I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH

Hong Quang Hng

Mng cm nhn khng dy (WSN) c im cu hnh v th tc iu khin thm nhp mi trng (MAC)

KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY

Ngnh: in t - Vin thng

H NI - 2008

I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH

Hong Quang Hng

Mng cm nhn khng dy (WSN) c im cu hnh v th tc iu khin thm nhp mi trng (MAC)

KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY

Ngnh: in t - Vin thng Cn b hng dn: PGS-TS Vng o Vy Cn b ng hng dn:

H NI - 2008

TM TT NI DUNG

Mng LAN khng dy l mng trong cc trm c kt ni vi nhau bng sng radio hoc hng ngoi. WLAN hot ng trn c s tiu chun ca IEEE 802.11 trong di tn ISM. WLAN s dng sng radio vi cc tn hiu c iu ch theo k thut tri ph. Hot ng ca WLAN bao gm 2 qu trnh: Kim tra lp vt l (PHY) v iu khin thm nhp mi trng MAC, hot ng trong giao thc CSMA/CA. Mng WLAN cung cp 2 ch cu hnh l Ad-hoc v Infrastructure, h tr n v a vi tnh nng di ng. Mng cm nhn khng dy WSN cng l mng hot ng vi nhau nh sng radio. Nhng trong , mi node mng bao gm y cc chc nng cm nhn, thu thp, x l v truyn d liu. Cu hnh cho mng WSN cng tng t nh WLAN nhng phc tp hn WLAN v s lng cc node cng nh phm vi hot ng l kh ln. Cc dng cu hnh trong mng WSN cn phi p ng c cc hm kt ni ca tng dng m bo mng hot ng. Th tc iu khin thm nhp mi trng trong WSN cng c phn ging vi WLAN tuy nhin do yu cu v tit kim nng lng ti a ca cc node, WSN a ra cc gii php gii quyt vic tit kim nng lng bng cc ch lp lch thc, ng cho mi qu trnh truyn v nhn d liu ca mi node.

MC LC

PHN 1 MNG LAN KHNG DY (WLAN) Chng 1. Tng quan v WLAN 1.1. Gii thiu chung....2 1.2. Li ch v ng dng ca WLAN...............2 1.3. WLAN trn c s radio.....3 1.3.1 Di ISM.....3 1.3.2 iu bin di hp...4 1.3.3 iu bin tri ph......4 1.3.3.1Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS).......5 1.3.3.2Tri ph nhy tn (FHSS).........6 1.4 WLAN trn c s hng ngoi...7 1.4.1 K thut WLAN dng nh sng hng ngoi khuch tn...8 1.4.2 K thut hng ngoi im-im....8 1.4.2.1Kt ni hng ngoi im-chm.........8 1.4.2.2H thng LAN hng ngoi im-im.9 1.5 Ch hot ng Ad-hoc v Infrastructure..........9 1.5.1 Ch Infrastructure.9 1.5.2 Ch Ad-hoc.10 1.6 Cu hnh n , a trong WLAN.....11 1.6.1 n (single cell WLAN)......11 1.6.2 Lin kt n ..........11 1.6.3 a .....11 1.6.4 Chng lp cc ...12 1.7 u nhc im ca LAN khng dy..12 1.7.1 u im...12 1.7.2 Nhc im.....13 Chng 2. Cc chun v thit b ca WLAN 2.1 Chun IEEE 802.11.........13 2.1.1 Lp vt l ca IEEE 802.11....14 2.1.1.1 Phn lp hng ngoi.....14

2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

2.1.1.2 Phn lp FHSS.....14 2.1.1.3 Phn lp DSSS...15 2.1.2 Lp MAC ca IEEE 802.11....15 2.1.2.1 C ch CSMA......16 2.1.2.2 C ch RTS/CTS.....16 2.1.2.3 Khung d liu MAC trong 802.11.......17 Giao thc mng khng dy.....17 Kin trc mng khng dy..19 Phn b a ch IP....20 Thit b cho WLAN.....21 2.5.1 Wireless Adaptor.....21 2.5.2 Anten.......23 2.5.2.1 c im chung ca anten.......23 2.5.2.2 Mt s loi anten.....24 2.5.3 im truy cp (AP)....25

PHN 2 MNG CM NHN KHNG DY (WSN) Chng 1. Tng quan v mng cm nhn khng dy 1.1 Khi qut.27 1.2 Cc thit b mng cm bin khng dy...28 1.2.1 B x l nhng nng lng thp.29 1.2.2 B nh v lu tr.....29 1.2.3 My thu pht bc x (radio)29 1.2.4 Cm bin..29 1.2.5 H thng nh v a l30 1.2.6 Ngun nng lng...........30 1.3 ng dng ca mng cm nhn khng dy..31 1.3.1 Quan st mi trng sinh thi.....31 1.3.2 Theo di trong qun s v tm kim mc tiu.31 1.3.3 Quan st a chn v cu trc..........31 1.3.4 Cng nghip v thng mi mng cm nhn..........32 1.4 Thch thc thit k chnh....32 1.4.1 Thi gian sng m rng..33 1.4.2 p ng...33

1.4.3 Sc mnh.33 1.4.4 B tr...33 1.4.5 M rng phm vi.34 1.4.6 Tnh khng ng nht......34 1.4.7 T cu hnh......34 1.4.8 T nh gi v thch nghi....35 1.4.9 Thit k h thng.....35 1.4.10 An ninh v bo mt.......35 Chng 2. Trin khai mng 2.1 Tng quan....36 2.2 Trin khai c cu trc hay trin khai ngu nhin....37 2.3 Topo mng...38 2.3.1 Single hop dng sao.....39 2.3.2 Multi hop dng li v .....39 2.3.3 Cm (cluster) phn cp 2 tng.....39 2.4 Kt ni trong dng s ngu nhin...39 2.4.1 Kt ni trong G(n,R)....41 2.4.2 Tnh n iu ca G(n,R)....42 2.4.3 Kt ni trong G(n,K)...42 2.4.4 Kt ni v truyn tin trong G(n,p,R)...43 2.5 Kt ni s dng iu khin nng lng...43 2.5.1 Nng lng nh nht kt ni cu trc mng.......44 2.5.2 Ci t nng lng chung nh nht.....45 2.5.3 Lm gim ti thiu nng lng cc i...46 2.5.4 Topo iu khin dng hnh nn...46 2.5.5 Cu trc trnh duyt m rng theo hnh cy cc b nh nht......47 Chng 3. a truy cp v ch ng 3.1 Tng quan48 3.2 Giao thc MAC truyn thng..48 3.2.1 Aloha v CSMA..48 3.2.2 Vn node n node hin...49 3.2.3 a truy cp trnh xung t MACA v c t 802.11..50 3.2.4 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC...54 3.3 Nng lng hiu qu trong giao thc MAC...55 3.3.1 Qun l nng lng trong IEEE 802.11.....55

3.4

3.5

3.3.2 Nng lng cn cho a truy cp v bo hiu..55 3.3.3 Ti thiu ho chi tr nng lng tip nhn rnh ri....55 K thut ng khng ng b...56 3.4.1 Bc x thc dy th 2.....56 3.4.2 Lng nghe nng lng thp / ly mu u khung truyn...56 3.4.3 WiseMAC...57 3.4.4 Truyn/nhn- bt u chu k tip nhn..57 K thut lp lch ng..58 3.5.1 Cm ng MAC (S-MAC)...58 3.5.2 MAC thi gian ch (T-MAC).59 3.5.3 MAC hi t d liu (D-MAC)60 3.5.4 Lp lch ng c thi gian tr hiu qu.61 3.5.5 Lch ng khng ng b..........61

CH VIT TT ACK AP BPP CAP CBTC CFP :Acknowledge :Access Point :Base Band Processor :Contention Access Period :Cone-Based Topology Control :Collision-Free Period

COWPOW :Minimum Common Power Setting CSMA/CA :Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance CSMA/CD :Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection CTS D-MAC DCF DESS DIFS DSSS FHSS FCC FRTS GPS GTS IEEE :Clear To Send :Data-gathering MAC :Distributed Coordination Function :Delay Efficient Sleep Scheduling :Distributed Inter-Frame Spacing :Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum :Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum :Federal Communication Commission :Future Request To Send :Global Positioning System :Guaranteed Time Slot :Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

LWIM LAN LMST

:Low-Power Wireless Integrated Microsensor :Local Area Network :Local Minimum Spanning Tree Construction

LR-WPAN :Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks MECN NAV NIC OSI PAMAS PCMCIA PCF PHY RICER RTS S-MAC T-MAC TICER WEP WINS WLAN WSN :Minimum Energy Connected Network Construction :Network Allocation Vector :Network Interface Card :Open System Interconnection :Power Aware Medium Access with Signaling :Personal Computer Memory Card International Association :Point Coordination Function :Physical :Receiver Initiated Cycle Reception :Request To Send :Sensor MAC :Timeout MAC :Transmitter Initiated Cycle Reception :Wired Equivalent Privacy :Wireless Integrated Networked Sensors :Wireless Local Area Network :Wireless Sensor Network

M U Trong thi i cng ngh thng tin bng n theo tng ngy, nhu cu s dng cc h thng thng tin ngy cng cao. Do vy i hi k thut thu thp, x l v truyn d liu chnh xc v nhanh chng. p ng c nhu cu , iu bt buc l phi pht trin mt h thng truyn thng khng dy kt hp vi s a dng ho cc loi hnh dch v. WLAN chnh l mt gii php chn la bi kh nng linh ng trong kt ni ca n. Bn cnh nhu cu giao tip cc thit b khng dy, mt nhu cu ngy cng c i hi ln hn l nhu cu v cm bin, gim st, theo di iu khin thng minh. c bit trong cc lnh vc qun s (kch hot thit b, iu khin t ng cc thit b robot), y t (nh v, theo di tnh trng sc kho bnh nhn v bo ng khn cp t ng), mi trng (gim st l lt, thin tai) v mt vi lnh vc v i sng khc (nh thng minh, iu khin giao thng t ng trnh n tc). gii quyt nhu cu ny, ngi ta pht trin h thng mng cm nhn khng dy (WSN). WSN to ra mi trng giao tip gia cc thit b thng minh, hay gia cc thit b thng minh vi con ngi hoc cc h thng vin thng khc. Cng vi nhng u im m WSN mang li, cn nhng mt hn ch kh nng hot ng ca mng. chnh l: mng WSN c th hiu n gin l mng lin kt cc node bng sng v tuyn trong cc node mng thng l cc thit b n gin, gn nh, r tin, c s lng ln v phn b kh rng. Lu lng d liu lu thng trong WSN l thp v khng lin tc, thng thng thi gian 1 node mng trng thi ngh ln hn trng thi hot ng rt nhiu, do vy cn c gii php tit kim nng lng ti a. Khng nhng vy, cc node mng ca WSN i khi cn phi hot ng trong mi trng khc nghit, c b tr ngu nhin nn c th di chuyn lm thay i cu hnh mng. V vy i hi cc node mng cn c kh nng t ng cu hnh v thch nghi. Cui cng l nhng kh khn v vn bo mt v an ninh bi kh nng hot ng t ng ca cc node mng. Kho lun ny, bn cnh vic nu ln c im cu hnh v hot ng ca WLAN, tp trung chnh vo c im cu hnh v th tc iu khin thm nhp mi trng ca mng WSN. Vi kin thc cn hn hp, thi gian nghin cu khng di v ti liu tham kho c cha nhiu, do vy kho lun khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Vy knh mong cc thy cng cc bn sinh vin quan tm chia s ng gp kin kho lun c hon thin. Em xin chn thnh cm n!

PHN 1 MNG LAN KHNG DY (WIRELESS LAN HAY WLAN)

Chng 1. TNG QUAN V WLAN

1.1 . Gii thiu chung Mng LAN khng dy v c bn ging vi mng LAN c dy. Tuy nhin, trong khi mng LAN c dy c lu lng mng ca cc knh thng qua dy cp ng trc hoc cp quang th WLAN s dng di tn s radio gi lu lng truyn thng trong khng gian. Mng WLAN cng c th s dng tia hng ngoi nhng vi nhng gii hn khong cch ngn. Mng LAN khng dy c th dng cho my tnh xch tay hoc my bn, hoc PDA truy cp ni ht m khng phi kt ni bng dy. Do vy, WLAN thng c ci t trong nhng vng kh lp t hoc nhng ni c nhiu ngi s dng my tnh xch tay hay PDA di ng. Mi im truy cp c mt my pht v mt my thu, mt anten v mt b phn hot ng nh Bridge (cu). Mt im truy cp c th phc v mt s ngi s dng, nhng khi c nhiu ngi cng kt ni, lin kt tr nn chm. Ngi dng c b tip hp khng dy bn trong my tnh c th truy cp bt c u trong phm vi hot ng k t im truy cp, v tn hiu radio khng dy c th xuyn qua hu ht tng hay sn nh. Ngoi khong cch ra, tc truyn d liu cn ph thuc c vo cc vt cn trn ng i ca tn hiu. rng tn s trong chun 802.11 qui nh tc cao truyn gn hn. Nu dng m hnh Ad hoc, mt s trm lm vic b che khut so vi cc trm khc s mt khong 40% hiu sut mng. Nu dng m hnh im giao dch th ch cn thy nhau gia im giao dch v tng trm lm vic, trnh c vn trn. 1.2 . Tin ch v ng dng ca WLAN Vi WLAN, ngi s dng c th truy cp nhng thng tin dng chung v ngi qun tr mng c th thit lp hoc m rng mng m khng phi lp t thm thit b hoc di chuyn ng dy. H thng WLAN di ng cung cp cho ngi dng

truy cp thng tin vi thi gian thc bt c ni u trong phm vi hot ng. S di ng h tr mt cch hiu qu cc dch v m mng c dy khng th lm c. Vic ci t v thit lp mt h thng WLAN khng cn n cc ng cp, u t ban u cho phn cng WLAN c th cao hn ca LAN, nhng chi ph cho ci t v thi gian tn ti c th thp hn mt cch ng k. WLAN c 2 ng dng ch yu: Kt ni gia cc to nh Kt ni mng khng dy v c dy (wireless wire)

Tt c WLAN hot ng trn di tn s khng ng k gn tc mng Ethernet (100Mbps) s dng giao thc sng mng radio hoc hng ngoi. Phn ln cc thit b ny u c th truyn thng tin trn 1000 feet gia cc my tnh trn mi trng hot ng v chi ph s dng trong phm vi t 150$ - 800$. 1.3 . WLAN trn c s Radio S thun li ca sng radio trong kt ni l chng truyn qua tng v cc vt cn khc m suy gim yu. Thm ch, qua nhiu bc tng tch ri ngi s dng v server hoc cu khng dy, mng vn c th duy tr kt ni. Tuy nhin, khi c nhiu thit b nh trong y hc, cng nghip cng hot ng vi mt tn s radio theo WLAN s gy ra tp nhiu. V vy, ngi ta a ra lut v phng php gii quyt vn ny. Di ISM WLAN di hp WLAN di rng . Di ISM

1.3.1

FCC (Federal Communications Commission) cho php cc sn phm mng khng dy hot ng trong di cng nghip, khoa hc v y hc (Industrial, Scientific, Medical ISM). FCC cho php ngi s dng thc hin cc sn phm tho mn nhng yu cu, v d hot ng vi my pht 1W cng sut u ra. iu ny cng c li khi di chuyn thng xuyn, v khi c th trnh c giy t phc tp v ng k li sn phm v tr mi. Ngoi ra, cn nhiu di tn s cao hn, h tr tc d liu cao hn.

