Geological Survey of India

International Geoscience Programme

IGCP-510
Global Correlation of A-type Granites and Related Rocks, their Mineralization and Significance in Lithospheric Evolution (2005-09)

Final Report
March 2010

Final Report on the

IGCP-510
Global Correlation of A-type Granites and Related Rocks,

their Mineralization and Significance in Lithospheric Evolution, conducted in India during 2005-09

-------Report prepared and submitted by Dr. H. Sarvothaman Director, Technical Co-ordination GSI, Southern Region, Hyderabad 500068 in association with Dr. V.V.Sesha Sai Jr. Geologist, GSI, NER, Shillong. ----------

I. Introduction International Geoscience Programme is an activity of UNESCO and International Union of Geological Sciences, IUGS) that provides a common international platform for joint studies in the field of geology-related topics, especially on society-related matters. Geoscientific work under the auspices of International Geoscience Programme (earlier known as International Geological Correlation Programme, IGCP) is taken up in India, with Geological Survey of India (GSI) as the Nodal Agency; representatives from different Indian organizations that conduct geoscientific work associate themselves as Participating Members in the IGCP projects. International Geoscience Programme, IGCP-510, bearing the title Global Correlation of A-type Granites and Related Rocks, their Mineralization and Significance in Lithospheric Evolution was conducted by IUGS during 2005-09 across the globe. In India, the work under IGCP510 commenced in November 2006. India was included as a participating country in this programme in 2007. This report highlights the work done in India under the auspices of IGCP-510, from November 2006 to December 2009.

I.1. Aim of IGCP-510: The aim of IGCP-510 is to correlate petrology, geochronology, geochemistry and metallogeny of A-type granites found in various tectonic settings through the geological times. I.2. Objectives of IGCP-510: The objectives of IGCP-510 are to conduct study under specific themes such as (i) age distribution, petro-tectonic associations and genetic models of A-type granites and related rocks; (ii) their significance and metallogeny; (iii) their bearing on granite typology and evaluation of hitherto proposed classifications; and (iv) their overall role in the evolution of the Earths lithosphere. Atype granite petrogenesis and nature of hydrothermal processes and different types of metallogenic provinces and deposits will also be given as inputs to the study. I.3. Study Group of IGCP-510 in India: As is customary with all IGCP projects in India, the Indian National Committee (INC) for IGCP had constituted a National Working Group (NWG) for functioning of IGCP-510. During the tenure (November 2006-December 2009), the work of the NWG of IGCP-510 was monitored by the INC for IGCP to which the Director-General, GSI (ex-officio) is the Chairman and the Director, International Division (ex-officio) is the Member Secretary. The composition of the NWG, IGCP-510 constituted by the INC for IGCP is as follows: Chairman, NWG: a. Deputy Director General, Op: MPID, CHQ, GSI, Kolkata (up to July 2007). b. Deputy Director General, GSI, Southern Region (SR), Hyderabad (from August 2007 to December 2009. Convener: Dr. H. Sarvothaman, Director, GSI, Op.MPID, Kolkata / SR, Hyderabad. Members: 1. Dr. Sambhunath Ghosh, Dy. Director General, GSI, Kolkata / Bangalore. 2. Dr. K. Sashidharan, Director, GSI, Nagpur. 3. Dr. V.V. Sesha Sai, Sr. Geologist, GSI, Hyderabad / Shillong. 4. Dr. Manoranjan Mohanty, Sr. Geologist, Shillong / Bhubaneshwar. 5. Shri Pradeep Mawar, Sr. Geologist, Lucknow (co-opted in June 2007) 6. Shri V.K. Chittora, Sr. Geologist, Jaipur (co-opted in June 2007, but left NWG in September 2007) 7. Dr. P. V. Ramesh Babu, Scientist-H & Regional Director, Atomic Minerals Dept., (Dept. of Atomic Energy), Ranchi / Hyderabad 8. Dr. M.E.A. Mondal, Sr. Lecturer, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 9. Dr. D. R. Rao, Scientist-E, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand (co-opted in June 2007). I.4. In the following pages, the activities of work conducted in India under the auspices of IGCP-510, the highlights of those activities and scientific output of the studies of the NWG of IGCP-510 are presented.

II. IGCP-510 in India In India, the work under the IGCP-510 project was conducted from November 2006 to December 2009. During this tenure, three NWG Meetings, two Field Workshops and one Open Workshop were conducted. Besides, the progress of work in various stages of IGCP-510 tenure was highlighted in the 32nd, 33rd, 34th and 35th INC for IGCP meetings held between 2006 to 2010, by way of presentations on scientific findings of the research under IGCP-510, to the esteemed Members of INC for IGCP who monitor the IGCP projects in India. II. 1. First Meeting of the NWG, IGCP-510: The First NWG meeting was held at GSI, CHQ, Kolkata on 14th November 2006, under the Chairmanship of Shri P.M.Tejale, DG, GSI & Chairman, INC for IGCP. The Convener, IGCP-510 set out agenda for work under this IGCP project. Presentations on the field, petrographic and chemical characteristics, tectonic domains, mineralization and possible ages of A-type granite occurrences distributed all over in India were made by the NWG of IGCP- 510. The Chairman advised the NWG Members to work in close association and communication, and to effectively use the scarce resources available at their disposal by way of sharing the laboratory facilities. The Convener set out the following Action Plan for IGCP-510 in this meeting: (i) Submission of an Integrated Compilation of all information on A-type granites in India to the DG, GSI by 31 March 2007; (ii) conduct of annual meetings of NWG to assess the progress and integrate the data generated by the NWG Members; (iii) conduct of Field Workshops to examine the A-type granites occurring in different tectonic domains in India (for eg. In (a) a zone of collision, modified into a Marginal Zone between craton and mobile belt; and (b) a rift zone); (iv) conduct an Open Workshop to give an opportunity to all scientists, researchers and academia in India to present and share information on a common / open platform, on the A-type granite occurrences with which they are associated, by way of their scientific contribution as scientific presentation; (v) prepare a dossier on A-type granite occurrences of India based on the Open Workshop deliberations; and (vi) bring out publications. II.2. Integrated Compilation of information on A-type granites in India: The integrated compilation was intended as a review of all available information to be made by the NWG, and to plug the gap in knowledge, as also to launch further study in areas / fields identified where there is scope for generating new / additional database. The Members of the NWG liberally contributed their compilations of the existing database on Indian A-type granite occurrences up to 2006. The Convener integrated those compilations and submitted the Integrated Compilation as a single volume to the DG, GSI, on 30th March 2007, on the committed date. II.3. Second Meeting of the NWG & Field Workshop at Prakasam Alkaline Province: Second NWG meeting was held at D.N.Wadia Hall, GSI, SR, Hyderabad on 18th December 2007 to review the progress of conducted by the NWG. The Convener and the Members of NWG made presentations on the nature and field, petrographic and chemical characteristics of the A-type granite occurrences that came to light in 2007. In

this meeting, the convener announced the tentative schedule for the Open Workshop to which the Chairman, INC for IGCP accorded the approval, and requested the Members to participate in the Open Workshop by making technical paper presentations, which will be published later. Convener requested the Members to give wide publicity to the Open workshop so that scientists from all over India could contribute papers and the database of the NWG was widened. Field Workshop at Prakasam Alkaline Province, Andhra Pradesh was conducted from 19th to 21st December 2007. Prakasam Alkaline Province occurs within a Marginal Zone that occurs between Dharwar craton and the Eastern Ghats mobile belt at the southeastern part of India in Andhra Pradesh. The Marginal Zone is a reconstituted zone of collision of Eastern Ghats Granulite (mobile) Belt with the Dharwar craton, and this zone has witnessed an array of magmatic activity, ranging as ultrabasic, syenitic, albititic and granitic (including A-type) composition during Archaean and Proterozoic time. The NWG visited the occurrences of A-type granites and related rocks at Podili, Kanigiri and Singarakonda, and nepheline syenite (Elchuru) and gabbro plutons (Podile & Chimakurti) of Prakasam Alkaline Province. Further, the A-type granite occurrences in Eastern Ghat Granulite Belt in Kondapalle and Pericherla in Krishna and Guntur districts were also examined. II. 4. Third Meeting of the NWG: The Third NWG meeting was held on 18th March 2009, at GSI, Central Region, Nagpur. The NWG reviewed the work carried out by the Members during 2008. It was observed that until GSI conducts the IGCP projects as GSIs field season programmes, the Members would find it difficult to generate new database on geochemistry and geochronology, which are essential inputs to projects like IGCP-510. II.5. Open Workshop: An Open Workshop was convened on 19th and 20th March 2009 at GSI, Central Region, Nagpur. Circular was issued to all research institutions, universities and professional organizations which carry out geoscientific work and researches on granite, besides various Regions / Divisions / Units of GSI spread all over India , inviting scientific papers as scientific contributions in the Open Workshop. The primary aim of conducting the Open Workshop was to bring all pieces of information on A-type granite occurrences of India into one single printed volume; and the secondary aim was to prepare a dossier on the A-type granite occurrences of India furnishing all available / possible information on those occurrences. Twenty-eight scientific papers as Abstracts / Extended Abstracts (including two key presentations) were received as technical contributions to the Open Workshop. They were presented by their authors in 6 technical sessions spread over two days, followed by a panel discussion. An Abstract Volume containing all these 28 abstracts was brought out on this occasion; it was released on 19th March 2009 by Shri N. K. Dutta, Sr. Dy. Director General, GSI. This Abstract Volume is attached to this report as Annexure-I. II. 6. Dossier on A-type granites of India: Based on the information available from the Open Workshop Abstract Volume and all other available information on A-type granites, a dossier has been prepared, which is attached to this report as Annexure-II.

II. 7. Field Workshop in Narmada Rift Zone: A Field Workshop was conducted in the Narmada Rift Zone with an aim of comparing the A-type granites occurring in the modified Collision Zone / Marginal Zone (such as Prakasam Alkaline Province) with those occurring in the Rift Zone. Tirodi gneiss (which is regarded in literature as an A-type granite derivative) and Madan Mahal granite near Jabalpur were examined during this workshop. Field evidences on the nature of occurrence of Tirodi gneiss and its published peraluminous geochemistry do not convincingly support its A-type nature. Madan Mahal granite is a pink, coarse-grained and hypersolvus granite with potash-rich chemistry, and therefore, it might represent an A-type granite emplaced in a rift environment. II. 8. Participation by / involvement of the NWG Members in IGCP-510 project work: Dr. D. R. Rao and Shri Pradeep Mawar, Members from WIGH, Dehra Dun and GSI, NR, Lucknow respectively were co-opted to the NWG in June 2007, after the First NWG Meeting. Their participation to the NWG activity was restricted to the Second NWG Meeting and Field Workshop in Prakasam Alkaline Province. Though they submitted abstract / paper to the Open Workshop, they could not attend the same, the Third NWG Meeting and the Narmada Rift Field workshop. Dr. M.E.A. Mondal, NWG Member representing Aligarh Muslim University had attended the First NWG Meeting. Despite submitting a paper on Bundelkhand granite to the Open Workshop, he could not present the findings in the Workshop; nor could he participate in the other two NWG Meetings and the two Field Workshops. Under the directive of the DG, GSI & Chairman, INC for IGCP, Shri V. K. Chittora, Sr. Geologist, GSI, Western Region (part of India enriched in A-type granite occurrences), Jaipur was co-opted to the NWG in June 2007, on the strength of nomination from DDG, WR, Jaipur, with a view to compile information on the A-type granites of Malani, Siwana, Jalor and several other occurrences. He had opted out of the NWG and could not attend any meeting / workshop. Consequently, the information on the northwestern Indian A-type granite occurrences was compiled by other Members / Convener. Rest of the Members of NWG participated in all the events of IGCP-510. II. 9. Acknowledgements: The Convener, NWG, IGCP-510 places on record the support received from S/Shri P. M. Tejale and N. K. Dutta, Director-Generals, GSI & Chairmen, INC for IGCP to conduct this project. He acknowledges the assistance received from the active NWG members and all the authors who submitted / presented papers in the Open Workshop. The Organizing Committees of Open Workshop, Field Workshops and various NWG meetings are thanked for their assistance in conducting those events. Member Secretary & International Division, GSI, Kolkata offered support to all activities of IGCP-510.

III. Brief Summary on the A-type granites of India This part of the report brings out the salient features of the petrographic and geochemical features of the Indian A-type granite occurrences and tectonic domain in which those granites are located. The source of information presented in this section of the report is the Abstract Volume (Annexure-I) which contains the papers presented in the Open Workshop of 19-20 March 2009. III. 1. A-type granites in India: A synthesis of the data on the Indian A-type granite occurrences has brought out that there are three distinct types of alkaline / anorogenic / anhydrous granites. They types are as follows: (i) A-type granites bearing sodic-amphibole or -pyroxene such as edenite, pargasite, riebeckite, arfvedsonite, jadeite, barkevikite, aegirine, aegirine-augite and acmite, as exemplified by those occurrences as at Podile, Andhra Pradesh (occurring in a modified Collision / Marginal Zone), and at Siwana, Rajasthan (located in an intra-plate tectonic setting). (ii) Hypersolvus granites composed of quartz and K-feldspar, and as described by Sylvester (1989). Examples: Potash-rich alkaline granite occurrences as at Kondapalli, Phirangipuram & Perecherla in Eastern Ghats Granulite (Mobile) Belt, in an anorogenic and anhydrous environment. (iii) Subsolvus alkali-rich granites occurring at Nalgonda (Dharwar craton), Singarayakonda (Marginal Zone), Madan Mahal Granite (Jabalpur, in Narmada Rift Zone) and Jalore Granite (Rajasthan); A-type granite plutons in Bundelkhand craton, Singhbhum craton (Mayurbhanj, Arkasani, Pal Laharha), Lingtse Gneiss, Sikkim and Kashmir (Tangmarg-Gulmarg) Himalayas.

III. 2. General geochemical characteristics of A-type granites of India: A synthesis of a large database that exists in the INAA laboratory, GSI, Pune was made. Geochemical characters like SiO2 > 66%, Sc < 10 ppm, R1 > 1425 and R2 < 625 are used for comparative studies of granites from Bundelkhand, Bastar, Dharwar and Sighbhum cratons. Singhbhum granites have higher range of total REE, Hf ans Ta as compared to Dharwar and Bundelkhand granites. Geochemical condition of SiO2 > 66%, total Alkali > 9.5%, K2O / Na2O > 2.2, K2O > 5 and CaO < 0.9% are used for searching for possible post-collisional alkali granites. Samples from (i) Sirohi district, Rajasthan; (ii) Humboldt, East Antarctica; (iii) Ghosiana (iv) Hamirpur district, UP; (v) Mainpur kimberlite field, (vi) Raipur district, Chhattisgarh; and (vii) Belamu, Purulia district, West Bengal are marked from NAA database as A-type granites. They are show high SiO2, alkalis, Na2O, Fe / Mg, halogens, Zr, Nb, Ga, Y, Ce and low CaO. Geochemical parameters such as SiO2 > 66%, total Alkali > 9.5%, high Na2O and CaO < 0.9% are used for locating A-type granites from the database. Median as well as minimum and maximum values (given in parenthesis) of geochemical parameters of seven samples of southern parts of India are as follows: SiO2 = 69.65% (67.4772.61%) , R1 = 1345 (725-1733), R2 = 345 (282-394) , TiO2 = 0.095%, Al2O3 = 15.42%, CaO = 0.29%, MgO =0.13%, Na2O =6.07, K2O = 4.76%, P2O5 = 0.03% , Co = 1.25ppm, Sc = 2.5ppm Cr = 6.45ppm, Th = 17.5ppm (3.3-34ppm), Ta = 0.34 (0.157ppm), Hf =14.5 (6.2-34ppm), Total REE = 116ppm (26.63-299ppm), Eu/Eu* =

0.715 (0.08-0.98) indicate granite, quartz syenite and felsite. Geochemical data of these samples points toward A-type granitoids located in Sholingar, Punjai, Puliyampatti, Karamadai and Maruda Malai in Tamil Nadu; and Balkere, Sullia district of Karnataka. Besides major oxides, total REE < 299ppm, Sc < 10ppm, Co < 8.7ppm, Cr < 13ppm, Hf < 34ppm and Ta < 57ppm may be used for characterizing A-type granites. High Hf and Ta indicate possible Zircon and Niobium mineralization in granites. III. 3. A-type granites in Neoproterozoic Malani Igneous Province, Rajasthan: The Neoproterozoic Malani Igneous complex of Rajasthan in western part of Peninsular India is characterised by the presence of voluminous acid volcanic and plutonic rocks, including A-type granites. The A-type granitiods of Malani Igneous Suite (MIS) are peralkaline to metaluminous, with minor component of peraluminous granites. The Atype granites and rhyolites of MIS are characterised by high SiO2, Na2O + K2O, Fe/Mg, Rb, Zr, Y, Ga, REE and depleted in MgO CaO, P, Ti, Sr, Ni, Cr, Co Eu and V. Petrographic and geochemical characters suggest that the granite rocks of Malani Igneous Suite are A- type granite of anorogenic and alkaline character. A/CNK-A/NK plots show that most of the granitiods of MIS are peralkaline. They are characterised by high Rb, Nb, Zr, Ga, Y, Hf, Th & U and prominent Eu anomalies with moderate LREE enrichment and flat HREE patterns. The average incompatible element values of these granites is Zr 3116 ppm, Rb - 285 ppm, Ta - 15 ppm, Cs - 4.6 ppm, Hf - 95 ppm, U - 13.1 ppm and Th 44 ppm. In tectonic discrimination plot of Y vs Nb (Pearce et.al. 1984) the granites of MIS appear in Within Plate granite (WPG) field. III. 4. Mayurbhanj A-type Granite: Mayurbhanj Granite Batholith (MBG), the youngest acid plutonic event of the Singhbhum-Orissa Iron Ore craton (3.09 Ga) is characterized by Gabbro-Granophyre bimodal association in the western margin but the eastern margin the batholith is affected by the southern extension of Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ). MBG is intrusive into the rocks of the Iron Ore Group (IOG), Singhbhum Granite Batholith (SBG) and Singhbhum Group of metasediments. Except for minor late shearing in the east, undeformed and unmetamorphosed MBG batholith is exposed in four magmatic units separated by younger Simlipal volcano-sedimentary basin and older Nilgiri Granite. Main unit of MBG is crescent shaped with KenduaKuliana sector in the northeast, Gorumahisani sector in the northwest and Besoi-Asana sector in the southwest. Other three minor units of the batholith are Notopahar-Poradia, Nilgiri East and Chakdar Pahar respectively. The MBG batholith comprises three petrographic units in order of emplacement: (a) a fine grained granite, essentially granophyric (also designated as microgranite) with ferrohastingsite, biotite, hornblende and stilpnomelane as accessories; (b) a coarse grained alkali-feldspar granite grading to porphyritic and gneissic variants with ferrohastingsite and biotite as accessories; and (c) a biotite-bearing aplogranite occurring as vein intrusive mainly in the eastern part.

