VJ EVWUH LF FIHEAHJFU
 

KFUÛU I@\HU N@WWAJ@B@

VJ EVWUH LF
FIHEAHJFU
Eõih fjtfjlfr nh quf
safjtfs y ehjvfrtartf fj n` pfrshj`
quf quafrfs sfr

VW@JH
@rbfjtaj` ― Emanf ― Ehnhiga` ― Fsp`ð`
Fst`lhs Vjalhs ― Iáxaeh ― Sfrû ― Vrubu`y
 

0.ª flaeaõj I`yh 7373

Wfsfrv`lhs thlhs nhs lfrfemhs. Pufl` raburhs`ifjtf prhmagal`, saj n` `uthraz`eaõj

fserat` lf nhs tatun`rfs lfn ehpyrabmt , g`kh n`s s`jeahjfs fst`gnfeal`s fj n`s nfyfs, n`
rfprhlueeaõj p`rea`n h tht`n lf fst` hgr` phr eu`nquafr iflah h prheflaiafjth,
ajenualhs n` rfprhbr`dé` y fn tr`t`iafjth ajdhriàtaeh, `sé ehih n` lastragueaõj lf
fkfipn`rfs ifla`jtf `nquanfr h prást`ih pûgnaeh.
Ehpyrabmt © 7373 gy Kfsûs I`ths N`rraj`b`
@nn Wabmts Wfsfrvfl
© 7373 gy Flaeahjfs Vr`jh, U.@.V.
Sn`z` lf nhs Wfyfs I`bhs, =, pash 0.» E y L ― 7=332 I`lral
www.flaeahjfsur`jh.ehi
AUGJ; 12=-=<-021=0-64-5
12=-=<-021=0-64-5

Dhthehiphsaeaõj; Flaeahjfs Vr`jh, U.@.V.

 

Éjlaef
 

Vj eursh lf fiheahjfs; eõih fjtfjlfr nh quf safjtfs y ehjvfrtartf fj n` pfrshj` quf

quafrfs sfr
Fstf jh fs uj nagrh p`r` sfr dfnaz
¸Euàn fs n` dujeaõj lfn nagrh8
¸Eõih utanaz`r fstf nagrh8
¸Suflf sustatuar n` nfetur` lfn nagrh ` uj prhdfsahj`n lf n` s`nul ifjt`n8

0. N`s fiheahjfs, fs`s br`jlfs lfsehjheal`s

¸Shr quá shihs ehih shihs8
Fiheahjfs
¸Puá shj n`s fiheahjfs8
f iheahjfs8
\rapnf sastfi` lf rfspufst` fiheahj`n
Fstéiunh
Uastfi` lf rfspufst` ehbjatavh
Uastfi` lf rfspufst` dasahnõbaeh

Uastfi` lf rfspufst` ehjluetu`n 

Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

7. Fiheahjfs, ¸quá prftfjlfj8

¸S`r` quá sarvfj n`s fiheahjfs8
Dujeaõj `l`pt`tav` lf n` fiheaõj
Dujeaõj ihtav`eahj`n lf n` fiheaõj
Dujeaõj shea`n lf n` fiheaõj
Fiheahjfs gàsae`s
 @nfbré`
\rastfz`
Ar`

Iaflh
 @seh
Uhrprfs`
Fiheahjfs `l`pt`tav`s vs. fiheahjfs jh `l`pt`tav`s
Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

5. Fn `rtf lf fseuem`r jufstr`s fiheahjfs

Ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n
Sfrefpeaõj fiheahj`n 
D`eanat`eaõj lfn pfjs`iafjth
Ehiprfjsaõj fiheahj`n 
 

Wfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n 
Fn prhefsh lf rfbun`eaõj lf fiheahjfs
Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

<. ¸Shr quá if sabh sajtafjlh

sajtafjlh `sé8
@jànasas lf jufstr`s fxpfrafjea`s fiheahj`nfs
 @jtfeflfjtfs
Wfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs
Ehjsfeufjea`s lf jufstr`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs
Vj fkfipnh lf `jtfeflfjtfs, rfspufst`s y ehjsfeufjea`s (@WE)
@jànasas lfn @WE lfn fkfipnh
@prfjlfihs lf jufstr` fxpfrafjea`
Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

6. Fst`lh lf àjaih y fiheahjfs; ehjlfj`lhs ` fjtfjlfrsf fjtrf fnnhs

Fst`lh lf àjaih
Ladfrfjea`s fjtrf fst`lh lf àjaih y fiheahjfs
¸Puá jfefsat`ihs p`r` tfjfr uj fst`lh lf àjaih õptaih8
Srhbr`i`eaõj lf `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs
¸Puá `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs puflh prhbr`i`r8
 @etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs p`s`l`s
 @etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs fj fn prfsfjtf
 @etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs dutur`s
Fkfreaeah désaeh
Ehjt`eth shea`n
¸Puá p`s` sa jh tfjbh ` j`laf ehj quafj rfn`eahj`rif8
Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

4. Iajldunjfss  h fn `rtf lf `tfjlfr `n ihifjth prfsfjtf saj kuzb`r

@prfjlf ` vavar fn ihifjth prfsfjtf
Ehjeafjea` fiheahj`n
Fiheaõj prai`ra` y fiheaõj sfeujl`ra`
¸Puá fs fn iajldunjfss8
Gfjfdaeahs lfn iajldunjfss
Ihlh sfr vs. ihlh m`efr
¸Eõih sf pr`etae` fn iajldunjfss8
Fkfreaeahs pràetaehs
Iajldunjfss fj n` val` ehtala`j`
 

2. Sfjs`iafjths; n` pujt` lfn aefgfrb lf jufstr` dhri` lf vfr fn iujlh

Wfspufst`s ehbjatav`s
Ihlfnh @GE
Lasthrsahjfs ehbjatav`s
 @tfjeaõj sfnfetav`
 @lavaj`r fn duturh
E`t`strhdaz`eaõj
Ftaquft`iafjth
Fn «lfgfré`s¿
Ajdfrfjea`s `rgatr`ra`s
Nfetur` lf ifjtf
I`xaiaz`eaõj lf nh jfb`tavh
Iajaiaz`eaõj lf nh phsatavh
Sfjs`iafjth laehtõiaeh
Sfrdfeeahjasih
Uhgrfbfjfr`naz`eaõj
Sfrshj`naz`eaõj
Sfjs`iafjths `uthiàtaehs jfb`tavhs
Erffjea`s
N` dnfem` lfsefjlfjtf
Sfjs`iafjth hgkfth vs. ift`ehbjaeaõj
Sfjs`iafjth hgkfth
Ehjeafjea` ift`ehbjatav`
Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

=. Srfheup`eahjfs. Eu`jlh n` n`v`lhr` ifjt`n sf phjf ` dujeahj`r

Wfspufst`s ehbjatav`s; ¸eõih lfk`r lf prfheup`rif8
Srfheup`eahjfs y ruia`eahjfs
Ihlfnh ift`ehbjatavh
Erffjea`s ift`ehbjatav`s lasdujeahj`nfs
Ift`ehbjaeahjfs jfb`tav`s
Ift`ehbjaeahjfs phsatav`s
Ehjeafjea` ift`ehbjatav`
Wfprfsaõj lf pfjs`iafjths
Hgsfrv`eaõj lf pfjs`iafjths
Fkfreaeah 0 lf hgsfrv`eaõj lf pfjs`iafjth larabalh
Fkfreaeah 7 lf hgsfrv`eaõj lf pfjs`iafjth larabalh
 

 Lft`emfl iajldunjfss. Fxpnae`eaõj y pràetae`

Srajeap`nfs e`r`etfréstae`s lfn lft`emfl iajldunjfss
Ladfrfjea`s lfn lft`emfl iajldunjfss ehj n` iflat`eaõj

\afiph g`sur` lf prfheup`eaõj

Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

1. Ufjs`eahjfs ehrphr`nfs. N`s i`raphs`s fj fn fstõi`bh lf n`s quf thlhs m`gn`j

Wfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s
Uastfi` saipàtaeh vs. sastfi` p`r`saipàtaeh
Uastfi` jfrvahsh `utõjhih saipàtaeh
Uastfi` jfrvahsh `utõjhih p`r`saipàtaeh
\hnfr`jea` ` n`s rfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s
I`najtfrprft`eaõj lf séjthi`s dasahnõbaehs
Fse`jfh ehrphr`n
Fxpfrafjea` fiheahj`n dasahnõbae` saj kuzb`r

¸Eõih
Fkfreaeahihladae`r fj lhs iajuths8
pràetaeh ia fst`lh dasahnõbaeh y fiheahj`n fj 