Di tn s ISM 2.4 GHz l di khng ng k c hiu lc mi ni. Nhng cc nh sn xut pht trin cc sn phm trong di 902 MHz v cho rng di ny tit kim hn. 1.3.2 . iu bin di hp

Nhng h thng radio nh TV sng radio FM v AM s dng iu bin di hp. Nhng h thng ny tp trung tt c cc cng sut pht sng trong mt di hp tn s, to ra hiu qu s dng ph radio. Khi h thng khc s dng cng tn s, s gy ra rt nhiu nhiu lm hng nhiu tn hiu. trnh nhiu, FCC yu cu ngi s dng h thng di hp t c to hot ng chnh xc ca sng radio. Nhng sn phm di hp c nhiu u im v hot ng khng c nhiu. Nu nhiu xy ra, FCC s gii quyt vn . iu ny lm cho iu ch di hp tt vi nhng kt ni ko di vt kch thc a l ca vng trung tm. 1.3.3 . iu bin tri ph

iu bin tri ph c rt nhiu tnh nng, quan trng nht l: Chng li nhiu v tnh hay c , y l mt tnh nng quan trng cho thng tin vng b tc nghn nh cc thnh ph. C kh nng loi tr hay gim bt nh hng ca truyn sng nhiu tia gy tr ngi rt ln trong thng tin th. C kh nng dng chung ba lnh vc: cng nghip, khoa hc v y hc (di ISM) vi cng sut n 1W cc bng tn sau: 902-928 MHz, 2.4-2.4835 GHz v 5.725-5.85 GHz (theo tiu chun FCC). Nh s dng cc m tri ph gi ngu nhin nn kh bt trm tn hiu.

cc h thng thng tin thng thng, rng bng tn l vn quan tm chnh v cc h thng ny c thit k cng tn t rng bng tn cng tt. cc h thng thng tin tri ph, rng bng tn ca tn hiu c m rng, thng thng hng trm ln trc khi c pht. Khi c mt ngi s dng bng tn SS (Spread Spectrum) s khng hiu qu, tuy nhin mi trng nhiu ngi s dng, h c th dng chung mt bng tn SS v h thng tr nn c hiu qu m vn duy tr c cc u im ca tri ph. Tri ph l g? iu ch tri ph l tri cng sut tn hiu trn mt di rng tn s. iu ny tri vi yu cu duy tr thng tn s, nhng qu trnh tri to nhiu tn hiu d liu b nh hng ca tp nhiu in so vi k thut iu ch radio thng. S

truyn v tp nhiu in khc di thng hp, s ch nhiu vi phn nh ca tn hiu tri ph, kt qu l t nhiu hn v t li hn khi thu tn hiu di iu ch. S iu bin tri ph s dng mt trong hai phng php tri tn hiu trn vng rng: Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS) v tri ph nhy tn (FHSS). 1.3.3.1 . Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS) Tri ph chui trc tip kt hp tn hiu d liu trm gi i vi d liu c tc bit tun t cao hn, c lin quan ti m chip (cng c xem l h s x l processing gain). Tn hiu d liu c chng ln sng mng. Trong thi gian ny, mt s lan truyn hoc mt m chip c s dng to ra cc bit d tha c truyn. Do tn hiu xut hin di cng sut di bng nhiu ti my thu khng nh hng. M chip c p dng ti tng bit ca d liu. Mt trong nhng li th ca vic s dng m lan truyn l mt hoc cao hn mt bit trong chip b li trong thi gian truyn, k thut ny c p dng cho sng radio khi phc d liu gc m khng cn s truyn li. T l d liu trn b rng ca m lan truyn c gi l tng ch x l. H s x l cao tng tnh chng nhiu ca tn hiu. H s x l nh nht theo FCC l 10, v hu ht cc sn phm hot ng trn 20. Vi DSSS, lung d liu gc c nhn ln bi vic tri m chip. Qu trnh ny b ph v mi bit d liu trong nhiu dy bit hoc chip c i din l 0 hoc 1 trong mt mu thit lp v truyn cc chip ny trn di tn s rng hn so vi di thng thng ca lung d liu. Khi my thu c cng kho m chip s thu c di truyn ca chip. Qu trnh ngc li thng qua vic gii m v tp hp li lung d liu gc. Thay cho vic s dng tn hiu ring l ca thi gian bt k qui nh cho qu trnh truyn ( ging nh mt qu trnh truyn thng radio thng thng), tn hiu hp m lung d liu s nhy qua (ging FHSS). Lung d liu trong h thng DSSS c gi trong phm vi rng trong di. Khi trnh t chip ln hn s c di truyn rng hn trn tn hiu gc c tri ra. Bo mt Qu trnh tri rng tn hiu trn di truyn trc tip c li cho vn bo mt. Vic ng dng ca m chip khng ch tri lung bit gc, m cn to nn dy tun t m ho. iu ny m bo an ton ln hn. Ngi xm phm trc tin phi thit lp phm vi tn s c s dng cho qu trnh truyn, v sau thit lp m chip c s dng tri d liu gii m lung d liu gc. Vi DSSS, bin pht l nh trong thc t n c xem ging nh tp nhiu trong ph radio.

ng dng ca m chip to nn tn hiu c rng khong chng 11MHz. Vic s dng di rng trong k thut tri ph cung cp phm vi min dch vi nhiu. Cc ngun nhiu s ch gy nhiu mt phn nh ca tn hiu. Nu iu xy ra, tn hiu gc c th c thu li nh h thng m ho. S thay i t l H thng DSSS s dng cc i l 11 knh. Trong c 3 knh khng chng lp ln nhau: 1, 6, 11. S lin quan ny c ngha l s thc hin c th ch c 3 knh. Cc Acess Point chng lp trong vng bao ph qui inh. 1.3.3.2 Tri ph nhy tn (FHSS) FHSS tng t s truyn radio FM, c mang bi di hp m c th thay i tn s. Tiu chun 802.11 cung cp 22 mu nhy v dch tn s trong di 2.4 GHz ISM. Mi knh l 1 MHz v tn hiu phi dch tn s hoc nhy tc nhy c nh. FH l qu trnh bng cch pht thu sng radio trn mt tn s vi chu k ngn ca thi gian (c gi l thi gian tn ti) v khi s thay i hoc nhy n tn s khc. K thut FHSS to ra trong di ISM l 78 knh c lp. Mi mt phn mi ca giy, tn hiu li truyn t mt tn s ny sang mt tn s khc. S la chn cc knh da trn c s thut ton bc nhy gi ngu nhin. FHSS lm vic ging nh tn ng ca n. N mang tn hiu d liu iu ch vi tn hiu sng mang m nhy t tn s ny sang tn s khc ging nh mt hm ca thi gian trn mt di tn s rng. V d nh nhy qua tn s sng mang trn di 2.4 GHz gia 2.4 GHz v 2.483 GHz. M nhy quyt nh tn s radio s truyn theo th t. thu c tn hiu mt cch chnh xc, my thu phi t cng mt m nhy v nghe tn hiu n thi gian thch hp v tn s chnh xc. Qui tc FCC yu cu cc nh sn xut s dng tn s 75 hoc hn cho mi knh truyn vi thi gian dng u n ln nht (thi gian tng tn s ring) l 40ms. Nu sng radio bt gp nhiu trn tn s no , n s truyn li tn hiu bc nhy tip theo trn mt tn s khc. K thut nhy tn gim bt nhiu bi v s truyn t h thng di hp s lm nh hng ti tn hiu tri ph khi n s dng tn s ca tn hiu di hp. Do , ton b nhiu s thp, dn ti c t hoc khng c bit li. S hot ng ca sng radio c th s dng trong cng di tn s v khng b nhiu, chng s dng tng mu nhy khc nhau. Trong khi mt sng radio ang truyn cng mt thi gian c xem nh mt vng quan st trc giao. Mt s nh cung cp cho php ngi dng la chn knh (m nhy ring bit) sng radio hot ng trn

, tt c ngi s dng trong cng mt mng cc b phi s dng cng m. iu ny em n kh nng cho Wlan hot ng ln nhau trong cng mt di tn s m khng nhiu, min l gn chng vo min quan st trc giao vi m lan truyn. Yu cu FCC cho tn s truyn khc nhau cho php sng radio nhy tn s c knh khng nhiu. Gii php FH gim nhy vi nhiu t cc b pht radio khc v ngun tp nhiu trong di 2.4 GHz, bi v tn s pht l dch chuyn c nh t di 1 MHz n tn s tip theo. Nhiu ch c xem nh mt phn nh trong ton b thng lng trong mt mi trng c nhiu nhiu. Bo mt Gii php c an ton cao, v l gii php tt cho cc ng dng trong qun i v qui nh bt buc. S thay i t nhin c nh ca nhng h thng ny lm cho rt kh ngn chn hoc tc nghn. ngn chn tn hiu, ngi xm nhp vo phi bit c c qu trnh truyn tn s hin hnh v mu nhy bc ch tn s tip theo m h thng s nhy qua. Thng tin ging nhau phi c nhn bit bi mt ngi no b tc nghn khi truyn, tr khi tc nghn trong ton b di 2.4 GHz. 1.4 . WLAN trn c s nh sng hng ngoi nh sng hng ngoi l mt trong nhng cch thc s dng sng radio cho s lin kt WLAN. Bc sng ca nh sng hng ngoi trong di t 0.75 n 1.000 m, l di di hn ( tn s thp hn) quang ph mu nhng ngn hn ( tn s cao hn) sng radio. Di mi trng thi ca nh sng, nh sng hng ngoi khng nhn thy c bng mt thng. Sn phm WLAN dng nh sng hng ngoi hot ng quanh bc sng 820nm v khng trung xut hin tt dn t nht ti im trong ph hng ngoi. So vi sng radio, nh sng hng ngoi cho s an ton v tn hiu mc cao hn. Nhng LAN ny m bo v nh sng hng ngoi khng truyn qua cc vt chn sng nh tng, bo v tn hiu d liu bao gm trong phng hoc to nh. Hn na ngun tp nhiu thng thng nh l vi sng v my pht radio s khng nhiu vi tn hiu nh sng hng ngoi. V mt hiu sut nh sng hng ngoi khng thch hp cho cc ng dng di ng bng vic s dng sng radio bi v mc bao ph ca n c gii hn. WLAN dng nh sng hng ngoi bao gm 2 thnh phn chnh l card iu hp hoc khi iu hp v b chuyn i. Card iu hp cm vo PC hoc my in thng qua khe ISA hoc PCMCIA ( hoc kt ni vi cng song song). B chuyn i, ging

nh anten vi WLAN trn c s radio, gn lin vi cc phn ca tng hoc phng lm vic. Card iu hp iu khin cc giao thc cn cho s hot ng trong mi trng trung gian, v b chuyn i pht thu tn hiu nh sng hng ngoi. C 2 loi WLAN dng nh sng hng ngoi: tn S dng thit b hng ngoi khuch tn cho iu khin TV t xa cho php bn iu khin TV t mt khong cch m khng s dng dy (remote control). Khi bn n nt t xa, tng ng vi m iu bin tn hiu nh sng hng ngoi c truyn ti TV. TV thu m v thc hin chc nng chuyn i thch hp. iu ny kh n gin nhng WLAN trn c s hng ngoi khng phc tp hn. S khc nhau ch yu l v WLAN s dng nh sng hng ngoi mc ngun cao hn khng ng k v s dng giao thc h thng truyn thng truyn ti d liu. Khi s dng nh sng hng ngoi trong Wlan, cao ti a c th l im phn x. K thut ny s dng giao thc chiu sng mang phn chia truy cp t cao ti a. Wlan dng nh sng hng ngoi khuch tn lm vic cng tng ng nh trc, v vy s hot ng nhanh. Tc d liu tiu biu l 1-4 Mbps ngi bnh thng c th gi s dng tia sng v m Morse. Gi cho nhng loi card khng giy trong phm vi t 200$ -500$ mi ci. Cc trm nh sng hng ngoi khuch tn b gii hn trong cc khong cch, in hnh 30-50 feet mc thp hn cao ti a, phm vi nh b gia cc trm. cao ti a l 10 feet s gii hn quanh phm vi 40 feet. m rng phm vi hot ng, c th s dng im truy cp hng ngoi kt ni gia cc qua ng dy chnh. 1.4.2 . K thut hng ngoi im - im Khuch tn im im . K thut WLAN dng nh sng hng ngoi khuch

1.4.1

Mt s sn phm hng ngoi hot ng dng im-im l cc thit b trc tip duy tr kt ni vi cc thit b khc. 2 sn phm rt khc nhau trong loi ny l cc thit b im v chm chuyn i trc tip cc tp gia cc my tnh vi cc thit b ngoi vi v h thng vi nh sng hng ngoi im - im.

1.4.2.1 Kt ni hng ngoi im v chm Kt ni hng ngoi im v chm thc cht khng phi l WLAN, nhng chng cung cp kt ni ni tip khng dy gia my tnh v thit b ngoi vi bng cch thay th cc cp ring l bng chm nh sng. K thut ny lm cho vic chuyn i cc tp c d dng gia cc my tnh xch tay v trm lm vic trn bn. 1.4.2.2 H thng Lan hng ngoi im - im. InfraLAN bao gm ng mt cp chuyn i, mt qu trnh truyn v mt qu trnh nhn. InfraLAN thay th cho mng Token Ring vi nh sng hng ngoi c th t n khong cch 75 feet. Nhng thun li ca vic s dng InfraLAN l hiu sut cao v s an ton. Bi v chm tia hng ngoi hi t, h thng c th lm ph hp yu cu thc thi. Tn hiu in khng b nhiu vi tn s cao ca nh sng hng ngoi. Bt li ca phng php ny l n khng ph hp vi kh nng di ng, n ch thch hp vi mi trng mt hi ngh. 1.5 . Ch hot ng Ad hoc v Infrastructure IEEE 802.11 b xc nh c 2 b phn chnh ca thit b, trm khng dy, thng l PC hay my tnh xch tay vi b tip hp giao din mng khng dy (NIC) v mt im truy cp (AP), hot ng nh mt cu ni gia cc trm khng dy v h thng phn tn (DS) hoc cc mng c dy. C 2 ch hot ng trong IEEE 802.11b l ch Ad hoc v ch Infrastructure. 1.5.1 . Ch Infrastructure

Ch ny bao gm mt AP c kt ni vi h thng DS. BSS (Basic Service Set): AP cung cp chc nng cu ni ht cho BSS. Tt c cc trm khng dy truyn thng vi AP v khng c s truyn thng trc tip di hn. Tt c cc khung u c tip nhn gia cc trm bi AP. ESS (Extended Service Set): l h thng Infrastructure BSS, ni m AP truyn thng gia chng kh nng ti tip theo t mt BSS ny ti mt BSS khc lm cho cc trm khng dy d dng di chuyn hn. C th hnh dung ESS l mt dng m rng ca BSS, c minh ho nh hnh di y.

Hnh 1. Ch Infrastructure dng BSS v ESS 1.5.2 . Ch Ad hoc

BSS c lp (IBSS) hoc ngang hng (peer to peer): cc trm khng dy truyn thng trc tip vi nhau. Mi trm c th khng truyn thng vi cc trm khc trong phm vi gii hn. Khng c AP trong IBSS v vy tt c cc trm i hi phi trong phm vi ca trm khc v chng truyn thng trc tip vi nhau.

