · , βs †•þ| (II) d.

! ( 25 ©) y²‘êúª:

dim W1 + dim W2 = dim(W1 + W2 ) + dim(W1 ∩ W2 ).

n! ( 25 ©) α1 , α2 , · · · , αs (α1 6= 0) ‚5ƒ', y²: •3 ê i : 1 < i 6 s, ¦•þ αi Œ±d•þ|

α1 , α2 , · · · , αi−1 ‚5LÑ, …L«{•˜.

o! ( 25 ©) V ´ê• F þ n ‘‚5˜m, σ ´ V þ ‚5C†. α1 , α2 , · · · , αn ´ V ˜‡Ä, ‚5

C† σ 3ù‡Äe Ý • A, P EndV ´ V þ N‚5C† ¤ ‚5˜m, Š EndV Mn (F ) N
f : f (σ) = A. y²: N f ´ EndV Mn (F ) ˜‡Ó N .

Ê! ( 25 ©) A ´m×n Ý , r(A) = m, àg‚5•§| Ax = 0 ˜‡Ä:)X• β1 , β2 , · · · , βn−m , Ù

n
X
¥ βi = (b1i , b2i , · · · , bni )0 , (i = 1, 2, · · · , n − m). ¦àg‚5•§| bji yj = 0, i = 1, 2, · · · , n − m ˜‡
j=1
Ä:)X.

8! ( 25 ©) A ´m×n Ý , B ´n×p Ý .
1. y²: r(A) 6 r(AB);
2. y²: r(AB) > r(A) + r(B) − n;
3. P C • A ˜‡ s × t fÝ , y² r(C) > r(A) + s + t − m − n.

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 18. ÉÇŒÆ 2018 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê

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˜! α, β ´ n ‘ •þ, … αT β = 3, B = αβ T , A = E − B, Ù¥ E ´ n ü Ý .
1. y²: B k = 3k−1 B ( k > 0 • ê);
2. y²: A + 2E Ú A − E ¥– k˜‡ØŒ_;
3. y²: A Ú A + E ÑŒ_.

! W1 , W2 ´ê• F þ‚5˜m V f˜m. y²:

dim W1 + dim W2 = dim(W1 + W2 ) − dim(W1 ∩ W2 ).

n! V ´ê• F þ n ‘‚5˜m, α1 , α2 , · · · , αn ´ V ˜|Ä, β1 , β2 , · · · , βn ´ V ?¿ n ‡•þ. y

²: •3•˜‚5C† σ, ¦ σ(αi ) = βi , i = 1, 2, · · · , n.

o! n Ý A •• r (0 < r < n), … A2 = A, y²: A †é Ý ƒq, ¿¦ÑTé Ý .

Ê! ½ g. !2
n
X n
X
f (x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ) = n x2i − xi ,
i=1 i=1

a., ¿`²nd.

8! A, B, C ´ n Ý , y²:
1. XJ A2 = E, K r(A + E) + r(A − E) = n;
!
A C
2. r > r(A) + r(B), ¿‰Ñ Ò¤á ^‡;
O B

Ô! σ ´ê• F þ•þ˜m V ˜‡‚5C†, …÷v σ 2 = σ, y²:

1. ker σ = {ξ − σ(ξ)|ξ ∈ V };
2. V = ker σ ⊕ Imσ;
3. XJ τ ´ V þ ,˜‡‚5C†, K ker σ Ú Imσ Ñ3 τ ƒeØC ¿©7‡^‡´ τ σ = στ .

35