03. Ehjluet`s y fvat`eaõj fiheahj`n. Nh quf m`efihs jhs ehjstruyf h jhs lfstruyf
Wfspufst`s ehjluetu`nfs
Ehjluet`s aipuns`l`s phr n` fiheaõj
Fvat`eaõj fiheahj`n
\aphs lf fvat`eaõj fiheahj`n
Fvat`eaõj ehbjatav`
Fvat`eaõj dasahnõbae`
Fvat`eaõj ehjluetu`n 
Ehjluet`s lf sfbural`l 

@prfjlfihs lf jufstr`s rf`eeahjfs `jtf jufstr`s fiheahjfs

Fv`nu`eaõj lf tus fvat`eahjfs fiheahj`nfs

00. Wfbun`eaõj lf fiheahjfs. @prhvfem`r e`l` lé` p`r` e`iga`rif

Ihvanaz`r thlhs nhs rfeurshs p`r` sfr ajtfnabfjtf fiheahj`nifjtf
\u rutaj` lf val`
Fn prhefsh lf bfstaõj lf fiheahjfs
Sraifr fst`lah; lftfet`r n` fiheaõj
Ufbujlh fst`lah; `tfjeaõj ` n`s fiheahjfs
\frefr fst`lah; ftaquft`lh lf n` fiheaõj
Eu`rth fst`lah; jhri`naz`eaõj lf n` fiheaõj
 

Puajth fst`lah; `jànasas fiheahj`n 

Ufxth fst`lah; rfbun`eaõj lf fiheahjfs
f iheahjfs
 @drhjt`iafjth lf satu`eahjfs
satu`eahjfs ladéeanfs

Uá
Jh tu
fsprhpah tfr`pfut`
uj `laõs, fs uj m`st` nufbh
Wfdfrfjea`s
 

Vj eursh lf fiheahjfs;
eõih fjtfjlfr nh quf safjtfs y
ehjvfrtartf fj n` pfrshj` quf quafrfs
sfr

Fstf nagrh fs lastajth ` nhs lfiàs. Shr nh ifjhs lastajth ` n` i`yhré` quf
pufgn` n`s fst`jtfré`s lf n`s nagrfré`s lfstaj`l`s ` n` `uth`yul`. Fj rf`nal`l,
fs pràetae`ifjtf nh iàs p`rfealh ` `eular ` ia ehjsunt`, y` quf fj fstf nagrh
tf vhy ` nnfv`r p`sh ` p`sh phr fn `p`sahj`jtf e`iajh lf n` bfstaõj lf
fiheahjfs. Q `lfiàs, v`ihs ` rfehrrfrnh jh shn`ifjtf fj uj àigath tfõraeh,
sajh t`igaáj fj fn àigath pràetaeh p`r` quf pufl`s s`e`rnf fn iàxaih
prhvfemh ` nh quf fstàs nfyfjlh.
Shr supufsth, jh v` ` sfr uj e`iajh dàean. T` ` sfr uj va`kf e`rb`lh lf
ladaeunt`lfs, lhjlf tf ehjhefràs fj prhdujlal`l, fjtfjlfràs phr quá frfs

ehih frfs, quá d`ethrfs tf m`j nnfv`lh ` `etu`r ehih m`st` `mhr` nh m`s mfemh
y, nh iàs aiphrt`jtf, `prfjlfràs ` e`iga`r `qufnnh quf jh tf bust` lf ta
iasih p`sh ` p`sh.
Lfk` quf if prfsfjtf p`r` quf phl`ihs ehjhefrjhs ifkhr. Lfspuás lf
thlh, v`ihs ` fst`r uj tafiph kujths fj fstf va`kf quf fst`ihs ` pujth lf
ehifjz`r, uj va`kf m`ea` fn fquanagrah fiheahj`n y n` hgtfjeaõj lf n` ifkhr
vfrsaõj lf ta iasih, y erfh quf fs jfefs`rah quf sfp`s uj pheh iàs lf ié
p`r` fst`r eõihlhs.
 

Ia jhigrf fs Kfsûs I`ths. Uhy psaeõnhbh lf prhdfsaõj y vhe`eaõj. Lfslf

m`ef quajef `ðhs if lflaeh ` n` psaehnhbé`. Lfslf jaðh safiprf if d`seajõ
n` ifjtf lfn sfr mui`jh, nh quf if nnfvõ ` `e`g`r fstula`jlh Ssaehnhbé` fj n`
Vjavfrsal`l Ehipnutfjsf lf I`lral. Eu`jlh `e`gá n` e`rrfr`, fstulaá uj
iàstfr fj Ssaehnhbé` Enéjae` y lf n` U`nul fj n` iasi` ujavfrsal`l, y
ehip`taganaeá nhs fstulahs ehj fn tr`g`kh fj uj efjtrh s`jat`rah y n`
ehn`ghr`eaõj ehj uj lfp`rt`ifjth lf n` ujavfrsal`l. Lur`jtf fsf tafiph
`sasté y ehn`ghrá fj juifrhshs ehjbrfshs lf e`ràetfr j`eahj`n f ajtfrj`eahj`n,
y `lfiàs pugnaquá v`rahs `rtéeunhs y e`pétunhs fj rfvast`s fspfea`naz`l`s.
\r`s tfriaj`r fn iàstfr, y eu`jlh nnfv`g` fkfreafjlh iàs lf trfs `ðhs,
surbaõ n` hphrtujal`l lf tr`g`k`r ehih psaeõnhbh p`r` uj` br`j fiprfs` lf
àigath j`eahj`n fj htr` eaul`l, pfrh n` rf`nal`l fs quf n`s ehs`s jh s`nafrhj
thlh nh gafj quf yh fspfr`g`. Lf ihlh quf ` ifla`lhs lfn 7304 lfealé
fiprfjlfr ia e`iajh shnh.
Fj fn 7304 dujlá Fj Fquanagrah Ifjt`n. Fj prajeapah sf tr`t`g` lf uj` wfg
fj n` quf fseragé` shgrf n` `pnae`eaõj pràetae` fj fn lé` ` lé` lf n` psaehnhbé`
eafjtédae`. Fn ehjtfjalh ag` larabalh ` ifkhr`r n` val` lf n`s pfrshj`s
`pnae`jlh táejae`s quf m`gé`j lfihstr`lh sfr fdae`efs p`r` ianfs lf
ajlavaluhs. Fr` `nbh quf if `p`sahj`g` (y nh sabuf m`eafjlh), phr nh quf
prhjth `p`rfeafrhj nhs praifrhs p`eafjtfs, nh quf if nnfvõ ` fiprfjlfr y
dujl`r ia prhpah b`gajftf psaehnõbaeh.

Fj fn 7302 pugnaquá ia praifr nagrh, Gufjhs lé`s, `nfbré`, uj` bué` p`sh `
p`sh p`r` supfr`r n` trastfz` y `ne`jz`r fn gafjfst`r fiheahj`n fj lhef
sfi`j`s, nh quf if `yulõ iuemh ` ehjshnal`r ia efjtrh lf psaehnhbé`.
Mhy, trfs `ðhs lfspuás, larakh uj b`gajftf psaehnõbaeh fj I`lral fj fn quf
tr`g`k`ihs ehlh ehj ehlh v`rahs prhdfsahj`nfs. @n ifs rfeagaihs ` eafjths
lf pfrshj`s quf phjfj fj jufstr`s i`jhs su gafjfst`r. Uf tr`t` lf uj`
prfsaõj fjhrif, pfrh sabh erfyfjlh quf fs fn ifkhr tr`g`kh lfn iujlh.
Uaj fig`rbh, jh shn`ifjtf shy psaeõnhbh, fj ia tafiph nagrf if fje`jt`
 

m`efr lfphrtf, va`k`r thlh nh quf puflh, lfvhr`r nagrhs y rhlf`rif lf n` bfjtf
quf quafrh. Jh thlh v` ` sfr tr`g`k`r…