III. 5. A-type granite magmatism in Bundelkhand craton, Central Indian shield: The Bundelkhnad granite-gneiss complex of the central Indian shield is one of the pristine cratonic block of the Indian plate and is delineated by the Great Boundary Fault in the west and by the Son Narmada Lineament in the south. The craton is fringed by the rocks of the Bijawar and the Gwalior Groups and the Vindhyan Supergroup. It preserves the signatures of several stages of crustal growth in the ArchaeanPaleoproterozoic. Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite gneisses form the oldest rocks of the craton and occur as a highly deformed greenstone-gneiss terrain profusely intruded by the undeformed granitoids. Three types of granitoids, viz. hornblende granitoid (HG), biotite granitoid (BG) and leucogranitoid (LG) are recognized within the massif. A few phases of LG (~2.1Ga) show A-type granite characteristics. III. 6. A-type granites to the east of Cuddapah basin: Close to the eastern margin of the Cuddapah basin, a number of granite bodies of Mesoproterozoic age occur. These granites occur intermittently over a stretch of about 300 km from Vinukonda in the north to Sri Kalahasthi in the south. Notable among them are the Vinukonda granite, Darsi granite, Dekanakonda granite, Kanigiri granite, Podili alkali granite, and Anumalakonda granite occurring to west of Pamur and Rapur orbicular granite. Presence of fluorite as a conspicuous accessory mineral in Vinukonda, Darsi, Podili and Kanigiri granites, their aplitic variants as well as in later emplaced quartzo-feldspathic veins and high FeOT contents (31.68 to 34.69 %) and very low MgO contents (0.49 to 2.41 %) in biotite is characteristic of anorogenic granites. These Proterozoic granites are peraluminous to peralkaline in nature and exhibit calc-alkaline trend. Petrochemical studies indicated that these granitic rocks are characterized by high Zr (280-660ppm), high Y (105-340 ppm), high Nb (100-220 ppm), high Rb content (245-345 ppm), high REE content (except Eu), low MgO content (0.01 to 0.22%), low Sr content (20 ppm to 60 ppm) and high Na2O+K2O (8.64 to 9.84). Rare earth element studies reveal a general enrichment of LREE relative to HREE with pronounced nagitive Eu anomaly. The field setup, mineralogy and distinct chemical characteristics suggest that these granite bodies occurring close to the vicinity of the Proterozoic Cuddapah basin are emplaced essentially in an anorogenic tectonic setup and the trace element contents along with presence of fluorite in all the granite and interstitial biotite indicates that these granites are crystallized from a fluorine saturated magma that is derived due partial melting of dehydrated lower continental crust. III. 7. Podili alkali granite, Prakasam Alkaline Province: Biotite- and riebeckitebearing alkali granite is the predominant rock type of the Podili pluton. It is medium to coarse grained, porphyritic in nature, crudely foliated in N-S to NNW-SSE directions and leucocratic in appearance. Petrographic studies revealed that it is composed of microcline-microperthite, quartz, amphibole and biotite ( astrophyllite and garnet); zircon, allanite, sphene, monazite, fluorite and opaques are accessory minerals. Riebeckite is pleochroic in shades of lavender blue. III. 8. Anorogenic granites of Anantapur and Chittoor districts, Andhra Pradesh: A-type granites of Palaeoproterozoic age are associated with Dancherla and Pulikonda alkaline complexes in eastern Dharwar craton (EDC). Their emplacement was

controlled by conjugate sets of deep seated regional scale trans-lithospheric strike-slip faults and shear zones (taphrogenic) which were developed immediately after the lateArchaean calc-alkaline arc magmatism at different time-space episodes, i.e. initially into the thickened craton interiors and later into the craton margins. Post-orogenic granites are associated with the Dancherla complex which was emplaced in between the Kolar-Kadiri suture and Ramagiri-Penakacherla schist belt. These granite bodies are found at Gooty, Nagasamudram, Singanamala, Salkamcheruvu, BukkapatnamPuttaparthi and Mudigubba- Kadiri, in Anantapur district and in B. Kothakota area in Chittoor district. Syenites in Dancherla alkaline complex intrude these granites. Atype granites are emplaced at the junction of two terrane boundaries / sub-block boundaries or along suture zone under tensional tectonic setting in the craton interior or at nearer to the craton margin; while A-type granites of Mesoproterozoic age belonging to Prakasam alkaline province (PAP) emplaced along the junction of EDC and Eastern Ghats mobile belt (EGMB). A-type granites in EDC are reported at Peravali and Dorigallu where these plutons intruded into the Julakalva-Kadiri schist belt, Anantapur district. A-type granites are emplaced into the Pulikonda syenite, Tsundupalli schist belt and calc-alkaline granitoids of EDC. The granites are derived from crustal protoliths (granodiorite-tonalite) as well from the mantle. Post-orogenic granites are derived from extreme fractionation of calc-alkaline magmas generated from the mantle and emplaced along conjugate sets of strike-slip faults in the thickened crust at craton interiors under tensional tectonic environment within Dharwar craton. Episodic reactivation of conjugate sets of deep seated basement faults / shear zones/ fractures in the already thickened and cratonised crust were manifested in the form of alkaline magmatism, intervened by tholeiite magmatism (mafic dyke swarms). III. 9. A-type Granite Occurrences in Eastern Dharwar Craton, Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt and Marginal Zone in Andhra Pradesh: A few occurrences of A-type granite located in Andhra Pradesh show intrusive relation with pyroxene granulites or enderbite-charnoenderbite complex or granodiorite-adamellite-granite complex. These occurrences are situated in Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) and Eastern Ghats Granulite (Mobile) Belt (EGMB). The A-type granites of Andhra Pradesh are characterized by high SiO2, alkalis, LILE, Ta, Hf and Fe/Mg ratio, and low CaO, MgO, Sr, Ba, Cr, Sc and Eu. Chondrite-normalized Eu shows negative anomaly. Their Agpaitic index (molar K2O + Na2O / Al2O3) ranges from 0.81 to 0.97; they are mostly wollastonitenormative and metaluminous, but are occasionally subaluminous. A-type granites occur at Jujjuru, Singarayakonda, Kanigiri, Darsi, Podili, Vinukonda and Torakonda areas, as small plutons and vein-like intrusive bodies within a variety of gneissic or granitic rocks. Intruding into the same gneissic / granitic rocks is a wide variety of rocks (including alkaline rocks), petrologically consanguineous to the A-type granites, such as albitite and trondhjemite, nepheline-, ferro-, quartz-syenites and lamprophyres of Prakasam Alkaline Province (PAP), Kannegiri carbonatite, gabbros and anorthosite. All these rocks (and PAP) are located within a Marginal Zone (MZ) which is a tectonomagmatically modified zone of collision between EGMB and EDC. The gneisses / granites of MZ that host the PAP as well as the A-type granites and their related rocks are reconstituted from the granitic rocks of EDC and the granulites of EGMB.

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III. 10. A-type granite occurrences in the area between Dharwar Craton and Southern Granulite Terrain in Tamil Nadu: The granites of Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) can be grouped under two broad categories, viz., the Late Archaean / Early-proterozoic granites and the Late-Proterozoic / Early-Palaeozoic (Pan-African) granites. The older granites are restricted to the northern part of SGT, while the younger Pan-African granites are mostly found in central and southern parts of SGT. Geochronological studies have yielded isochron age of 534 15 Ma for the SankariTiruchengodu, 61935 Ma for the Maruda Malai and 471-475Ma for the Punjai Puliyampatti granites. The field setting, mineralogical and geochemical characters of most of the Pan-African granitoids of SGT characterize them as Anorogenic A-type granites. III. 11. Granites of alkaline affinity (A-type) in Kerala: Intrusive granites of alkaline affinity have been reported from different localities within the geographic stretch of Kerala. Prominent among them are the Peralimala Granite, Kalpatta Granite, Ambalavayal Granite, Munnar Granite, Chengannur Granite and Sholayur Granite. These granite bodies occur in proximity to major lineaments which coincide with deep crustal conduits provided by near vertical axial traces of major folds. These intrusive entities have distinct signatures of post-tectonic emplacement along crustal fractures which are the results of late-Proterozoic and Pan-African orogeny. The alkali granites are similar in terms of petrography and petrochemistry. They are also chronologically and spatially consanguineous as revealed by emplacement geometry and isotopic age data (around 500Ma) but vary drastically in texture, content and assemblage of accessory minerals. These granites are rich in potash and have high Fe / Mg ratio. III. 12. Tamparkola Granite-Rhyolite (TG-TR): TG is an elliptical batholith located in Deogarh and Sundergarh districts of Orissa. It is intrusive into Kunjar group of greenstone belt that unconformably rests over Bonai Granite batholith (~3.2Ga) in the western margin of Iron Ore Craton. TG-TR (~ 2.8 Ga based on Pb- Pb dating on zircon) is emplaced synkinematically with F2 deformation of Kunjar with development of two sets of cleavages. Tamparkola Granite is an undeformed and unmetamorphosed unit though Kunjar group shows an imprint of two deformation phases. Tamparkola rhyolite (TR) in minor proportions is associated with TG in the peripheral parts of batholith. The contact between TG & TR is not well defined. Irregular nature of grain size variation from chilled to porphyritic texture within short distance and presence of substantial enclaves, absence of contact metamorphic effect suggest a shallow- level emplacement of magma that largely crystallised at depth. Besides, assimilated units of TG with country rocks like biotite granite gneiss, tonalite gneiss, granodiorite porphyry are also present. III. 13. A-type granites of Purulia, West Bengal and Singhbhum, Jharkhand: Rare metal-bearing pegmatites of A-type granite affinity is emplaced within a mixed I- and S-type gneisses in Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex in Purulia district, West Bengal and Singhbhum district, Jharkhand. Rare metal-bearing pegmatites are peraluminous.

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The geochemistry of the rare metal-beraing pegmatoids is similar to that of Atype granitoids. Rare metal-bearing pegmatites have high SiO2 (71-77%), high alkalis (Na2O+K2O 8.79-11.55%), low Sr (18-41 ppm), high Nb, high Rb/Sr, low Ba, high Ga/Al (2.33-7.006) and low CaO (0.03-0.25%), low MgO (0.15-0.37), low K/Rb, and variable Y/Nb (0.53-2.857) which reveal A type chemistry. However, these rare metal-bearing pegmatites have a low FeOt / MgO ratio which is the aberration from A type granite. A few A-type rare metal pegmatoids plot in the field of A1 type granitoids. These A1 rare metal pegmatoids indicate mantle differentiates in an intraplate / rift zone environment and crustal contamination. The associated gneisses (grey granitoid gneiss, porphyroclastic granitoid gneiss and two mica granitoid gneiss), leucogranitoid and barren pegmatites bear the imprints of a mixed I and S type character. Geochemistry reveals that the gneisses along with the associated pegmatoids are emplaced in a within-plate to syn-collisional tectonic setting. This is characterized with an extensional tectonic regime (an intracratonic rift setting) with the development of ductile to brittle-ductile shear zones along with emplacement of granitoids. Two prominent shear zones, viz. the NPSZ (the North Purulia Shear Zone) and the NML (the Northern Mega lineament) traverse this part of the CGC. III. 14. A-type granites at Kondapalle, Phirangipuram and Perecherla areas in Eastern Ghat Granulite Belt, Andhra Pradesh: A-type granites occur at Kondapalle, Phirangipuram and Perecherla areas in Eastern Ghat Granulite (Mobile) Belt, Andhra Pradesh. Leucocratic A-type granite bodies intrude a granulite facies assemblage comprising charno-enderbite, enderbite and garnetiferous gneiss, as veins and small plutons; the are about 100 m long and 50 m wide. A-type granite exhibits sharp contact with the granulitic hosts. Petrographic study reveals hypidiomorphicgrabular texture and these granites are composed of quartz, K-feldspar (microcline) and a few grains of plagioclase garnet, while zircon and opaques are the accessory minerals. Quartz is anhedral and exhibits wavy extinction. Presence of deformation bands is noticed in some quartz grains while neoblast development recrystallisation around the grain margins is conspicuously noticed in some of the larger anhedral quartz grains indicating that the rock is subjected to brittle-ductile deformation. K-feldspar is unaltered and occurs as subhedral laths. At places bleb-type of microperthite is present in K-feldspar. Plagioclase grains are subhedral with lamellar twinning. At places the twin lamellae in plagioclase are distorted. Garnet is present in a few samples. Zircon is accessory mineral.. Minute prismatic grains of zircon (0.05 mm size) at places are zoned and occur as twin grains. Magnetite occurs as subhedral to irregular grains ranging in size from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. III. 15. Arkasani Granophyre: Arkasani Granophyre (AG) in Kharswan District, Jharkhand includes 7 isolated bodies of granitic rocks (largest one being at Arkasani Hill), located along E-W belt within the Proterozoic Mobile belt following the northern margin of the Chakradharpur Granite Gneiss Basement (CKPG-I). Arkasani Granophyre is a medium to coarse-grained rock containing euhedral phenocrysts (max. 10% of volume) of Plagioclase (An22-35) in a groundmass of sodic plagioclase (An 2-15), K- feldspar, biotite, muscovite and other accessories. Characteristic granophyric texture suggests its origin from melt.

12

Whole- rock analysis data plot in Granite field of normative Or- Ab- An diagram. Major- and trace-element parameters of AG in comparison to mean A-type granites (figures in parenthesis) are: SiO2- 66.94 wt.% (73.88%), (Na2O+K2O) - 8.42wt.% (8.78%), A.I.- 0.85 (0.95), Na2O/ K2O- 0.80 (0.88), (MnO+ MgO+ CaO) 5.29 wt.% (1.0 %), (FeO/ MgO)- 2.24(7.38); Rb- 83 ppm (169 ppm), Sr- 31.8 ppm (48 ppm), Ba1104 ppm (352 ppm), K/ Rb- 465 (229), Rb/ Sr- 2.61 (3.52), Rb/ Ba- 0.07 (0.48), Eu/Eu*- 0.465, Ce/ YbN- 3.66 (2.2- 5.5). REE- pattern of AG is slightly fractionated with moderate to large negative Eu- anomaly and enriched HREE with a concave downward HREE- pattern. AG was produced by partial melting of a heterogeneous source comprising 70% deformed cover sediments, 27% trondhjemite basement of CKPG-I and 3% basic enclaves (both intrusives and extrusives). III. 16 REE mineralization in A-type granites in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Gujarat: Granites and associated pegmatites in different parts of India were explored for Rare Metal (Li, Be, Nb, Ta) and Rare Earth (Y, REE) mineral potential. The granite pluton at Kanigiri, Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh constitutes the southernmost part of the Prakasam Alkaline Complex (PAC), which lies to the east of the eastern margin of the Cuddapah Basin. Kanigiri Granite (KG) is biotite granite with notable content of accessory minerals like fluorite, columbite, samarskite, fergusonite, zircon, allanite and thorite. It is low-Ca, metaluminous, highly fractionated alkali granite with enrichment of Rb, Pb, Ga, Y, Zr, U, Th, Nb and Ta, and depletion of Ba, Sr, Ti and P. Field, petrological and geochemical studies indicate KG as A-type granite (anorogenic, within plate) and fertile for rare metals and soils derived from it are potential for polymetallic (Y, REE, Nb and Ta) minerals. A-type pink granite of Dorigallu-Timmanayanapallyam area, Anantapur is biotitemonzogranite with minor chlorite and sericite and accessory allanite, epidote, zircon, sphene, monazite, apatite, calcite and fluorite. It is characterised by SiO2 69-72 wt%, high Ca, high alkalis and high content of Rb, Pb, Ga, Ce, Y, Zr, U, Nb and Ta and depletion of Ti, P, Ba and Sr. Its Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron age is 2262 +-108 Ma with 87Sr/86 Sri ratio of 0.7156 0.0074. Geochronological study of stock like bodies of A-type granite occurring en echelon within the Charnockite and Khondalite group between Nagamalai and Minakshipuram, west and north of Madurai, Tamil Nadu indicated Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron age of 837 34 Ma, with an initial 87 Sr/86 Sr ratio of 0.7120 0.0029. This high initial Sr isotope ratio, A/CNK ratio of 0.977, high K2O content (5.29 %), depletion of Ba and Sr in relation to Rb and the high values of Ga/Al, Zr, Y, and Nb suggest that these granites could belong to the rift-related, A-type granite emplaced along NW-SE trending Vaigai lineament. Rare earth and rare metal mineralisation represented by fergusonite, gadolinite and allanite-bearing pegmatites and uraniferous graphite-bearing calcgranulites and schists have been identified in close proximity to these granites. Several pegmatitic bodies including rare metal bearing ones hosting columbite-tantalite and beryl intrude Jharsuguda granite of Orissa. It is a silica rich, metaluminous to peraluminous and potassic granite. It is enriched in trace elements such as Rb, Nb, Zr, Y, Ga and Th and depleted in Ba, Sr and Ti resulting in high Rb/Sr, Rb/Ba and Ga/Al ratios. The petro-mineralogical and geochemical characteristics indicate that Jharsuguda granite is similar to Niobium-Yttrium-Fluorine (NYF)-bearing A-type fertile granites.

13

Geochemical study of Idar granite, Umedpur, Sabarkantha district, Gujarat indicated rare-metal and tin-rich, peraluminous, A-type granite affinity over an area of 0.16 sq. The average Nb, Y and Sn values in granite are 120, 116 and 31 ppm (n = 10) respectively which are higher than the mean values for low-Ca granite. The high content of rare metals in the granite is attributed to the presence of discrete columbite, betafite, thorite and xenotime. Pegmatites and albitized granite within Umedpur granitic area have also indicated high RM and REE content. IV: Current Status of the IGCP-510 The project under IGCP-510 is closed on 31 December 2009. This is the final report highlighting the outcome of the IGCP-510. IV. 1. The Proceedings Volume of the Open Workshop conducted on 19-20 March 2009 is to be brought out as hard copy by June 2010. Approval of the DG, GSI has already been obtained for the publication of this Proceedings Volume. DG, GSI has approved placing the Proceedings Volume in the public domain in GSI Portal. V. Recommendations It is recommended that India participates in any one or more successor programmes which IUG|S proposes in future. The dossier and the current report along with the Abstract Volume and Proceedings Volume of the Open Workshop of IGCP-510 will serve as the starting point for the database for the any such successor programme.