Hnh 2. Ch Ad-hoc

10

1.6 . Cu hnh n , a trong WLAN

1.6.1

. n (single cell WLAN)

S dng vi mt phng lm vic nh hay nh my. WLAN n yu cu NIC khng dy lin kt vi mng, khng cn thit AP. C th d dng to mt mng WLAN vi 2 hoc nhiu hn b tip hp PCMCIA trong phm vi hot ng, vi ch Ad hoc cho ngi s dng. Vng bao ph bi cc trm trong mng ngang hng c gi l vng dch v c bn (Basic Service Area). BSA bao ph khong chng 150feet tiu biu cho mi trng phng lm vic, WLAN n sng radio nh BSA c th h tr 6-25 ngi s dng m vn c th truy cp mng mc chp nhn c. 1.6.2 . Lin kt n Cc c kt ni vi Lan thng qua cu khng dy (wireless bridging). Cu c th c lp t back to back vi mt im truy cp lin kt vi hng lot mng. Cc c kt ni vi mt Ethernet LAN thng qua mt im truy cp ( cu c dy). im truy cp kt ni b khung ca Ethernet Lan c dy thng qua cp n. Chc nng ca AP ging nh cu ni gia Lan c dy v . Cc trm trong ca cc lin kt khc c th truy cp n tt c cc phng tin ca LAN c dy. . a

1.6.3

Nu vic thit lp mng yu cu phm vi ln hn, c th s dng h thng cu ni ht khng dy (im truy cp) v mng chnh c dy to ra cu hnh a . iu ny cho php ngi s dng khng dy t cc khc nhau truyn thng vi nhau, cng cho php ngi dng khng dy truy cp ti ti nguyn ca mng c dy. Nh vy cu hnh ny c th bao ph vi phm vi ln hn nh cc tng ca mt to nh, khu cng trng hay bnh vin. Trong cc mi trng ny, my tnh xch tay vi b tip hp LAN khng dy cng c th hot ng trong vng bao ph duy tr s tn ti mt lin kt n mng xng sng. Tiu biu l mi im truy cp s dng mt m lan truyn hoc mt tn s khc nhau. Cu hnh WLAN l tng ph thuc ch yu vo nhu cu ngi s dng v a l. Nu c mt nhm tng i nh yu cu kh nng kt ni khng dy vi nhau

11

hoc nu ngi dng tri ra khp ni th phi cn ti cu hnh a . Trong c 2 trng hp, Bridge cn thit h tr ngi dng truy cp n ti nguyn trn c s h tng mng c dy. Chc nng in hnh trong mng a l roaming, cho php ngi dng khng dy chuyn khng cn ng dn. Giao thc roaming ch lm vic vi lp MAC, v vy n khng lm vic trn b router. Vi roaming, ngi s dng c th di chuyn t do gia cc chng lp m vn lin tc duy tr lin kt mng. Mt trm thc thi kh nng di ng ca n la chn im truy cp trong vng ca n cung cp tn hiu trong sut qu trnh di chuyn. Nhiu im truy cp c th c xc nh v tr ging nh cch a tin trong vng bao ph, v vy s to ra a . Cc trm trong vng a s t ng chn im truy cp tt nht truyn thng. iu ny c li trong vng m lu lng ng truyn mng ln mong i thng lng ca a c nhn ln khi s dng cng ngh WIX- c ch chuyn mch khng dy t ng. a , vi s tng ln im truy cp, c th cung cp h thng d phng c nh v m bo s hot ng an ton tin cy ca WLAN.
1.6.4

. Chng lp cc

Khi mt vng no trong to nh nm trong phm vi cho php ca cc im truy cp, cc trong vng bao ph c chn chng lp. Mi trm khng dy s t ng thit lp mt lin kt tt nht c th vi mi im truy cp. Vng bao ph chng lp l mt thuc tnh quan trng ca vic thit lp mng Lan khng dy, bi v n cho php s di chuyn khng c ng li gia cc chng lp. 1.7. u nhc im ca LAN khng dy 1.7.1. u im. LAN khng dy c kh nng cung cp y cc ng dng tn ti trong mng LAN truyn thng: WLAN lm vic cho hiu sut cng vic cao nh tnh mm do trong vic di chuyn d dng.

12

WLAN c th hot ng ring bit trong phm vi mt to nh, c quan hay khun vin trng hc. WLAN c th tn ti sau mt v thin tai nh ng t. Tit kim chi ph v thi gian nhng ni kh khn vi vic ni cp. WLAN khng gy hi n sc kho con ngi. Cng sut pht ca cc thit b c an ton cho sc kho con ngi (di 36dB) theo chun 802.11b.

1.7.2. Nhc im Tc truyn d liu thp: 1, 2, 11 Mbps v cao nht l 54 Mbps vn cn km nhiu so vi mng Ethernet vi tc 100Mbps. Gi thnh thit b v chi ph ban u cao. Thiu cc chun chung. Do tt c cc sn phm khng dy phi tun theo nhng qui nh quc gia v gii hn tn s trnh nh hng nhiu ln nhau. V th phi mt thi gian di a ra cc gii php ton cu.

Gii hn khong cch truyn d liu xa b hn ch do mi trng truyn d b nh hng bi cc nhiu tn ti.

Chng 2. CC CHUN V THIT B CA WLAN

2.1. Chun IEEE 802.11 Trong tt c cc tiu chun 802.x, tiu chun 802.11 ch r s hot ng ca lp truy cp mi trng MAC v lp vt l. Lp MAC ch ra cc dch v MAC v cc giao thc khc. Lp vt l gm 3 phn lp. Trong 1 phn lp da trn c s hng ngoi (IR), 2 phn lp da trn c s sng v tuyn FHSS ( Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) v DSSS ( Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) vi c 2 loi

13

u thuc di bng tn 2.4 GHz. Tt c u hot ng tc 1 hoc 2 Mbps. 802.11 cng a ra chun h tr tc cao 5 v 11 Mbps. Nu mi trng c nhiu th cc thit b 802.11 s pht tc thp nh 1 Mbps hoc 2 Mbps c th ti 5 Mbps. Ngc li, nu mi trng t nhiu th c th s dng truyn tc cao hn, c th ti 11 Mbps. 2.1.1. Lp vt l ca IEEE 802.11 2.1.1.1. Phn lp hng ngoi H thng Wlan da trn c s hng ngoi dng tn s trong di TetaHz nn nh sng hng ngoi khng th nhn thy bng mt thng. Tn s nh sng hng ngoi c s phn x mnh m ln bc tng v trn nh. nh sng hng ngoi a ra mc an ton v kh nng thc hin cao hn sng v tuyn. C di thng ln nn hot ng tc cao hn, IR i khi cn c gi l bc x nhit n l mt dng ca bc x in t. Ph hng ngoi chim mt vng kh rng trong ph tn s ca sng in t v thng c chia lm 3 vng: hng ngoi gn, hng ngoi trung bnh v hng ngoi xa. Hng ngoi c s dng rng ri trong ngnh cng ngh hin i, trong t ng ho. Trong k thut truyn tin bng si quang ngi ta c th truyn cng mt lc 15000 cuc gi in thoi hay 12 knh truyn hnh qua mt si quang dn vi ng knh 0.13mm. Trong truyn d liu, lng thng tin c truyn i bng bc x hng ngoi ln hn gp nhiu ln so vi sng in t. Da vo cc sng hng ngoi v cc bc x hng ngoi m ngi ta c th d tm thy bc x nhit ca vt cht, ca c th ngi cch hng km vi chnh xc cao, hay c th nhn thy vt vo ban m vi hnh nh nhit thu c. 2.1.1.2. Phn lp FHSS Cng ngh tri ph FHSS cho php nhiu mng cng tn ti trong cng mt din tch v cc mng c tch bit vi nhau bng cc tn s khc nhau. Mi knh c rng l 1 MHz trong di 2.4 GHz. Khung vt l ca 802.11 dng FHSS: SYN ng b. SFD PLW PSF HEC Payload

SYN (Synchronization): c di 80bit c chc nng

14

SFD: gm 16bit dng ng b u khung, c biu din: 00011000100010011 PLW ( di t): ch di d liu, tnh bng byte gm 32 bit CRC nm cui d liu. 2 Mbps.
-

PSF (trng thng bo): Hin th tc c th l 1 hoc HEC (Header Error Check): dng chun CRC 16 ca Payload: d liu ca khung vt l PLCP, c di tu .

ITU-T. 2.1.1.3. Phn lp DSSS Ta bit rng trong khng gian lun tn ti cc sng in t t nhng ngun khc nh cc h thng pht thanh, truyn hnh Bin ca chng to thnh cc nhiu nn. Nn khi s dng k thut tri ph DSSS, tn hiu c phn b trn cc bng tn rng nn nng lng tri ra thay v tp trung to di bng tn hp. Kt qu l vi cng sut pht tn hiu, DSSS c mc pht thp hn nhiu nn. Trong nguyn tc thu pht v tuyn trong bng tn hp, mc pht tn hiu phi ln hn mc nhiu nn u thu c th loi b c nhiu v tch tn hiu ban u. Nu ti u thu c tn ti mt mc tn hiu khc vi bin tng ng th DSSS khng th tch tn hiu ny ra. y l hin tng nhiu xuyn knh. Khung vt l ca 802.11 dng DSSS cng di tn s 2.4 GHz. S dng phng thc iu ch DBPSK vi tc 1 Mbps v dng DQPSK vi tc 2 Mbps: SYN SFD Signal Service Length HEC Payload

SYN: gm 128 bit c chc nng ng b.

SFD: gm 16 bit ng b u khung, c biu din: 01010000110010101 Signal: cho ti nay mi ch dng 2 gi tr ch tc ca d liu l 0x0A tng ng vi tc 1 Mbps (DBPSK), 0x14 tng ng vi tc 2 Mbps (DQPSK). ch khung 802.11. Service: trng ny ginh cho tng lai. Tuy nhin 0x00

15

Length: 16 bit dng ch di d liu. HEC: dng chun CRC-16 ca ITU-T. Payload: d liu khung vt l ca PLCP.

2.1.2. Lp MAC ca IEEE 802.11 Phn lp MAC c chc nng sau: -H tr vic nh a ch. -H tr vic chia s truy cp mi trng bng cch dng giao thc a truy cp cm ng sng mang c trnh xung t CSMA/CA. -nh ra giao thc RTS/CTS h tr trnh xung t. -Cung cp dch v ng b v dch v gii hn (Time Bounded Service) -Chia nh d liu m ho. -m bo kim tra li CRC d liu khng b h hng v mt mt trn ng tryn. 2.1.2.1. C ch CSMA/CA (Carrier sense multiple access with collission avoidance) y l c ch a truy cp cm nhn sng mang trnh xung t. C ch ny thm d mi trng bng sng mang nhng khng ging nh CSMA/CD ca Ethernet 802.3 l gi i tn hiu cho n khi xung t c nhn bit. y, d liu ch c pht khi c thit b nhn ang sn sng nhn d liu v khng c b pht no truyn d liu. Loi ny gi l nghe trc khi ni. Trc khi gi mt gi d liu thit b phi lng nghe ng truyn xem c ri hay khng. Nu khng c s chim ng truyn th thit b truyn gi. Nu c th n chn mt ngu nhin nhn t backoff m xc nh rng s lng thi gian m nt phi ch i cho n khi n c php truyn gi ca n. Trong sut thi gian knh ri, nt truyn cn tr nt khc m backoff ca n. Khi knh bn, n khng phi lm cn tr nt khc m backoff ca n. Khi nt m backoff t n 0, th nt truyn gi. Kh nng 2 nt chn cng nhn t backoff l nh nn xung t gia cc gi l nh. D tm s xung t, nh n c c trong Ethernet, khng th s dng cho nhng s truyn tn s sng v tuyn ca 802.11. 2.1.2.2. C ch RTS/CTS.

16

C ch ny cng c chc nng trnh xung t trn ng truyn. Gi s c d liu qua im truy cp mun c gi i ti mt nt mng khng dy no th im truy cp s gi khung RTS ti nt khng dy thng bo trong khong thi gian xc nh s c d liu c gi ti v nt khng dy s p li bng khung CTS bo rng chng sn sng nhn d liu t AP trong khong thi gian xc nh ri mi giao tip vi cc nt khc na. Cc nt khc mun truyn d liu s lng nghe tc v xy ra v lm tr vic truyn d liu trong khong thi gian hp l. Chnh v vy m c ch ny d liu c truyn d dng gia cc nt khng c s xung t. 2.1.2.3. Khung d liu MAC trong 802.11 Frame Duration Adress1 Adress2 Adress3 Sequence Adress4 control ID control Data CRC

- Frame control: cha mt s trng nh, mi trng c mt chc nng ring nh: + Phin bn giao thc. + Loi khung. + Qun l. + iu khin d liu. + 2 bit DS ch th ngha ca trng i ch. - Duration ID: cha gi tr chu k thi gian m mi trng b chim gi. - Address 1-4: ngha ca mi trng a ch ph thuc vo cc bit DS trong trng iu khin khung. - Sequence Control: Chc nng sp xp trt t cc gi b o ln. - Data: d liu hin th dng nh phn. - Checksum (CRC): kim tra li. Khung MAC c th c lu truyn gia cc trm v gia cc trm v im truy cp hoc gia cc im truy cp ph thuc vo gi tr ca 2 bit DS trong trng iu khin. 2.2. Giao thc mng khng dy Giao thc l tp hp cc qui tc, qui c chung cho 2 hoc nhiu my tnh c th truyn thng vi nhau. Vic trao i thng tin, cho d l n gin cng phi tun

17

theo nhng qui tc nht nh. Do vic truyn thng tin trn mng cng cn phi c nhng qui c v nhiu mt, t khung dng ( c php, ng ngha) ca d liu cho ti cc th tc gi, nhn d liu, kim sot hiu qu v cht lng truyn tin, x l cc li v s c. Yu cu v x l v trao i thng tin ca ngi s dng cng cao th cc qui tc cng nhiu v phc tp hn. Tp tt c cc qui tc, qui c c gi l giao thc (protocol) mng. Cc mng c th s dng cc giao thc khc nhau tu la chn ca nh thit k v yu cu ca ngi s dng. Chng giao thc khng dy: - S truy nhp kin trc khng dy bao gm c mt h thng trm c s phc v nhng h thng ngi thu bao. N l mt kin trc t im ti nhiu im trong ton b bng thng, dng chung cho tt c thu bao truyn ln hay ti xung. Chng giao thc c thc hin lm tt c cng vic ny da vo nhng tiu chun DOCSIS pht trin bi tp hp nhng phng th nghim dy cp. - Trng thi hin thi ca k thut l phin bn ca CISCO gm mt trm c s cui cng ( mt b dn UBR7200); kt thc trm c s v hot ng thu bao cui cng nh nhng tc nhn chuyn tip v cng nh nhng h thng kt thc (nhng my ch). Nh nhng tc nhn chuyn tip, nhng h thng ny hot ng bn trong cng c th bc cu qua hoc nh tan cch thc. Hm ch yu ca h thng khng dy s truyn nhng gi giao thc (IP) Internet r rng gia trm c s v d nh v tr ngi thu bao. Nhng hm qun l nht nh cng i trn IP bao gm nhng hm qun l phm vi v nhng phn mm ti xung. - C thu bao cui cng v trm c s cui cng ca lin kt khng dy l nhng my ch IP trn mt mng, v chng hon ton h tr tiu chun IP v nhng giao thc iu khin lin kt logic (LLC), nh c nh ngha bi Lan IEEE 802. IP v nhng giao thc (ARP) c h tr qua DIX v lp lin kt khung SNAP. n v truyn cc tiu lp lin kt ti thiu (MTU) truyn t trm c s l 64 bytes; khng c gii hn nh vy cho ngi thu bao cui cng. IEEE 802.2 h tr cho kim tra v nhng thng bo XID c cung cp. - Hm s cp ca h thng khng dy s ti nhng gi trc. D liu y ti h thng ngi thu bao ang lin kt trong sut lp bc cu vi 3 lp l trnh da vo IP. C 2 trm c s cui cng v ngi thu bao cui cng

18

cng uc h tr DOCSIS nhng giao thc spanning tree v bao gm kh nng lc 802.1 cu ni pdus d(BPDUs). c t DOCSIS cng gi thit rng nhng n v ngi thu bao s khng c ni trong mt cu hnh m to ra nhng vng mng. C 2 trm c s cui cng v ngi thu bao cui cng cung cp y h tr khung dng cho giao thc qun l nhm Internet (IGMP). Ngoi s truyn d liu ca ngi dng, cn c mt s kh nng qun l v thao tc mng h tr cho trm c s v ngi thu bao cui cng: - Giao thc qun l mng n gin (SNMP), RFC-1157 cho qun l mng. - Giao thc truyn file thng thng (TFTP), RFC-1350, mt giao thc truyn file, thng tin c cu hnh v phn mm c load xung, c sa i bi RFC 2349 - Giao thc cu hnh my ch ng (DHCP), RFC-2131, thng tin c cu hnh qua 1 khung lm vic ti my ch trn mt mng TCP/IP. - Giao thc gi ca ngy RFC-868. 2.3. Kin trc mng khng dy Kin trc mng my tnh (Network architecture) l cch thc kt ni cc my tnh li vi nhau v tp hp cc qui tc, qui c m tt c cc thc th tham gia truyn thng trn mng phi tun theo m bo cho mng hot ng tt. C 2 kiu ni mng ch yu i vi mng khng dy l: - Mng Ad hoc hay mng peer to peer, gm mt s my tnh vi mi my tnh c trang b card giao din khng dy (NIC) v c th lin lc trc tip vi tt c cc my tnh khc. Chng c th dng chung file v my in nhng khng c kh nng truy cp ti nguyn ca Lan dy tr khi mt my tnh hot ng nh cu kt ni ti LAN v s dng phn mm c bit. - Mng Infrastructure: im truy cp c th cung cp s truy cp t mng LAN c dy truyn thng ti nhng trm khng dy. Mt s tch hp LAN c dy vi mng LAN khng dy gi l cu hnh Infrastructure. Mt b dch v c bn BSS gm mt nhm ngi dng PC khng dy v mt im truy cp m kt ni trc tip vi LAN c dy. Mi PC khng dy trong BSS ny c th giao tip vi bt k mt my no trong nhm qua lin kt sng radio,

19

hoc truy cp nhng my khc hoc nhng ti nguyn mng trong c s mng LAN c dy thng qua AP. Mt dng khc dng truy cp im hay trm c s: Kiu ny hot ng nh mt Hub cung cp kh nng giao tip vi cc my tnh. Chng c th kt ni gia LAN c dy v LAN khng dy, cho php cc my tnh kt ni khng dy truy cp ti ti nguyn ca LAN dy nh cc dch v file hoc lin kt Internet c sn. C 2 kiu truy cp im: Phn cng chuyn dng truy cp im (HAP): nh WaveLan ca Lucent, Base station ca Apple hoc AviatorPro ca WebGear. Phn cng truy cp im thng h tr ton din hn i vi c tnh khng dy. Phn mm truy cp im chy trn my tnh vi card giao din mng khng dy thng c s dng trong Ad hoc cng vi s tch hp phn mm h tr mng. Do c th dng chung file v my in gia LAN v WLAN.