Fstf jh fs uj nagrh p`r` sfr dfnaz

Jh fs quf yh sf` uj sfr i`návhnh quf `ghbuf phr fn daj lf n` dfnaeal`l. Jh

quafrh e`rb`rif n` J`val`l ja `e`g`r ehj n`s pfnéeun`s lf ras`. S`r` j`l`.
Sfrh fs eafrth quf vavaihs fj uj iujlh fj fn quf n` laet`lur` lf n` dfnaeal`l
jhs m` mfemh sus fsen`vhs. Jhs p`s`ihs nhs lé`s guse`jlh fj nub`rfs
frrõjfhs uj fst`lh lf fudhra` ehjtajuh quf jh shn`ifjtf jh fxastf, sajh quf,
lf fxastar, sfré` trfifjl`ifjtf pfrkulaea`n p`r` jhshtrhs, pufs fn b`sth
fjfrbátaeh quf jfefsat`ré`ihs p`r` fst`r thlh fn lé` sajtaájlhjhs `sé sfré`

fjhrif, y fn eufrph mui`jh fs fn ifkhr fehjhiast` quf ehjhzeh. Shr nh quf,

phr nh quf rfspfet` ` n` fvhnueaõj, jh tafjf jajbûj sfjtalh. Fn efrfgrh
dujeahj` lf htr` i`jfr`.
Ufjtar `nfbré` fstà iuy gafj, y thlhs lfsf`ihs tfjfr uj` val` nnfj` lf
gafjfst`r. Sfrh p`r` `ne`jz`r fsf fquanagrah fs jfefs`rah quf lfkfihs uj
fsp`eah p`r` n`s lfiàs fiheahjfs. Fst`r trastf, fst`r `jsahsh h fjd`l`rjhs fs
ehipnft`ifjtf jhri`n, lfsf`gnf y iuy s`jh. Q iuem`s vfefs, p`r`
ehjsfbuar e`iga`r `nbûj `spfeth lf jhshtrhs iasihs lfn quf jh fst`ihs iuy
hrbunnhshs fs jfefs`rah sfjtar fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s lf vfz fj eu`jlh.
N`s fiheahjfs jhs `yul`j ` `l`pt`rjhs ehj fdae`ea` `n iflah. Uhj
prhlueth lf iannhjfs lf `ðhs lf fvhnueaõj y `gshnut`ifjtf thlhs nhs fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs tafjfj uj` e`us` y uj` dujeaõj. Fipfð`rjhs fj fnaiaj`r thlh fn
fspfetrh fiheahj`n quf jhs m`ef sfjtar ajeõihlhs shn`ifjtf m`rà quf jhs
sajt`ihs e`l` vfz pfhr. Q fj nub`r lf fjehjtr`r n` t`j `jsa`l` dfnaeal`l,
prhg`gnfifjtf e`frfihs fj uj eéreunh vaeahsh lf fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s.
@n daj`n, thl` rfprfsaõj fiheahj`n tafjf sus ehjsfeufjea`s. Q phr iuemh
quf jhs fipfðfihs fj jh sfjtar eafrt`s fiheahjfs, jufstr` gahquéiae`
efrfgr`n sf fje`rb`rà lf quf `n daj`n e`ptfihs n` ajdhri`eaõj quf fst`s jhs
 

l`j.
Shr fsh, p`r` `ne`jz`r fn fquanagrah fiheahj`n y, phr fjlf, ehjvfrtarjhs fj
n` ifkhr vfrsaõj lf jhshtrhs iasihs, tfjlrfihs quf fst`r trastfs, `jsahshs,
fjd`l`lhs, sfjtar iaflh, sfjtarjhs eunp`gnfs y uj n`rbh fteátfr` lf fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs ajeõihlhs quf jhs `yul`ràj ` prhbrfs`r fj jufstr` val`.

¸Euàn fs n` dujeaõj lfn nagrh8

Fseragh fstf nagrh phrquf erfh quf thlh fn iujlh lfgfré` tfjfr `eefsh ` uj`
flue`eaõj fiheahj`n lf e`nal`l. Fs iàs, erfh quf lfgfré` sfr uj` `sabj`tur`
hgnab`thra` fj thlhs nhs ehnfbahs lfn iujlh. Q tfjbh n` fspfr`jz` lf quf
`nbûj lé` `sé sf`. Sfrh m`st` quf fsf ihifjth nnfbuf, if bust`ré` phlfr

`phrt`r ia br`jath lf `rfj` p`r` quf jhs ehjhze`ihs uj pheh ifkhr `

jhshtrhs iasihs y `prfjl`ihs ` rfbun`r jufstr`s fiheahjfs lf dhri`
s`nul`gnf.
Ehj fstf hgkftavh mf ehjlfjs`lh fj fst`s pàbaj`s thl` ia fxpfrafjea`
ehih psaeõnhbh fj nhs ûntaihs quajef `ðhs. \hl`s n`s táejae`s quf sf
lfseragfj fj fn nagrh tafjfj dujl`ifjt`eaõj eafjtédae`, h nh quf fs nh iasih,
m`j rfsunt`lh fdae`efs p`r` ianfs lf pfrshj`s `nrflflhr lfn iujlh.
Nh mf fserath fnabafjlh `qufnnh quf, lfjtrh lf fst`r prhg`lh
eafjtédae`ifjtf, if dujeahj` ifkhr fj n` ehjsunt`. Jh m` salh t`rf` dàean
fnfbar n`s táejae`s, pfrh erfh quf `n daj`n fn rfsunt`lh fs uj tfxth ehj fn quf,
`ujquf jh tfjb`s ja alf` lf eõih rfbun`r tus fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs `n fipfz`r
` nffrnh, sa sabufs n`s p`ut`s, ehjsfbuaràs ifkhr`r iuemésaih.
N` fstruetur` lfn nagrh m` salh ehjdfeeahj`l` lf i`jfr` iuy raburhs` y
iflat`l`. If mf g`s`lh fj n`s ûntai`s ajvfstab`eahjfs fj psaehnhbé` enéjae` y
lf n` s`nul. M`y trfs ihlfnhs lf ajtfrvfjeahjfs quf m`j rfsunt`lh
fspfea`nifjtf ajspar`lhrfs p`r` ié fj nhs ûntaihs `ðhs lf fkfreaeah lf n`
psaehnhbé` s`jat`ra`; fn ihlfnh tr`jsla`bjõstaeh lf G`rnhw, quf m`
lfihstr`lh sfr iuy fdfetavh fj prhgnfi`s lf fst`lh lf àjaih y tr`sthrjhs
 

lf `jsafl`l? n` tfr`pa` ehbjatav` g`s`l` fj fn iajldunjfss (IGE\), utanaz`l`

prajeap`nifjtf p`r` fvat`r n`s rfe`él`s fj fpashlahs lfprfsavhs? y n` tfr`pa`
ift`ehbjatav` lf Rfnns, quf `p`rtf lf sfr fdae`z p`r` fn tr`t`iafjth lf e`sa
thlhs nhs tr`sthrjhs lf `jsafl`l y lfn fst`lh lf àjaih, fs fspfea`nifjtf
fdae`z ` n` mhr` lf rfluear n`s prfheup`eahjfs y n`s ruia`eahjfs lf nhs
p`eafjtfs.
N` ehigaj`eaõj lf n`s táejae`s prhpufst`s fj nhs trfs ihlfnhs ehj htr`s
iàs enàsae`s lf n` tfr`pa` ehbjatav` ehjluetu`n if m`j `yul`lh `
ehjdfeeahj`r uj ihlfnh lf fjtrfj`iafjth fj rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n quf m`
dujeahj`lh iuy gafj fj n` ehjsunt`, pufsth quf `yul` ` n`s pfrshj`s quf nh
sabufj ` ifkhr`r su e`p`eal`l p`r` rfluear y i`jfk`r fn i`nfst`r.

¸Eõih utanaz`r fstf nagrh8

@prfjlfr ` bfstahj`r fiheahjfs rfquafrf tafiph y fsdufrzh. Q phr fnnh fs
jfefs`rah quf fvatfihs e`fr fj n` tfjt`eaõj lf nffr fn nagrh ehih sa sf tr`t`sf
lf uj` jhvfn`. N` en`vf fs ar pr`etae`jlh e`l` uj` lf n`s táejae`s quf sf
rfehiafjl`j m`st` ehjsfbuar lhiaj`rn`s pheh ` pheh. @n abu`n quf p`r`
`prfjlfr ` ihjt`r fj gaeaenft` tfjfihs quf ar `prfjlafjlh p`sh ` p`sh y
pr`etae`r iuemh, n`s táejae`s jfefs`ra`s p`r` rfbun`r fiheahjfs t`igaáj
rfquafrfj lf jufstrh fsdufrzh.
Fj fsths quajef `ðhs lf prhdfsaõj, if mf fjehjtr`lh ehj quf ` ia ehjsunt`
nnfb`j lhs taphs lf pfrshj`s. Vj`s phjfj fj pràetae` thlh nh quf v`j
`prfjlafjlh ehjiabh y sf fsdufrz`j lé` ` lé` p`r` ifkhr`r. N`s htr`s safiprf
fjeufjtr`j uj` fxeus` p`r` jh m`efr nhs fkfreaeahs y su pràetae` fj e`s`. ¸\f
ai`baj`s euànfs shj nhs quf ifkhr`j8 Sufs nh iasih heurrf ehj fstf nagrh. Ua
saipnfifjtf nh nffs saj m`efr j`l` iàs, jh fspfrfs jajbûj rfsunt`lh phsatavh
fj fn àigath fiheahj`n. Fs eafrth quf `prfjlfràs g`st`jtf shgrf eõih
dujeahj` jufstrh efrfgrh, pfrh lfspélftf lf ifkhr`r tu gafjfst`r. S`r` fnnh
tfjlràs quf fsdhrz`rtf phr ehiprfjlfr y tr`g`k`r fj e`l` ujh lf nhs pujths.
 