14

Annexure-I

Geological Survey of India

International Geoscience Programme

IGCP 510
Global Correlation of A-type Granites and Related Rocks, their Mineralization, and Significance in Lithospheric Evolution

Open Workshop 19th & 20th March 2009 Nagpur

Abstract Volume

15

Geological Survey of India

International Geoscience Programme

IGCP

510

Global Correlation of A-type Granites and Related Rocks, their Mineralization, and Significance in Lithospheric Evolution

OPEN WORKSHOP
19th & 20th March 2009

at Geological Survey of India, Central Region, Nagpur

Abstract Volume

16

Geological Survey of India

International Geoscience Programme

IGCP

510

Global Correlation of A-type Granites and Related Rocks, their Mineralization, and Significance in Lithosperhic Evolution
OPEN WORKSHOP 19th & 20th March 2009

At Geological Survey of India, Central Region, Nagpur

Chief Patron Co-Patrons Chairman Co-Chairmen Convener Co-Convener Organising Secretary Secretaries, Committe Shri P. M. Tejale, DG, GSI & Chairman INC for IGCP 1. Shri N. K. Dutta, Sr. Dy. D.G, IR& HR, GSI Kolkata 2. Shri R. K. Vishnoi, Dy. D.G., GSI, CR, Nagpur Dr. R. G. Vijay, Dy.D.G, GSI, SR, Hyderabad 1. Shri K.K. K. Nair, Dy.D.G, Op. Maharashtra, Nagpur 2. Shri H. P. Saxena, Dy.D.G, GSI, Op. AP, Hyderabad Dr. H. Sarvothaman, Director, GSI & Convener IGCP 510 Shri N. Kutumba Rao, Director, ID & Member-Secretary INC for IGCP, GSI, Kolkata Shri K. Sashidharan, Geologist (Sr) & Member, NWG, IGCP 510, GSI, Op.Maharashtra, Nagpur Technical Dr. P.V. Ramesh Babu, Scientist (G), Regl. Director, AMD, Hyderabad & Member, NWG, IGCP 510. Dr. Sambhunath Ghosh, Dy. D.G, AMSE, Bangalore & Member, NWG, IGCP 510 Shri M. Mohan, Director, GSI, Op. Maharashtra, Nagpur Dr. M. E. A. Mondal, Sr Lecturer, AMU, Aligarh & Member, NWG, IGCP 510 Dr. V.V. Sesha Sai, Geologist (Sr) & Member, NWG, IGCP 510, GSI, Hyderabad

17

Members, Organizing Committee 1. Dr. D.M. Mohabe, Director-CT, GSI, CR, Nagpur 2 Shri K. V. Rao, Director & HOO, GSI, CR 3 Dr. P. Krishnamurthy, Director & HOO, GSI, Hyderabad 4 Shri S. N. Meshram, Director, GSI, Nagpur 5 Shri G. Gonnade, Geologist (Sr), GSI, Nagpur 6 Shri B.T. Borkar, Geophysicist (Sr), GSI, Nagpur 7 Shri K. N. Sinha, ME (Sr), GSI, Nagpur 8 Shri P.K. Raut, Geologist (Sr),GSI, Nagpur 9 Shri K.C. Mahapatra, Geologist (Sr), GSI, Nagpur 10 Dr. Samuel Sukumar, Geologist (Sr), GSI, Hyderabad Subcommittees 1. Meeting &Technical Chairman session Members

Dr. D. M. Mohabe, Director-CT, GSI, Nagpur 1. Shri S.N.Meshram, Director, GSI, Nagpur 2. Smt. Aglave, Geologist (Sr), GSI, Nagpur 3. Shri Md. Amjad Ali, Geologist (Sr), GSI, Hyderabad. 4. Shri S. Sekar, Geologist (Sr), GSI, Nagpur 5. Shri S. K. Basak, Geologist, GSI, Nagpur Shri K. N. Sinha, ME (Sr), GSI, Nagpur 1. Shri V. K. Khadse, Geologist, GSI, Nagpur 2. Shri P. Pati, Geologist, GSI, Nagpur Shri G. Gonnade, Geologist (Sr), GSI, Nagpur 1. Shri R.H. Chavhan, Geologist (Jr) GSI Op. Maharashtra, Nagpur 2. Shri A.C. Bansod, STA (G), GSI Op. Maharashtra, Nagpur 3. Dr. D. Roop Kumar, Geologist, GSI, Hyderabad. Shri P. K. Raut, Geologist (Sr), GSI, Nagpur 1. Dr. S. Bhattacharjee, Geologist (Sr), GSI Hyderabad. 2. Shri S.H. Wankhede, Geologist, GSI, Nagpur

2. Reception Transport 3. Accomodation

and Chairman Members Chairman Members

4.Hospitality

Chairman Members

Cover Page: Veins of A-type granite (pink, without mafic minerals) intruding into the enderbitecharno-enderbitegarnetiferous gneiss complex of Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt. Location: Kondapalli Hills area, Andhra Pradesh.

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(Key Presentation)

GRANITE EMPLACEMENT MECHANISM AN OVERVIEW

Abhinaba Roy Geological Survey of India Kolkata Abstract Granite is not a rock which was simple in its origin but might be produced in more ways than one Joseph Beete Jukes in 1863 Granites / granitoids are broadly classified into orogenic and anorogenic types based on their emplacement in active deformation (and crustal addition) zones or otherwise. The source region in either case could be crustal, mantle or mixed. The popular alphabet S-, I-, A- and M- granitoid types are supposed to represent distinctive tectonic setting, and or source regions. James Hutton first suggested in 1788 that granite magma developed at great depths in the earth and was made to invade and break (intrude) into the surrounding state. Early geologists working on the origin of granitic rocks had not concerned themselves to any great extent with the mechanism of magma ascent. Daly (1903) emphasized the importance of brittle processes such as stopping, but it was not until the detail map of work of Cloos (1925) and the structural studies of Balk (1937) that geologists became interested in the patters of magmatic flow seen in and around plutons. During most of the 20th century, the debate regarding the emplacement of granitic batholiths was dominated by the theory of diapirism (Wegmann), 1930; Daly, 1933; Cloas, 1941; Rast, 1970; Read and Watson, 1974; Holmen, 1978; Pitcher, 1979). In this model large bodies of molten magma ascend through the cover rocks by shoulding aside the material in their path, rising by density contrast, volumetric expansion, gas coring, or tectonic squeezing (Rast, 1970). The last twenty years has seen the development of a new range of theories regarding the genesis of granitic magmas, their mode of emplacement, the form that the intrusive take and the way in which granite plutons fit into the tectonic framework of various orogenic belts. Modern theories of granite emplacement have centered on dyke-fed transfer of magma (Cruden, 1998; Petford et al.2000) to higher levels in the crust and the creation of space to form large intrusions. Recent work has also emphasized that making space at the level of pluton emplacement is mainly a structural problem. Geochemical and petrological studies on pluton emplaced at mid to shallow crustal levels have concluded that (a) magmas have moved significantly from the source regions and (b) magmas do not incorporate large volumes of wall rock material. However, the essential mechanism by which granitic magma ascends through the continental crust is a fundamental problem because there is a lack of clear observational data on the subject.

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Synchronicity of pluton emplacement with regional tectonic events in orgenic belts has been demonstrated in recent years for many orogenic belts. It is most unlikely that magmatism is a tectonically passive event. In the broadest sense magmatism is always syntectonic when considered the whole process time involved in the melting, assembly, intrusion and cooling. Diagnostic criteria for syntectonic magma genesis and emplacement rely on the observation of synmagmatic structures within granitic rocks. The mechanism of emplacement of any one pluton may vary from dyking to diapirism, according to the depth of emplacement, and each pluton is unique in its source, transport, and emplacement characteristics. In granitic magma with the application of stress there is a continuous progression of fabrics in response to changing rheology with time as magmatism given way to autometamorphism. That means at the initial stages the melt (with crustals) will produce pre-full crystallization fabric and at a later stage to crystal plastic strain fabric. Thus a mineral foliation could be formed either by flow or by deformation or a combination of both during the ascent and emplacement of the magma. Most of the foliation results from symplutonic deformation. When major tectonic structures (faults and shear zones) develop, space is created within and around them into which granites may be emplaced. It has long been recognized that granites are often associated spatially with large tectonic structures: what has been demonstrated more recently is that there is often a demonstrable temporal connection between the emplacement of plutons and tectonic activity on the major structures. Granite magmas ascend in dykes. There are currently two general models for granitic ascent in dykes, one involving ascent by magma fracture (Clemens & Mawer 1992), and the other related to ascent in fault-related conduits (Petford et al. 1993, 1994). Although both models are different geologically, with the latter emphasizing the important role of crustal extension in initiating dyke conduits, their physics are essentially the same. Dykes can occur at all structural levels on scales from the millimeter to hundreds of meter, demonstrating the ability of magma to penetrate rocks by fracture propagation (Hutton, 1992). In dyke intrusion the limiting factor is not wall rock viscosity, but magma viscosity (Clemens and Petford, 1999; Vigneresse, 1999; Baker, 1998; Dingwell, 1999). The link between tectonism and plutonism in these models means that rates or tectonic processes will be a major controlling factor in pluton emplacement. The emplacement site is largely determined by the magma driving pressure, the lithostatic load and the nature (inhomogeneous or not) of the crust through which the magma is passing. Magma will find its own level in response to crustal traps and confining stress, or will passively fill open-space sites within pull-apart systems; it will also, in other cases, modify the local stress field to form laccolithic intrusions. Not all intrusions show evidence of passive emplacement; some may show forceful characteristics, such as in-situ ballooning, horizontal movement leading to the translation of geological markers, sometimes over many kilometers.

20

(Key Presentation)

A-type Granite: An Introduction

H. Sarvothaman Geological Survey of India, Hyderabad & Convener, IGCP-510, India Abstract Were just trying to find out how the Lord did it ---J. Frank Schairer The study of batholiths in southeastern Australia in the Lachlan Fold Belt had led to the identification of two major granite types, namely I-type (derived from an igneous source) and S-type (derived from a source which had been through a weathering cycle, therefore sedimentary source). A third type of granite derived from melting of the oceanic crust or directly from mantle is christened as M-type. Orthopyroxene-bearing granites (occurring as plutons and corresponding to charnockite composition) are reported both in and outside high-grade metamorphic terrains and these granites are referred to as C-type. In the oft-quoted reference which is in the form of an abstract, Loiselle and Wones (1979) had come out with yet another granite known as A-type. In view of the pioneering nature of the A-type granite concept, which has now been globally accepted and is the basic concept for the IGCP-510, this abstract is reproduced below with a view to benefit all the researchers of IGCP-510 on A-type granites: Geological Society of America--Abstracts with Programs. 1979 p.468 V.II CHARACTERISTICS AND ORIGIN OF ANOROGENIC GRANITES LOISELLE, Marc C., and WONES, David R., Department of Geological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Granitoid rocks generated along rift zones and within stable continental blocks (anorogenic or A-Type) are usually mildly alkaline, with low CaO and Al2O3 contents, high Fe/Fe+Mg, high K2O/Na2O and absolute K2O contents. Examples include the Pikes Peak batholith, the White Mountain Magma Series of New Hampshire, the Nigerian Younger granites, and the Gardar Province, Greenland. Petrographic studies of crystallization sequences indicate low H2O fugacity; the F content of biotites indicates a relatively high HF/H2O ratio in the magma; oxides and accessories indicate low to moderate oxygen fugacity.

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A-type granitoids are enriched in the incompatible trace elements (REE (except Eu), Ar, Nb, Ta) and low in trace elements compatible in mafic silicates (Co, Sc, Cr, Ni) and feldspars (Ba, Sr, Eu). Initial 87Sr / 86 Sr ratios range from 0.703 to 0.712. The majority of A-type granitoids are produced when alkali basalt either a) interacts with a granulite facies lower crust (which has undergone a previous partial melting episode) to generate magmas with moderate to high initial Sr isotope ratios, or b) fractionates directly without crustal interaction to yield granites with low initial 87Sr/86Sr. In compressive orogenic zones basaltic magma (or its latent heat) commonly interacts with a thick crustal sequence to produce calcalkaline (I-type) or peraluminous (Stype) granitoids. Continental blocks undergoing rifting or fracturing provide minimal opportunity for interaction between basic magma and the crust. = = = = = = A plethora of published information is currently available in the geological literature on A-type granites based on advanced researches on isotope geology, mineral chemistry, rare-element chemistry and oxygen-fugacity, but the central and original idea put forth first by Loiselle and Wones (1979) has not practically undergone any change. It is fair therefore the researchers currently engaged in A-type granites would apply the concept advocated by Loiselle and Wones (1979) in their studies while arriving at decision on this highly focused research project. Varied views related to the A-type granites as culled out of a large number of research works world over are put forth as follows: A-type (Alkaline, Anorogenic, Anhydrous) granites are found in rift zones (Loiselles and Wones, l979), in zones of crustal uplift and strikeslip faulting (Whalen et al., 1987), in anorogenic (within-plate) settings in tensional regimes (Whalen et al., 1987: Clemens et al., 1986), and in collision zones (Sylvester, 1989; Radain et al., 1981). Apart from quartz, K-feldspars and minor plagioclase, sodic mafic minerals (riebeckite, arfvedsonite, barkevikite and aegirine) are at places essential components in A-type (and peralkaline) granites as documented from Pikes Peak batholith (Barker et al., 1975), Topsails suite (Whalen and Currie, 1984), Gabo suite (Clemens et al., 1989; Collins et al., 1982), Midian suite (Harris and Marriner, 1980) and several other suites (see Eby, 1990; Radain et al., 1981 for a review). Frequently, however, A-type granites are devoid of sodic-pyroxene or amphibole (Sylvester, 1989), as exemplified by Mumbulla suite (Collins et al., 1982) and other similar occurrences in Andhra Pradesh (Banerjee et al., 1983; Sarvothaman and Leelanandam, 1992; Sarvothaman, 1996; Sarvothaman et al, 1998).

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A-type granites are either (a) petrogenetically linked to granulites (Barker et al., 1975; Collins et al., 1982; Sheraton and Black, 1988; Barker, 1991), or (b) have crustal lithologies such as diorite and granodiorite (Anderson, 1983; Creaser et al., 1991), or mafic metatonalites (Sylvester, 1989), as their source. Infrequently, A-type granites are considered to be differentiates of basaltic magma (Eby, 1990). Melting experiments on two calc-alkaline rocks, a tonalite and a granodiorite, demonstrated that shallow dehydration melting of hornblende- and biotite-bearing granitoids generate A-type granite melt (Patino Douce, 1997). A wide variety of rocks occur in intimate relation with A-type granites. They are: 1. Gabbro, anorthosite, quartz-syenite, fayalite-bearing syenite and granite, riebeckite-granite as in Pikes Peak Batholith; 2. An array of syenites (nepheline-bearing and nepheline-free), albitite, trondhjemite (intruded along with A-type granite) within biotite granite as in Prakasam Alkaline Province in the southeastern part of India (Sarvothaman et al, 1998). 3. Enderbite, charno-enderbite and garnetiferous-granite as in the Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt (Sarvothaman, 1996). Mostly, A-type granite is intruded as veins in the related rocks or as plutons or veins in granites (hornblende- and/or biotite-bearing). Mineralization: REE (La, Ce, Sm), Zr, Nb, Y, Be, Ta, U, Th, Rb enrichment; mineralization of columbite, samarskite, tantallite, zircon, monazite, cassiterite, beryl, fluorite, ilmenite and ilmeno-rutile can be expected (see Ramesh Babu in this volume)

Full details of references quoted in this abstract (not reprints / copies) can be obtained from the author through Email id: hari.sarvotham@gmail.com

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AN OVERVIEW OF A-TYPE GRANITE OCCURRENCES IN THE AREA BETWEEN DHARWAR CRATON AND SOUTHERN GRANULITE BELT IN TAMIL NADU
P.K.Muralidharan Geological Survey of India, Chennai
Abstract

In central Tamil Nadu, several major granite plutons, viz., Sankari Tiruchengode, Punjai Puliyampatti, Karamadai and Maruda Malai granites occur in a linear array within an E W trending litho tectonic zone widely referred to as Cauvery Lineament Zone or Cauvery Suture Zone (CSZ), which is bounded by Moyar- Bhavani Athur Llineament (MBAL) in the north and Palghat Cauvery Lineament (PCL) in the south. These are emplaced within the amphibolite facies gneisses and the associated pelite carbonate dominated Sathyamangalam supracrustals and the layered ultramafic mafic anorthosite complexes of Archaean age. The Sankari Tiruchengode (ST) granite is emplaced within the Bhavani gneissic complex (Peninsular gneisses) and the associated supracrustal rocks of Sathyamangalam Group Two distinct phases, viz., a leucocratic medium grained to pegmatoidal phase and a pink phase with similar variation in grain size have been noticed. The Punjai Puliyampatti (PP) granite is emplaced within the hornblende biotite gneiss of Bhavani Gneissic Complex with the associated garnetiferous gabbro, amphibolite, meta pyroxenite, chromiferous pyroxenite and dunite occurring in the form of linear and lensoid bodies. The PP granite appear to have been emplaced syn-to post-kinematic with F3 cross folding similar to the emplacement of temporally related ST granite occurring within the same litho tectonic milieu. The Karamadai (KM) granite, exposed on either side of the Coimbatore Mettupalaiyam Highway, is emplaced within the hornblende biotite gneiss of Bhavani Gneissic Complex and the associated garnetiferous gabbro and pyroxenite of Mettupalaiyam Ultramafic Complex of Archaean age. The Maruda Malai (MM) granite pluton occurring in the western part of central Tamil Nadu near Coimbatore is an E W trending linear body, emplaced within a predominantly hornblende-biotite gneiss terrain with enclaves of amphibolite, metapyroxenite and minor calc-silicate rock. The major oxide chemistry of the MM granite, in general, corresponds to the composition of granite (sensu stricto). The granite shows

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alkaline affinity in the western part with high K2O content and higher modal alkali pyroxene / amphibole. The granites of Southern Granulite Province (SGP) can be grouped under two broad categories, viz., the Late Archaean / Early-proterozoic granites and the LateProterozoic / Early-Palaeozoic (Pan-African) granites. The older granites are restricted to the northern part of SGP (north of MBAL), while the younger Pan-African granites are mostly found in central and southern parts of SGP south of MBAL. Geochronological studies have yielded isochron age of 534 15 Ma for the ST, 61935Ma for the MM and 471-475Ma for the PP granites. The field setting, mineralogical and geochemical characters of most of the Pan-African granitoids of Southern Granulite Province characterize them as Anorogenic A-type granites of Whalen, et al (1987). An enriched granulitic protolith occurring at the lower crustal level might have served as the source for these A-type granites.