S khc nhau c bn ca kin trc mng khng dy l 2 ch hot ng: - Infrastructure: Mng khng dy thng c m rng hn v thay th cc mng thng thng. Cc dy chnh kt ni ti cc nt mch c gi l cc trm c s. Cc trm c s thng c qui c l cc my tnh c nhn hoc cc trm lm vic, chng chu trch nhim v vic kt hp truy cp ti mt hay nhiu knh truyn vi cc v tr chuyn ng trong gii hn cc . Cc knh truyn c th c lp tun t trong FDMA, cc khe thi gian trong TDMA hoc cc m trc giao hay cc mu t ni ny ti ni khc trong trng hp CDMA. V vy bn trong c s h tng mng truy cp khng dy t dy ch xut hin bc nhy gia trm c s v my ch di ng. - Ad-hoc: Cc mng Ad-hoc m t c im ng, khng bo trc, ngu nhin a bc nhy ngn. S thay i nh k chuyn i cng ngh s dng vi nh hng cp nht cc mng Ad-hoc tr gip trong a th m kt ni l cn thit thng s dng vi mi trng qun i. 2.4. Phn b a ch IP Mi mt my tnh trn mng u c gn mt a ch IP (a ch logic) v mt a ch lp MAC (a ch vt l). a ch IP phin bn 4 s dng 3 loi a ch:

20

- Unicast: thc hin mt giao din ring l t mt h thng ring l. Gi d liu IP gi ti mt i ch Unicast s c gi ti tt c cc host ring l. - Multicast: thc hin mt hoc nhiu hn cc giao din, nhng c bit khng phi cho tt c. Gi d liu IP gi ti mt a ch Multicast s c gi ti tt c cc host tham d trong nhm Multicast ny. - Broadcast: th hin tt c cc giao din trn tt c cc host. Thng thng iu gii hn tt c cc host trn mng cc b. Hu ht tt c cc host ng dng IP s c mt card hoc mt Modem mng ring l, v giao din ny s c mt a ch IP ring l. Khi c s lin lc gia cc host, th hu ht cc tait ng truyn s c a ch Unicast trong c a ch ngun v ch. IP phin bn 4 hin gm 32 bit v chia lm 5 lp mng: Classbit Classbit: bit nhn dng lp Net ID: a ch mng Host ID: a ch my ch Net ID Host ID

a ch lp A B C D E

Vng a ch l thuyt T 0 n 127 T 128 n 191 T 192 n 223 T 224 n 240 T 241 n 255

S mng ti a S server ti a 126 16382 2097150 Cha phn Cha phn 16777214 65534 254

Bng 1 . Bng a ch IP phin bn 4 2.5. Thit b cho WLAN.

21

Cc thit b cho WLAN bao gm 1 card giao din khng dy (wireless adaptor), im truy cp (AP) v anten thu pht sng radio. 2.5.1. Wireless Adaptor Adaptor khng dy l giao din my tnh n mng khng dy bng s iu ch tn hiu d liu vi s tri tun t v b sung hng sng mng ca giao thc truy cp. Nu my tnh cn gi d liu ln mng, Adaptor s nghe cc qu trnh truyn khc. Nu Adaptor khng thy hng ca qu trnh truyn khc, n s truyn i khung d liu. Cc trm khc lin tc nghe d liu n, s ginh c khung truyn v kim tra xem a ch ca n c ph hp vi a ch ngun u khung hay khng, nu ph hp n s x l khung, nu khng n s loi b khung. WL-2100U y l loi Wireless Adaptor lm vic vi giao din USB, tiu chun 802.11b. a)c tnh IEEE 802b DS tc cao. Tc 1, 2, 5, 11 Mbps. T ng lu tr tc d liu trn mi trng n. M ho d liu vi s m ho 64 v 128 bit WEP. Tng thch vi hu ht cc h iu hnh. H tr iu khin RTS/CTS cho thng lng tt nht. Chc nng lin lc di ng c th cung cp y cc tnh di ng.

b)c t Tiu chun Giao din Giao thc truyn H tr h iu hnh Di tn s Knh hot ng iu ch IEEE 802.11b v USB Loi USB ti PC TCP/IP Windows 98/ 98se/ 2000/ Me 2.4-2.4385 GHz 1-14 CCK 11/5.5Mbps, DQPSK 2Mbps v

22

DBPSK 1Mbps K thut radio Truy cp mi trng Tc d liu Cng sut li ra nhy thu DSSS iu khin CSMA/CA vi ACK 1/ 2/ 5/ 11 Mbps 14.5 dBm (tiu biu) Min -76dBm cho 11 Mbps Min -80 dBm cho 5.5/ 2/ 1 Mbps Phm vi Kin trc mng Kiu anten Nhit m LED Kch thc vt l Trong nh 30-100m, bn ngoi 100400m Ch Adhoc v Infrastructure 2dBi dipole vi chc nng a dng Hot ng 0-55C. Lu gi 0-90C Hot ng 0-70C. Lu gi 0-90C TX,RX,ACT,MAC.PLL v PWR 150mm*90mm*70mm

Bng 2 .c t WL-2100U

2.5.2. Anten 2.5.2.1. c im chung ca anten Anten bc x ra cac tn hiu c iu ch thng qua khng trung ni nhn c th thu c. Cc anten a n nhiu hnh dng v kch thc v c cc tnh cht in c th nh sau: -

Kiu truyn Cng sut bc x tng ch anten

23

Di thng

Kiu anten c nh ngha l vng bao ph ca n. Tht vy, loi anten tc dng theo mi hng pht cng sut ca n trong tt c cc hng, trong khi anten nh hng tp trung tt c cng sut ca n theo mt hng. Cng xut bc x l hiu sut u ra ca my pht radio. Tt c cc thit b mng khng dy u hot ng cng sut nh hn 5W. Anten nh hng c tng ch cao hn loi tc dng theo mi hng v c kh nng truyn tn hiu iu ch xa hn. Tng tng ch ph thuc vo hng anten. Anten Omni c tng ch 1; c ngha l n tp trung cng sut trong bt k hng ring bit no. S kt hp tng ch v cng sut pht ca anten xc nh khong cch tn hiu s c truyn. Loi anten Omni c ci t trong trm trung tm trong ng dng khng dy im im. 2.5.2.2. Mt s loi anten Tn Tn s Loi anten tng ch VSWR Mt phng to H Mt phng to E Kiu dnh Tr ANT-FP18 2400-2485MHz Uni, bng bng phng 18 ANT-YG13 2400-2485MHz Uni Yagi 13 ANT-YG20 2400-2485MHz Uni Yagi 20 ANT-OM8 2400-2485MHz Omni 8

<=1.5 45

<=1.5 32

<=1.5 20

<=2.0 8

75

13

13

60

Trn tng

Trn ct anten

Trn ct anten

Trn ct anten

50 Ohm

50

50

50

24

khng Kt ni Cng sut vo max Nng Kch thc N Female 20W N Female 50W N Female 50W N Female 50W

900g 263*263*30mm

485g 771*70*43mm

575g 1005*90*43mm

390g 415*35*35mm

Bng 3. Mt s loi anten VSWR (Voltage Standard Wave Ratio): H s sng ng in p. 2.5.3. im truy cp (AP) AP trong cu hnh Wlan ng vai tr l im truy cp phc v khch hng khng dy. Trong cc cu hnh khc nhau, AP c th l Wireless bridge, Router, Repeater. Cu khng dy im - im ( Point to point Wireless Bridge): t c mc ch ca vic kt ni cc Lan c dy tch ri, c 2 loi cu hnh c thit lp trong cu khng dy c gi l Bridge master v Bridge Slave. Cu khng dy im- a im (Point to Multipoint Wireless Bridge): Khi lin kt 3 hoc nhiu hn cc Lan vi nhau (thng bn trong to nh hoc gia cc ngi nh). Mi to nh yu cu mt cu khng dy. Ci ny gi l cu khng dy a im.

AP loi WL 2100A, 11 Mbps: S dng chun IEEE 802.11 DS tc cao, vi tc kt ni khng dy cao 11 Mbps, tiu th cng sut t. Dng tin ch qun l SNMP, t ng d phng d liu trong mi trng n vi k thut m ho WEP 64/128 bit, v DSSS 2.4GHz. AP ny c phm vi hot ng trn 1800feet, h tr 64 ngi dng, trong di ISM.

Tiu chun Kiu iu ch d liu

IEEE 802.11 cho Wlan BPSK/QPSK/CKK

25

Tc d liu Phm vi hot ng Ch th LED Giao din Ethernet Cng S pht x Cng sut li ra Kin trc mng Kch thc Trng lng Cng sut li vo Nhit m

Trn 11 Mbps 35-100m(trong nh) 100-300m(khong m) Power, Wireless Activity, Ethernet Link 10Base-T(RJ45) Mt RJ45 Mt USB DSSS 15dBm (tiu biu) Ad hoc, Infrastructure, Roaming 206*142*35mm 205g AC 100-2400V, 50-60GHz, 1A Hot ng 0-40C, lu gi 20-70C 95% khng ngng t Bng 4. AP loi WL 2100A

PHN 2 MNG CM NHN KHNG DY (WSN)

Chng 1
TNG QUAN V MNG CM NHN KHNG DY (WSN)

26

1.1 . Khi qut

Nhng k thut tin tin gn y cho ta mt s lng ln ca ngun nng lng thp trong tng lai. Nhng thit b cm nhn r c nhng dy c trn mt tinh th vt l, hot ng chung trong mt mng khng dy. Nhng ng dng ca mng cm nhn khng dy bao gm vng rt rng ln: quan st mi trng sinh thi, gim nh cu trc v sc kho, d tm cc cht gy nhim mi trng, iu khin x l cng nghip, tm ng mc tiu trong qun s, v nhng ci khc. Mt bo co hi ng nghin cu quc gia Hoa K ch ra rng vic s dng cc mng nh vy khp mi ni trong x hi c th l mt cuc cch mng khoa hc thng tin. Cc mng cm nhn khng dy cung cp cc cu gia cc th gii o ca cng ngh thng tin v th gii vt l tht. N s gii thiu mt khung mu gc chuyn t giao tip c nhn theo kiu truyn thng trong th gii loi ngi sang kiu giao tip gia cc thit b mt cch t ng. N ha hn mt kh nng mi cha tng c quan st v hiu c cc b mt rng ln, cc hin tng t nhin thc vi gii php v khng gian v thi gian. Vi kt qu , mng cm nhn khng dy cng cho thy tim nng c th em li mt tin b trong khoa hc qun s. Mt trong nhng n lc nghin cu sm nht trong hng i ny l d n nng lng thp khng dy c tch hp trong vi cm bin (LWIM) UCLA bi Darpa. D n LWIM tp trung pht trin cc thit b c nng lng in t thp trong mt th t ln nht c th cho cc mng cm nhn khng dy dy c. D n ny c k tip bi d n cm bin mng tch hp khng dy WINS trong mt vi nm na, trong nhng nh nghin cu UCLA cng tc vi Rockwell Science Center pht trin mt trong nhng thit b cm bin khng dy u tin. Cc d n sm khc trong lnh vc ny gm MIT, Berkeley, USC.

27

Cc nh nghin cu Berkeley pht trin cc thit b mng cm nhn khng dy, gi l cc ht bi motes, n c to thnh mt cch cng khai, sn sng thng mi ho, cng vi TinyOS mt h iu hnh kt ni nhng c th d dng s dng thit b ny. Hnh di minh ho 1 thit b ht bi ca Berkeley. S tin ch ca cc thit b ny cng nh mt chng trnh d s dng, hot ng y , vi gi nn tng i r, cho cc th nghim v trin khai thc t mang li mt vai tr y trong cuc cch mng vng ca mng cm nhn khng dy.

Hnh 1. Thit b ht bi ca Berkeley 1.2. Cc thit b mng cm bin khng dy Nh hnh v di ch ra, cc thit b chnh to ra mng cm nhn khng dy (WSN) bao gm:

28

Hnh 2. Cc thit b mng cm bin khng dy

1.2.1. B x l nhng nng lng thp Cc thit b tnh ton ca mt thit b WSN bao gm vic x l tt 2 loi: thng tin cm nhn cc b v thng tin giao tip bi cc cm bin khc. Hin nay, di p lc u tin v kinh t, cc b x l nhng thng c gi c bit trong gii hn nng lng my tnh (v d: rt nhiu thit b s dng trong nghin cu v pht trin hin nay ch c mt b x l 8 bit 16 MHz). N cng buc phn ln cc loi thit b v b x l chy cc b thnh phn c bn chuyn dng nhng trong cc h iu hnh, nh TinyOS. Tuy nhin, n buc ta phi nh rng mt mng cm nhn c th khng ng b v bao gm t nht mt vi nt ng k hot ng vi gii hn ln hn nng lng my tnh. Hn th na, lut Moore ch ra rng, cc thit b WSN trong tng lai c th chim phn ln cc b x l nhng. N cng s hp nht cc k thut thit k nng lng thp tin tin, nh hiu qu ca ch ng, th trt tch cc cung cp cc nng lng nh thch hp. 1.2.2. B nh v lu tr B lu tr truy cp ngu nhin v b lu tr ch c bao gm c b nh chng trnh ( t m cc ch th c thi

29

hnh bi b x l) , v cc b nh d liu ( lu tr th v x l cc s o cm bin v cc loi thng tin nh v khc). S lng ca b nh v lu tr trn mt thit b bo mch WSN thng c gii hn trc ht bi cc iu kin v kinh t, v cng c kh nng c ci thin theo thi gian. 1.2.3. My thu pht bc x Cc thit b WSN bao gm mt bc x khng dy tc thp, trong khong ngn (10-100 kbps, <100m). Cng vi kh nng gii hn ny, nhng bc x cng c th ci thin tng i theo thi gian, ci thin v gi, hiu sut ph, kh nng iu hng v chng n, gim m, giao thoa. Giao tip bc x thng l thit b WSN hot ng mc nng lng ln nht, v do , bc x phi hp nht ch nng lng ng v thc. 1.2.4. Cm bin Nng lng i hi v cng sut bt buc, cc thit b WSN u tin ch b tr cho cc cm bin vi tc d liu thp. Rt nhiu ng dng i hi a phng thc cm bin, m mi mt thit b c th c nhng cm bin ring trn bo mch. Cc cm bin c th c s dng ph thuc ln vo cc ng dng; v d: n c th bao gm cm bin nhit , cm bin quang, cm bin m, cm bin p lc, cm bin gia tc, t trng, ho hc, thm ch l cc hnh nh. 1.2.5. H thng nh v a l Trong rt nhiu ng dng WSN, iu cc k quan trng l nhn bit c v tr ca cc s o ca cc cm bin. Cch n gin nht nhn bit v tr l cu hnh trc v tr ca cc cm bin khi tri ra. Nhng cch ny ch kh thi trong mt vng di gii hn. c bit cho cc hot ng ngoi tri, khi m cc mng li c tri mt cch c bit, cc thng tin d thu nhn thng qua v tinh c bn GPS. Tuy nhin cc ng