Shrquf ehih tf lfeé` fj fn `p`rt`lh `jtfrahr, n`s táejae`s m`j lfihstr`lh sfr
fdae`efs.

¸Suflf sustatuar n` nfetur` lfn nagrh ` uj prhdfsahj`n lf n` s`nul

ifjt`n8

Fj jajbûj e`sh. Ua tus fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs shj t`j ajtfjshs, drfeufjtfs h

lur`lfrhs quf ajdnuyfj fj tu rutaj` la`ra`, fs mhr` lf pflar `yul`. N` nfetur`
lf uj nagrh juje` puflf sustatuar n` ajtfrvfjeaõj lf uj prhdfsahj`n lf n` s`nul
ifjt`n.
Fs eafrth quf n` gagnahtfr`pa` (fn táriajh `uth`yul`  jhs l` uj pheh lf
`nfrba` ` nhs psaeõnhbhs) m` lfihstr`lh fj `nbujhs fstulahs eafrt` fdae`ea` `

n` mhr` lf ifkhr`r n` sajthi`thnhbé` lf lftfriaj`l`s p`thnhbé`s, pfrh ehih

tf lfeé` `jtfs, fj jajbûj e`sh puflf sustatuar ` uj prhdfsahj`n.
Laemh fsth, `grõem`tf fn eajturõj, phrquf v`ihs ` fiprfjlfr fn e`iajh lf
n` rfbun`eaõj fdae`z lf n`s fiheahjfs. @ vfefs, fn sfjlfrh sfrà nn`jh y saj
ehipnae`eahjfs, pfrh htr`s vfefs tfjlrfihs quf fjdrfjt`rjhs ` jufstrhs
d`jt`si`s y puflf quf vfjb`j eurv`s. Uaj fig`rbh, `n daj`n, eu`jlh `ne`jefs
uj` vfrsaõj lf ta iasih lf n` quf fst`r hrbunnhsh, sfburh quf `br`lfefs quf
m`y`ihs fiprfjlalh fstf va`kf kujths.
 

N`s fiheahjfs, fs`s br`jlfs

lfsehjheal`s

E`l` i`ð`j` fr` uj `gshnuth supnaeah. If lfspfrt`g` ajifrsh fj uj` jugf

fiheahj`n quf jh lfs`p`rfeé` fj thlh fn lé`. Ia e`gfz` jh p`r`g` lf l`r
vufnt`s, `pfj`s ehié`, jh ehjsfbué` lhriar iàs lf trfs mhr`s sfbual`s y phr
iàs fsdufrzhs quf maeafr` jh nhbr`g` `nava`r fn sudraiafjth ajtfrjh quf if
lfvhr`g` e`l` sfbujlh.
If ehst`g` uj iujlh m`efr eu`nquafr ehs`. E`l` fstéiunh if rfehrl`g` nh
`dhrtuj`lh quf m`gé` salh m`eé` t`j shnh ujhs lé`s. E`l` p`n`gr` quf hé`,
e`l` e`jeaõj quf fseuem`g` y e`l` pfnéeun` quf vfé` m`eé`j quf if iftafr`
`ûj iàs fj uj phzh saj dhjlh lfn quf jh vfé` eõih s`nar.
L`tf tafiph if lfeé`j, pfrh yh s`gé` quf fn tafiph jh nh eur` thlh. Fs nh
quf m`b`s ehj fn tafiph nh quf eae`traz` n`s mfral`s. Q yh jh tfjé` n` iàs
iéjai` alf` lf quá m`efr ehj fn iéh.
If ehst`g` m`st` rfspar`r. S`rfeé` quf fn `arf fr` dufbh. E`l` ghe`j`l` quf
ehjsfbué` ajtrhluear fj ia eufrph fr` ehih uj` puð`n`l` fj fn fstõi`bh.
U`gé` quf tfjé` quf m`efr `nbh. \`igaáj s`gé` quf ehjheaiafjths táejaehs
p`r` phjfrnf daj ` ia sudraiafjth jh if d`nt`g`j. Q` m`gé` mfemh `nbh
p`rfealh m`eé` trfs `ðhs. Sfrh `mhr` fn lhnhr fr` iuemh iàs prhdujlh y
ladéean lf bfstahj`r.
Ia d`iana` y ias `iabhs fst`g`j sfra`ifjtf prfheup`lhs. Uf if jht`g` fj
n` e`r` quf phr lfjtrh fst`g` vavafjlh uj` thrifjt` lf n` quf t`rl`ré` tafiph
 

fj s`nar.

¸Shr quá shihs ehih shihs8

Jufstr`s rf`eeahjfs fiheahj`nfs shj n` ehjsfeufjea` lf jufstr` mfrfjea`

bfjátae`, phr uj n`lh, y lf jufstrhs `prfjlaz`kfs y n` ajtfr`eeaõj lf `ighs
d`ethrfs, phr htrh n`lh. Fsth quafrf lfear quf phlfihs sfjtarjhs lf i`jfr`
ladfrfjtf ` htr`s pfrshj`s `jtf uj` iasi` satu`eaõj h fstéiunh. Shr fkfipnh,
p`r` ié jh sfrà abu`n n` sfjs`eaõj quf if prhluef vfr uj e`rtfn lf uj
b`gajftf lf psaehnhbé` phr n` e`nnf quf p`r` ta. Jh fs quf yh m`y` mfrfl`lh
bfjátae`ifjtf uj` dhri` ehjerft` lf rfspufst` `jtf fstf taph lf fstéiunhs, nh
quf heurrf fs quf ias bfjfs, fj ajtfr`eeaõj ehj thl`s n`s satu`eahjfs quf mf

alh vavafjlh lur`jtf thl` ia val`, if m`j nnfv`lh, praifrh, ` fstula`r n`

e`rrfr` lf Ssaehnhbé`, lfspuás, ` fsdhrz`rif phr fkfrefr y, phr ûntaih, `
ihjt`r ia prhpah b`gajftf lf psaehnhbé`. Nh quf sfjtaihs fj uj ihifjth
l`lh fs uj` ifzen` lf ianfs lf d`ethrfs.
S`r` fjtfjlfr ifkhr phr quá shihs ehih shihs, if bust` ifjeahj`r uj`
iftàdhr` quf fs iuy anustr`tav`. N`s fiheahjfs shj ehih nhs àthihs lf n`
pfrshj`nal`l. Fs lfear, `n daj`n, tfjfihs uj` sfraf lf r`sbhs quf sf i`jtafjfj
fj fn tafiph y quf shj n` fsfjea` lf quafjfs shihs. M`y ladfrfjtfs ihlfnhs
quf fxpnae`j n`s lastajt`s pfrshj`nal`lfs, pfrh jh fs fn ehiftalh lfn nagrh? saj
fig`rbh, thifihs ehih fkfipnh fn d`ethr fxtrhvfrsaõj lf ujh lf nhs
ihlfnhs iàs d`ihshs y iàs utanaz`lhs fj nhs ûntaihs `ðhs fj n` psaehnhbé`.
¸Shr quá shihs iàs h ifjhs fxtrhvfrtalhs8 Ufbur`ifjtf m`grfihs
mfrfl`lh uj` prflasphsaeaõj ` sfr iàs h ifjhs `gafrths ehj n` bfjtf, pfrh fn
rfsunt`lh daj`n lf nh shea`gnfs quf shihs ehj htr`s pfrshj`s lfpfjlfrà fj
br`j iflal` lf n`s fxpfrafjea`s quf m`y`ihs tfjalh lur`jtf thl` jufstr`
val`.
Ua, phr fkfipnh, jufstrhs p`lrfs jhs `jai`g`j ` kub`r ehj htrhs jaðhs, `
ajtfr`eeahj`r ehj htr`s pfrshj`s lfn lé` ` lé` y jhs `yul`g`j ` ihnlf`r
 