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GRANITES OF ALKALINE AFFINITY (A-TYPE) IN KERALA: TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF POST-TECTONIC DIFFERENTIATES

M. P. Muraleedharan Geological Survey of India Kerala Unit Thiruvananthapuram Abstract Intrusive granites of alkaline affinity have been reported from different localities within the geographic stretch of Kerala State. Prominent among them are the Peralimala Granite, Kalpatta Granite, Ambalavayal Granite, Munnar Granite, Chengannur Granite and Sholayur Granite. These granite bodies occur in proximity to major lineaments which coincide with deep crustal conduits provided by near vertical axial traces of mega F2 folds. These intrusive entities have distinct signatures of posttectonic emplacement along crustal fractures which are the results of late-Proterozoic and Pan-African orogeny. The alkali granites are similar in terms of petrography and petrochemistry. They are also chronologically and spatially consanguineous as revealed by emplacement geometry and isotopic age data (around 500Ma) but vary drastically in texture, content and assemblage of accessory minerals. Petrochemically these granites are rich in potash and have high Fe/Mg ratio. This paper is an attempt to bring to fore, these characteristics and the details of the different occurrences are discussed and compared with a holistic approach.

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A-type granites of Perecherla - Phirangipuram areas in Eastern Ghat Granulite Belt, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh
H. Sarvothaman & V. V. Sesha Sai Geological Survey of India Hyderabad Abstract Occurrences of A-type granites are present at Perecherla and Phirangipuram area in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. In these areas, leucocratic A-type granite bodies intrude a granulite facies assemblage comprising charno-enderbite, enderbite and garnetiferous gneiss. At Perecherla, the dimension of these A-type granite occurrences is about 100 m long and 50 m wide. A-type granite exhibits sharp contact with the granulitic host rocks. Petrographic studies reveal that the rock exhibits hypidiomorphic texture and is mainly composed of quartz, K-feldspar and plagioclase garnet, while zircon and opaques are the accessory minerals. Quartz is anhedral and exhibits wavy extinction. Presence of deformation bands is noticed in some quartz grains while neoblast development recrystallisation around the grain margins is conspicuously noticed in some of the larger anhedral quartz grains indicating that the rock is subjected to brittleductile deformation. Both K-feldspar and plagioclase are unaltered. K-feldspar grains occur as subhedral laths and at places development of bleb type of microperthite intergrowth is noticed in K-feldspar. Plagioclase occurs as subhedral laths and exhibit conspicious lamellar twinning. At places the twin lamellae in plagioclase are distorted. Presence of garnet has been noticed in some thin sections. Zircon is a conspicious accessory mineral noticed in the rock. Minute prismatic grains of zircon (0.05 mm size) at places are zoned and occur as twin grains. Opaque are mainly represented by magnetite, which occur as subhedral to irregular grains ranging in size from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm and are distributed throughout the rock. The major-oxide composition of Perecherla A-type granite is as follows follows: SiO2 73.38 TiO2 0.39 Al2O3 12.57 Fe2O3 2.1 MnO 0.02 MgO < d.l. CaO 1.91 Na2O 1.93 K2O 5.75 P2O5 0.16 LOI 0.4 Total 98.61

27

Geochemical traits of post-collisional A-type granites in India

R. S. Bains Neutron Activation Analysis Laboratory, Geological Survey of India Pune. Email: naarsbains@gmail.com Abstract A wide variety of rocks from Indian subcontinent and Antarctica, marine samples and meteorites have been analyzed by neutron activation analysis (NAA) for eight rare earth elements (REE) such as La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, and six trace elements such as Co, Sc, Ta, Hf, Th & Cr . Various REE parameters such as total REE, Eu / Eu* and Ce / Ce* anomalies, (LREE / HREE)n and chondrite-normalized profiles are generated by creation and management of NAA database by in-house dedicated software. Geochemical characters like SiO2 >=66%, Sc <=10 ppm, R1 >= 1425 and R2 <= 625 are used for comparative studies of granites from Bundelkhand, southern and eastern (Singhbhum) parts of India. Singhbhum granites have higher range of total REE, Hf & Ta as compared to southern and Bundelkhand granites. Geochemical condition of SiO2 > 66%, total Alkali > 9.5%, K2O / Na2O > 2.2, K2O >= 5 and CaO < 0.9% is used for searching for possible post-collisional alkali granites. Eight such granite samples from different areas (Sirohi dist., Rajasthan; Humboldt, East Antarctica; Ghosiana, dist. Hamirpur, UP; Mainpur kimberlite field, dist. Raipur, Chhattisgarh and Belamu, dist. Purulia, West Bengal) are marked from NAA database. A-type anorogenic granites, intruded in non-orogenic settings are originating from continental rifting hot spot due to partial melting of mantle and/or lower crust (anhydrous). They are reported to be generally having higher SiO2, alkalis, Na2O, Fe/Mg, halogens, Zr, Nb, Ga, Y, Ce and low CaO than I-types (Igneous source) and are diverse both chemically and in term their genesis. Geochemical characters such as SiO2 > 66%, total Alkali > 9.5%, high Na2O and CaO < 0.9% are used for searching A-type granites and their locations in India. Median and minimum and maximum values of some geochemical parameters (given in parenthesis) of seven samples of southern parts of India i.e. SiO2 =69.65% (67.4772.61%) , R1 = 1345 (725-1733), R2 = 345 (282-394) , TiO2 = 0.095%, Al2O3 = 15.42%, CaO = 0.29%, MgO = 0.13%, Na2O = 6.07,K2O = 4.76%,P2O5 = 0.03% , Co = 1.25 ppm, Sc =2.5 ppm Cr = 6.45 ppm, Th = 17.5 ppm(3.3-34 ppm) , Ta = 0.34 (0.1-57 ppm) , Hf 14.5 (6.2-34 ppm), Total REE = 116 ppm (26.63-299 ppm), Eu / Eu* anomaly = 0.715 (0.08-0.98) indicate granite, quartz syenite, felsite dyke.

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Geochemical data of these samples points toward A-type anorogenic granitoids located in Sholingar, Punjai Puliyampatti, Karamadai and Maruda Malai in Tamil Nadu and Balkere, Sullia district of Karnataka. Low total REE (299 ppm) in anorogenic granites as compared to other granites of Bundelkhand (1290 ppm), southern region (697 ppm) and Eastern region (4283 ppm) may be due to comparatively low values of CaO and P2O5 besides other reasons like fractional crystallization and partial melting. It is also pointed out that besides major oxides, total REE < 299 ppm, Sc<= 10 ppm, Co < 8.7 ppm, Cr < 13 ppm, Hf < 34 ppm and Ta < 57 ppm may be used for finding and studying A-type granites. High hafnium and tantalum indicate possible zircon and niobium mineralisation due to their respective geochemical associations. More locations need to be searched for studying A-type granites in India by multidisciplinary approach. Chemical composition of a granitoid is controlled by the chemical composition of the source, pressure, temperature, and degree of partial melting, and nature and extent of subsequent assimilation and differentiation processes. The variability of source areas, both crustal and mantle, produce considerable variations in granitoid series. There have been numerous attempts to classify the diverse spectrum of granitoid rocks. S-I-A-M classification has been advocated. These can broadly be grouped into orogenic and anorogenic settings. Orogenic is rather narrowly defined here as mountain building resulting from compressive stresses associated with subduction. Anorogenic refers to magmatism within a plate or at a spreading plate margin. Granitoids occur in a wide variety of settings. S-type (sedimentary source), Itype (igneous source) and M-type (mantle source) are based on source chemical characteristics), whereas A-type is based on tectonic regime. So classification basis is not consistent. We might better be served by placing our emphasis on deciding what controls the chemical composition of magmas and what chemical signatures indicate a particular process. The suites range from quartz diorites to true granites and have distinctive petrographic and field characteristics as well as chemical differences that can not be related to one another by any process such as fractional crystallization or contamination. Only by originating from chemically and isotopically different source rocks could the differences be explained.

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ANOROGENIC GRANITES OF ANANTAPUR & CHITTOOR DISTRICTS, ANDHRA PRADESH.

G. Suresh * #, K. V. S. Reddy #, A. Anil Kumar #, R. C. Hanumanthu +, C. V. Gopalan @ & N. Jaiswal ** Geological Survey of India, # Hyderabad *Training Institute; @Marine Wing, Mangalore; **AMSE, Ranchi
+

Department of Geology, S.V. University, Tirupati-517502. Abstract

There are reported occurrences of post-orogenic granites in Anantapur district (Suresh and Rao, 1995), A-type granites in Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh in Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) (Sarvothaman, 1996) and in Dorigallu in Kadiri schist belt, Anantapur district (Zakaulla et al, 1998). An association of albitite-trondhjemiteA-type granite is present in Prakasam alkaline province (Sarvothaman et al, 1998). A-type granites of Palaeoproterozoic age are associated with Dancherla and Pulikonda alkaline complexes in EDC. EDC is characterised by an episodic alkaline magmatism interspersed with tholeiitic magmatism with progressively younger magmatic events towards eastern craton margin. Their emplacement was controlled by conjugate sets of deep seated regional scale trans-lithospheric strike-slip faults and shear zones (taphrogenic) which were developed immediately after the late-Archaean calc-alkaline arc magmatism at different time-space episodes, i.e. initially into the thickened craton interiors and later into the craton margins. Post-orogenic granites are associated with the Dancherla complex which was emplaced in between the Kolar-Kadiri suture and Ramagiri-Penakacherla schist belt. These granite bodies are found at Gooty, Nagasamudram, Singanamala, Salkamcheruvu, Bukkapatnam-Puttaparthi and Mudigubba- Kadiri, in Anantapur district and in B. Kothakota area in Chittoor district. Syenites in Dancherla alkaline complex intrude these granites. Atype granites are emplaced at the junction of two terrane boundaries / subblock boundaries or along suture zone under tensional tectonic setting in the craton interior or at nearer to the craton margin; while A-type granites of Mesoproterozoic age belonging to Prakasam alkaline province (PAP) emplaced along the junction of EDC and Eastern Ghats mobile belt (EGMB). A-type granites in EDC are reported at Peravali and Dorigallu where these plutons intruded into the Julakalva-Kadiri schist belt, Anantapur district. A-type granites are emplaced into the Pulikonda syenite,

30

Tsundupalli schist belt and calc-alkaline granitoids of EDC. The granites are derived from crustal protoliths (granodiorite-tonalite) as well from the mantle. Post-orogenic granites are derived from extreme fractionation of calc-alkaline magmas generated from the mantle and emplaced along conjugate sets of strike-slip faults in the thickened crust at craton interiors under tensional tectonic environment within Dharwar craton. Episodic reactivation of conjugate sets of deep seated basement faults / shear zones/ fractures in the already thickened and cratonised crust were manifested in the form of alkaline magmatism, intervened by tholeiite magmatism (mafic dyke swarms). Geology, structure and geochemistry of the rocks of the area are described in the paper.

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Petrographic & petrochemical studies of the granites around Sri Kalahasthi area, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh
V. Balachandrudu 1 and V. V. Sesha Sai 2 Geological Survey of India 1 Op. Andhra Pradesh; 2 Petrology Division; Hyderabad 500068 Email: seshubb@yahoo.co.in

Abstract Biotite-bearing granite plutons occupying 0.5 to 0.75 sqkm area occur to the south of Nellore schist belt near Tottambedu and adjoining areas near Sri Kalahasthi. These biotite-granites are A-type granites that occur within older granite / gneiss of Peninsular Gneissic Complex. Study of megascopic samples indicates that these granitic rocks are leucocratic to mesocratic, medium to coarse grained, porphyritic at places. Petrographic studies indicate that these granitic rocks show hypidiomorphic texture and mainly composed of microcline, quartz, plagioclase and biotite while zircon, sphene, fluorite and opaques are the accessory minerals. Quartz is anhedral and exhibits wavy extinction. Microcline exhibits polysynthetic twinning and occurs as subhedral laths. Plagioclase is partially sericitised and shows lamellar twinning. Biotite is pleochroic in shades of green and brown. At places minute grains of titanite occur in clusters. Titanite is commonly noticed associated with biotite, while minute prismatic grains of zircon observed within biotite form pleochroic haloes. Biotite is interstitial in nature and occurs as randomly oriented flakes. XRF analyses indicate that these granites are characterized by high SiO2 contents ranging from 69.90 to 74.5% while the Al2O3 content ranges from 12.96 to 14.32%. High Na2O + K2O content ranging from 8.38 to 9.71% and low CaO ranging 0.28 to 1.39%. Trace element analyses indicated relatively high Zr content ranging 225 to 525 ppm, moderate Rb contents ranging from 180 to 295 ppm and low Sr ranging from <10 to 85 ppm, while Y analysed 70 to 100 ppm and Nb 30 ppm. Fluorine-saturated magmas characteristically produce A-type granites. Presence of two phases of fluorine bearing minerals in the form of interstitial biotite and fluorite as accessory mineral gives a petrographic indication of the fluorine saturated nature of the magma from which these granites are derived.

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A-type Granite Occurrences in Eastern Dharwar Craton and Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt
H. Sarvothaman Geological Survey of India, Hyderabad Abstract A few occurrences of A-type granite located in Andhra Pradesh show intrusive relation with pyroxene granulites or enderbite-charnoenderbite complex or granodiorite-adamellite-granite (s.s) complex. These occurrences are situated in Eastern Dharwar Craton and Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt. The petrological traits of the granites of Dharwar Craton and Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt are described by Sarvothaman (2003). The A-type granites of Andhra Pradesh are characterized by high SiO2, alkalis, LILE, Ta, Hf and Fe/Mg ratio, and low CaO, MgO, Sr, Ba, Cr, Sc and Eu. Chondritenormalized Eu shows negative anomaly. Their Agpaitic index (molar K2O + Na2O / Al2O3) ranges from 0.81 to 0.97, and they are mostly wollastonite-normative and metaluminous, but are occasionally subaluminous. These A-type granulites have lower crustal granulites as their source rocks, and their melts are indicated to have been produced by anhydrous partial melting of granulitic rocks under granulite facies conditions. A brief summary of individual occurrences is tabulated as follows: Coordinates 1. Northern 17o0145-part of .301 79o1715 mound, ~3.5 km SE of Nalgonda. 2. 1 km S80E of Dacharam 3. ~1.75 km S50W of Kondapalli 17o1220-79o4320 16o3630-80o3200 Location Related / host rock Occurs in Tectonic Setting Stable continental block

Intrudes enderbite-two Eastern pyroxene granulite & Dharwar together occur as Craton enclaves in granodiorite-adamellitegranite --do---do-Enderbite, charno- Eastern enderbite and Ghats garnetiferous gneiss Granulite Belt

--do-Anorogenic (within plate) zone

Reference: Sarvothaman (2003) Precambrian Granites of Eastern Dharwar Craton, Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt and Marginal Zone: Field and Geochemical Evidence for intracrustal reworking and mantle-derived granite magmatism in Southeastern India. Hutton Symposium V. Geol. Surv. Japan Interim Report 29, p-129.

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Lingtse Gneiss Posssible Proterozoic A-type granite in Sikkim Darjeeling Himalaya

Subhra Suchi Sarkar, Sandip Bardhan & Sambhunath Ghosh Geological Survey of India

Abstract Lingtse Gneiss is two-feldspar biotite granite with mylonitic gneissose structure. These Proterozoic granites (ca. 1678 Ma) are restricted between the MBT and MCT. Similar deformed granitoid gneiss have been described from all along the entire length of the Himalayas, occurring in two modes: (I) as a narrow belt occurring at the base of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines, following trace of a major ductile shear zone named as, the Main Central Thrust Zone (MCTZ) and (II) as detached sheets within the Lesser Himalayan low grade rocks. In Sikkim Himalaya Lingtse Gneiss is continuously exposed between the chloritic phyllite of Gorubathan Formation of Daling Group and the garnetiferous mica schist litho package of Paro / Chungthang / Jaishidanda Formation from south of Aritanr to north of Lingtse via Rongli in the eastern part of the Daling Dome and from Barmek to Heegaon in the western part. Small patch of Lingtse Gneiss along the contact of garnetiferous mica schist and migmatites of Darjeeling Gneiss has also been observed near Barapathing. In addition, there are two small bodies of Lingtse gneiss which have been observed near Rimbi in the western part and near Lingtong in the northern part within the garnetiferous mica schist sequence. Within Gorubathan Formation, there is an elongated north south body of Lingtse Gneis. This central Lingtse gneiss body is exposed from Ramthang - Phodong sector in the north to Martam in the south. Apart from these occurrences, three cuspet shaped thin bands of Lingtse Gneiss are encountered within Daling metapelites near Pandim. Thus, Lingtse gneiss is exposed at three different tectonic levels - along the Daling- Chungthang contact, within the Daling and within Chungthang. Megascopically Lingtse Gneiss is a medium to coarse-grained porphyroclastic biotite granite with development of strong mylonitic foliation and a strong stretching lineation which defines its gneissose character with L-tectonite look. Closely spaced shear bands marked by biotite-rich layers and down dip mineral lineation of biotite streaks and/or long axes of porphyroclasts of K-feldspar are the distinctive megascopic feature of the Lingtse Gneiss. Quartz grains are often elongated to form Quartz Roding which is parallel to the strike of the gneissosity plane. K-feldspar grains often form augens which are at times stretched. The individual augen varies in size from 5 mm to a few centimeters. In rare cases, quartz also forms augens. Biotite flakes are seen to wrap around these augens. Major part of the rock is dominated by biotite as mafic mineral. However, towards the eastern margin of the central body, development of sericite has been observed in place of biotite. The gneisses are traversed by concordant and discordant pegmatite veins. Amphibolite enclaves are recorded within gneisses with sharp contact. Mineralogically it is a two-feldspar granite having uniform assemblage of quartz + microcline + plagioclase (An3-15) + biotite + muscovite +

34

myrmekite with chlorite, tourmaline, Fe-Ti oxides, apatite, epidote, rare garnet and zircon as accessories. EPMA data of muscovites, biotites and feldspars from Lingtse Gneiss is processed with relevant cation end members. It is interpreted that muscovites are enriched in Phengite composition and the biotite is annite mainly. In other words, both muscovite and biotite of Lingtse gneiss are Fe rich. Feldspar chemistry of Lingtse gneiss refers to Na rich Plagioclase (Albite to sodic plagioclase) and K rich Orthoclase. Two feldspar thermometry indicates a mean temperature in between 660 C to 797 C. (Stormer, 1975). From the Tectonic Discrimination Diagram of Pearce et. al. 1984 almost all the samples are falling in the field of within plate granite. This character had been observed by Singh et. al. 2003 for most of the Proterozoic Granites of the western Himalaya. Lingtse Gneiss is also a Proterozoic Granite (1678 44 Ma Rb-Sr isochron age; from Paul et. al 1996) and thus shows a similarity with the other Himalayan Proterozoic granites. The total rare earth elements ( REE) in the samples (Paul et. al. 1996) range from 67 to 184 ppm. Samples show fractionated REE patern with Lan/Lun varying from 1.2 to 6.8. Most of the samples are enriched in LREE. All samples are characterized by negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.06 to 0.65. Although samples are moderately rich in total REE, as per whalen (1987) A Type granite should have more REE concentration. However, Mishra et. al. opines that the Total REE can be as low as 100 ppm for A Type Granite and in that case Lingtse gneiss can be considered to be A Type on Total REE concentration. The Eu/Eu* ratio however partially follows A- type character as Whalen suggested it should be between 0.30 to 0.56. Enrichment of LREE is also a charteristics of A- Type granite. The Ce Yb relation shows a strong slope. Thus from the REE point of view Lingtse Gneiss can be considered as A Type granite. Zr+Nb+Ce+Y versus Major element Ratio Plot (whalen 1987) Lingtse gneiss samples are falling away from 148 A- Type granite average plot but well within the field where some of the Topsale granite falls. However, in 10000*Ga/Al versus Trace element Ratio Plot (whalen 1987) two Lingtse gneiss samples plot directly over the average sample. Others are also not very much away. In 10000*Ga/Al versus Major element Ratio Plot (whalen 1987) though the samples are away from average plot they are within the field where topsale granite samples fall. Thus from the Ga/Al related plots , which considered to be the most significant to charectarise the A Type granite Lingtse gneiss seems to be an A - Type granite. Considering the different major and trace element ratios of Lingtse gneiss and the average 148 A Type granite (Whalen 1987), it can be observed that that though trace element ratios are closer to the average sample, the major elements vary considerably. This disparity is yet to be resolved. It may be possible that as the Lingtse gneiss is mylonitic granite the major element chemistry is modified by deformation but the trace and REE elements retained its original A Type character.