30

dng , ch s chia nh mi nt c th thc hin vi kh nng ca GPS , u ph thuc vo t nhin v kinh t. Trong trng hp ny, cc nt khc phi nh gi c v tr ca chng mt cch gin tip thng qua mt mng nh v v thut ton. 1.2.6. Ngun nng lng mm do cho vic tri rng, cc thit b WSN c kh nng l cc pin nng lng ( v d: s dng cc loi pin LiMH AA). Trong khi mt vi nt c th c ni dy vi cc ngun nng lng mt vi ng dng, v nng lng thu c trong k thut ny c th cung cp mt phn nng lng ti sinh hot ng. Nng lng pin hn ch c kh nng tr thnh ngun gii hn nht trong cc ng dng WSN. Ph thuc vo cc ng dng, cc thit b WSN c th kt ni mng vi nhau theo mt s con ng. Trong cc ng dng m d liu c s t li, v d, c mt nt c coi nh mt sink m tt c d liu t cc nt cm bin ngun u nh hng ti. Topo logic n gin nht cho giao tip d liu t li l mt cu n topo sao, , tt c cc nt u gi d liu trc tip n vng (sink). Trong mng vi ch truyn nng lng thp, hoc , cc nt truyn trin khai qua mt vng rng, mt cu trc cy a cu c th c s dng t d liu. Trong trng hp ny, mt vi nt c th hot ng chung ngun, cc router s dn ng cho cc ngun khc. Mt c im th v ca mng cm nhn khng dy l n thng xuyn cho php kh nng x l mng thng minh. Cc nt trung gian dc theo ng truyn khng ch n thun hot ng chuyn cc gi d liu, m cn c th kim tra v x l ni dung ca gi d liu truyn qua chng. N thng c dng nn d liu hoc x l tn hiu ci thin cht lng ca thng tin thu c. 1.3. ng dng ca mng cm nhn khng dy

31

Cc ng dng ring ca WSN vn cn rt nhiu tim nng nghin cu v pht trin, c trong nghin cu v cng nghip. Ta c th miu t mt vi ng dng t phm vi khc mt cch ngn gn a ra mt cm bin vng ln trong trng ny. 1.3.1. Quan st mi trng sinh thi Khoa hc nghin cu mi trng sinh thi (ng vt, cy ci, t bo) thng a ta n vic kim tra cc hot ng vi ngi iu tra. Mt mi quan tm thc s theo cch nghin cu ny l i khi nhng hiu ng quan st s xut hin v cc hot ng c kh nng xm phm trng quan st c th nh hng ti hot ng ca cc t chc trong mi trng quan st v nh hng ti hiu qu quan st. Mng cm nhn khng dy khng cn quan st, vi mt my lm sch, quan st t xa, tim cn vi mi trng quan st. Xa hn, mng cm nhn vi kh nng trt ln trong mt khung khng gian thi gian dy rng, c th cung cp d liu phong ph cha tng thy. 1.3.2. Theo di trong qun s v tm kim mc tiu Cng nh rt nhiu k thut v thng tin khc, mng cm nhn khng dy bt ngun trc tin t nhng nghin cu v qun s. Mng cm nhn khng dy khng cn c ngi quan st cho ta hnh dung c cng thc chnh tin ti gn cc h thng mng xung t trung tm. N c th trin khai nhanh chng cho vic theo di v s dng cung cp cc thng tin chin trng thng minh v v tr, s lng, chuyn ng, v nhn dng ngi hay xe c v d tm cc loi v kh ho hc, sinh hc, hay nguyn t. 1.3.3. Quan st a chn v cu trc mt lp khc ca ng dng cho mng cm nhn gn lin vi vic gim st cc iu kin ca cu trc. Cu trc c th l

32

cc to nh, cu ng, thm ch l c my bay. Hin ti bn ca cu trc c gim st trc ht l th cng v kim tra bng mt thng, i khi l kh t tin, cn k thut th tiu tn thi gian, nh tia X v siu m. K thut mng cm nhn khng cn theo di c th t ng trong qu trnh x l, cung cp thng tin kp thi v phong ph v nhng vt nt gy mi xut hin hay cc tn hi v cu trc. Cc nh nghin cu hnh dung vic trin khai cc cm bin nhng trong mt cu trc c th l gn vo loi vt cht lm nn vt liu ca to nh hay trn b mt. Cc mng cm nhn ny s c gii hn bn ln n mc cc s vic gy hu hoi sau , nh n hay ng t khng lm hng. Mt ci nhn c bit thuyt phc trong tng lai ca vic s dng mng cm nhn bao gm s pht trin ca cu trc iu khin cha ng c, s phn ng li thng tin cm bin thi gian thc thi hnh vic xo b phn chn trong cc sng i chn v c th lm cho cu trc khng b tc ng bi bt k mt xo trn bn ngoi no. 1.3.4. Cng nghip v thng mi mng cm nhn Trong cc nh my cng nghip, cc cm bin v ng c c s dng x l gim st v kim tra. V d trong mt k hoch x l ho hc nhiu giai on, c th gn rt nhiu cc cm bin nhng v tr khc nhau trong b x l theo mt th t c th gim st c nhit , kt hp ho hc, p sut Thng tin gim st thi gian thc c th c dng thay i khi iu khin b x l, nh thm vo cc lng thnh phn c bit hoc thay i cc ci t v nhit. Cha kho thun li ca vic to ra cc mng khng dy ca cc cm bin trong iu kin ny l chng c th ci thin c hiu qu v gi thnh cng nh cc lin kt mm do vi vic lp t, duy tr v nng cp cc h thng dy ni. Mt ch s thng mi ha hn cho mng khng dy khi c cc cng ty c nhn pht trin v thng mi ho sn phm ny, v cng c cc xu

33

th pht trin sch tm ra cc k thut chun lin quan, nh chun IEEE 802.15.4, v cc n lc lin kt trong cng nghip nh Zigbee Alliance. 1.4. Thch thc thit k chnh Mng cm nhn khng dy thc s hp dn vi khoa hc trong tng lai, n xut hin mt s lng ln cc thch thc thc s bi khng th cp n mt cch tho ng vi nhng k thut ang tn ti: 1.4.1. Thi gian sng m rng Nh cp trn, cc nt WSN s tr thnh ngun nng lng bt buc cho gii hn ca cc loi pin. Mt loi pin kim, v d, cung cp 50Wh nng lng, n c th truyn cho mi nt trong ch tch cc gn mt thng hot ng. S tiu tn v tnh kh thi ca gim st v thay th pin cho mt mng rng, thi gian sng di hn c thit k. Trong thc tin, rt cn thit trong rt nhiu ng dng bo m rng mng t ng cm bin khng dy c th s dng khng cn s thay th no cho vi nm s dng. S ci thin ca phn cng trong thit k pin v k thut thu nng lng s gip ta mt phn trong cc gii php. y cng l l do m cc giao thc thit k tt nht ca mng cm nhn khng dy c thit k r rng vi nng lng t hiu qu nh mt thnh cng u tin. ng nhin, thnh cng ny phi cn bng li mt s quan tm khc. 1.4.2. p ng Mt gii php n gin nht m rng thi gian sng ca mng l tc ng vo nt trong chu trnh nhim v vi mt kho tun hon gia ch ng v thc. Trong khi ng b qu trnh ng th kch thch vo chnh n, mt mi quan tm ln l giai on ng ko di mt cch tu c th lm

34

gim p ng v hiu lc ca cc cm bin. Trong cc ng dng m iu then cht l cc s kin t nhin phi c d ra v thng bo nhanh chng , nhng kh nng tim n gy ra bi qu trnh ng phi c gi trong mt gii hn st sao, thm ch c th l s xut hin ca tc nghn mng. 1.4.3. Sc mnh Ci nhn ca mng cm nhn khng dy c cung cp phm vi rng ln, cc thng tin a ra cha mn, iu ny thc y vic s dng mt s lng ln cc thit b r. Tuy nhin cc thit b c th khng ng tin cy v d hng. Tc ca thit b gy li cng c th tr nn cao bt c khi no cc thit b cm nhn c trin khai th trong cc iu kin khc nghit. V vy cc thit k giao thc phi gn lin vi c kh cung ng v sc mnh. Cn thit m bo rng hiu sut ton cu ca h thng khng b hng khi mt c th ring b li. Xa hn na, n cng rt cn thit hiu sut h thng suy thoi chm nht c th vi s lu tm n cc thit b li. 1.4.4. B tr Lut Moore a ra mt k thut m bo rng kh nng ca thit b trong gii hn ca nng lng x l, b nh, lu tr, hiu sut truyn bc x radio, thm ch l ci thin nhanh chng chnh xc ca cm bin. Tuy nhin nu xt v kinh t th gi ca mi nt s c gim mnh t 100$ xung vi cent, rt c th kh nng ca mi nt ring bit s cn phi xt n mt vi phm vi. V vy, thch thc t ra l thit k cc giao thc b tr, n m bo h thng hot ng khng li hn l ch kt hp kh nng ca cc thnh phn n l. Giao thc ny cng i hi kt hp hiu qu vic s dng b lu tr, tnh ton v cc ngun giao tip. 1.4.5. M rng phm vi

35

Trong rt nhiu cc ng dng cm nhn c, cc t hp ca cm bin c nhn v mt vng rng ln bao gm cc mng cm nhn khng dy c kh nng hot ng mt vng cc rng (10 ngn, thm ch 1triu nt trong mt gii hn v di). Giao thc ny vn phi c phn b, bao gm cc giao tip khoanh vng, v cc mng cm bin phi c s dng theo cu trc th bc cung cp cho m rng ny. Tuy nhin, nhn nhn s lng ln cc nt vn cha thc hin c trn thc tin cho n khi mt vi vn c bn, nh vn hnh li hay ti lp trnh, c thc hin mt cch trn tru trong nhng ci t nh, bao gm 10 n hng trm nt. Cng c mt vi gii hn ch yu v lng s liu a vo v dung lng tc ng ti hot ng ca mng m rng (cp bc). 1.4.6. Tnh khng ng nht C mt s khng ng nht gia nng lng ca cc thit b ( ch n vic tnh ton, giao tip v cm bin) trong nhng ci t thc t. Tnh khng ng nht ny c th c mt s kt qu thit k quan trng. V d: Vic xut hin mt s t cc thit b c kh nng tnh ton ln vi mt s lng ln cc thit b kh nng thp c th lm chng hp li thnh mt kin trc mng v s xut hin ca rt nhiu phng thc cm nhn i hi k thut cm nhn dung ho mt cch thch hp. Cha kho ca bi ton thng xc nh bi t hp chnh xc ca cc dung lng thit b khng ng nht cho cc ng dng a ra. 1.4.7. T cu hnh Do s phn chia v bn cht ca cc ng dng, mng cm nhn khng dy vn l mt h thng phn b khng cn theo di. V vy hot ng c lp l thch thc thit k chnh. u tin, cc nt trong mng cm nhn c th c cu hnh trong mng topo ring; nh v, ng b, nh c cho

36

bn thn; x l cc giao tip trong nt v xc nh cc thng s hot ng quan trng khc. 1.4.8. T nh gi v thch nghi Thng thng cc h thng kin trc c nh gi l iu u tin hot ng hiu qu trong mt iu kin chun. Trong mng cm nhn khng dy, c th khng chc chn v cc iu kin hot ng b mt trin khai. Di nhng iu kin nh vy, cn thit phi c mt loi thit b ni c kh nng t hc t cc cm bin v thng s m mng thu c theo thi gian v s dng chng tip tc ci thin hiu sut. Ngoi ra, bn cnh cc iu kin u tin khng chc chn, th mi trng m cc mng cm nhn hot ng c th thay i mnh theo thi gian. Cc giao thc WSN cn c th thch ng trong nhng mi trng tch cc nh vy trong phng thc trc tuyn. 1.4.9. Thit k h thng Nh ta thy, cc mng cm nhn khng dy c th l cc ng dng phc tp c th. l bi ton cn bng cc yu t cha bit trc, c th p dng su, tim cn vi vic khai thc cc c tnh ca cc ng dng c th thu c hiu sut v tnh mm do, d dng thc hin phng thc thit k. Trong khi vic nh gi l rt quan trng a ra mt ti nguyn kht khe vi mng cm nhn khng dy, phng thc thit k h thng, cho php dng, iu chnh, p ng theo thi gian l cn thit cho cc iu kin thc t. 1.4.10 An ninh v bo mt mt b mt rng, thng thng v nhy cm ca thng tin thu uc bi WSN lm tng ln s lng cc cha kho cui cng ca bi ton bo m an ninh v bo mt.

37

Chng 2. TRIN KHAI MNG

2.1. Tng quan Vn trin khai ca mng cm nhn khng dy c th c khi qut nh sau: Vi mi ng dng c th, mt min hot ng v mt b thit b cm nhn khng dy, t cc nt nh th no v u? Mng trin khai phi gi c hai phn khch quan: truyn tin v kt ni. Truyn tin gn lin vi bn cht ca ng dng c th ca thng tin thu nhn c t mi trng bi cc thit b cm nhn mng. Kt ni gn lin vi topo mng qua l trnh ca thng tin c sp xp. Cc pht sinh khc, nh gi vt liu thit b, gii hn nng lng, v nhu cu v sc mnh cng c th k n. Mt s cu hi c bn khi xem xt vic trin khai mng cm nhn khng dy: - Trin khai kt cu hay ngu nhin: Mng bao gm sp xp cu trc nhn to hay thng qua cc nt robot t ng hay trin khai ngu nhin mt cch ri rc? - Trin khai ton cc hay trin khai dn: c th chng li cc nt gy li v suy yu nng lng, mng cm nhn c trin khai u tin vi cc nt d tha hoc c th thm hoc thay th dn khi cn thit. Trong dng ny, chu trnh ng i hi m rng thi gian sng ca mng.

38

- Topo mng: Topo mng c th l topo dng sao n gin, hoc dng li hoc mng li bc nhy tu hay cm th bc 2 mc. Cch kt ni no c chn la? - Trin khai ng b vi khng ng b: Tt c cc nt cm bin u cng thuc mt loi hay c s trn ln gia cc thit b dung lng ln v nh? Trong trng hp khng ng b c th l cc thit b gateway/sink phc tp. (Cc nodes m sensor ca n truyn thng tin thng qua ngi s dng bn ngoi c th truy cp vo mng cm nhn).
-

Kiu dng hnh hc: u l loi thng tin cm bin ly t mi trng v o chng ra sao? C th l nn tng ca vic d tm v kh nng cnh bo li hoc cng c th mi s kin c th c cm nhn bi nodes K xc nh

2.2. Trin khai mt cch c cu trc hay trin khai ngu nhin Vic trin khai ngu nhin tin gn ti nhng ng dng cho tng lai cho mt vng rng ln, ti cc nodes c ri t trn khng hoc c nh trn b mt trc khi c nhng vo mt h thng thng minh. Tuy nhin rt nhiu WSN nh v trung bnh cn c trin khai theo cch c cu trc thng qua vic sp xp mt cch cn thn bng tay ca cc node mng. Trong c hai trng hp, gi thnh v s sn sng ca thit b mang ngha bt buc. Ta c th minh ha thng qua vic xem xt c im phng php lun ca mt sp xp cu trc: - t thit b sink/gateway v tr c th cung cp c cc mng c dy v cc kt ni nng lng cn thit.

39

- t cc node sensor u tin ti cc vng hot ng m cn cc sensor o. - Nu cn thit, thm vo mt s node cung cp cc kt ni mng cn thit. Bc tip theo c th gp kh khn nu khng r rng v tr cc sensor o, trong trng hp ny, mt cch sp t ng dng (grid-like) c th c la chn. Thm cc node m bo vic kt ni mng khng dy cng c th ng lu tm, c bit khi c cc v tr bt buc trong mi trng cho, n quyt nh v tr t cc node. Nu s node sn sng l nh so vi kch thc vng hot ng v i hi a thng tin, mt cn bng s c lp gia cc node c ch nh o v cc node c dng kt ni routing. Sensor trin khai ngu nhin c th cn gp kh khn hn trong mt vi kha cnh, v n khng c cch cu hnh v tr chnh xc ca thit b. Thm cc c ch trin khai t cu hnh i hi phi t c vic truyn v cc kt ni cn thit. Trong trng hp trin khai ngu nhin mt cch ng dng cc thng s duy nht c th iu khin tin nghim l s lng cc node v mt vi ci t lin kt trn node , chnh l khong truyn. Ngay c khi khng quan tm n vic trin khai l ngu nhin hay c cu trc th tnh cht kt ni ca topo mng vn c th c iu chnh sau khi trin khai bi iu chnh nng lng truyn. 2.3. Topo mng. Mng giao tip c th c cu hnh thnh cc topo ring khc.