jufstr`s m`ganal`lfs shea`nfs, sfbur`ifjtf `prfjlaár`ihs quf rfn`eahj`rjhs

ehj htr`s pfrshj`s fr` `nbh gufjh y lavfrtalh, phr nh quf, lur`jtf thl`
jufstr` val`, m`grfihs `drhjt`lh fstf taph lf satu`eahjfs. Nh ûjaeh quf m`ef
`n i`fstrh fs n` pràetae`, phr nh quf, sa mfihs tfjalh iàs fxpfrafjea`
ajtfr`eeahj`jlh ehj htr`s pfrshj`s, prhg`gnfifjtf tfjlrfihs ifkhrfs
m`ganal`lfs shea`nfs, nh quf m`rà quf jhs sajt`ihs iàs sfburhs ` n` mhr` lf
`drhjt`r jufvhs rfths fj fstf e`iph.
Shr fn ehjtr`rah, sa eu`jlh ár`ihs pfqufðhs jhs lfeé`j ehjst`jtfifjtf quf
jh m`gnàsfihs ehj lfsehjhealhs, sudraihs fpashlahs lf gunnyajb  fj fn
ehnfbah y jhs rfb`ð`g`j e`l` vfz quf ajtfjtàg`ihs sfr `sfrtavhs,
prhg`gnfifjtf m`y`ihs lfs`rrhnn`lh uj`s erffjea`s quf jhs ladaeuntfj n`
shea`naz`eaõj.
Fst`s erffjea`s ajdnuaràj fj n` dhri` lf rf`eeahj`r fiheahj`nifjtf `jtf
fstéiunhs shea`nfs. Fs phsagnf quf ehj `jsafl`l, vfrbþfjz` h iaflh. Fst`s
fiheahjfs, prhg`gnfifjtf jhs fipuk`ràj ` tr`t`r lf fvat`r fstf taph lf
satu`eahjfs, nh quf m`rà quf e`l` vfz sf`ihs iàs ajmagalhs y jhs eufstf iàs
rfn`eahj`rjhs. Shr supufsth, fs prhg`gnf quf jufstr`s m`ganal`lfs shea`nfs jh
sf`j t`j gufj`s ehih n`s lf uj` pfrshj` quf nnfv` iuemhs `ðhs
pr`etaeàjlhn`s, nh quf rfpfreutarà jfb`tav`ifjtf fj jufstrh sastfi` lf
erffjea`s, y `sé suefsav`ifjtf.
su efsav`ifjtf.
Ua tf dak`s, n`s rf`eeahjfs fiheahj`nfs shj `nbh `sé ehih nhs àthihs lf n`
pfrshj`nal`l. Ua jhs lfk`ihs nnfv`r phr fnn`s, jh fxpfraifjt`rfihs uj
e`igah ` n`rbh pn`zh, pfrh sa `prfjlfihs ` bfstahj`r jufstrhs fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs fj `qufnn`s satu`eahjfs quf jhs prhvhe`j ladaeunt`lfs, ` n`rbh
pn`zh ehjsfbuarfihs ihladae`r jufstr` i`jfr` lf sfr.
Shr fkfipnh, yh lf pfqufðh fr` trfifjl`ifjtf téialh f ajmagalh, t`jth
quf jh if `trfvé` ja ` s`nul`r `n vfeajh lf `rrag`, y fsh quf jhs ehjheé`ihs
lfslf m`eé` `ðhs. Sfrh ehj fsdufrzh lf ias p`lrfs, quf if `jai`g`j `
shea`naz`r y if `pujt`g`j ` lfphrtfs lf fquaph p`r` quf if dhrz`sf `
 

ehjhefr ` htrhs jaðhs, y ehj ia prhpah fsdufrzh ` n` mhr` lf fjdrfjt`rif `

satu`eahjfs shea`nfs e`l` vfz iàs ehipnae`l`s, mf ehjsfbualh `ne`jz`r uj
javfn lf fxtrhvfrsaõj iàs `nth quf n` ifla` y uj`s m`ganal`lfs shea`nfs nh
sudaeafjtfifjtf gufj`s ehih p`r` fst`r `l`pt`lh ` fst` sheafl`l.
Nh quf quafrh tr`jsiatar fs quf fj fstf nagrh v`s ` `prfjlfr ` ihladae`r
e`l` ujh lf fshs àthihs quf dhri`j tu pfrshj`nal`l. E`l` vfz quf ehjsab`s
rfbun`r uj fst`lh fiheahj`n, fst`ràs l`jlh uj p`sh p`r` sfr n` pfrshj` quf
quafrfs sfr.
Fn e`iajh jh fs dàean, rfqufrarà lf tu aipnae`eaõj y lf tu fsdufrzh, pfrh fn
rfsunt`lh ifrfef n` pfj`; ehjvfrtartf fj tu ifkhr yh.

Fiheahjfs

N`s fiheahjfs bhgafrj`j jufstr` val`. Uf sufnf lfear quf fn sfr mui`jh fs fn
`jai`n iàs r`eahj`n, pfrh mfihs lf tfjfr fj eufjt` quf t`igaáj shihs nhs
iàs fiheahj`nfs. Q fs quf tfjfihs uj fspfetrh lf sfjtaiafjths iuemh iàs
raeh quf eu`nquafr htr` fspfeaf shgrf n` d`z lf n` tafrr`. Uaj fig`rbh,
n`ifjt`gnfifjtf, n`s fiheahjfs m`j salh rfnfb`l`s ` uj sfbujlh pn`jh lfslf
fn prajeapah lf nhs tafiphs.
Fj iuem`s he`sahjfs fseuem`ihs dr`sfs ehih «fxprfs`r fiheahjfs fs lf
láganfs¿ h «nhs mhigrfs jh nnhr`j¿ h «n`s iukfrfs jh puflfj fjd`l`rsf¿. Nh
quf laef n` eafjea` fs ehipnft`ifjtf nh ehjtr`rah. @n p`rfefr, n`s pfrshj`s
ehj i`yhr éjlaef lf ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n tafjfj i`yhrfs vfjt`k`s p`r`
`l`pt`rsf quf n`s pfrshj`s ` n`s quf nfs eufst` iàs ajtfrprft`r nhs fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs prhpahs y nhs lf nhs lfiàs.
M`st` `mhr`, mfihs vfjfr`lh n` ajtfnabfjea` mui`j` phr fjeai` lf thlh,
pfrh n` rf`nal`l fs quf n` thi` lf lfeasahjfs quf rf`naz`ihs lé` ` lé` tafjf
iuemh iàs lf fiheahj`n quf lf r`eahj`n. @ujquf ` vfefs jh jhs lfihs ja
eufjt`.
Tf`ihs uj fkfipnh fj fn quf mfihs e`élh thlhs; v`ihs e`iaj`jlh phr n`
 

e`nnf y vfihs fj uj fse`p`r`tf uj` prfjl` lf vfstar quf jhs bust` iuemh.
Fjtr`ihs fj n` tafjl` y, e`sa saj prhg`rjhs n` prfjl`, n` ehipr`ihs. N`
rf`nal`l jh fs quf fstuvaásfihs rfsphjlafjlh ` uj` lfeasaõj ajtfnfetu`n. Jh
fstàg`ihs ehipr`jlh rhp` phrquf tuvaásfihs dréh h rf`nifjtf n`
jfefsatàsfihs. Ufbur`ifjtf, fj fsf ihifjth, lfpfjlafjlh lf n`s
eareujst`jea`s lf e`l` ujh, m`y`j salh n`s fiheahjfs n`s quf jhs m`j
aipuns`lh ` ehipr`r. Q prhg`gnfifjtf lfspuás, y` fj e`s`, kustadaqufihs
jufstr` lfeasaõj laeaájlhjhs quf rf`nifjtf jfefsatàg`ihs n` prfjl` h
phjaájlhjhs eu`nquafr htr` fxeus`, pfrh n` rf`nal`l fs quf n` lfeasaõj duf
thi`l` phr jufstr`s fiheahjfs.
Htrh gufj fkfipnh quf phlfihs phjfr fs n` fnfeeaõj lf p`rfk` quf
m`efihs. Srhg`gnfifjtf, fj `nbûj ihifjth lf jufstr` val` m`y`ihs kub`lh
` fsh lf ai`baj`rjhs ` jufstrh mhigrf h iukfr alf`n. Sfrh n` rf`nal`l fs quf,
eu`jlh nnfb` n` mhr` lf n` vfrl`l, shj iuem`s n`s v`ra`gnfs quf ajdnuyfj fj
fst` fnfeeaõj, y shj prfeas`ifjtf jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs nhs quf
euipnfj uj p`pfn aiphrt`jtésaih. Lf ihlh quf lfk`ihs `tràs `qufnnh lf quf
«tafjf quf sfr rugah h ruga` ehj hkhs `zunfs¿.
Sfrh n` ajdnufjea` lf jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs v` iuemh iàs `nnà. Shr
fkfipnh, yh lfslf pfqufðh, ehih tf mf ehjt`lh `jtfs, mf salh uj` pfrshj`
rf`nifjtf téial`. ¸Erffs quf n` lfeasaõj lf jh ajtfr`eeahj`r ehj htr`s
pfrshj`s fr` druth lfn r`zhj`iafjth ajtfnfetu`n8 Shr supufsth quf jh, sf
tr`t`g` lf uj` lfeasaõj g`s`l` fj nh quf sfjté`. @n tr`t`r lf ajaea`r uj`
ehjvfrs`eaõj ehj uj` pfrshj` lfsehjheal`, if ajv`lé` n` vfrbþfjz` y n`
`jsafl`l. Fr` rf`nifjtf ajeõihlh (y ` vfefs thl`vé` nh fs), y tr`t`g` phr
thlhs nhs iflahs lf lfk`r lf fxpfraifjt`r fs`s sfjs`eahjfs. Fn rfsunt`lh fr`
quf e`l` vfz fvat`g` iàs fn fjdrfjt`rif ` satu`eahjfs shea`nfs (m`st` quf
lfká lf m`efrnh).
Shr fnnh, fspfrh quf ` p`rtar lf `mhr` ehifjefihs ` tfjfr fj eufjt` quf
jufstr`s fiheahjfs tafjfj uj` aiphrt`jea` eruea`n fj jufstr` val` y quf, saj
 