TAMPARKOLA GRANITE- RHYOLITE: AN EXAMPLE OF ARCHEAN A- TYPE GRANITE

35

S. N. Behera* & Sambhunath Ghosh** Geological Survey of India *Kolkata; **Bangalore

Abstract Tamparkola Granite-Rhyolite (TG-TR) is an elliptical batholith located in Deogarh and Sundergarh districts, Orissa. It is intrusive into Kunjar Group of greenstone belt that unconformably rests over Bonai Granite batholith (~3.2Ga) in the western margin of Iron Ore Craton. TG-TR (~ 2.8 Ga based on Pb-Pb dating on Zircon) is emplaced synkinematically with F2 deformation of Kunjar with development of two sets of cleavages. Bandyopadhyay et al (2001) described TGTR as undeformed and unmetamorphosed unit though Kunjar Group shows an imprint of two deformations. Tamparkola rhyolite (TR) in minor proportions is associated with TG in the peripheral parts of batholith. The contact between TG and TR is not well defined. Irregular nature of grain size variation from chilled to porphyritic texture within short distance and presence of substantial enclaves, absence of contact metamorphic effect suggest a shallow-level emplacement of magma that largely crystallized at depth. Besides, assimilated units of TG with country rocks like biotite granite gneiss, tonalite gneiss, granodiorite porphyry are also present. TG comprises three components not separately mappable. Major component is light pink to grey coloured, fine to medium grained alkali-feldspar microgranite with granophyric and myrmekitic textures. It is closely associated with a coarse-grained phase and aplitic phase of similar mineralogy and textures. Evidence of assimilation of TG with the country rocks like metabasics and metasediments is present as biotitegranite gneiss, tonalite-gneiss and granodiorite porphyry. Microgranite consists of quartz, microcline, perthite, albite, anorthoclase, hornblende, hastingsite, biotite with secondary epidote, chlorite, muscovite and accessories of zircon, apatite, sphene and magnetite. Phenocrysts of alkali feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, hastingsite, hornblende and biotite are locally observed. TR is strongly porphyritic with euhedral phenocrysts of untwinned alkali feldspar, albitic plagioclase and quartz in a partially embayed fine grained matrix with devitrified glass shards. Elliptical clots of granite are also present. Mean composition of TG shows excellent corroboration with mean A-type characters of EIC except for slightly lower soda and Rb/Sr ratio. TR shows broad

36

similarity in major element composition with TG. In TAS classification TR varies in composition partly to trachyandesite and due to contamination with wall rocks shows marginal enrichment in Al, Mg, Ca and depletion in Si. In Ldf-1 (based on 7 major elements) & Ldf-2 (based on 4 alkali elements) diagrams TG is exclusively A- type while TR is A- type in Ldf-1 but marginally S- type in Ldf-2 implying the effects of wall rock alteration or, subsolidus equilibration of alkali feldspar. Table: Mean composition of Tamparkola Granite & Tamparkola Rhyolite in comparison with Mean composition of A-type Granite of East Indian Craton. Mean TG (11) 74.8 11.5 2.77 7.77 1.8 7.98 1.28 2.68 Mean TR (4) 68.3 13.6 3.28 6.88 1.1 2.4 2.94 2.3 Mean EIC A- Type >72 <14 >3 >7 >1 >2 <1.5 >3.5

SiO2 Al2O3 Na2O Na2O + K2O K2O / Na2O FeO / MgO MnO + MgO + CaO Rb / Sr

37

Implications of Mesoproterozoic granite magmatism to the east of Cuddapah basin, Andhra Pradesh, India.
V. V. Sesha Sai 1 & U. V. B. Reddy 2
2

Geological Survey of India, Hyderabad Dept. of Applied Geochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad e-mail : seshubb@yahoo.co.in Abstract

Close to the vicinity of eastern margin of the Proterozoic Cuddapah basin a number of granite bodies of mesoproterozoic age occur in Nellore schist belt and adjoining areas. These granite occur intermittently over a stretch of about 300 km from Vinukonda in the north to Sri Kalahasthi in the south. Notable among them are the Vinukonda granite, Darsi granite, Singarakonda-Dekanakonda granite, Kanigiri granite, Podili alkali granite, and Anumalakonda granite occuring to west of Pamur. Vinukonda granite is leucocratic, medium to coarse grained, gneissose at places and essentially a subsolvus two mica, two feldspar granite showing hypidiomorphic texture and essentially composed of microcline (Or84-95), plagioclase (Ab85-97), quartz, biotite (FeOT- 31.68% and MgO - 2.33%) and muscovite while zircon, fluorite, zoisite, allanite, rutile and opaques are observed as accessory minerals. Microcline microperthite (string and chessboard type, and myrmekite structures are noticed in the rock. Pleochroic haloes around zircon inclusions in biotite are noticed. Sericitisation is noticed in few untwinned feldspar grains. Fluorite is noticed as conspicuous accessory mineral in the host biotite-muscovite granite, leucocratic aplitic variant and quartzo-feldspathic veins that traverse it. Hornblende-biotite granite occurring near Dekanakonda area is essentially composed of microcline (Or96.2), plagioclase (Ab97.1) quartz, hornblende and biotite (FeOT - 34.69% and MgO - 0.49%) while zircon, fluorite, epidote, chlorite and opaques are observed as accessory minerals. Kanigiri biotite granite is leucocratic to mesocratic, medium to coarse grained showing hypidiomorphic texture and mainly constituted of microcline, quartz, plagioclase (Ab96-98.5) and biotite (FeOT - 32.11% and MgO - 0.92%) while fluorite, muscovite, zoisite, zircon, sphene and opaques are the accessory minerals. Microperthite intergrowth texture is commonly noticed in the rock. Biotite is pleochroic in shades of brown and green and interstitial in nature. Discrete grains of fluorite are noticed in the rock. The rock falls in granite (sensu stricto) field in QAP plot. Fluorite is a conspicuous accessory mineral commonly noticed as minor stringers and crystals within the Kanigiri biotite granite, fine to medium grained aplitic variant and also within the quartzofeldspathic veins (Sesha Sai, 2004) that traverse it, indicating that the parent magma from which these granite were derived is fluorine saturated, a charecteristic feature of A-type granites.

38

Podili alkali granite is leucocratic to mesocratic, medium to coarse grained, porphyritic at places, and shows N-S to NNW-SSE crude foliatiation. The rock is essentially composed of microcline microperthite (Or98.12%), quartz, riebeckite and biotite, while zircon, allanite, sphene, monazite, fluorite and opaques are noticed as accessory minerals. Patches of plagioclase occurring in perthite is albite in composition (Ab99.89%). Riebeckite is pleochroic in shades of lavender blue. Both biotite and riebeckite occur as interstitial minerals within the felsic phases in the rock indicating late crystallisation. The rock is subjected to brittle-ductile deformation. At places neoblast development due to recrystallization of quartz is also noticed. In QAP diagram (Strieckenson 1976) the Podili granite essentially occupies the field of alkali granite. Virtual absence of normative anorthite (0.00 to 0.16 %) in the Podili alkali granite corroborates with its hypersolves nature. To north and northwest of Pamuru, leucocratic granitic rocks showing WNW-ESE crude foliation and gneissose characters at places are exposed in the form of hills around Anumalakonda ( 296), Komatigunta, Eguvapalle and Chandrashekarapuram areas. These granites in general are two mica granites showing hypidiomorphic texture and essentially composed of quartz, microcline, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite and chlorite, while titanite and opaques are the accessory minerals. These granitoids are close to the eastern margin of Cuddapah basin and traverse the schistose lithounits of middle Nellore Schist Belt. Petrochemical studies indicated that these granitic rocks are characterized by high Zr (280-660ppm), high Y (105-340 ppm), high Nb (100-220 ppm), high Rb content (245-345 ppm), high REE content (except Eu), low MgO content (0.01 to 0.22%), low Sr content (20 ppm to 60 ppm) and high Na2O+K2O (8.64 to 9.84). Presence of fluorite as a conspicuous accessory mineral in Vinukonda, Darsi, Podili and Kanigiri granites, their aplitic variants as well as in later emplaced quartzo-feldspathic veins and high FeOT contents (31.68 to 34.69 %) and very low MgO contents (0.49 to 2.41 %) in biotite is characteristic of anorogenic granites. The field setup, minerology and distinct chemical characteristics suggest that Vinukonda, Darsi, Podili, Kanigiri and Rapur-Kayyuru granite bodies are emplaced essentially in an anorogenic tectonic setup and the trace element contents along with presence of fluorite in all the granite and interstitial biotite indicates that these granites are crystallized from a fluorine saturated magma that is derived due partial melting of dehydrated lower continental crust.

39

MAYURBHANJ GRANITE: A REVIEW AS A-TYPE GRANITE

Sambhunath Ghosh Geological Survey of India, AMSE Wing, Bangalore

Abstract Mayurbhanj Granite Batholith (MBG), the youngest acid plutonic event of the Singhbhum- Orissa Iron Ore craton (3.09 Ga) is characterized by Gabbro-Granophyre bimodal association in the western margin but the eastern margin the batholith is affected by the southern extension of Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ). MBG is intrusive into the rocks of the Iron Ore Group (IOG), Singhbhum Granite Batholith (SBG) and Singhbhum Group of metasediments. Except for minor late shearing in the east, undeformed and unmetamorphosed MBG batholith is exposed in four magmatic units separated by younger Simlipal volcano-sedimentary basin and older Nilgiri Granite. Main unit of MBG is crescent shaped with Kendua-Kuliana sector in the northeast, Gorumahisani sector in the northwest and Besoi-Asana sector in the southwest. Other three minor units of the batholith are Notopahar-Poradia, Nilgiri East and Chakdar Pahar respectively. The MBG batholith comprises three petrographic units in order of emplacement: (a) a fine grained granite, essentially granophyric (also designated Microgranite) with ferrohastingsite, biotite, hornblende and stilpnomelane as accessories; (b) a coarse grained alkali-feldspar granite grading to porphyritic and gneissic variants with ferrohastingsite and biotite as accessories; and (c) a biotite-bearing aplogranite occurring as vein intrusive mainly in the eastern part. Petrographic characteristics in support of A-type classification of MBG batholith are: (i) early appearance of magnetite and its prolong crystallization in all the units; (ii) general absence of pegmatitic activity, (c) dominant occurrence of single primary phase of alkali feldspar; (iii) late appearance of amphibole and biotite in the paragenetic sequence of the main unit. All these suggest a general composition of alkali-granite, relatively anhydrous condition under fO2 condition and relatively high temperature of the parent magma. Majority of MBG plots both in terms of major oxides or, their ratios and also in terms of trace elements lay in the field of A- type after Whalen et al (1987). Major element chemistry of all three units of MBG is more or less uniform with low MgO and marginal increase of mean total iron (2.14- 3.33 wt.%). MBG is characterized by high SiO2: 73.7-74.9 wt%, high (Na2O + K2O): 7.64- 8.17 wt%, widely variable FeOt / MgO: 3-177 and CaO: 0.45-0.72 wt%.

40

Weak to moderate peraluminous nature is reflected from mean A/CKN values (1.08-1.20). Trace element chemistry of all MBG units is very characteristic of A- type magma and it is supported by Rb/Sr ratios (2.46- 6.28), plots in WPG (within plate granite) field of Y-Nb diagram after Pearce et al (1984) and elemental plots against Ga/Al. REE pattern of MBG is strongly fractionated (LREE/HREE:18-45), LREEenriched (Ce/Sm: 2.08-3.95) with moderate to strong, negative Eu-anomaly (0.1- 0.6) and flat HREE (Tb/Yb: 0.93-1.1). MORB-normalized multi-element spider diagram for MBG granite units explains the trace element fractionation pattern analogous to that of A- type granite in respect of both strongly incompatible (K, Rb, Sr) and weakly incompatible (Th, Nb, Zr, Ti, Y) elements in addition to negative peaks at Ba and Ti that represents intraplate setting. Statistical appraisal based on two linear discriminant functions that involve major and trace elements together for MBG (Ldf1- Ldf2 diagram after Misra, 1999) confirms it to be an A-type granite in spite of local variants along the western margin produced by diffusive type magma mixing between MBG and the gabbroic bodies.

41

LEUCOGRANITOIDS OF BUNDELKHAND GRANITE-GNEISS COMPLEX, CENTRAL INDIAN SHIELD: AN EXAMPLE OF PROTEROZOIC A-TYPE MAGMATISM
M. E. A. Mondal Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002 Email: erfan.mondal@gmail.com

Abstract granites are characterized by high Na2O + K2O, Fe/Mg, Ga/Al, Zr, Y, Nb, and REE (except Eu), and low abundances of CaO and MgO. The magma is anhydrous and alkaline in character. They are further characterized by anorogenic tectonic regime and post-date the main intrusion phases of other sorts of granites. Sometimes these are emplaced at the end of orogenic cycle. So they represent withinplate magmatism and may point to waning stage of subduction. No specific source or mode of occurrence has been proposed for the A-type magmatism, i.e. A-type magmatism can be volcanic and/or plutonic. In contrast to I- and S-type granites, which are based on composition of the protolith, A-type granite classification is based both on tectonic and chemical characteristics. Different sources have been proposed for the origin of A-type granitoids. These include mantle-derived magmas, depleted crustal sources, metasomatized sources, tonalite-granodiorite sources. A-type granite magmatism has been recorded in Bundelkhand massif of central Indian shield. In this paper, data on the A-type leucogranitoids of the Bundelkhnad massif are presented. The Bundelkhnad granite-gneiss complex of the central Indian shield is one of the pristine cratonic block of the Indian plate and is delineated by the Great Boundary Fault in the west and by the Son Narmada Lineament in the south. The craton is fringed by the rocks of the Bijawar and the Gwalior Groups and the Vindhyan Supergroup. It preserves the signatures of several stages of crustal growth in the ArchaeanPaleoproterozoic times. Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite gneisses form the oldest rocks of the craton and occur as a highly deformed greenstone-gneiss terrain profusely intruded by the undeformed granitoids. Three types of granitoids, viz. hornblende granitoid (HG), biotite granitoid (BG) and leucogranitoid (LG) are recognized within the massif. Pb-Pb zircon ages of the granitoids reveal an age ranging from 2.50 to 2.45 Ga for the hornblende granitoid and 2.52 to 2.51 Ga for the biotite granitoid. The leucogranitoids yield younger age ranging from 2.49 to 1.89 Ga.
A-type

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The older hornblende granitoid and biotite granitoid contain higher proportion of ferromagnesian minerals and plagioclase. Ferromagnesian constituents are minor in younger leuco-granitoid. Based on elements like Al, Fe, Mg, Ga, Zr, Nb, Ce and Y which are relatively insensitive to low to moderate degrees of alteration and high values of Ga/Al ratio which is perhaps the most diagnostic feature, point to A-type characters of the LG. A-type characters of the later leuco-granitoid phase may be due to increasing mantle contributions at the late stage of granitoid formation. The granitoids of the Bundelkhnad massif show a progressive change in composition from calc-alkaline (compressional) to alkali-calcic (extensional) from older to younger phases; and as such the younger LG phases are confined in the alkalical;cic (extensional) field and it is proposed that younger A-type LG phases were emplaced at ~2.1Ga during waning stage of subduction.

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ARKASANI GRANOPHYRE: A REVIEW AS A- TYPE GRANITE

Sambhunath Ghosh Geological Survey of India Bangalore Abstract Arkasani Granophyre (AG) in Kharswan District, Jharkhand includes 7 isolated bodies of granitic rocks (largest one being at Arkasani Hill in the easternmost fringe), located along E-W belt within the Proterozoic Mobile belt following the northern margin of the Chakradharpur Granite Gneiss Basement (CKPG-I). It is correlated with the similar tectonic emplacement of Wolf River Batholith of North America, of 14001500 Ma geological age. Arkasani Granophyre is a medium to coarse-grained rock containing euhedral phenocrysts (max. 10% of volume) of Plagioclase (An22-35) in a groundmass of sodic plagioclase (An 2-15), K- feldspar, biotite, muscovite and other accessories. Characteristic granophyric texture suggests its origin from melt. Whole- rock analysis data plots in the Granite field of normative Or- Ab- An diagram and the plots are very close to those of Chakradharpur Granite Pegmatoid (CKPG-II) phase. Major- and trace- element parameters of AG in comparison to mean A- type granites (figures in parenthesis) are: SiO2- 66.94 wt.% (73.88%), (Na2O+K2O) - 8.42wt.% (8.78%), A.I.- 0.85 (0.95), Na2O/ K2O- 0.80 (0.88), (MnO+ MgO+ CaO) 5.29 wt.% (1.0 %), (FeO/ MgO)- 2.24(7.38); Rb- 83 ppm (169 ppm), Sr- 31.8 ppm (48 ppm), Ba- 1104 ppm (352 ppm), K/ Rb- 465 (229), Rb/ Sr- 2.61 (3.52), Rb/ Ba- 0.07 (0.48), Eu/Eu*- 0.465, Ce/ YbN- 3.66 (2.2- 5.5). REE- pattern of AG is slightly fractionated with moderate to large negative Eu- anomaly and enriched HREE with a concave downward HREE- pattern. Very high Ba, strongly depleted Sr, & higher K/Rb (because of low Rb) of AG suggest crustal melting in the region under intense deformation bordering the northern edge of CKPG basement According to Sengupta et al (1984), AG was produced by partial melting of a heterogeneous source comprising 70% deformed cover sediments, 27% trondhjemite basement of CKPG-I and 3% basic enclaves (both intrusives and extrusives). Review of available data on field relations, tectonic setting, petrography, petrochemistry including the REE modeling on Arkasani Granophyre by the author clearly deciphers that AG may be classified as A- type Granite for its (a) intra- plate tectonic setting where tensional stress caused crustal fusion in place of rifting, (b) alkaline character, (c) major- trace- REE characteristics and (d) Proterozoic age of emplacement. Deviation in mineralogy and some parameters of petrochemistry are essentially due to partial melting of a sediment- dominated crustal component.