40

Hnh 3. Topo mng

Cc dng topo trin khai: a) Bc nhy n kt ni dng sao b) Dng li a bc nhy phng c) Cu trc li d) Cm th bc 2 tng 2.3.1. Single-hop dng sao Dng topo WSN n gin nht l dng topo sao single-hop (hnh a) Mi node trong topo ny giao tip vi cc php o ca n trc tip qua gateway. Do vy cc thit k l n gin. Tuy nhin gii hn v sc mnh ca mng l nh. Nu trong mt

41

vng ln, cc node c khong cch vi gateway th cht lng ng truyn l ti. 2.3.2. Multi-hop dng li v Cho cc vng mng ln, multi-hop routing l cn thit. Ph thuc vo cch t m cc node c th hot ng theo dng li tu nh hnh b hay cng c th hot ng theo cu trc ca vung 2D nh hnh c. 2.3.3. Cm (cluster) phn cp 2 tng Kiu kin trc thuyt phc nht cho mng WSN l dng kin trc trin khai m phn ln cc node trong mt vng a l s thng bo cho cc cluster u. C mt vi cch cu trc phn tng c tin hnh. Cch tip cn ny s c bit thuyt phc trong ci t khng ng nht khi node cluster u mnh hn trong gii hn ca kh nng tnh ton/kh nng giao tip. Tin ch ca cch tip cn phn tng cluster chnh l phn tch t nhin mt vng rng ln trong cc vng tch ri m d liu c x l, vic kt hp c th c tin hnh mt cch cc b. Mi mt cluster c th giao tip theo c single-hop v multi-hop. Khi d liu truyn ti cluster u, n c th c dn ng qua tng mng th 2, c cu to bi cc cluster u n cc cluster u khc hoc gateway. Tng mng th 2 c th s dng mt bng tn sng radio ln hn thm ch cng c th l mt loi mng c kt ni dy nu cc node ca tng th 2 c th kt ni tt c thnh mt c s h tng c dy ni. C mt mng c kt ni dy cho tng th 2 l lin kt d nht cho dng kt cu nhng khng phi cho dng trin khai ngu nhin cho cc v tr t xa. Trong trin khai ngu nhin, c th khng thit k mt vi cluster u, c th xc nh bi mt vi x l ca vic t tuyn chn. 2.4. Kt ni trong dng s ngu nhin

42

c tnh ca vic kt ni (v truyn tin) ca trin khai ngu nhin c th c phn tch tt nht khi s dng l thuyt s ngu nhin RGT( random graph theory). Mt s ngu nhin mu l h thng miu t ca mt vi th nghim ngu nhin. Cc mu ny thng cha cc thng s iu chnh thay i mt trung bnh ca s kiu cu trc ngu nhin. S ngu nhin Bernoulli G(n, p), nghin cu trong RGT truyn thng c hot ng bi t cc nh n v t cc cnh mt cch ngu nhin gia cc cp nh khng ph thuc vo xc sut p. Mt s mu ngu nhin gii thiu mt cch cht ch hn v mng multi-hop khng dy l s hnh hc ngu nhin G(n, R). Trong s hnh hc ngu nhin G(n, R), n node c t ngu nhin vi nhng phn b ng dng trong mt vng kch thc n v hnh vung( tng qut hn l hnh lp phng cnh d). C mt cnh (u, v) gia mi cp node u v v bt k nu khong cch Euclid gia chng l nh hn R.

43

Hnh 4. Minh ho s hnh hc ngu nhin tha tht ( hnh a- vi R nh) v dy c ( hnh b- vi R ln)

Hnh 4 minh ho G(n, R) cho n= 40 ti 2 gi tr R khc nhau. Khi R nh, mi node ch c th kt ni ti cc node khc trong mt khong ngn. V s kt qu l tha tht. Mt khc, vi R ln s cho php ng dn v kt qu ca mt kt ni di hn. So snh vi s ngu nhin Bernoulli, s hnh hc ngu nhin G(n, R) cn cc k thut phn tch khc. l bi

44

v s hnh hc ngu nhin khng ch ra s c lp gia cc cnh. V d, xc sut m cnh (u, v) tn ti l khng c lp vi xc sut m cnh (u, w) tn ti. 2.4.1. Kt ni trong G(n, R) Hnh 5 ch ra s thay i th no ca xc sut kt ni mng khi m thng s bn knh R ca s hnh hc ngu nhin thay i. Ph thuc vo s node n, tn ti cc bn knh ti hn t xa khc nhau m s c th kt ni vi xc sut cao. S chuyn trng thi ny l gi ging nh s lng node gim.

Hnh 5. Xc sut kt ni ca s ngu nhin ph thuc vo bn knh truyn.

Hnh 6 ch ra xc sut m mng kt ni m bo ti tt c cc node vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca khong truyn c c nh trong mt vng c nh cho tt c cc node. C th quan st thy rng, tu vo khong truyn, c mt s cc node pha xa c xc sut ln mng c th t c kt ni. Cch phn tch ny c lin quan ti trin khai mng ngu nhin, n to ra mt s sng sut trong mt nh nht cn m bo mng c kt ni.

45

Hnh 6. Xc sut kt ni ca s ngu nhin ph thuc vo s lng node trong vng n v.

Gupta v Kumar a ra cc kt qu sau: nh l 1: Nu ni nu ni nu , mng s gn nh chc chn tim cn kt . V gn nh chc chn tim cn ngt kt

Mt khc, khong truyn ti hn cho kt ni l

Mt kt qu ngc nhin khc l bn knh ti hn m s hnh hc ngu nhin G(n, R) t c tnh cht tt c cc node c node k cn K nh nht l gn bng bn knh ti hn m s t c tnh cht kt ni K 2.4.2. Tnh n iu ca G(n, R) Tnh n iu tng l mt tnh cht th tip tc gi nu s cnh c thm vo biu . Mt biu c tnh cht

46

n iu nu tnh cht hoc nghch o ca n l n iu tng. Gn hn vi tt c tnh cht th cn quan tm t mng gn xa, nh kt ni K, Hamilton l n iu. Kt qu l thuyt i i vi th hnh hc ngu nhin G(n, R) c tnh cht hon ton n iu cho thy pha chuyn tip ti hn. Xa hn, tt c cc tnh cht n iu u c xc sut

cao vi khong truyn ti hn l 2.4.3. Kt ni trong G(n, K) Mt mu s hnh hc ngu nhin khc l G(n, K) khi n node c t cc v tr ngu nhin trong vng n v v mi node c kt ni vi cc node K hng xm gn nht. Mu ny c kh nng cho php cc node khc nhau trong mng s dng nhng ngun nng lng khc. Trong s , ch ra rng K phi ln hn 0,074 logn v nh hn 2.72logn m bo tim cn kt ni. 2.4.4. Kt ni v truyn tin trong G( n, p ,R) Trong mu ny n node c t trong cc li hnh vung trong vng n v, p l xc sut m node hot ng ( khng li) v R l khong truyn ca mi node. Cho mu cm nhn dng li khng chc chn ny, tnh cht tip theo c xc nh l;
-

Cho mi node hot ng cu to thnh mt topo kt ni, cng tt nu che ph c min hnh vung n v. phi bng .

S lng ln nht hop i hi di chuyn gia node hot ng bt k ti node khc l

47

- Tn ti mt khong ca gi tr p nh m cc node hot ng cu to thnh topo kt ni nhng khng che ph hnh vung n v. 2.5. Kt ni s dng iu khin nng lng Khng quan tm ti vic trin khai cu trc hay ngu nhin, khi cc node c xp v tr s c thm mt thng s iu hng c th c s dng iu chnh cc tnh cht kt ni ca mng trin khai. Thng s ny l ci t v nng lng truyn sng radio cho tt c cc node trong mng. iu khin nng lng thc s l mt lp kh khn v phc tp. Tng nng lng truyn sng radio s c mt s cc hu qu lin quan c th tch cc, c th tiu cc: - C th m rng vng giao tip, tng s lng ca cc node hng xm v ci thin kt ni trong dng ca cc ng dn kn. - tn ti cc node hng xm, c th ci thin cht lng ng dn (trong s vng mt ca lu thng bn trong mng khc). - C th khin cho cc nhiu thm vo gim dung lng v lm tc nghn. - C th lm tng nng lng tiu th. L thuyt tt nht ca topo iu khin nng lng chnh c pht trin cho cc mng ad - hoc khng dy chung. Nhng cc kt qu ny tp trung ch yu vo cu hnh ca WSN. Ta s bn ti cc kt qu chnh v ch ra k thut y. Mt vi kt qu s phn b cc thut ton hng ti vic pht trin cc topo c cng sut tiu tn tng nh nht qua cc ng dn, trong khi cc ci khc hng ti ci t nng lng truyn l nh nht cho mi node ( hoc lm gim ti a ci t nng lng truyn) m vn m bo vic kt ni. Mc ch ny khng

48

phi l iu tt yu. V d, cung cp cc ng dn nng lng nh nht c th i hi mt vi node trong mng c nng lng truyn cao, c kh nng gii hn thi gian sng ca mng i phn chia bi nng lng pin ca mi node s hao rt nhanh. Tuy nhin trong cc iu kin tch cc hn, cng c th khng thnh vn , vi mt ti cn bng c cung cp thng qua hot ng ca cc node khc vo cc thi im khc. 2.5.1. Nng lng nh nht kt ni cu trc mng (MECN) Xt ti vn phn phi topo nng lng mng nh nht cho trin khai ca cc node khng dy, m bo tng nng lng tiu th cho mi ng dn c th giao tip l nh nht. Mt s topo c nh ngha l topo nng lng nh nht nu vi mi cp node no , tn ti mt ng dn trn s m n tiu th nng lng thp nht so vi bt k ng dn c th no khc. Cu trc ca topo ny l mc ch ca thut ton MECN (nng lng giao tip mng nh nht). Mi hng ro ca mt node c nh ngha l vng xung quanh n, tc l lun c nng lng c kh nng truyn trc tip ch cho cc node hng xm trong vng m khng cn chuyn. Tip , s hng ro c nh ngha l s cha ng dn ca tt c cc node v node hng xm ca n trong vng hng ro tng ng. Thut ton topo iu khin MECN trc ht xy dng mt s hng rao trong kiu phn b, sau s ct bt chng v s dng mt thut ton ng dn nng lng tiu tn chnh Bellman-Ford xc nh nng lng thp nht. Tuy nhin thut ton MECN gp kh khn khi topo kt ni vi mt s nh nht cc cnh. t C(u, v) l nng lng tiu tn cho truyn trc tip gia node u v v trong topo MECN thng thng. C kh nng tn ti mt ng r khc gia cc node ny

49

v tng tiu hao ca routing trn ng dn C(r) < C( u, v). Trong trng hp ny, cnh C (u, v) l d tha. C th ch ra mt topo khng c mt cnh tha no tn ti l s nh nht c tnh cht topo nng lng nh nht. Mng giao tip c nng lng nh nht (SMECN) phn phi giao thc, trong khi vn im thun li, c th cung cp mt topo nh hn vi c tnh nng lng nh nht so snh vi MECN. Tin ch ca n l mt topo vi s lng cc cnh nh hn trc ht s gim tiu hao ng dn. 2.5.2. Ci t nng lng chung nh nht (COWPOW) Giao thc COWPOW m bo rng mc nng lng chung thp nht gip kt ni mng ln nht c chn cho tt c cc node. Mt s argument c th c to ra thun li cho vic dng cc mc nng lng chung thp nht c th ( trong khi vn phi cung cp cc kt ni ln nht) vi tt c cc node. - N s to ra mt nng lng tn hiu nhn trn tt c cc ng dn i xng trong cc hng (mc d SINR c th thay i tng hng) - N c th cung cp dung lng mng tim cn m c th t c dung lng ln nht m khng cn cc mc nng lng chung - Mt mc nng lng chung thp cung cp ng dn nng lng thp - Mt mc nng lng thp s lm gim xung t. Giao thc COWPOW hot ng nh sau: trc ht l nhn cc thut ton ng dn ngn nht, mt trong mi mc nng lng c th. Mi node sau s kim tra cc bng ng dn c tao ra bi thut ton v kch mc nng lng thp nht sao cho s lng cc node c th vi ti c l tng ng vi s lng cc node c th vi ti c vi mc nng lng ln nht.

50

Thut ton COWPOW c cung cp mc nng lng hot ng chung thp nht cho tt c cc node trong mng trong khi vn m bo kt ni l ln nht, tuy nhin cng phi chu mt s hn ch. Trc ht mi node phi duy tr trng thi ca cc node trong ton mng. Xa hn, n buc phi tun theo vic c kh nng c mt node n c quan h c lp c th l l do m tt c cc node trong mng khng cn thit c mc nng lng ln. Tt nht trong cc xut cho iu khin topo vi nhng mc nng lng thay i khng i hi nng lng chung trn tt c cc node. 2.5.3. Lm gim ti thiu nng lng cc i Ramanathan v Rosale-Hale gii thiu mt thut ton tm kim to ra mt topo kt ni vi mc nng lng khng ng nht nh vy mc nng lng cc i trong tt c cc node trong mng c gim ti mc ti thiu. H cng trnh by thut ton m bo topo lng kt ni, trong khi mc nng lng cc i c gim ti thiu. Phng php ny l ph hp nht cho trng thi tt c cc node c cng mc nng lng ban u, v c th gim ti thiu nng lng t ln cc thit b ti ln nht. 2.5.4. Topo iu khin dng hnh nn (CBTC) K thut topo iu khin dng hnh nn (CBTC) cung cp mt hng chnh ti thiu phn phi cc quy tc m bo cho vic topo mng c kt ni, trong khi vn gi nng lng c s dng mi node nh nht c th. Cu trc ca topo dng nn cc k n gin, n ch bao gm 1 tham s n thun alpha, l gc ca hnh nn. Trong CBTC, mi node tng nng lng truyn ca n cho ti khi c mt node hng xm trong mi gc nn alpha nh nht hoc n c th vi ti gii hn nng lng

51

truyn ln nht ca n. N cho rng y, khong giao tip ( trong tt c cc node u vi ti) tng n iu vi mc nng lng truyn. Cu trc CBTC c minh ho hnh 7. Pha bn tri, ta c th nhn thy mc nng lng trung gian cho mt node m tn ti mt gc nn alpha m node khng c hng xm. Tuy nhin nhn bn phi, node phi tng nng lng cho ti khi m mt hng xm thp nht xut hin trong mi gc alpha.

Hnh 7. Topo iu khin cu trc dng nn.

Ngun gc ca hot ng trn CBTC ch ra rng m bo mng c kt ni. Kt qu t c c th lm gim mc nng lng ci t cho mi node: nh l 2: Nu , s topo to ra bng CBTC s c kt ni. topo s ngt kt ni vi CBTC. Xa hn s gc, tt c cc node truyn nng lng cc i cng c kt ni. Nu

Nu nng lng cc i bt buc c b qua th mi node c th vi ti trc tip mt node bt k khc trong mng vi mc nng lng ci t cao. Sau , DSouza ch ra rng l iu kin cn v mng bo m kt ni. 2.5.5. Cu trc trnh duyt m rng theo hnh cy cc b nh nht

52

Mt phng php na l xy dng topo dng trnh duyt m rng theo hnh cy thch hp ton cu trong phn b y . S ny trc ht s to mt cu trc trnh duyt cy m rng cc b nh nht vi phn chia ca th trong khong nhn thy c. S cc b c bin i vi trng lng thch hp tnh duy nht, nh vy tt c cc node trong cu trc hiu ng mng s ph hp vi LMST m topo mng c kt ni. K thut ny m bo cho tnh cht mng c ct bt ch bao gm ng dn 2 hng. Nhng m phng ch ra k thut c th lm tt hn c CBTC v MECN trong gii hn v bc trung bnh ca cc node.