fnn`s, prhg`gnfifjtf jh mugaár`ihs nnfb`lh m`st` fstf ihifjth ehih

fspfeaf. Fs iàs, if `trfvh ` lfear quf sa jh tuvaásfihs fiheahjfs, fj fstf
ihifjth fst`ré`ihs iufrths. Shr nh quf, fj nub`r lf sfbuar ifjhsprfea`jlh
jufstrh iujlh fiheahj`n, ` p`rtar lf `mhr` nh v`ihs ` vfjfr`r ehih sf
ifrfef.
Laemh fsth, if p`rfef uj ihifjth õptaih p`r` fjtr`r ` lfdajar quá shj
rf`nifjtf n`s fiheahjfs. Shrquf fn praifr p`sh p`r` `prfjlfr ` rfbun`rn`s fs
prfeas`ifjtf s`gfr quá shj.

¸Puá shj n`s fiheahjfs8

N`s fiheahjfs shj rf`eeahjfs psaehdasahnõbae`s quf rfprfsfjt`j ajtfjths lf

`l`pt`rjhs `n iflah. H nh quf fs nh iasih, shj rfspufst`s lf jufstrh eufrph

p`r` ajtfjt`r shgrfvavar lf n` ifkhr i`jfr` phsagnf `jtf fstéiunhs ajtfrjhs y
fxtfrjhs.
N` i`yhré` lf n`s pfrshj`s lfsehjhefj quf e`l` fiheaõj quf sfjtaihs
tafjf uj` dujeaõj. Fs lfear, quf jh fxastfj fiheahjfs phsatav`s ja jfb`tav`s.
\hl`s fnn`s shj jfefs`ra`s y jhs l`j ajdhri`eaõj `efre` lf nh quf fstà
heurrafjlh y `efre` lf jhshtrhs iasihs. Q thl`s fnn`s jhs `yul`j ` `etu`r
p`r` `l`pt`rjhs ehj i`yhr fdae`ea` ` jufstrh iflah. Nh quf heurrf fs quf,
jhri`nifjtf, ajtfjt`ihs fse`p`r lf n`s fiheahjfs quf jhs bfjfr`j

ajehihlal`l
jh quafrf lfeary quf
guse`ihs n`s fiheahjfs
m`y` fiheahjfs gufj`squfy jhs bfjfr`ji`n`s.
fiheahjfs gafjfst`r. Sfrh fsh
Nh eafrth fs quf fn sfr mui`jh m` fvhnueahj`lh lur`jtf ianfs lf `ðhs
br`ea`s ` n` sfnfeeaõj j`tur`n. Fsth sabjadae` quf `qufnnhs e`r`etfrfs quf jhs
`yul`g`j ` shgrfvavar tuvafrhj uj prfiah fvhnutavh y sf ehjsfrv`rhj lf
bfjfr`eaõj fj bfjfr`eaõj. Shr fkfipnh, n`s pfrshj`s quf sfjté`j iaflh
eu`jlh sf fjehjtr`g`j ehj uj lfprfl`lhr fj iat`l lf n` sfnv` tfjé`j iàs
prhg`ganal`lfs lf shgrfvavar quf `qufnn`s quf jh nh sfjté`j. N`s praifr`s sf
vfé`j aipuns`l`s ` fse`p`r, iafjtr`s quf n`s sfbujl`s, sfbur`ifjtf, sf
 

ehjvfrté`j fj uj` prfs` dàean. Fs nõbaeh pfjs`r quf `qufnnhs quf tfjé`j iaflh
tuvafrhj iàs he`sahjfs lf rfprhluearsf quf nhs quf jh nh tfjé`j. Shr nh quf fn
iaflh fs dujl`ifjt`n p`r` quf sab`ihs vavhs. Fst`ràs lf `eufrlh ehjiabh
fj quf, `ujquf fst` fiheaõj fs ajeõihl` lf sfjtar, y n` i`yhré` lf jhshtrhs
tr`t`ihs lf fse`p`r ` thl` ehst` lf fnn`, jhs `yul` ` sfbuar
sf buar ehj val`.
Nh quf sé fs eafrth fs quf n`s fiheahjfs m`j fvhnueahj`lh ehj jhshtrhs fj
uj iflah iuy lastajth `n `etu`n, fs lfear, fn sfr mui`jh m` rfsunt`lh sfr
bfjátae`ifjtf e`sa alájtaeh `n lf m`ef eafjth eajeufjt` ian `ðhs. Fn prhgnfi`
fs quf n` sheafl`l lf m`ef ianfs lf `ðhs jh sf p`rfeé` fj j`l` ` n` `etu`n, y
phr nh t`jth, nhs pfnabrhs h nhs fstéiunhs quf lfsfje`lfj`g`j n`s fiheahjfs
fr`j lastajths ` nhs quf n`s lfsfje`lfj`j fj fstf ihifjth. Jufstr` t`rf` fs
`etu`naz`r fn prhbr`i` fiheahj`n ehj fn quf vfjaihs `n iujlh phr lfdfeth.
N` gufj` jhtaea` fs quf fn efrfgrh sf ihladae` ehj n` fxpfrafjea` y fs
phsagnf e`iga`r n` i`jfr` ehih rfsphjlfihs `jtf lftfriaj`l`s satu`eahjfs
h fstéiunhs. Shr nh quf, sa phjfihs fipfðh fj fnnh, phlfihs e`iga`r
iuemhs `spfeths lf jufstr` val` quf jh jhs bust`j. H phr nh ifjhs,
ihladae`r eõih rfsphjlfihs `jtf fnnhs.
Shr fkfipnh, m`ef eafjth eajeufjt` ian `ðhs, sfbur`ifjtf fr` ehiûj
fjehjtr`rsf ehj uj lfprfl`lhr. Ehih tf ehjt`g` `jtfrahrifjtf, nh jhri`n fj
fsths e`shs sfré` sfjtar iaflh, y eu`jlh sfjtaihs fst` fiheaõj, nh quf fn
eufrph jhs palf fs s`nar ehrrafjlh. @mé n` fiheaõj jhs fstà `yul`jlh `
shgrfvavar. Fs lfear, fs `l`pt`tav`.
Nh quf heurrf fj n` `etu`nal`l fs quf, phr nh ifjhs fj Heealfjtf, n`
supfrvavfjea` fstà e`sa b`r`jtaz`l`. Fs lfear, jh shnfihs fjehjtr`rjhs ehj
`ifj`z`s quf aipnaqufj uj pfnabrh lf iufrtf. Sfrh jufstrh efrfgrh
rf`eeahj` lf i`jfr` saian`r ` ehih nh m`eé` fjthjefs, y puflf quf sajt`ihs
fst` fiheaõj `jtf satu`eahjfs quf rf`nifjtf jh suphjb`j uj pfnabrh rf`n. Shr
fkfipnh, phlfihs sfjtar iaflh `jtf uj` fjtrfvast` lf tr`g`kh, h `jtf n`
phsaganal`l lf tfjfr quf m`gn`r fj pûgnaeh, y fn eufrph, `n abu`n quf sa jhs
 