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Anorogenic tectonic environment for the emplacement of granitic melts in the Tangmarg region of Kashmir Himalaya.
D. Rameshwar Rao Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 General Mahadeo Singh Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248 001. Email: raodr@wihg.res.in

Abstract

A-type granites occur worldwide throughout the geological time in a variety of tectonic settings. In Himalaya region, however, the occurrences of such granites are very limited. The trans-Himalaya and Karakoram regions are dominated by Andean Itype granites, while the Higher Himalayan Crystallines and Lesser Himalayas are characterized by S-type Granites. The Palaeozoics of Kashmir has peraluminous Stype calc-alkaline granitoid bodies of Lower Ordovician age, e.g., Kangan, Kazinag, Hant, Polokongka La, Puga, Rupshu and Nyimaling. A small elongated A-type granite pluton is exposed in the Ferozpur nala of Tangmarg region in the Baramulla district of Kashmir Himalaya. It has xenoliths of slate and in its upper part it has injected small tongues and veins into agglomeratic slate and Panjal volcanics. This unique body of Tangmarg granite has well constrained post Triassic stratigraphic age compared to early Palaeozoic ages for other granite plutons of Kashmir Himalaya. The Rb-Sr whole rock dating of which suggests an age of around 161 Ma (Rameshwar Rao et al. 1995). The Tangmarg granite is medium- to coarse-grained and shows hypidiomorphic granular texture defined by a mosaic of quartz, K-feldspar and plagioclase. Biotite, hornblende, + clinopyroxene occur as minor minerals, while opaque, titanite, zircon, apatite and calcite occur as accessory minerals. Geochemically, they are characterized by high Si, K, Zr, Nb, Y, Zn, Ga and low concentrations of Ca and Sr. They are peraluminous to meta-aluminous, and their REE show well defined fractionated trends. Numerous petrogenetic schemes such as Whalen et al. (1987) and Pearce et al. (1984) have been proposed for the origin of the chemically distinctive A-type (Anorogenic Granites). Whalen et al. (1987) has used a factor (10000*Ga/Al) plotted against elements like Nb, Ce, Zr, Y, Zn, (K2O+Na2O), and against ratios K2O/MgO, FeOt/MgO, (K2O+Na2O)/CaO to show discrimination of A-type granite from the general M-, I- and S-type granites. Similarly, he used (Zr+Ce+Y+Nb) against FeOt/MgO and (K2O+Na2O)/CaO to distinguish A-type granite. The geochemical data of Tangmarg granite falls distinctly in A-type granite fields defined by Whalen et al. 1987. Besides, the use of two step linear discrimination function (LDF) given by Misra and Sarkar (1991) also reflect the A-type nature of the

45

Tangmarg granite of Kashmir Himalaya. On tectonic discrimination diagrams of Y vs Nb, Yb vs Ta, Y+Nb vs Rb, and Ta+Yb vs Rb defined by Pearce et al. (1984), the Tangmarg granite plots in the Within Plate Granite fields, suggesting for a postorogenic intraplate rift-related environment for their origin. The geochemical data further suggest that the granite melts were generated at deeper crustal levels of around 35 km under relatively high temperatures of >750oC. The melts so generated at lower crustal levels have made their fast ascent probably guided by reactivated Permo-Triassic rift faults. References:
Misra, S. & Sarkar, S.S. 1991. Indian J. Earth Sci., 18, 84-93. Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W. & Tindle, A.G. 1984. J. Petrol., 25, 956-983. Rameshwar Rao, D. Sharma, K.K. & Gopalan, K. 1995. J. Geol. Soc. India, 46, 225-233. Whalen, J.B. Currie, K.L. & Chappell, B.W. 1987. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 95. 407-419.

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Petrogenesis of A-type Granite from Kashmir Himalaya, India.

D. Rameshwar Rao Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 General Mahadeo Singh Road, Dehradun 248 001, Uttarakhand, India. Email: raodr@wihg.res.in. Abstract An occurrence of A-type granite is exposed along Gulmarg-Tangmarg road in the Ferozpur nala, SW of Tangmarg, Kashmir Himalaya (cf. Wadia, 1934). It is a unique body in the region because of its well-constrained post Triassic stratigraphic age in comparison to other early Paleozoic granites like Kangan, Kazinag and Hant that are exposed in Kashmir (Trivedi et al., 1985, 1986; Rameshwar Rao et al., 1990). It contains biotite, amphibole and occasional pyroxene as mafic minerals, besides quartz and feldspars. It plots in the alkaline field on the Wright (1969) alkalinity variation diagram, and shows higher abundances of Zr, Nb, Ga, Y, Pb, Zn, Th, Sn, Mo Bi and REE and lower Al, Mg and Ca. The samples are peraluminous to minor meta-aluminous, and the REE elements in these rocks show enriched LREE, moderately depleted HREE and negative Eu anomaly. They exhibit relatively high Ga/Al ratios which when plotted against other elements / elemental ratios show their distinctive identity as A-type granites (Rameshwar Rao et al., 1995). They plot in A-type fields when plotted on (Zr+Ce+Y+Nb) against FeOt/MgO and (K2O+Na2O / CaO) diagrams and on (Zr+Ce+Y) against Rb/Ba diagram (cf. Whalen et al., 1987). In Ta vs Yb and Y+Nb vs Rb plots after Pearce et al. (1984), the samples plot in the Within Plate Granite field (WPG). The Rb-Sr isotopic studies of six samples show collinear alignment within the experimental errors, and define a well spread isochron age of 161+5 Ma with an 87 Sr/86Sr intercept of 0.714. The presence of minerals like biotite, hornblende and clinopyroxene also indicates a mafic source and melt generation at high P-T conditions. The peraluminous to minor metaluminous nature of the samples, their K/Na ratio ranging from 1.1 to 2.5 and the relatively low Sri ratio of these anatectic granites and their chemistry suggests that the melts were generated at deeper crustal levels of around 35 km, and that the melts were generated following mostly biotite and hornblende dehydration curve, at temperatures of around 750 to 950oC. The small intrusive body, alkaline character, high SiO2 72-79%, high Nb, REE and Ca/Y ratio of more than 100 also suggest that the granite was emplaced in a post-orogenic extension rift environment (cf. Hussein et al., 1982; Neary et al., 1976; Sillitoe, 1977; Petro et al., 1979). The emplacement of granite in the Tethyan sequence rocks of the NW Himalaya during Upper Jurassic after the cessation of the rift related volcanic activity is related to the movement of the Indian Plate. The northward movement of India in response to initial opening of the Indian Ocean not only provided necessary compression in the northern margin of India, breaking of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust and initiation of the

47

island arc in the Ladakh (Sharma, 1991), but also facilitated reactivation of listric faults (Dubey and Bhatt, 1986) led to pressure release and melt generation at relatively high temperatures in the lower crustal levels around 35 km depth. The anorogenic alkaline magma produced was brought to near surface level in the Tethyan basin through fault channels and crystallized as Tangmarg pluton. References:
Dubey, A.K. and Bhatt, M.I. 1986. Current Trends in Geology, 9, 265-290. Hussein, A.A.A., Ali, M.M. & El Ramlu, M.F. 1982. J. Vol. Geotherm. Res., 14, 187-198. Loiselle, M.C. and Wones, D.R. 1979. Geol. Soc. Amer. Abstr. Prog., 11 (7), 468. Neary, C.R., Gass, I.C. & Cavanagh, B.J. 1976. Amer. J. Sci., 283, 993-1033. Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W. & Tindle, A.G. 1984. J. Petrol., 25, 956-983. Petro, W.L., Vogei, T.A. & Wilband, J.T. 1979. Chem. Geol., 26, 217-235. Rameshwar Rao, D., Sharma, K.K., Sivaraman, T.V., Gopalan, K. & Trivedi, J.R. 1990. Him. Geol., 1, 57-63. Rameshwar Rao, D., Sharma, K.K. & Gopalan, K. 1995. J. Geol. Soc. India, 46, 225-233. Sharma, K.K. 1991. In: K.K. Sharma (ed.), Geology and Geodynamic evolution of the Himalayan collision zone, Part-II, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 431-439. Sillitoe, R. 1977. In: A.Al. Shanti (ed.), Evolution and mineralization of the Arabina-Nubian Shielf, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 110-120. Trivedi, J.R., Gopalan, K. & Sharma, K.K. 1985. Third Nat. Sem. Mass Spectrometry, E-4/1E-4/6. Trivedi, J.R., sharma, K.K. & Gopalan, K. 1986. Terra Congita, 6, 144. Wadia, D.N. 1934. Rec. Geol. Surv. India, 68, 121-176. Wright, J.B. 1969. Geol. Mag., 106, 370-384. Whalen, J.B., Currie, K.L. & Chappell, B.W. 1989. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 95, 407-419.

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A-TYPE GRANITES OF ANDHRA PRADESH, TAMIL NADU, ORISSA & GUJARAT

P. V. Ramesh Babu Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research Department of Atomic Energy, Hyderabad-500 016

Abstract Several granites and associated pegmatites in different parts of India were explored for Rare Metal (Li, Be, Nb, Ta) and Rare Earth (Y, REE) mineral potential. A-type granites from Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Gujarat have been studied with emphasis on geology, petromineralogy, geochemistry, geochronology and related Rare Metal (RM) and Rare Earth (RE) mineralization. The granite pluton at Kanigiri, Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh constitutes the southernmost part of the Prakasam Alkaline Complex (PAC), which lies to the east of the eastern margin of the Cuddapah Basin. Kanigiri Granite (KG) is biotite granite with notable content of accessory minerals like fluorite, columbite, samarskite, fergusonite, zircon, allanite and thorite. Geochemically, it is low-Ca, metaluminous, highly fractionated alkali granite with enrichment of Rb, Pb, Ga, Y, Zr, U, Th, Nb and Ta, and depletion of Ba, Sr, Ti and P. Field, petrological and geochemical studies indicate KG as A-type granite (anorogenic, within plate) and fertile for rare metals and soils derived from it are potential for polymetallic (Y, REE, Nb and Ta) minerals. The A-type pink granite of Dorigallu-Timmanayanapallyam area from Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh occurs as isolated plutons within vast peneplanal Peninsular gneiss. It is biotite-monzogranite with minor chlorite and sericite and accessory allanite, epidote, zircon, sphene, monazite, apatite, calcite and fluorite. Geochemically, it is characterised by restricted SiO2 (69-72 wt%), high Ca, high alkalies and high content of Rb, Pb, Ga, Ce, Y, Zr, U, Nb and Ta and depletion of Ti, P, Ba and Sr. Its Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron age is 2262 +-108 Ma with 87Sr/86 Sri ratio of 0.7156 0.0074. Geochronological study of stock like bodies of A-type granite occurring en echelon within the Charnockite and Khondalite group between Nagamalai and Minakshipuram, west and north of Madurai, Tamil Nadu indicated Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron age of 837 34 Ma, with an initial 87 Sr/86 Sr ratio of 0.7120 0.0029. This high initial Sr isotope ratio, A/CNK ratio of 0.977, high K2O content (5.29 %), depletion of Ba and Sr in relation to Rb and the high values of Ga/Al, Zr, Y, and Nb suggest that these granites could belong to the rift-related, alkaline, A-type granite corroborated further by their emplacement along NW-SE trending Vaigai lineament. Rare earth and rare metal mineralisation represented by fergusonite, gadolinite and allanite-bearing pegmatites and uraniferous graphite-bearing calc-granulites and schists have been identified in close proximity to these granites.

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Several pegmatitic bodies including rare metal bearing ones hosting columbitetantalite and beryl intrude Jharsuguda granite of western Orissa. Geochemically, it is a silica rich, metaluminous to peraluminous and potassic granite. It is enriched in trace elements such as Rb, Nb, Zr, Y, Ga and Th and depleted in Ba, Sr and Ti resulting in high Rb/Sr, Rb/Ba and Ga/Al ratios. The petromineralogical and geochemical characteristics indicate that Jharsuguda granite is similar to Niobium-Yttrium-Fluorine (NYF) bearing A-type fertile granites. Geochemical study of Idar granites indicated rare-metal and tin-rich, peraluminous, A-type granite affinity over an area of 0.16 sq. km NE of Umedpur, Sabarkantha district, Gujarat. The average Nb, Y, and Sn values in granite are 120, 116 and 31 ppm (n = 10) respectively which are higher than the mean values for low-Ca granite. The high content of rare metals in the granite is attributed to the presence of discrete columbite, betafite, thorite and xenotime. Pegmatites and albitized granite within Umedpur granitic area have also indicated high RM and REE content.

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Pal Laharha granite gneiss at the southern margin of the Singhbhum craton: a reworked A-type granite

M. Mohanty & P. K. Panda Geological Survey of India, Bhubaneswar Email: manoranjanmoha@gmail.com Abstract

The Rengali Province is a discrete tectonic segment juxtaposed between the Archaean Singbhum Craton in the north and Proterozoic Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB) to the south and has significantly different tectono-metamorphic imprints. Northern part of the Pal Lahara Granite Gneiss (PG) forms the major lithocomponent of this province which differs significantly from the granites occurring at the core of the Singbhum craton and also the infracrustal Cpx+Gt granite and associated charnoenderbite of the EGMB to its south. The studied part of the Pal Laharah gneiss (PG) comprises mainly three variants viz. (i) grey hbl-magnetite bearing granite gneiss(PGG) (ii) Hbl-magnetite bearing, pink and grey banded (stromatic) gneiss (PBG) and, (iii) grey, two-mica + garnet migmatitic granite gneiss(MGG). The PGG is a fine grained grey, weakly gneissic granitic rock containing quartz (35%), plagioclase (~22-20 %), microcline and perthite (~30%), and hornblende (~910%), as the main mineral constituents with epidote and biotite (~ 3%), magnetite, allanite, zircon, chlorite and apatite as accessories. Plagioclase composition varies from almost pure albite (Ab98.3 90.4) and shows normal zoning. Amphibole is hastingsite to ferrotschermakite. The PBG is a heterogenous gneissic granitoid comprising interbanded mesocratic, grey and leucocratic, pinkish quartzo-feldpathic bands forms the banded gneiss. Main mineral constituents of mesocratic bands are quartz (~30%), K-feldspar (40%), plagioclase (~25%) with minor magnetite, garnet and amphiboles cumulatively forming about 2-3%. In the leucocratic bands the mafic mineral content is low (<2 %). Monazite, euhedral allanite and sphene occur in traces. The MGG shows wide variation in the mineral composition having mutually variable proportion of microcline, minor plagioclase (An30), quartz. Muscovite, biotite, hornblende and garnet (Alm76.5-78Py13.5-14.4Gros4.6-6.6Spes2.4 And0-1) are present as accessories. Rare uvarovite component with 10.57% Cr2O3 was recorded from one grain possibly indicative of its mafic protolith composition. Co-deformation of the of the granite gneiss with supracrustals (metasedimets and amphibolites), migmatisation and presence of rafts of supracrustals within the

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gneiss strongly suggest the younger age of the granite gneiss, whose original protholith has been reworked during later migmatisation involving widespread partial melting (dehydration melting of Hb+Bt). In spite of the variations in petrographic and field characters there is only minor variation in the chemical composition of different components of the PG. These contain high SiO2 (>72%), Al2O3 (>10%), total iron, Fe/Mg, Na2O + K2O (>8%), low CaO(<2%), MgO (0.2%) and Sr (<40 ppm). They are wollastonite and corundum (<1%) normative. On the basis of Fe number (FeO/FeO+MgO), MALI (Modified alkali index) and Alumina saturation Index (ASI), these gneisses can be classified as ferroan, calc-alkalic to alkali-calcic and metaluminous granite and plot in A-type granite field. Compositionally they show monzogranite to granite affinity. In the variation diagrams of the granites a negative slope of the regression line in case of alumina and calcium with respect to silica possibly suggest the role of feldspar (plagioclase) fractionation during the generation of the melt. The characteristic feature of the granite is the higher Ba (150-1500 ppm) and lower Sr (5 to 255ppm) & Rb (40 to 150 ppm) leading to lower Rb/Sr (0.07 to2.75 ) ratio. High initial Rb/Sr (0.802 + 0.015) of the gneiss suggests the involvement of crustal component in its evolution. REE data in Chondrite normalized diagram show >5 times LREE enrichment (La varying from 73 to 163 ppm) compared to HREE (Lu from 0.95 to 1.3 ppm) and a pronounced negative Eu anomaly (Eu*/Eu ranges from 1.7 to 3.5) in both PGG and mesosome (grey components) PBG. A uniformly flat HREE characterizes these fractionation diagrams indicating near absence of hornblende or garnet in the melt. Late-discordant alaskitic quartzo-feldspathic veins having less enrichment of LREE, least REE fractionation and a positive Eu anomaly (Eu*/Eu is 0.46) suggest possible plagioclase accumulation. In various tectonic discriminate diagrams, the granite gneiss plot in composite field of within plate, postorogenic, rift related and continental epiorogenic granite fields. From field and petrographic investigations, it is surmised that the Pal Lahraha granite gneiss could represent a composite migmatitic gneiss in a high strain zone at the craton-mobile belt boundary. Their chemical parameters points towards A-type granite composition. These might have evolved by the partial melting of the lower sialic crust due to magmatic underplating in an extensional tectonic regime. Rb/Sr age of 1802 + 89 Ma for this gneiss (present study), 2.8 Ga Pb-Pb zircon age of the Tamparkola Atype granite-felsic volcanic association in the western margin of the craton, 3.1 Ga anorogenic Mayurbhanj granite in the eastern margin and 2.8 Ga A-type granite reported from Bhuban area in close proximity to the PG strongly supports the hypothesis of A-type granite magmatism in the craton margin during a protracted period of 3.1 to 1.8 Ga.