Chng 3. A TRUY CP V CH NG

3.1. Tng quan Mt c im c bn ca giao tip khng dy l n phi cung cp mt phng tin chia s. Tt c cc giao thc iu khin a truy cp cho mng khng dy s dng giao din radio m bo hiu qu s dng ca bng thng chia s. Giao thc MAC c thit k cho mng cm nhn khng dy c mt mc ch thm cho qun l hot ng ca radio chuyn i nng lng. Nh vy trong khi giao thc MAC

53

truyn thng phi cn bng u vo, tr, v mt s mi quan tm khc th giao thc MAC ca WSN t vic s dng nng lng hiu qu l mi quan tm chnh. Ta s bn mt s quan im v giao thc MAC lp lch chnh cho WSN trong phn ny. Mt ch chung xuyn sut tt c cc giao thc l t ch ng vi nng lng radio thp gia cc chu k hoc bt c khi no c th khi mt node khng truyn cng khng nhn d liu. 3.2. Giao thc MAC truyn thng Ta bt u tm im vi lp giao thc MAC. Lp giao thc MAC c s c mt li th qua giao thc MAC lp lch t do trong khung d liu tc thp, khi chng s cung cp cc c im tim nng thp hn v p ng tt hn s bin i nhanh ca lu lng truyn. 3.2.1. Aloha v CSMA Dng n gin nht ca a truy cp l Aloha khng chia rnh v Aloha chia rnh. Trong Aloha khng chia rnh, mi node hot ng c lp v n gin l truyn mt gi bt c khi no n c gi ti; nu mt xung t xy ra, gi s c truyn li sau mt chu k i ngu nhin. Tc l mi node truyn gi bt c khi no c gi c gi ti. Nh vy khng th gii quyt c vn xung t nh trng hp node n, node hin trnh by pha di y. Bn Aloha chia rnh lm vic cng theo cch tng t, nhng ch cho php truyn trong nhng rnh c bit c ng b. Mt giao thc MAC c in khc l giao thc a truy cp cm nhn sng mang (CSMA). Trong CSMA, mt node mun truyn trc ht phi lng nghe knh nh gi n c ri khng. Nu knh nhn ri, node s tin ti vic truyn. Nu knh bn, nt s i mt chu k back-off ngu nhin c truyn li. CSMA vi d xung t l k thut c bn c s dng trong chun IEEE 802.3/Ethernet. Tuy nhin vn cha gii quyt c vn node n hin. Trong mng Ethernet, CSMA c s dng vi ch CSMA/CD (cm nhn sng mang d xung t): ch ny hot ng nh CSMA thng nhng trong qu trnh truyn, node ng thi lng nghe, nhn li cc d liu gi i xem c xung t khng. Nu pht hin xung t, node s truyn 1 tn hiu nghn cc node khc nhn ra v dng vic gi gi trong 1 thi gian ngu nhin backoff trc khi c gi li, tc l c kh nng d xung t nhng vn khng trnh c. V vy, trong cc dng mng phc tp hn nh mng khng dy hay WSN th ngi ta dng ch CSMA/CA. Ch ny l CSMA trnh xung t v c kh nng

54

gii quyt vn node n, node hin. CSMA/CA hot ng nh sau: trc khi node gi d liu, n s lng nghe knh. Nu knh ri n s gi mt tn hiu RTS( request to send) ra mi trng. Ni nhn nu nhn c RTS ca n, s gi li tn hiu CTS (clear to send) chp nhn cho php ni gi truyn d liu. Nhng node nhn c 1 trong 2 gi RTS/CTS s t ng to ra NAV( network allocation vector) ngn cn vic truyn d liu. Do s trnh c xung t. 3.2.2. Vn node n v node hin CSMA truyn thng ngn nga xung t li v khng hiu qu trong mng khng dy bi v 2 vn duy nht: vn node n v node hin. Vn node n c minh ho trong hnh 4a; y, node A c truyn ti node B. Node C, nm ngoi vng sng radio ca A, s cm nhn c knh truyn nhn ri v bt u truyn gi ti node B. Trong trng hp ny, CSMA truyn thng ngn nga xung t bi v A v C n cho mi node. Vn node hin c minh ho trong hnh b. y, trong khi node B truyn ti node A, node C c mt gi cn truyn cho node D. Bi v node C trong khong ca B, n nhn thy knh bn v khng c kh nng truyn. Tuy nhin, trong l thuyt, v D nm ngoi khong ca B, v A nm ngoi khong ca C, 2 s truyn ny khng xung t vi nhau. Vic truyn bi C s b hon li v lng ph bng thng.

Hnh 8. Node n v node hin

Vn ny l sng i: trong vn node n, gi gy xung t v trong khi node gi m khng bit node khc ang truyn, trong khi node hin c mt c hi ln gi 1 gi do s nhm ln ca qu trnh truyn khng b lm phin. Li gii cho s ghp i ny nm ch khng phi ni truyn cn thit cm nhn sng mang m l ni nhn. Mt vi giao tip gia ni truyn v ni nhn cn thit gii quyt vn ny.

55

3.2.3. a truy cp trnh xung t (MACA hay CSMA/CA) v c t 802.11 Giao thc MACA bi Karn gii thiu cch s dng 2 thng bo iu khin n c th gii quyt (v c bn) vn node n v hin. Thng bo iu khin gi l RTS(request to send) v CTS(clear to send). Khi mt node mun gi mt thng ip, n s pht ra mt gi RTS mong i tn hiu truyn. Nu tn hiu cho php nhn gi, n s pht ra mt gi CTS. Khi ni gi nhn c CTS, n bt u truyn gi. Khi mt node gn nghe thy mt RTS s gi n cc node khc mt thng ip ngn chn qu trnh truyn ca n v ch i tn hiu tr li CTS. Nu mt CTS khng trong trng thi lng nghe, node c th bt u qu trnh truyn d liu. Nu mt CTS c nhn, n s ch c hay khng mt RTS c lng nghe trc , mt node s ngn chn qu trnh truyn ca chng trong khong thi gian cho php kt thc qu trnh truyn d liu tng ng. Vi nhng iu kin l tng (v d nh b i kh nng xung t RTS/CTS, hay giao tip 2 chiu, khng mt d liu v cc hiu ng gi), c th coi s MACA c kh nng gii quyt c vn v node n v node hin. Vi cc v d n gin nh trn, node C lng nghe thng ip CTS v loi b xung t truyn. N gii quyt vn node hin ch node C lng nghe cc thng ip RTS ca node B, n s khng nhn CTS t node A v nh vy c th truyn gi d liu ca n sau thi gian i . C ch hot ng ca CSMA/CA trong ch DCF. - Carrier sense: Mt trm khng dy mun truyn d liu phi kim tra xem ng truyn c bn khng, nu ng truyn ang bn, trm phi tr hon vic truyn li cho n khi ng truyn ri. Cc trm xc nh trng thi ca ng truyn da trn 2 c ch: + Kim tra lp vt l (PHY) xem c sng mang hay khng. + S dng chc nng carrier sense o l NAV (network allocation vector). Cc trm c th kim tra lp vt l v thy rng ng truyn ri. Nhng trong mt s trng hp, ng truyn c th c t ch trc bi mt trm khc thng qua NAV. NAV l mt timer c cp nht bi cc frame d liu truyn trong ng truyn. V d: Trong mt Infrastructure BSS c 3 client Minh, Vit, Qun. Gi s Minh ang truyn mt frame n Qun. Bi v ng truyn khng dy l ng truyn chia s da trn qung b nn Vit cng c th nhn c frame. Nhng cc frame ca 802.11 c cha 1 trng thi gian (Duration Field). Gi tr DF ny l ln cho

56

frame c th truyn n ch v hi p li mt ACK. Vit s cp nht gi tr NAV ca mnh vi gi tr duration trong frame, v s khng thc hin truyn cho n khi gi tr ca NAV gim n 0. Ch cc trm ch cp nht gi tr NAV ca chng khi trng duration trong frame nhn c c gi tr ln hn gi tr ca NAV m n ang lu gi. - DCF( distributed coordination function): IEEE xc nh c ch truy nhp cho mng 802.11 l DCF. DCF l mt c ch truy nhp da trn phng php truy nhp CSMA/CA. m t phng thc hot ng ca DCF, trc tin chng ta nh ngha mt s khi nim c bn. Trong c ch hot ng ca DCF, mt trm mun truyn frame phi i mt khong thi gian xc nh sau khi ng truyn ri. Gi tr thi gian ny c gi l DCF Interframe Space (DIFS). Mt khi DIFS tri qua, ng truyn c th sn sng cho cc trm ginh quyn truy nhp. Trong v d trc, gi s Vit v Qun mun truyn frame sau khi Minh truyn xong. C Vit v Qun u c cng gi tr NAV, c 2 s kim tra vt l v thy ng truyn ri. C kh nng ln c 2 trm s cng truyn 1 lc v gy xung t. trnh tnh hung ny, DCF s dng mt random backoff timer. Thut ton random backoff s chn ngu nhin mt gi tr t 0 n gi tr Contention Window (CW). Theo mc nh, gi tr CW c th khc nhau tu nh sn xut v n c lu tr trong NIC (network interface card) ca my trm. c c gi tr random backoff, ta ly mt s ngu nhin chn trn nhn vi slot time (random backoff chnh l s ln slot time). Gi tr ca random backoff l khong thi gian cc trm phi ch thm sau khi ng truyn ri v DIFS tri qua, sau trm no c random backoff ngn nht s ginh c quyn truyn frame. Tr li v d trc, Vit sn sng truyn d liu ( sau khi DIFS tri qua), gi tr NAV ca n gim n 0, v kim tra lp vt l cng cho thy ng truyn ri. Vit s i thm mt random backoff timer ( gi s l 4 slot time) na trc khi c th bt u truyn d liu. Gi tr random backoff timer l kh nhau, tu mi trm. Nu Vit v Qun u mun truyn d liu nhng Qun c gi tr random backoff nh hn (gi s l 2 slot time) th Qun s l ngi truyn d liu trc. Lc , Vit s nhn c frame t Qun c cha trng duration ln hn gi tr NAV ca Vit ( NAV hin ti l 0) nn Vit s cp nht NAV sang gi tr mi. ng thi Vit cng lu gi tr random backoff cn li ca mnh ( trong trng hp ny l 2 slot time). Sau Vit s li phi ch cho n khi NAV = 0 v kim tra vt l thy ng truyn ri th Vit

57

s ch phi i thm mt gi tr random backoff lu li ln trc (2 slot time), trc khi Vit thc s truyn d liu. Gi s sau khi Vit truyn c frame, th lm th no Vit bit c frame n ch mong mun hay cha? c t 802.11 yu cu rng trm nhn phi hi p li mt frame ACK cho trm pht nu n nhn c frame thnh cng. Frame ACK ny cho php trm truyn gin tip xc nh c xung t c xy ra hay khng. Nu trm truyn khng nhn c frame ACK, n s cho rng c xung t xy ra trn ng truyn. Trm truyn s cp nht li bin m Retry ca n, tng gi tr CW ln gp i ( vi hy vng lm tng gi tr random backoff) v bt u tin trnh truy nhp ng truyn li ln na. - Frame ACK: Trm nhn sau khi nhn c frame thnh cng ( khng c li) s hi p li mt frame ACK cho trm truyn. Lu l trm nhn phi truy nhp ng truyn v truyn frame ACK. Bn c th ngh rng ACK nhiu kh nng s b tr hon bi v phi u tranh ginh ng truyn. Tuy nhin, vic truyn frame ACK l mt trng hp c bit. Frame ACK c php b qua qu trnh random backoff v ch phi i mt khong thi gian ngn sau khi nhn c frame c th truyn ACK. Khong thi gian ngn m trm nhn phi i c gi l Short Interframe Space (SIFS). SIFS nh hn DIFS 2 slot time. N m bo cho trm nhn c nhiu c hi nht truyn trc cc trm khc. Cng vi v d trc, sau khi Vit tr hon vic truyn tng cng 4 slot time, ng truyn vn ri, Vit bt u truyn frame sang Qun. AP nhn c frame v i mt khong thi gian SIFS trc khi gi li frame ACK. Gi s v l do no , Vit khng nhn c frame ACK, Vit s tng gp i gi tr CW v lp li tin trnh backoff. C mi ln vic truy nhp ng truyn bt thnh, cc trm 802.11 s tng gi tr bin m Retry. CW tip tc c tng gp i cho n khi n t gi tr ln nht l Cwmax. Lp MAC c th tip tc c gng truyn frame, nhng khi bin m Retry dnh cho frame t gi tr ngng do admin t ra cho Retry, trm Vit s c gng ginh ly ng truyn. Vn node n, node hin v RTS/CTS: Vit c th khng truy nhp c ng truyn v mt trm khc trong vng ph sng AP nhng li ngoi tm vi ca Vit. Gi s Vit v Qun nm trong vng ph sng ca nhau v trong vng ph sng ca AP nhng khng c ai nm trong vng ph sng ca Thng. Thng nm trong vng ph sng ca AP v cng mun truyn frame. Tnh hung ny l node n bi v Thng l n i vi Vit v Qun. Vit c ginh ng truyn bng cch s dng mt

58

frame c bit gi l RTS. Frame RTS c gi n AP, n thng bo cho AP v tt c cc trm khc trong vng ph sng ca Vit bit khong thi gian (duration) cn thit Vit trao i d liu. Vit trao i frame bao gm Vit truyn frame v nhn ACK. AP nhn c frame RTS ca Vit v hi p li vi mt frame iu khin gi l CTS. Frame CTS cha trng duration c gi tr ln cho php Vit hon thnh vic trao i frame. Tt c cc trm trong vng ph sng ca AP bao gm Thng v Qun nhn c frame CTS v cp nht gi tr NAV ca h. Vic khi to frame RTS m Vit truyn cng phi i qua y cc tin trnh trong DCF nh cc frame bnh thng khc. Nhng cng tng t nh frame ACK, frame CTS tng ng t AP cng b qua th tc random backoff v ch cn i SIFS trc khi truyn.

3.2.4. IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Hnh 9. IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Chun IEEE 802.15.4 c thit k cho mng cc b c nhn khng dy tc thp (LR-WPAN), gm cc ng dng cm ng nhng. Nhng c im quan trng nht ca chng l ch cho php bo hiu trong topo dng sao. Trong ch ny, lp MAC IEEE 802.15.4 s dng mt cu trc siu khung nh hnh v. Mt siu

59

khung c nh ngha bi mt tn hiu bo hiu tun hon gi bi khi iu phi PAN. Trong khi siu khung c mt pha hot ng cho giao tip gia node v b iu phi PAN v mt pha khng hot ng, ta c th iu khin ph thuc vo chu k ng mong mun. Qu trnh hot ng c 16 slot, gm 3 phn: b iu phi, qu trnh truy cp (CAP) v mt qu trnh xung t t do (CFP), n cho php vic phn phi v m bo thi gian slot (GTS). S xut hin ca qu trnh xung t t do cho php truy cp theo lch c dnh ring. Node ch giao tip trn GTS c th ng v ch cn thc dy trc slot ch nh GTS ca n. Giao tip trong CAP l mt thut ton CSMA/CA n gin, n cho php mt qu trnh back off nh gim bt nng lng tiu tn cho vic lng nghe nhn ri. Trong khi IEEE 802.15.4 trn l thuyt c th c s dng cho cc topo khc, ch cho php bo hiu khng c nh ngha cho chng. Phn cn li ta s tm hiu v c 2 giao thc MAC s dng nng lng hiu qu, l ch tranh chp v ch lp lch, s dng trong mng khng dy multi-hop. 3.3. Nng lng hiu qu trong giao thc MAC Nng lng hiu qu trong giao thc MAC t c khi tt sng radio ri vo trng thi ng bt c khi no c th, gi nng lng tiu th. 3.3.1. Qun l nng lng trong IEEE 802.11 Tn ti cc la chn qun l nng lng trong ch Infrastructure ca 802.11. Node c coi l im truy cp (AP) khi chng c th vo trng thi ng m bt c thng ip no gi ti c th c buffer ti AP. Qu trnh thc dy ca node s c li cc thng ip buffer ny. Nng lng gi c s c cung cp cho cc tiu ph v lu lng vo thp hn v tim nng cao hn. 3.3.2. Nng lng cn cho a truy cp v bo hiu (PAMAS) PAMAS l mt k thut m rng ca MACA, RTS/CTS bo hiu c thc hin vi vic chia knh radio t d liu trao i c. y l mt trong nhng nng lng cn cho giao thc MAC u tin cp cho mng khng dy multi-hop. Trong PAMAS, node ng bt c khi no chng khng th truyn v khng th nhn y . c bit chng c th ng bt c khi no chng nghe thy 1 node hng xm truyn ti node khc, hoc nu chng xc nh thng qua knh bo hiu iu khin RTS/CTS rng mt trong nhng node hng xm ang nhn. Qu trnh ca ch ng c t trong khi xy ra qu trnh truyn xc nh bi nhng tn hiu iu khin nhn c ca knh th 2. Nu 1 qu trnh truyn c bt