fjehjtràsfihs drfjtf ` uj nfõj, jhs palf s`nar ehrrafjlh. Fj fstf e`sh, n`

rfspufst` fiheahj`n jh fs `l`pt`tav`, y` quf sfbur`ifjtf ` n`rbh pn`zh jhs
v`y` gafj lhiaj`r fn `rtf lf m`gn`r fj pûgnaeh h fn lf m`efr gufj`s
fjtrfvast`s lf tr`g`kh, pufsth quf ehj iuem` prhg`ganal`l jhs `yulf `
`ne`jz`r hgkftavhs prhdfsahj`nfs y pfrshj`nfs. Uaj fig`rbh, fn aipunsh lf
fse`p`r sabuf `mé.
Tf`ihs htrh fkfipnh, m`ef `nbujhs `ðhs, if `tfrr`g` vhn`r. Fipfeá `
tfjfr iaflh ` va`k`r fj `vaõj `nnà phr fn 7332 h fn 733=. Thnvé` lf Sr`b`,
lhjlf m`gé` p`s`lh ujhs lé`s ehj ias `iabhs lf n` ujavfrsal`l. M`eé`
iuemh vafjth y fn lfspfbuf duf `nbh turgunfjth, nh quf mazh quf if `sust`r`
iuemh. Fn prhgnfi` duf quf fst`g` sfjt`lh fj fn ûntaih `safjth lfn `vaõj, `n
n`lh lfn g`ðh, y e`l` vfz quf `nbuafj tar`g` lf n` e`lfj`, yh if shgrfs`nt`g`
pfjs`jlh quf sf e`é` fn `vaõj. Sufs gafj, ` r`éz lf fs` fxpfrafjea`, fipfeá `
fxpfraifjt`r uj iaflh `trhz ` vhn`r. Hgva`ifjtf, fst` fiheaõj jh if
`yul`g` fj j`l` ` n`rbh pn`zh phrquf ` ié if fje`jt` va`k`r, y tfjfr iaflh `
nhs `vahjfs fr` uj` br`j lfsvfjt`k`. Shr sufrtf, utanaz`jlh thlh nh quf v`s `
`prfjlfr fj fstf nagrh, supfrá fn iaflh ` vhn`r.
N`s fiheahjfs sarvfj p`r` `nfrt`rjhs lf satu`eahjfs fxtfrj`s h ajtfrj`s
aiphrt`jtfs, fs lfear, jhs l`j ajdhri`eaõj. N` en`vf fs `tfjlfr ` fst`
ajdhri`eaõj y sfr e`p`efs lf lfseadr`r nh quf fn eufrph jhs quafrf lfear, p`r`
nufbh lfealar sa rfsphjlfihs h jh rfsphjlfihs `jtf fst` ajdhri`eaõj. Lf
fsh tr`t` fstf nagrh. Ua `prfjlfihs ` rfsphjlfr shn`ifjtf `jtf `qufnn`s
fiheahjfs quf jhs shj ûtanfs, fst`rfihs iuemésaih ifkhr `l`pt`lhs y,
prhg`gnfifjtf, sfrfihs iàs dfnaefs fj fn prhefsh.
Jfefsat`ihs thlh fn `g`jaeh fiheahj`n p`r` phlfr dujeahj`r fj fn iujlh.
Jh shn`ifjtf n`s fiheahjfs `br`l`gnfs. Ai`béj`tf quf jh sajtaásfihs j`l` h
quf shnh fxpfraifjtàsfihs fiheahjfs pn`efjtfr`s. Fs prhg`gnf quf jh
shgrfvavaár`ihs ja uj` sfi`j` fj fn iujlh. Jhs `trhpfnn`ré` uj ehemf `n
eruz`r uj p`sh lf efgr` h jhs e`fré`ihs phr n` vfjt`j` `n tfjlfr n` rhp`. Fs
 

iàs, prhg`gnfifjtf ja saquafr` jhs nfv`jt`ré`ihs lfn shdà p`r` m`efr j`l`,
y` quf jh tfjlré`ihs jajbuj` ihtav`eaõj p`r` m`efrnh.
\r`t`r lf fvat`r ` thl` ehst` jufstr`s fiheahjfs pheh pn`efjtfr`s p`rfef
uj` gufj` dhri` lf `etu`r, pfrh lftràs lf fstf p`trõj lf ehiphrt`iafjth sf
fsehjlf uj` tr`ip` fj n` quf thlhs e`fihs `nbuj` vfz fj n` val`. @n tr`t`r
lf fvat`r n`s fiheahjfs jfb`tav`s, nfkhs lf rfbun`rn`s ehj fdae`ea`,
dhifjt`ihs quf su `p`raeaõj sf` e`l` vfz iàs drfeufjtf, iàs ajtfjs` y iàs
lur`lfr`.
T`ihs ` phjfr uj pfqufðh fkfipnh p`r` quf nh phl`ihs fjtfjlfr ifkhr.
En`r` fs uj` emae` lf vfajtatrás `ðhs quf fstà ehjvfjeal` lf quf quafrf
iuemh ` su jhvah. Nnfv`j kujths lfslf m`ef tafiph y n` val` jh nf puflf
shjrfér iàs. \afjfj pn`jfs lf duturh, ehip`rtfj `etaval`lfs y ehjhefj ` n`s
d`iana`s y ` nhs `iabhs lfn htrh.
Vj lé`, En`r` sf fjeufjtr` ehj uj emaeh ehj fn quf ujhs ifsfs `jtfs lf
fipfz`r ehj su p`rfk` fstuvh qufl`jlh. Án nf prhphjf thi`r uj e`dá p`r`
phjfrsf `n lé` y fnn` `efpt` fje`jt`l`.
Ehjdhrif v` `v`jz`jlh n` ehjvfrs`eaõj, fipafz` ` prfbujt`rsf phr quá
lfkõ ` `qufn emaeh. Nf p`rfef iuy `tr`etavh, ajtfrfs`jtf y nf m`ef rfér. N`
ehjvfrs`eaõj sf prhnhjb` lur`jtf mhr`s y En`r` sf fjeufjtr` e`l` vfz iàs
ehjdujlal`.
Uf lfspalfj y En`r` sf v` ` e`s` ehj n` efrtfz` lf quf m` fst`lh fem`jlh lf
ifjhs iàs lf nh quf erfé` ` `qufn emaeh. Lfealf quf, ` pfs`r lf quf m`j
qufl`lh fj vfrsf iàs ` ifjulh, nf v` ` efrr`r n` pufrt`, pufsth quf jh quafrf
fjdrfjt`rsf ` n`s fiheahjfs quf m` lfspfrt`lh fj su ajtfrahr. @sé quf nf
i`jl` uj ifjs`kf fj fn quf sf nh laef.
Lur`jtf sfi`j`s ajtfjt` jh prfst`r `tfjeaõj ` nh quf sf iufvf fj su
eufrph. Uf rfpatf ` sé iasi` quf tafjf quf fst`r ehj su jhvah y quf fs nh quf
fnn` m` fnfbalh. Sfrh p`r` su lfsbr`ea`, nhs pfjs`iafjths y n`s aiàbfjfs lfn
htrh emaeh `p`rfefj fj su ehjseafjea` e`l` vfz ehj i`yhr drfeufjea`. E`l`
 

lé` nf fs iàs ladéean ehjefjtr`rsf, m`st` quf uj lé` lfealf qufl`r ehj án.
@ nhs phehs iajuths, jh puflf iàs y nf gfs`. @n daj`n m`j salh n`s
fiheahjfs n`s quf m`j thi`lh n` lfeasaõj, ` pfs`r lf quf En`r` m` ajtfjt`lh
fvat`rn`s ` thl` ehst`.
@mhr` sf fjeufjtr` `jtf uj` satu`eaõj quf rfquafrf lf br`j ajtfnabfjea`
fiheahj`n. Fj `ig`s satu`eahjfs m`y prhs y ehjtr`s. N` en`vf sfrà quf tfjb`
fj eufjt` fn ifjs`kf quf ehjtafjfj n`s fiheahjfs, n` r`zõj y thif n`
lfeasaõj quf nf bfjfrf i`yhr gafjfst`r.
Ehih mfihs vasth, n`s fiheahjfs safiprf euipnfj uj` dujeaõj.
Lfpfjlafjlh lfn taph lf fst`lh fiheahj`n quf fstfihs fxpfraifjt`jlh,
jufstrh eufrph jhs fipuk`rà ` rfsphjlfr lf ladfrfjtfs dhri`s. Shr fkfipnh,
sa sfjtaihs iaflh, fs prhg`gnf quf fn aipunsh quf sajt`ihs sf` fn lf
`nfk`rjhs lfn fstéiunh quf jhs bfjfr` fs` fiheaõj. Fj fstf e`sh, `ujquf fn
iaflh fs uj` fiheaõj ajeõihl`, jhs puflf s`nv`r n` val`.
Fst` fs n` tõjae` bfjfr`n fj thlhs jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs. Nh quf
heurrf fs quf iuem`s vfefs sf lasp`r`j `jtf satu`eahjfs fj n`s quf jh shj
`l`pt`tav`s. Fs lfear, quf fj nub`r lf `yul`rjhs, jhs ladaeunt`j n` `l`pt`eaõj.
Fj fsths e`shs, e`sa safiprf sf lfgf ` uj d`nnh fj n` e`p`eal`l p`r` rfbun`r
fsths fst`lhs. \hlhs, fj `nbuj` he`saõj lf jufstr` val`, mfihs sfjtalh
`nbuj` fiheaõj quf jh jhs sfrvé` lf j`l` h quf ajenush jhs nnfb`g` `
ladaeunt`r n` val` ` n`rbh
n `rbh pn`zh. Sfrh jh tf prfheupfs, pufs fn ehiftalh lf fstf
nagrh fs quf `prfjl`s ` rfbun`r n`s fiheahjfs ehj fdae`ea` lf ihlh quf
pufl`s ihladae`r `qufnnhs `spfeths lf tu val` quf quafr` e`iga`r y `sé, phr
daj, tfjfr ` n`s fiheahjfs lf tu n`lh.
n` lh.