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Late-orogenic granitic magmatism from Chhotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex, Northeastern Puruliya, West Bengal

B. Goswami & C. Bhattacharyya Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-19. Email: bapigoswami69@yahoo.co.in

Abstract

Middle to Late Proterozoic (1000 100 Ma old) high-K calc-alkaline granitoid suites are relatively widespread within the Chhotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex (CGGC). They occur as mafic enclave-bearing porphyritic granitoid massifs, such as Porphyritic granite batholith of Raghunathpur (Sen, 1956), northeastern Puruliya. These rocks emplaced as crystal mushes (K-feldspar megacryst-bearing porphyritic texture) at mid-crustal levels, represent the "Caledonian type" of Pitcher and indicate a lateorogenic stage (Batchelor and Bowden, 1985) characterized by rapid uplift. The geochemical data suggest mixed I-type and M-type nature with some signatures of S-type and A-type granitoids. Their A-type nature was defined from mafic and felsic rock compositions. This subalkaline, metaluminous to weekly peraluminous batholith is made up of a compositionally expanded suite (granodiorite-monzogranitesyenogranite, scarce alkali feldspar granite, abundance of mafic enclaves) which yields alkali-calcic to calc-alkalic, magnesian to ferroan (Frost et al., 2001) compositions and markedly high-LILE, high-HFSE affinities. The total REE content of these granitoids is high and the REE pattern is fractionated with small negative Eu-anomaly.They mostly fall in the Within-Plate Granites (WPG) field of Pearce et al. (1984) with some samples within the Volcanic Arc Granite (VAG) field. They show similarities to high-BaSr granitoids with high K2O/Na2O ratios. All samples of these granites fall in the A-type granite class in the diagrams of Whalen et al. (1987). Zircon saturation temperatures (Harrison and Watson, 1983) indicate high liquidus temperature (800 to 900oC) of magma.

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Basic rocks from Raghunathpur porphyritic granitoid batholith represent pure mantle partial melts, as indicated by high Cr and Ni abundances (Mondal et al., 2007). In MORB normalized spiderdiagrams, mineral fractionation-cumulation effects are responsible for Ce-Zr-Nb positive anomalies and, Rb, Sr, Ti negative anomaly. This Atype suite shows a marked LILE-enrichment which can be induced by flushing of fluids released by dehydration of mantle metasomatised by fluids issued from older subduction events, but can be equally ascribed to crustal contamination at the magma chamber level. Alkali-feldspar accumulation that is measured by the extent of positive Ba-anomaly suggests high water pressures and/or mid-crustal depths of emplacement. According to their Y/Nb ratios, these granitoids belong to A1 group of Eby (1992), which is derived from mantle sources. These data substantiate a specific condition of continental crust characteristics in CGGC which indicates relatively thick, warm and hydrated conditions during the late-tectonic stage, promoting crustal contamination of mantle-derived melts.

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Neoproterozoic A-type granites of Malani Igneous Province, Rajasthan

M. Mohanty Geological Survey of India, Bhubaneswar Email: manoranjanmoha@gmail.com Abstract The western Indian shield witnessed widespread post-Delhi magmatism (900 and 700 Ma) commencing with the intrusion of syntectonic S-type Erinpura granite and culminating with the anorogenic Malani igneous activity. Extending from Kirana hills in Pakistan in the west to Tosham in Haryana in the north, the felsic dominated effusive and intrusive rocks occur over a large area (44,500 sq.km) in parts of Pali, Sirohi, Churu, Jodhpur, Barmer, Jalore and Jaisalmer districts of Rajasthan. At least 15 plutons of granite covering a cumulative area of 8000 sq.km are recorded within the Malani Igneous Province(MIS) showing age in a close rang of 731 + 14 Ma to 750+15 Ma. They can be broadly classified into biotite bearing peraluminous Jalore granite, riebeckite-aegirine bearing peralkaline Siwana granite and hornblende bearing metaluminous Malani granite. Among the seven plutons of Jalore granite covering an area of 7600 sq. km, Sankra pluton is the largest (3700 sq. km). Jalore granite, best exposed at Jalore town, is characterised by pink coloured biotite bearing, coarse grained, two feldspar granite having k-feldspar (perthite-8-10% and orthoclase-27-43%), quartz (22-35%), plagioclase (5-14%), biotite (8-15%) and minor hornblende (1-6%) with magnetite, zircon, fluorite, rutile, tourmaline, minor fayalite and apatite as accessories. Coexistence of both subsolvus peraluminous and hypersolvus peralkaline varieties is reported from Jalore granite. The subsolvus granite having higher SiO 2, very high Al2O3, high normative quartz, albite and hypersthene is peraluminous in nature. It straddles the field of alkali to calc-alkali granite. It also shows high abundances of highly charged cations like Zr (av.596),Y(av.70),U(av.5), Th(av.20) and Ga (av.20). All the samples plot in A-type granite field as the Ga/Al values range from 1.74 to 4.6. They are characterized by high REE abundance (subsolvus-962ppm and hypersolvus949ppm) with moderate LREE enrichment and mild upward curvature of normalized HREE. Eu depletion is more pronounced in subsolvus variety suggesting the involvement of plagioclase and k-feldspar fractionation in magma generation. Its fractionated REE pattern suggests a differentiated mantle derived magma. Rb-Sr isochron age of 727+8 Ma is estimated for the Jalore granite with MSWD of 0.64. Out of the six plutons of Siwana granite (1100 sq. km), two are reported to be ring dykes. The peralkaline granite at Siwana, Barmer district occurs in an elliptical ring structure (290 sq. km) formed due to a cauldron subsidence. The Rb/Sr age of this granite (735 Ma) is younger to the 745+10 Ma Malani rhyolites. The granite is mainly composed of euhedral phenocrysts of string and braided perthite with aegirine / acmite and riebeckite as the main mafics. Rutile, zircon, magnetite, ilmenite and apatite occur as accessories. Low Al2O3, FeO, CaO, and TiO2 and high SiO2, Fe2O3, MgO and alkalies (Na2O + K2O) are the characteristic features. Chemically Siwana granite

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resembles alkaline granites of Nigeria and Kola peninsula. It shows enrichment of Nb, Zr, Sn, Be, La, Y and Ce and on plots against Zr, all the granites plot in the peralkaline field . The subsidence at Siwana possibly facilitated the residual magma enrichment in alkalies and volatiles thus giving rise to peralkaline granite generation. Since regional uplift and alkaline magmatism are considered characteristic features of continental rifts, the peralkaline granite of Siwana suggests the zones of active rifting in a tensional Late Proterozoic tectonic regime. On the basis of Sr, Pb and Nd isotope studies, it is surmised that Siwana alkaline magma is mantle derived. However, crustal contamination is indicated by higher initial Sr87/Sr86 (0.7062 + 0.0020). This is being substantiated by oxygen isotope studies on Malani rhyolites. Although the genetic relationship between the subsolvus (peraluminous) and hypersolvus (peralkaline) varieties is not resolved, it is suggested that limited plagioclase fractionation of an Atype magma might have contributed to the derivation of hypersolvus alkaline variety. Only two small plutons of hornblende bearing granite occur within the MIS covering 70 sq. km area. These are porphyritic with coarse to very coarse phenocrysts of alkali feldspar, vitreous quartz and hornblende (15.3%). It is characterized by high Fe-enrichment. Several theories have been invoked by the workers regarding the evolution of MIS. Some believe that the large scale felsic magmatism is the result of hot spot activity in the western Indian carton. However, the parallelism between the trend of the fissures with the Aravalli orographic axis has led others to believe that the Malani magmatism is the result of reactivation of earlier weak zones during epirogenic movement. It is also suggested that low angle subduction of Delhi oceanic/transitional crust beneath the western Rajasthan craton and related distensional tectonics during Late Proterozoic led to the wide spread felsic magmatism. Although the granites lack significant economic mineralization, anomalous values of light and middle REE, Zr (av.3032 ppm), La (650 ppm), Y (1145 ppm), Ce (1520 ppm), Yb (55 ppm) and Nb (av.212 ppm) is reported from peralkaline Siwana granite.

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A-type Granites & Related Rocks in the Prakasam Alkaline Province, a Petrology Museum in the Marginal ZoneA Reconstituted Zone of Collision between Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt & Dharwar Craton
H. Sarvothaman Geological Survey of India, Hyderabad Abstract This paper describes the A-type granites and related rocks of Jujjuru and Singarayakonda and their magmatic history relative to their consanguineous rocks. These A-type granites are petrologically different from the A-type granites of Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB) and Dharwar craton (DC), as discussed by Sarvothaman (2003). A-type granites occur at Jujjuru, Singarayakonda, Kanigiri, Darsi, Podile, Vinukonda and Torakonda areas as small plutons and vein-like intrusive bodies within a variety of gneissic or granitic rocks. Intruding into the same gneissic / granitic rocks is a wide variety of rocks (including alkaline rocks), petrologically consanguineous to the A-type granites, such as albitite and trondhjemite (Sarvothaman et al, 1998), nepheline-, ferro-, quartz-syenites and lamprophyres of Prakasam Alkaline Province (PAP; Leelanandam, 1989), Kannegiri carbonatite (Sarvothaman et al, 1996), gabbros (Vijaya Kumar & Ratnakar, 1995) and anorthosite. All these rocks (and PAP) are located within a Marginal Zone (MZ) which is a tectono-magmatically modified zone of collision between EGMB and DC. A description of this MZ is given by Sarvothaman (2001). The gneisses / granites of MZ that host the PAP as well as the A-type granites and their related rocks are reconstituted from the granitic rocks of DC and the granulites of EGMB. A description of the A-type granites of Jujjuru and Singarayakonda is furnished in the Table below: Location 1 Jujjuru Coordinates 16o4530-80o2520 Related / host rock Intrudes greasy garnetiferous pyroxene granulite & gneiss Trondhjemite, albitite; hosted by gneiss. Occurs in Marginal Zone Tectonic Setting Collision zone

2.Singarayakonda 314 hill

Marginal Zone

Collision zone

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PAP refers to an area hosting rocks of alkaline magmatic suite, whereas MZ refers to a tectonic domain that has resulted due to the collision of EGMB with DC. This zone of collision has accommodated an array of lithounits (as mentioned above) derived from a peridotitic magma source of lithosphere / magmatic underplate / upper mantle. References: 1. Sarvothaman, Srinivasan and Suresh (1998) The Albitite-Trondhjemite-A-type granite association in the Prakasam Alkaline Province. J. G. Soc. India, 51, 471-474. 2. Leelanandam, C (1989) The Prakasam Alkaline Province in Andhra Pradesh, India. J. G. Soc. India, 34, 25-45 3. Sarvothaman, Srinivasan and Suresh (1996) Tectono-magmatism related to the granulitic terrain of Kannegiri massif east of Khammam, AP. Internatl. Symp. On Charnockite and Granulite Facies Rocks, Chennai. 135-144 4. Vijaya Kumar, K & Ratnakar, J (1995) The gabbros of Prakasam Alkaline Province, Andhra Pradesh, India. J. G. Soc. India, 46, 245-254 5. Sarvothaman (2001) Terrain characterization of Marginal Zone and Mapping of a Terrain Ensemble on the Eastern side of AP by Remote-Sensing. Natl. Symp. on Advances in Remote Sensing Technology with special emphasis of High Resolution Imagery. Dec. 11-13, 2001, ISRS, Ahmedabad. 6. Sarvothaman (2003) Precambrian Granites of Eastern DC, EGMB and MZ: Field and Geochemical Evidence for intracrustal reworking and mantle-derived granite magmatism in Southeastern India. Hutton Symposium V. Geol. Surv. Japan Interim Report 29, p-129.

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A-type Granites of Central Indian Shield

K. Sashidharan Geological Survey of India Central Region, Nagpur

Abstract

Syn- to post-kinematic sheetlike granitoids occupy large areas along the southern contact of Mahakoshal belt in the Central Indian Tectonic Zone. These include Barambaba granite (2.045Ga), Jhirgadandi monzodiorite- quartz syenite (1.75Ga), Rihand-Makhrohar-Sigrauli granodiorite (173136Ma, Sarkar et al 1998), Madanmahal granite and Harda granite, emplaced along ENE-WSW to E-W trend, characteristic of the Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ). This paper mainly deals with the granitoids exposed in and around Jabalpur and Harda areas in Madhya Pradesh. As they are confined to the course of Narmada River, these bodies have been clubbed as Narmada River Granite (NRG). Generally coarse grained, these granites show variable amounts of strain and have been inferred to be syntectonic multipulse intrusives emplaced along the deep seated Son Narmada South Fault (SNSF). Geochemical data suggest that the ~1.8 Ga granites had their source in both crust and mantle, which supports the older continental crust on the southern side. Granitoids of batholithic dimension are exposed in the terrain south of Central Indian Shear Zone (CIS). The important bodies include the shallow level Malanjkhand (MG) and Dongargarh granitoids (DG). The MG hosting a giant Cu Au Mo deposit is disposed in a general N-S alignment characteristic of the southern crustal block lying south of CIS. Mineralogically, NRG at Jabalpur and Harda contain equigranular interstitial quartz (25-45%), megacrysts of euhedral to subhedral K-feldspar both microcline and microcline-microperthite (30-60%) and plagioclase (15-35%). The accessories include biotite, minor hornblende, zircon, apatite, and tourmaline. Two types of granite dominate the Malanjkhand mine area. Close to the mine area it is medium to coarse, porphyritic, mesocratic slightly foliated granite with quartz, plagioclase, K feldspar, bluish green hornblende, minor yellow brown biotite, chlorite, zircon, apatite etc. The granite exposed at Darbaritola to the east is relatively medium to fine grained, more leucocratic, with quartz, plagioclase, Kfeldspar, relatively less (<5%) blue green hornblende, minor biotite. Like NRG, MG is also subsolvus granites. Hornblende is the main accessory mineral present up to 10% which increases locally with decrease of silica and alkali minerals.

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The accessory mineralogy of biotite, hornblende, sphene and magnetite and absence of aluminous minerals indicate the NRG and MG to be similar to A- type granite. Their low to moderate Alumina saturation index, low Ca content coupled with depletion in Sr, P and Ti, moderate to high La, Nb, Y indicates them to have affinity with A- type granite of Loiselle and Wones (1979). Based on the relationship of 104Ga / Al vs Nb, Ce, Zr and Y, all the samples of NRG and MG fall in the A-type granite field. Thus, combined mineralogical and chemical features suggest A-type nature for both the granites. Trace elemental plots of the granites indicate the NRG consistent with "within plate granites" and MG plot as "synorogenic" or "volcanic arc" granites. The Y/Nb ratio of MG is <1.2 implying intra plate rift environment, whereas the NRG with the ratio >1.2 clearly indicates Post-Orogenic setting. A-type granite magmatism usually, though not exclusively, occurs in rift related environments in continental crustal regions. The emplacement of NRG and MG are believed to be syn- to post-tectonic with respect to the deformational events in the respective terrane. However, this differs from the common inference that A-type granites world-wide are anorogenic. This precludes the common belief that A-type magmatism commonly form late in a tectonic or magmatic cycle which is not always the case but is only an ideal case.

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PETROCHEMISTRY AND TECTONIC SETTING OF A-TYPE GRANITE OF SANKARI-TIRUCHENGODE AREA IN CENTRAL TAMIL NADU
N. P. Nathan*, E. Balasubramanian* & S. Ghosh# Geological Survey of India * Op: Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry & Kerala, Chennai
#

Geochronology & Isotope Geology Division, Kolkata

Abstract The Granulite-Gneiss terrain of Central Tamil Nadu, representing the marginal zones of Dharwar craton, witnessed wide spread Neoproterozoic acid magmatism. This event is marked by the emplacement of several granitoids (viz. Sankari-Tiruchengode, Punjai Puliyampatti, Karamadai and Madura Malai granites) in a linear array within the E-W trending Cauvery Shear Zone / Cauvery Suture Zone (CSZ) which is bound by Moyar-Bhavani Attur Lineament (MBAL) in the north and Palghat-Cauvery Lineament (PCL) in the south. The Sankari-Tiruchengode (ST) granite, occurring at the intersection of the MBAL with the NNE-SSW trending Mettur lineament, is emplaced within the Bhavani Gneissic Complex and the associated supracrustal rocks of Sathyamangalam Group. The ST granite comprises two distinct phases, viz. a leucocratic phase and a pink phase. The leucogranites, showing grain size variation from medium grained to pegmatoidal, occur in the peripheral parts of the ST pluton while the pink granites (coarse to pegmatoidal) occupy the core. Pegmatoidal leucogranites (WPGr) are made up of sodic plagioclase (An10-12) and quartz with minor potash feldspar (microcline). Muscovite, biotite, garnet and magnetite represent the accessory phases. Pink granites, on the other hand, contain quartz, microcline, microcline-microperthite and plagioclase (albite-oligoclase) with accessory biotite, magnetite, zircon and allanite. The modal composition of ST granites indicates that the WPGr is tonalitic in composition, while all other variants of leucocratic and pink granites fall in the fields of syenogranite and monzogranite in the IUGS classification of Le Bas and Streckeisen (1991). Petrochemical studies indicate that the WPGr is distinctly showing a tonalite / trondhjemite composition with higher Na2O / K2O ratio of 3.96. The other variants of the ST granite show granite to quartz-monzonite composition. The WPGr is showing distinct geochemical signatures of low Ba, Sr and high Rb compared to the other varieties of ST granite. It is also enriched in High Field Strength Elements (HFSE) such as Nb, Ta, Zr and Y besides Pb. The concentration of Nb and Y over Li and Cs characterize the WPGr as NYF type granite of Cerny (1991). In the REE distribution too, the WPGr shows a HREE and U dominated pattern with pronounced negative Eu-anomaly (Eu / Eu* = 0.21 to 0.39) while the pink granites show LREE and Th enrichment without any marked Eu anomaly. The ST granites, in general, show the geochemical affinity towards Postorogenic and Within-Plate Granite of Maniar and Piccoli (1989) and Pearce et al.,

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(1984) in conformity with their predominantly undeformed nature. The higher content of SiO2, total alkalis, Nb, Zr, Y, Sn, Zn and REE (except Eu) and low Ba and Sr characterise the leucogranites (WPGr) of the ST pluton as A-type granite. Although the pink granites of ST pluton analyse higher Ba and Sr, the other chemical characters such as higher SiO2, total alkalis, Zr and REE are comparable with that of the known A-type granites. An enriched granitic source at the deeper tectonic level might have served as the source for the ST granite. The location of the ST pluton at the intersection of the NNESSW trending Mettur Fault with the E-W trending MBAL suggests that its emplacement might have been controlled by these lineaments. Reactivation of these lineaments and shearing might have facilitated the ore-bearing fluids to migrate and get concentrated within these granites at structurally favourable locales.

