Speech JW- 1BDS- 2011

SPEECH
Define the term Speech List & Describe the oro-pharyngeal structures involved in speech Describe the action of velo-pharyngeal sphincter Describe normal speech Describe speech sounds Describe methods for speech evaluation Describe Speech Disorders List the speech problems of patients with cleft palate

Define the term Speech

Speech is a basic physiologic function involving lungs, larynx, pharynx, oral and nasal cavities It produces a stream of acoustic vibrations created by the flow of air through the vocal tract Speech is a mode of communication of humans

The layered structure of human speech

linguistic

layer carries the information encoded in the language - i.e. the "text" paralinguistic layer non-linguistic and non-verbal - the speaker's current affective, attitudinal or emotional state extralinguistic layer identifies the speakers, sex, age, voice, and other characteristics

oro-pharyngeal structures involved in speech

Larynx

and vocal cords sphincter

Generate voice Directs air stream through nasal/oral passages Help in resonance Help in articulation

Velo-pharyngeal Nasal Oral

cavity and para nasal sinuses -

cavity including tongue, teeth lips and cheek-

Action of velo-pharyngeal sphincter

Valvular mechanism between the VELUM (soft palate) and the posterior pharyngeal wall Controls the passage of air in to the naso-pharynx during speech and swallowing

Four stages of speech production

PHONATION
Production

of vocal tone in larynx

eg; vowels

ARTICULATION - tongue,teeth, lips, cheeks, RESONANCENeurologic

palate - Creation of new sounds by modifying the vocal tone Characteristic quality to voice Development of a pattern for communication Arrangement of phonemes (sequences of utterences)
http://cleftpalatespeech.blogspot.com/

control

Speech JW- 1BDS- 2011

PHONATION Approximation of vocal cords Forced expiration Passive vibration of mucosal edges of cords PITCH detremined by Fundamental frequency of vocal cord vibration INTENSITY depend on subglottic pressure

Sound production at Larynx (four stages of the glottal cycle involving the vibration of the vocal folds)
1. Closure (laryngeal muscles bring the vocal folds together - adduction)

2. Compression - build- up of expiratory air below the folds (= subglottal pressure ) 3. Sound Release- little air escapes for a brief moment with Vibration of vocal cords -> 4. Bernouilli effect- vocal folds are brought back together as a result of two forces the elasticity of the folds (creation of negative pressure). This cycle is repeated during speech RESONANCE Passage of air through laryngeal, phrayngeal, nasal and paranasal cavities Can be voluntarily modified ARTICULATION Voluntary movements of structures of oral cavity could modify speech sounds

Speech sounds
Consonants and Vowels if the air, once out of the glottis, is allowed to pass freely through the resonators, the sound is a vowel if the air, once out of the glottis, is obstructed, partially or totally, by articulators in one or more places, the sound is a consonant. Vowels There is no restriction or interruption to airflow Monopthongs -Single vowel quality Dipthongs -Change in vowel quality Consonants Plosives ApproximantsNasals

bat boat p-voiceless, red new church b-voiced

Complete closure and rapid release Midway between vowel and consonants Nasality Plosives released with frication

Africates-

http://cleftpalatespeech.blogspot.com/

Speech JW- 1BDS- 2011

Fricatives Escape of air through a narrow orifice fan thin song ship hotel Labio - Dental fricatives Dental fricatives alveolar fricatives Palato-alveolar fricatives Glottal fricative

f,

lower lip and upper teeth tip of tongue against upper teeth tip of tongue against upper alveolus front of tongue against anterior palate back of tongue and velum

Methods for speech evaluation

Listener Judgement- interview method Sound spectrography-computerised Video Fluoroscopy - Radiographs Naso-endoscopy - direct visualization of velo-pharyngeal region Nasometry- Nasal air pressure measurement Electroglottography MRI Listener Judgement- interview method Carried out by speech therapists Listening to a patient talking and audio/video recording identify wrong steps in phonation and articulation Sound spectrography-computerised Sound Wave Time wave Pressure changes voltage fluctuations are move through air produced by the microphone Spectrogramme Frequency patterns are processed by the computer

Video Fluoroscopy - Radiographs X rays pass through the skull shows movement of the soft palate and these movements are recorded for future use Naso-endoscopy Naso-endoscopy - direct visualization of Electroglottography velo-pharyngeal region

register laryngeal behavior indirectly by a measuring the change in electrical impedance across the throat
during speaking.

http://cleftpalatespeech.blogspot.com/

Speech JW- 1BDS- 2011

Speech Disorders
Disruption Disruption

of Phonation of neurologic control Disruption of Articulation Disorders of Fluency Articulation problems Disruption of Resonance Hypernasal Resonance

hoarseness Aphasia (or dysphasia) Dysarthria (Stammering) eg; Cleft Palate Speech eg; Cleft Palate Speech

Speech problems of patients with cleft palate

Children born with Cleft Lip and Palate abnormality Normal larynx - PHONATION is normal Abnormal palate and velum, pharynx, lips but normal tongue Therefore ARTICULATION and RESONANCE is

not normal

Speech Problems of patients with cleft palate Hypernasality in voice Weak consonants Nasal emmission Nasal grimace Faulty articulation Pharyngeal fricatives Glottal stops

http://cleftpalatespeech.blogspot.com/