60

u trong khi mt node ang ch ng, s thc node dy gi cc tn hiu thm d xc nh khong thi gian xy ra qu trnh truyn v bao lu c th quay li ch ng. Trong PAMAS, 1 node s ch t ng khi n b ngn chn t mi cch truyn hay nhn, nh vy tr v lu lng u vo ca mng s khng c nh hng bt li. Tuy nhin, vn cn s hao ph nng lng trong ch tip nhn rnh ri. 3.3.3. Ti thiu ho chi tr nng lng tip nhn rnh ri Trong khi PAMAS ch cung cp cch gi nng lng trong khi lng nghe, nng lng cng c th gi c c th bng cch gim tip nhn ri. Thch thc chnh l cho php b nhn ng phn ln thi gian, trong khi vn m bo rng 1 node c thc dy v nhn khi 1 gi tin mong i c truyn n. C bn ca phng php gii quyt vn ny l 2 lp giao thc MAC ca mng cm nhn tranh chp. L thuyt u tin khng ng b hon ton v ch trng vo vic s dng mt sng radio thm hoc nhng k thut lng nghe qu trnh vi nng lng thp bo m rng ni nhn thc dy vi mt qu trnh truyn ti mong mun. L thuyt th 2, vi nhiu bin i, s dng lp lch chu k ng cho node. Phn ln lp lch c iu phi nh cch m ni truyn bit khi ni nhn c nh thc. 3.4. K thut ng khng ng b Trong k thut ny, cc node s mc nh gi trng thi ng, v ch thc dy c lu lng truyn hoc gi/ nhn thng ip. 3.4.1. Bc x thc dy th 2 Node cn ng gi nng lng khi chng khng c bt c giao tip no v thc dy tham gia giao tip. Gii php th 1 l v phn cng, mi node cm bin bao gm 2 bc x. Nh vy mt thit k phn cng c bc x u tin l bc x d liu chnh, t ch ng mc nh. Bc x th 2 l bc x thc dy nng lng thp hot ng trong sut thi gian. Nu bc x thc dy ca node nhn mt tn hiu thc dy t node khc, n s phn ng l thc dy bc x u tin bt u nhn. Qu trnh ny m bo rng bc x u tin ch hot ng khi node c d liu gi hoc truyn. Bc x thc dy khng lm cc tn hiu x l phc tp, n c th c thit k mc nng lng cc thp. Mt tradeoff c lan truyn trong cc node lin quan ca node truyn v c th thc dy. 3.4.2. Lng nghe nng lng thp/ ly mu u khung truyn Trong k thut ny cp ly mu u khung v lng nghe nng lng thp, qu trnh ni nhn s thc dy cm nhn mi trng. Nu khng tm thy hot ng, n

61

tip tc ng. Nu 1 node mun truyn, n s gi 1 tn hiu u khung truyn gi. Khi d c tn hiu u khung, node nhn s i thnh trng thi hot ng. K thut ny c minh ho hnh v. Tn hiu thc dy c th c gi qua mt gi giao din mc cao; tuy nhin mc tiu quan trng hn l thc hin trc tip lp vt l- nh vy tn hiu thc dy c th khng di hn xung RF. Node d sau ch c th c trn knh vi nng lng bc x radio xc nh tn hiu c xut hin hay khng. Ch ny c th thc dy tt c cc ni nhn c th trong mt vng truyn xung quanh xc nh, thng tin phn u c th c dng t chng vo trng thi ng nu giao tip khng cn.

Hnh 10. K thut lng nghe nng lng thp/ ly mu u khung truyn
3.4.3. WiseMAC Ch trn cn c mt thiu st: phn u khung di m ni truyn cn gi c th trong vi trng thi nguyn nhn dn n gim thng lng u vo v lng ph nng lng cho c ni gi v ni nhn. Giao thc WiseMAC c xy dng trn c s ly mu u khung b sung nhng thiu ht. S dng nhng kt hp thm v gi ACK, mi node hc nhng ln ly mu qu trnh ca nhng node hng xm, v dng nhng thng tin ny gi u khung nh thc ngn vo ng thi im. Qu trnh u khung c xc nh bi ng h tri cho ti ng b cui cng. Gi Tw l chu k ni nhn ly mu- ng h tri, v L l khong thi gian gia cc giao tip, nh vy thi gian ca khung u Tp cn l:

62

Gi trong WiseMAC cng cha mt bit d m ni truyn s dng bo hiu cho ni nhn nu n cn thit gi trng thi thc trong khong ngn nhn cc gi thm cn thit. 3.4.4. Truyn/ nhn - bt u chu k tip nhn (TICER/RICER) Trn tinh thn ca ch ly mu u khung, k thut TICER/RICER c pht trin. Trong k thut ny, node nhn thc dy theo chu k gim st cc knh vi cc tn hiu t ni gi (thc dy tn hiu RTS). Ni gi s gi mt chui tn hiu RTS qua mt thi gian ngn khi n quan st knh. Khi ni nhn do c mt RTS, n s tr li vi 1 tn hiu CTS. Nu ni gi d c tn hiu CTS , n s bt u qu trnh truyn gi. Nh vy s khc bit chnh t ly mu u khung l trong TICER, ni truyn s truyn mt chui tn hiu khng lin tc thay v mt u khung n di, v i 1 tn hiu r rng t ni nhn trc khi truyn. Cn trong k thut RICER, minh ho hnh b, 1 node nhn chu k thc dy thc hin 3 pha: gim st- gi bo hiu thc- quan st chui. 1 ngun c dng truyn bo thc v gi trng thi quan st. Khi n nghe c 1 bo hiu thc dy t ni nhn, n s bt u truyn d liu. Ni nhn trong trng thi quan st s nhn s bt u truyn gi d liu cho n khi tip nhn gi. Tuy nhin, k thut TICER/RICER gn lin vi s phc tp, trong khi tn hiu thc RTS/CTS c i hi d dn ti thc hin mc gi cao, s gy kh khn khi thc hin mc tng t RF nng lng thp.

63

Hnh 11. K thut TICER/RICER

3.5. K thut lp lch ng 3.5.1. Cm ng MAC (S-MAC) Giao thc S-MAC l mt giao thc MAC khng dy c thit k c bit cho WSN. Nh hnh v ch ra, n dng mt chu k tun hon, , mi node s ng trong mt khong thi gian v thc dy lng nghe. Chu k nhim v ca ch lp lch ng-lng nghe ny thc hin vi tt c cc node, lm gim nng lng tiu th. Trong sut qu trnh, node thc v ch i mt chu k ngu nhin lng nghe thng ip cung cp cho lp lch ng- lng nghe nhng node hng xm. Nu chng khng nhn c mt thng ip no, chng s tr thnh nhng node ng b, n s la chn lp lch ca ring n v thng bo cho cc node hng xm. Node nghe c lch ca node ln cn s chp nhn lch ny v bo cho cc node tip theo. Mt vi node ranh gii c th cn chp nhn nhiu lch hoc ch chp nhn lch ca 1 node ln cn. Cc node s nh k truyn cc lch ny cp v tr cho mi node mi c kt ni vi mng. Cc node vn phi trao i gi theo nh k vi cc node hng xm ng b, y khng phi l vn ln v chu k nghe thng ln hn nhiu so vi thi gian tri ca ng h. Lp lch ng khng c dng trong khi truyn d liu. Mt m rng ca s S-MAC c bn, gi l p ng lng nghe, cho php chu k hot ng c th thay

64

i di, ngn kh nng ng cho 1 vi phm vi. Nng lng gi trong S-MAC mang ti tiu ph trong qu trnh ng: 1 gi truyn qua mng s phi tm dng trong qu trnh ng ca nhng node trung gian.

Hnh 12. Giao thc S-MAC

3.5.2. MAC thi gian ch (T-MAC) MAC thi gian ch l mt giao thc chu k tng t nh S-MAC v p g lng nghe cho php thay i chu k. di mi chu k c gi c nh, nhng kt thc ca qu trnh hot ng c xc nh tch cc bi bt c thng ip (d liu hoc iu khin) no trong khong thi gian ch, n s ng. Nu n nhn c 1 thng ip, b m s bt u li sau khi tip nhn thng ip. C ch lm mi ny cho php p ng d dng bin i lu lng trong khng- thi gian. Ch T-MAC c bn phi chu mt vi vn , gi l ng sm, lm gim lng u vo, c bit trong trng hp truyn qua mt phng duy nht. Khi 1 node yn lng do xung t trong chu k xc nh, n khng th gi bt k mt thng ip no cho nhng ni nhn cn thit ph v thi gian ch i ca n. Khi ni gi c th gi sau khi kt thc qu trnh xung t, ni nhn li sn sng vo ch ng. Hai gii php c th gii quyt vn ng sm c t ra. Phng php u tin s dng mt thng ip iu khin hin thi ngn (FRTS), n c th giao tip vi ni nhn mong mun vi vic i phi ch i thm mt chu k thi gian. Gii php th 2 c gi l quyn u tin buffer y, , 1 node mun gi hn l nhn khi b m buffer ca n l y. Vi ch ny, 1 node c quyn rt cao gi gi ca n thay v nhn cc gi khc, v c th tm thi ph v thi gian ch ca ni nhn. 3.5.3. MAC hi t d liu (D-MAC)

65

Hnh 13. MAC hi t d liu (D-MAC) Dnh cho nhng gi truyn qua a bc nhy (multi-hop), c S-MAC v TMAC mt nng lng tit kim do hao ph ca vic tng tr. Bi v gi c th truyn qua ch mt vi bc nhy trong mi chu k trc khi ti 1 node phi ng. chnh l vn v gin on d liu chuyn tip. Mt gii php ng dng c bit cho vn ny c a ra bi giao thc DMAC, n ch p dng trn cy d liu hi t xc nh trc t nhng node mng bin ng n 1 sink chung. D-MAC c ng dng c bn ch ng so le ti node mi mc k tip, cy chuyn 1 chui nhn - truyn - ng c dch v bn phi. Chu k ny c xp hng 1 node mc k trong ch nhn khi m node thp hn trn cy lv k+1 ang truyn. Lp lch so le ca D-MAC c nhiu li th- n cho php d liu v gi iu khin chuyn lin tc theo mi cch trn cy vi tr nh nht; n cho php yu cu s suy yu p ng c ca chu k hot ng ph bin theo mi ng trn cy; n gim nhiu giao thoa nh chia chu k hot ng thnh cc mc khc nhau; v n cng gim s lng node thc dy khi xut hin chu k p ng. chuyn giao gia xung t v nhiu giao thoa, D-MAC cng bao gm cc thit b la chn nh d liu d bo trc v vic s dng gi thm gi (MTS). 3.5.4. Lp lch ng c thi gian tr hiu qu (DESS) Mi node s b 1 slot duy nht ngoi k slot dng lm slot tip nhn v cng b n cho cc node hng xm. Khi 1 node no mun truyn cho node ny trong bt k chu k no, n s thc slot trong chu k truyn. Trn 1 ng truyn a bc nhy, tr m 1 gi gp phi mi bc nhy ch l 1 hm ca s ln tip nhn slot ca 2 node tng ng. Vi 1 gi gi t node i n 1 node j lin k n, c slot tip nhn xi_xj ring bit, tr xc nh l xj xi mode k nu xi_ = xj_k. Tr ng dn l tng

66

ca tt c tr mi bc nhy trn chiu di ng dn. Kt thc ca tr gia 2 node l tr ng dn nh nht. Vn 1: a ra mt s giao tip c ch nh 1 trong k slot tip nhn ring bit cho mi node trong mng m tr cui cng ln nht gia tt c cc cp node trong mng l ti thiu. N ch ra rng DESS l 1 vn NP ln cho s tu , nhng gii php kh quan l trong trng hp s cy v ring; xp x tt c th thy trong mng li. Nu node c cho php nhn nhiu lch, sau s ci thin hiu qu hn tr; v d trn 1 li, 1 node c th chp nhn 4 lch ca mi k slot (mi lch cho truyn vi cc node ln cn bn tri, phi, trn v di), m n lp li theo chu k. Trn li, s dng nhiu lch c th gim tr gia 2 node bng cch: d bc nhy xa trn s ti O_d+k_, trong khi phn s trung bnh ca s ln thc dy l 1/k. Trong 1 s giao tip bt k, vi n node, vic s dng 2 lch trong 1 cy nhng cho php tr: O_d+k_log n_. 3.5.5. Lch ng khng ng b Mt bin i th v ca vn lp lch chu k thc ng cho node xy ra khi c 1 node ng b bn trong b loi b. Trong trng hp ny, cc thit k khch quan phi to ra lch thc ng c lp cho mi node c nhn bo m rng khong thi gian thc dy khng b chng cho vi cc node hng xm. Trong khi n i hi s ln thc dy di hn, n cng c th thu c s khng rng buc trong thit k v vic thi hnh, c bit trong cc mng tch cc cao, ni m rt kh ng b lch qua cc node. nh ngha: Hm lp lch thc dy (WSF) fu cho 1 node u c nh ngha l 1 t hp vector ca T slot, n ch ra k slot hot ng trong thi gian , node u s c thc dy. Gi s dch c nh ca nhng slot hot ng chng cho gia fu v fv l C_u_v. Vn ca thit k WSF cho tt c cc node m chng chng cho t nht m ln c th to thnh 1 vn t hp. Vn 2: Cho mi s mng G=_V_E, a ra 1 gi tr c nh ca T cho WSF ca mi node, ti thiu ho k sao cho hp trung bnh ca s slot hot ng trong mi chu k. . y, l 1 tp

67

Vn ny c th c dng trong thit k khng i xng ( , cc node khc nhau c th c cc hm thc dy slot khc nhau) tt nh l trong thit k i xng ( cc node c cng WSF, tr chu k thi gian dch).

Hnh14. Lch ng khng ng b

KT LUN Trong hon cnh t nc ta hin nay th vn WSN cn phi nghin cu v pht trin. Trong bi kho lun ny, em khi qut c cc c tnh c bn ca WSN, qua c th so snh c vi WLAN. WSN cung cp cho ta mt gii php quan st, bo hiu v x l thng minh, c ngha rt ln v mt ng dng. Tm hiu cu to ca cc node mng WSN, thng bao gm 2 thnh phn: phn cm bin v phn giao tip v tuyn. Do gii hn v ngun nng lng cung cp, gi thnh v yu cu hot ng trong mt thi gian di nn vn nng lng l tiu ch thit k quan trng nht trong mng cm nhn khng dy WSN. - Lp vt l: Gn nh v kch thc v kh nng tnh ton ca cc node - Lp MAC:K thut a truy nhp CSMA/CA vi mc ch gim nng lng tiu th. - Lp Routing: C th dng Routing protocol, Geo Routing.

68

WSN thng c trin khai trn mt phm vi rng, s node mng ln v tng i ngu nhin, v vy i hi cu hnh mng linh ng (dng li, sao). Trong mt s WSN thng dng, a ch ID cc node chnh l v tr a l v gii thut Routing da vo v tr ny gi l GRT (Geo Routing protocol).GRT ph hp vi cc WSN c nh nh n gin ho gii thut tm ng, gim d liu bng routing lu tr ti cc node. Do gii hn kh nng tnh ton ca tng node mng cng nh tit kim nng lng, WSN thng s dng cc phng php tnh ton v x l tn hiu phi tp trung hoc gi d liu tnh ton cho cc Base Station (c kh nng x l tn hiu mnh v t rng buc v nng lng). Kho lun hon thnh, trc tin em xin by t lng cm n chn thnh ti thy gio-TS Vng o Vy, thy tn tnh hng dn, gip em v thu thp ti liu cng nh truyn t kin thc. Qua y, em cng xin by t lng bit n ti cc thy trong khoa in t-Vin thng trng HCN-HQG H Ni nhit tnh dy bo v trang b cho em kin thc em bc vo tng lai. Em cng xin gi li cm n n tp th cc bn lp K49DA lun sn sng gip trong sut qu trnh lm kho lun. Trong khun kh bi kho lun, do cn hn ch v mt ti liu cng nh v phn thc t ca ti nn kho lun khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. V vy em rt mong c s ch bo v thng cm ca cc thy, nh trng v cc bn sinh vin quan tm ti vn ny. Em xin trn trng cm n cc thy tn tnh gip em lm tt kho lun !

69

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Andy Dornan. Second edition The Essential Guide to Wireless Communication Applications [2] Bhaskar. Networking Wireless Sensor [3] Edgar H. Callaway. Wireless Sensor Networks: Architecture and Protocols [4] Anna HAC. Wireless Sensor Network Designs [5] www.Planet.com.tw [6] www.Linkpro.com.tw [7] www.vntelecom.org