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Rare-metal-bearing pegmatites: a probable A-type granitoid suite emplaced within a mixed I- & S-type gneisses in Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex (CGC) in Purulia district, West Bengal and Singhbhum district, Jharkhand.
Sukhendu Ray, Bhrigu Shankar & P.K. Mukhopadhyay Geological Survey of India Eastern Region, Kolkata Abstract The CGC is mostly a migmatitic complex with amphibolite and mica schist occuring as melanosomes. Three distinct granitoid gneisses have been demarcated in the area. All these gneisses are characteristically garnetiferous. These gneisses contain deformed restites / enclaves of metasedimentaries and metabasites. Homophanous leucogranite, locally porphyritic, is also a characteristic feature of the terrain. In the Chhotanagpur Gneiss Complex (CGC) numerous pegmatites are emplaced in different directions. The pegmatites are classified geochemically into two broad types on the basis of their rare metal (viz. Cs, Li and Rb) content. These are viz. the rare metal bearing pegmatites and the barren pegmatites. The latter group is devoid of any rare metal. Both these pegmatites have distinctive mineralogy. All the granitoid gneisses and pegmatites are essentially peraluminous to rarely metaluminous. The rare metal bearing pegmatites are highly peraluminous with A/CNK value ranges from 1.076 to 1.86. The major and trace element geochemistry of these rare metal bearing pegmatoids are very similar to that of Atype granitoids. It reveals that the rare metal bearing pegmatites have essentially high SiO 2 (71-77%), high absolute alkali (Na2O+K2O 8.79-11.55%), low Sr (18-41 ppm), high Nb, high Rb/Sr, low Ba, high Ga/Al (2.33-7.006) and low CaO (0.03-0.25%), Y/Nb (0.53-2.857) which are very similar to A type granitoids. However, these rare metal bearing pegmatites have a low FeOt / MgO ratio which is the aberration from the true A type granitoid. Furthermore, some of the A-type rare metal pegmatoids are plotted in the field of A1 type granitoids. These A1 rare metal pegmatoids may indicate a mantle differentiates in an intraplate / rift zone environment and is associated with some amount of crustal contamination. Interestingly, all the associated granitoid gneisses (viz. grey granitoid gneiss, porphyroclastic granitoid gneiss and two mica granitoid gneiss), leuco-granitoid and the barren pegmatites bear the imprints of a mixed (I- and S-type) character. Though some components of grey granitoid gneiss, porphyroclastic granitoid gneiss, leucogranitoid and barren pegmatoid are found to plot in the field of A2 type granitoids which may suggest that these are probably the sub-type of I-type granitoids. It may indicate a continental margin set up with an apparent crustal source (not metasedimentary).

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The granitoid gneisses, both the types of pegmatoids and the associated metabasic rocks (amphibolite) all have shown a characteristic calc-alkaline affinity in a continental environment. Major and trace element geochemistry is also revealed that the granitoid gneisses along with the associated pegmatoids may have been emplaced in a within plate to syn-collisional tectonic setting. This is characterized with an extensional tectonic regime (i.e. in an intracratonic rift setting) with the development of ductile to brittle-ductile shear zones along with emplacement of granitoids. Two prominent shear zones, viz. the NPSZ (the North Purulia Shear Zone) and the NML (the Northern Megalineament) are found to traverse within this part of the CGC. The terrain is also manifested by three phases of folding episodes (viz. F1, F2 and F3) and it has been suffered amphibolite to granulite grade of metamorphism with episodes of melting. Effects of retrogression metamorphism have also been noticed significantly within the terrain.

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GRANITE OCCURRENCES IN JAMMU & KASHMIR, AND UTTAR PRADESH A COMPILATION

Pradeep Mawar Geological Survey of India Lucknow Abstract

Northern Indian States of Jammu & Kashmir, and Uttar Pradesh have occurrences of granites which have been documented by several workers till date. The major occurrences of granites are: 1. Ladakh Granitoid Complex, Kargil and Leh Distts, Jammu & Kashmir; 2. Dudhi Granitoid Complex, Sonbadhra Distt, Uttar Pradesh; Ladakh Granitoid Complex exposed north of Indus tectonic zone is overlain by the sediments of Indus Group by a pronounced regional unconformity, extends from to west in the Northern part of Jammu and Kashmir, comprising two genetically related by distinctly separable granitoid phases viz (i) Hanugoma granitoid and (ii) Garkhun granitoids, besides, the pre-granitoid metasedimentaries of Bilargu Formation and post-Hanugoma but pre-Garkhun granitoid, Lalung volcanics and intrusive dykes. Dudhi Granitoid Complex, occurring in Kirwani-MuirpurKirwil block, Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh, comprises a wide zone of supracrustal enclaves and associated granitoids in its northern parts, a monotonous zone of medium to coarse grained, pink granitoid gneiss in its central part and fine grained banded grey granitoid gneiss in its southern part. Based on characters such as colour, grain size, mineral assemblage and mutual relationship, two types of granite gneisses and five phases of granites have been identified. These granites and five phases of Granites have been identified. These are described in detail.

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Annexure -II DOSSIER ON THE OCCURRENCES OF A-TYPE GRANITES IN INDIA Name of occurrence A-type granites of Malani Province State Rajasthan, (western India) Host Rocks Metasedimentary rocks of Delhi Super Group Related Rocks Rhyolites and peralkaline granites of Siwana Complex Tectonic domain AravalliCraton Geological Domain Western Indian Sheild Chemistry Granites of Malani Province are charecterised by high Rb, Nb, Zr, Ga, Y, Hf, Th & U and prominent Eu anomalies with moderate LREE enrichment and flat HREE patterns. Radiometric data Neoproterozoic age of 750 10 Ma (Dhar, et. at. 1996) for granites of Malani Felsic Province Mineralisation / Remarks / References Average values of trace elements Zr 3116 ppm Rb-285 ppm, Ta-15 ppm Cs-4.6 ppm, Hf- 95 ppm U- 13.1 ppm & Th 44 ppm Dhar.S et.al. (1996) : Sr, Pb and Nd isotope studies and their bearing on the petrogenesis of the Jalore and Siwana Complexes, Rajasthan. Jour. Geol. Soc. Ind. Vol.48 (2) pp.151-160 Reference: Bandopadhyay P.K., Chakraborty A.K., Desmusani M. & Misra S.; 2001; 2.8 Ga old anorogenic granite acid volcanics association from western margin of the SinghbhumOrissa Craton, Eastern India; Gondwana Research, vol.4 no.3; pp. 465-475, 2001. Geochemical traits of postcollisional A-type granites in India. By R. S. Bains, H. Sarvothaman, R. K. Sinha,R. S. Alte, K. K. Deshmukh & S. N. Janbandhu. Proceedings Volume on the Open Workshop of IGCP-510, March 2009

Tamparkola Granite as Atype granite

Orissa (eastern India)

Archean Kunjar Group-greenstone belt lithologies

Rhyolite and alkalifeldspar microgranite

Singhbhum Craton

Kunjar Group (greenstone belt)

High SiO2 -73.5 to 79.89 %, High K2O 4.52 to 6.67 % Moderate Na2O3.46 % and low MgO 0.01 to 0.15 % and low CaO-0.34 to 1.15 %

~ 2.8 Ga (Bandyopadhyay et al, (2001).

A-type granite around Banda, Hamirpur and Sonbhadra

Uttar Pradesh (northern India)

Granitic rocks and gneisses.

Monzogranite and syenite

ArcheanProterozoic Craton

Bundhelkhand Craton

Peraluminous to peralkaline. High SiO2, Na2O and K2O. Negative europium anomaly. High REE. High Chlorine 445 ppm. High Hf, Ta and Th

--

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Details of Atype granite A-type granites and pegmatites in Chotanagpur Gneissic Complex (CGC)

State West Bengal and Jharkha nd (eastern India)

Host Rock Gneisses and migmatite

Related Rock Rare metal bearing pegmatites / megacrystic granitoid gneiss and biotite granite gneiss

Tectonic domain Singhbhum Craton

Geological Domain Chotanagpur Gneissic Complex (CGC)

Chemistry High SiO2 69.73% to 75.56%, moderate K2O (1.79- 4.75%) and moderate Na2O (2.45-3.57%). Low MgO (0.51-1.59%) and low CaO 1.572.91%

Radiometric data Porphyroblastic granite 870 40 Ma and leucogranite 810 40 Ma. Ref: Baidya, T.K. et.al. (1987): New Geochronological data on some granitic phases of the Chotanagpur granite gneiss complex in the NW Purulia district, West Bengal. Indian Jour. Earth Sci., v.14 (2), pp.136-141.

Mineralisation / Remarks / References Mineralisation: Lithium Cesium and Rubidium Mineralisation in Proterozoic Zoned Pegmatites of Beku, West Bengal. Reference: Som, S.K., Bandyopadhyay, K.C., Basu, S.K., Santra, D.K., and Ghosh, R.N. (2002): Li-Cs-Rb Mineralisation in Proterozoic Zoned Pegmatites of Beku, West Bengal. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.60, pp.493-503. A-type granites in Southern Granulite Belt, Tamil Nadu. P.K.Muralidharan. Proceedings Vol. Open Workshop of IGCP-510, March 2009

Sankari Tiruchengod, Punjai Puliyampatti, Karamadai and Maruda Malai granites

Tamil Nadu (south India)

Amphibolite gneisses, Sathyamangalam supracrustals and the layered ultramaficmafic anorthosites of Achaean age.

Leuco-granites and pegmatites

Granulite Belt

South Indian Granulite Belt

These granite shows alkaline affinity high K2O content and higher modal alkali pyroxene / amphibole.

Field, mineralogical and geochemical characters indicate A-type

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Details of Atype granite Banda, Hamirpur, Sonbhadra Bundhelkhand area

State

Host Rock

Related Rock
Monzogranite and

Tectonic domain

Geological Domain Bundhelkhad Craton

Chemistry

Radiometric data to -

Mineralisation / Remarks / References

U.P.

Precambrian Granites and gneisses

syenogranite

Archean Bundhelkhand Craton

Peraluminous Peralkaline

These granites exhibity negative europium anomalies and the magnitude of negative europium anomalies increase with increase in total REE
Ref: A-type granites of Perecherla - Phirangipuram areas in Eastern Ghat Granulite Belt, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. H. Sarvothaman & V. V. Sesha Sai. Proceedings Vol. Open Workshop of IGCP-510, March 2009 Rb/Sr ratios (2.46- 6.28), plots in WPG (within plate granite) field of Y-Nb diagram after Pearce et al (1984) and elemental plots against Ga/Al.

A-type granites of Perecherla Phirangipuram areas

Andhra Pradesh

Granulites

Mobile Belt

Eastern Ghat Granulite Belt

High SiO2- 73.38 % High K2O-5.75 % Na2O-1.93 % Low MgO- < 0.1 %

Mayurbhanj Granite

Orissa

GabbroGranophyre association

Alkalifeldspar granite and granophyre

Craton

SinghbhumOrissa Iron Ore craton

High SiO2: 73.70 to 74.90 %, high (Na2O + K2O): 7.64 to 8.17 %, and Low CaO: 0.45 % to 0.72 %. REE is strongly fractionated LREE / HREE:18 to 45), LREE-enriched (Ce/Sm: 2.08-3.95) with moderate to strong, negative Euanomaly and flat HREE

3.09 Ga

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Details of Atype granite Kanigiri granite

State Andhra Pradesh 57M/9

Host Rock Quartz-chlorite schist and quartzites of Nellore schist belt

Related Rock Alkali granite

Tectonic domain Close to the vicinity of eastern margin of Cuddapah basin and Nellore schist belt

Geological Domain Nellore schist belt

Chemistry Nb - 100-220 ppm Y 105-340 ppm Zr 280-660 ppm

Radiometric data 112025 Ma dating (Gupta.et.al. 1984)

Vinukonda granite

Andhra Pradesh 57 P/12

Schistose rocks of Nellore schist belt

Close to the vicinity of eastern margin of Cuddapah basin and Nellore schist belt

Nellore schist belt

161525 dating (Gupta.et.al. 1984)

Podili alkali granite

Andhra Pradesh 57M/9

Quartz-chlorite schist and quartzites of Nellore schist belt

Syenite

Close to the vicinity of eastern margin of Cuddapah basin and Nellore schist belt

Nellore schist belt

Nb - 100-220 ppm Y 105-340 ppm) Zr 280-660 ppm -

Mineralisation / Remarks / References Reference :Gupta, J.N., Pandey, B.K., Chabria, T., Banerjee, D.C., and Jayaram, K.M.V. (1984). Rb-Sr geochronological studies of the granites of Vinukonda and Kanigiri, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Precambrian Research, vol.26 pp. 105-109. Reference: Gupta, J.N., Pandey, B.K., Chabria, T., Banerjee, D.C., and Jayaram, K.M.V. (1984). Rb-Sr geochronological studies of the granites of Vinukonda and Kanigiri, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Precambrian Research, vol.26 pp. 105-109. Mineralisation :Astrophylllite (High Ti Nb mineral) Nb2O5 6.04% and TiO2 7.52%. By Reference : V.V.Sesha Sai, et.al. National Seminar on Tectonism, Magmatism and Mineralisation (MTM-2007) Kumaun University, Nainital.

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Details of Atype granite Arkasani Granophyre

State Jharkhand

Host Rock Basement rocks represented mainly by Chakradharpur granite and associated rocks

Related Rock

Tectonic domain Proterozoic Mobile belt

Geological Domain Archean rocks of Singhbhum Craton

Chemistry Average values SiO266.94 % Na2O+K2O - 8.42% Rb- 83 ppm), Sr31.8 ppm, Ba- 1104 ppm, K/ Rb- 465, Rb/ Sr- 2.61, Rb/ Ba0.07. REEpattern is slightly fractionated with moderate to large negative Euanomaly and enriched HREE with a concave downward HREE- pattern.

Radiometric data Arkasani granophyre is correlated with the Wolf River Batholith of North America, of 14001500 Ma

Mineralisation / Remarks / References The Arkasani granophyre is made of seven isolated bodies of granitic rocks (largest one being at Arkasani Hill in the easternmost fringe), located along E-W belt within the following the northern margin of the Chakradharpur Granite Gneiss Basement Ref: Arkasani granophyre: A review as a- type granite. By Sambhunath Ghosh. Proceedings Vol. Open Workshop of IGCP-510, March 2009

Tangmarg granite

JammuKashmir

Rocks of Kashmir Himalayas

Orogenic belt

Kashmir Himalayas

High Si, K,Zr,Nb, Y, Zn, Ga and low Ca and Sr. Minerologically quartz, K-feldspar and plagioclase with subordinate biotite and amphibole. Accessories are titanite, zircon, apatite and calcite

161 Ma

Ref: Anorogenic tectonic environment for the emplacement of granitic melts in the Tangmarg region of Kashmir Himalaya. . Rameshwar Rao. Proceedings Vol. Open Workshop of IGCP510, March 2009

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Details of Atype granite Peralimala, Kalpatta , Munnar, Chengannur and Sholayur Granites A-type granites of Chittoor district

State Kerala

Host Rock Precambrian rocks

Related Rock

Tectonic domain South Indian Sheild

Geological Domain Craton

Chemistry Petrochemically these granites are rich in potash and have high Fe/Mg ratio.

Radiometric data ~ 500Ma

Mineralisation / Remarks / References

Andhra Pradesh

Gneisses and granites of Peninsular Gneissic Complex

Syenites

Gneissic Complex of Dharwar Craton

Craton

High SiO2, high (Na2O + K2O) and low CaO.

REE is strongly fractionated LREEenriched with flat HREE patterns

Paleo Proterozoic age

A-type granites of Chittoor are emplaced into the Pulikonda syenite, Tsundupalli schist belt and calcalkaline granitoids of Eastern Dharwar Craton.
The granitoids of the Bundelkhnad massif show a progressive change in composition from calcalkaline (compressional) to alkali-calcic (extensional) from older to younger phases

Bundelkhand granite-gneiss Complex

Uttar Pradseh

granite-gneiss Complex

hornblende granitoid , biotite granitoid and leucogranitoid

, Central Indian shield

Craton

high Na2O + K2O, Fe/Mg, Ga/Al, Zr, Y, Nb, and REE (except Eu), and low abundances of CaO and MgO

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Details of Atype granite Pal Laharha granite gneiss

State Orissa

Host Rock

Related Rock Hornblendemagnetite granite gneiss(PGG) (ii) Hblmagnetite bearing, pink and grey banded (stromatic) gneiss (PBG) and, (iii) grey, two-mica + garnet migmatitic granite gneiss(MGG).

Tectonic domain Singhbhum craton:

Geological Domain Craton

Chemistry High SiO2 (>72%), Al2O3 (>10%), total iron, Fe/Mg, Na2O + K2O (>8%), low CaO(<2%), MgO (0.2%) and Sr (<40 ppm).

Radiometric data Rb/Sr age of 1802 + 89 Ma

Mineralisation / Remarks / References The characteristic feature of Pal Laharha granite is the higher Ba (150-1500 ppm) and lower Sr (5 to 255ppm) & Rb (40 to 150 ppm) leading to lower Rb/Sr (0.07 to2.75 ) ratio. High initial Rb/Sr (0.802 + 0.015) of the gneiss suggests the involvement of crustal component in its evolution.

Barambaba, RihandMakhrohar, Madanmahal and Harda granites

Maharasht ra and Madhya Pradesh

Mahakoshal belt, Betul belt, Sausar belt and undifferentiated gneisses

Mon zodioritequartz syenite and granodiorite

Mahakoshal belt

Central Indian Shield

Mineralogically interstitial quartz (2545%), megacrysts microcline and microclinemicroperthite (3060%) and plagioclase (15-35%) with accessory biotite, hornblende, zircon, apatite, and tourmaline. Chemically low to moderate Alumina saturation index, low

Barambaba granite (2.045Ga), Jhirgadandi monzodioritequartz syenite (1.75Ga), RihandMakhroharSigrauli granodiorite (173136Ma, Sarkar et al 1998)), Madanmahal

Granites in Narmada Rift zone are mostly syn- or post-to late tectonic in nature. Though restricted in extent unlike the ubiquitous S and I type granites, these A type granites are characterized by distinct petrographic and geochemical features and anorogenic nature.

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Ca content coupled with depletion in Sr, P and Ti, moderate to high La, Nb, Y

granite, Harda granite

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Details of Atype granite Malanjkhand and Dongargarh granitoids (DG). The MG hosting a giant Cu Au Mo deposit is disposed in a general N-S alignment characteristic of the southern crustal block lying south of CIS. Lingtse granite

State

Host Rock

Related Rock

Tectonic domain

Geological Domain Central Indian Shield

Chemistry

Radiometric data

Mineralisation / Remarks / References The Malanjkhand granite hosting a giant Cu Au Mo deposit is disposed in a general N-S alignment characteristic of the southern crustal block lying south of Central Indian Shield

Sikkim

Low grade rocks of Lesser Himalayas

Orogenic Belt

Himalayan Orogenic Belt

High REE and enriched LREE. Lan/Lun varying from 1.2 to 6.8.

1678 44 Ma Rb-Sr isochron age; from Paul et. al 1996

This is a two-feldspar biotite granite

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