\rapnf sastfi` lf rfspufst` fiheahj`n

M`st` `mhr`, sfbur`ifjtf m`y`s fxpfraifjt`lh n`s fiheahjfs ehih sa dufsfj

uj` br`j jfgunhs` ehj néiatfs ladushs. Jh m`gràs s`galh fx`et`ifjtf quá
fst`g` sueflafjlh fj tu eufrph iafjtr`s n`s sfjté`s.
 

@ p`rtar lf mhy, phlràs laseraiaj`r y hgsfrv`r tus rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs

lf uj` dhri` iuemh iàs prfeas`.
@ daj`nfs lf nhs `ðhs sfsfjt`, Sftfr N`jb, lhethr fj Ssaehnhbé` phr n`
Vjavfrsal`l lf Gûd`nh, prhpush uj ihlfnh tralaifjsahj`n p`r` n` `jsafl`l.
Fj fstf ihlfnh sf tfjé`j fj eufjt` n`s rfspufst`s ehbjatav`s, n`s rfspufst`s
dasahnõbae`s y n`s rfspufst`s ehjluetu`nfs. Ehj nhs `ðhs, ` iflal` quf m`
`v`jz`lh n` ajvfstab`eaõj fj fiheahjfs, sf m` alh lfihstr`jlh quf,
fdfetav`ifjtf, thl`s n`s fiheahjfs sf puflfj lavalar fj fsths trfs sastfi`s
lf rfspufst`.
@prfjlfr ` hgsfrv`r jufstr`s rf`eeahjfs fiheahj`nfs lavalafjlh n`s
rfspufst`s quf l`ihs fj nhs trfs sastfi`s `uifjt` jufstr` ajtfnabfjea`
fiheahj`n. S`s`ihs lf «if safjth i`n¿ ` «safjth uj` fiheaõj lf `jsafl`l
quf m`ef quf prfstf `tfjeaõj ` nhs pfjs`iafjths rfn`eahj`lhs ehj nh quf if
prfheup`, y quf tafjl` ` vfr n`s ehjsfeufjea`s ehih e`t`strõdae`s? jhth eõih
sf `efnfr`j nhs n`talhs lf ia ehr`zõj y ia rfspar`eaõj, jhth quf nhs iûseunhs
lfn eufnnh sf phjfj tfjshs y fn aipunsh quf jhth fj fn eufrph fs fn lf qufrfr
fse`p`r¿.
Ua tf l`s eufjt`, n` ehjeafjea` quf tfjfihs shgrf nh quf jhs fstà
heurrafjlh fs iuemh i`yhr `n m`efr fstf prhefsh lf fst` i`jfr`, phr nh quf
tf rfehiafjlh quf nf`s `tfjt`ifjtf nhs sabuafjtfs `p`rt`lhs. Eu`jlh jh
tfjfihs lfi`sa`l` pràetae` ` n` mhr` lf rfbun`r fiheahjfs, n`s phlfihs
vavar ehih sa dufsfj uj` br`j jugf quf jhs ajv`lf. @nbh `sé ehih uj`
jfgnaj` quf ajujl` jufstrh eufrph y jhs `dfet` fj v`rahs pn`jhs lf jufstr`
val`. @ p`rtar lf `mhr`, eu`jlh ehiprfjl`ihs quf n`s rfspufst`s
fiheahj`nfs sf puflfj en`sadae`r fj fsths trfs sastfi`s, pheh ` pheh
fipfz`rfihs ` sfr iàs ehjseafjtfs lf nh quf jufstrh eufrph jhs quafrf
lfear. Fs lfear, ehifjz`rfihs ` ehiprfjlfr lf dhri` iuemh iàs prfeas`
fsf ehjkujth lf rfspufst`s ehbjatav`s, lf sfjs`eahjfs désae`s y lf ehjluet`s
quf rf`naz`ihs eu`jlh jhs fjehjtr`ihs lf uj` i`jfr` lftfriaj`l`.
 

Eu`jlh fr` iàs khvfj, ehih tf ehifjt`g` `jtfs, fr` uj emaeh

trfifjl`ifjtf téialh. Shr supufsth, jh tfjé` ja alf` lf thlh fsth quf tf
fsthy ehjt`jlh. Qh saipnfifjtf jht`g` uj` sfjs`eaõj lfs`br`l`gnf ` n` mhr`
lf ajtfr`eeahj`r ehj pfrshj`s ehj n`s quf jh tfjé` ehjda`jz`. Sfjs`g` quf jh
ag` ` sfr lf su `br`lh, jht`g` eõih if phjé` ehnhr`lh e`l` vfz quf m`gn`g`
y fxpfraifjt`g` uj` sfjs`eaõj lfs`br`l`gnf fj fn fstõi`bh. Fsth m`eé` quf
fvat`r` thlh taph lf satu`eahjfs shea`nfs. Sfrh, phr supufsth, jh s`gé` quf sf
tr`t`g` lf uj` fiheaõj, ja quf fst` jh fr` `l`pt`tav`. Lfsehjhefr fst`
ajdhri`eaõj if he`sahjõ iàs lasbusths quf `nfbré`s. Shr sufrtf, mhy, `ujquf
if sabh ehjsalfr`jlh uj` pfrshj` téial`, j`laf nh jht` y jh suphjf uj`
naiat`eaõj fj ia val`.

Bràdaeh 0.0. \rapnf
0.0. \rapnf sastfi` lf rfspufst` fiheahj`n. Ehih phlfihs vfr fj fn bràdaeh, n`sn` s fiheahjfs
safiprf shj suseat`l`s phr uj fstéiunh ehjerfth, quf puflf sfr fxtfrjh h ajtfrjh. Fn eufrph rf`eeahj`
fiheahj`nifjtf p`r` quf ajtfjtfihs `l`pt`rjhs nh ifkhr phsagnf ` laemh fstéiunh. Q lfjtrh lf n`s
rf`eeahjfs, fxastfj trfs sastfi`s lf rfspufst` quf jhs d`eanat`j laem` `l`pt`eaõj.
 

Fstéiunh
Fn fstéiunh quf lasp`r` n` fiheaõj puflf sfr lf j`tur`nfz` ajtfrj` h fxtfrj`.

Eu`jlh
pfrshj`s, m`gn`ihs lf fstéiunhs
`ehjtfeaiafjths, fxtfrjhs
fte. Fs lfear, jhs rfdfraihs
eu`nquafr ajdhri`eaõj` quf
satu`eahjfs,
jufstrhs
sfjtalhs e`ptfj. Shr fkfipnh, sa fst`ihs `ehst`lhs fj n` e`i` y fseuem`ihs
uj dufrtf rualh lfjtrh lf jufstr` e`s`, nh iàs prhg`gnf fs quf rf`eeahjfihs
ehj shrprfs` y iaflh.
Sfrh nhs fstéiunhs t`igaáj puflfj sfr ajtfrjhs. Shlfihs rf`eeahj`r
fiheahj`nifjtf ` pfjs`iafjths, ` sfjs`eahjfs ehrphr`nfs h ajenush ` htrhs
fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs. Shr fkfipnh, phlfihs sfjtarjhs trastfs eu`jlh `p`rfef
uj pfjs`iafjth fj jufstr` ifjtf quf tfjb` quf vfr ehj n` pfrefpeaõj lf
phe` fdae`ea` (ehih, phr fkfipnh, pfjs`r fj n` ûntai` laseusaõj ehj jufstr`
p`rfk`). \`igaáj phlfihs rf`eeahj`r fiheahj`nifjtf ` uj` sfjs`eaõj désae`,
ehih uj pajem`zh fj fn pfemh. Q ` su vfz, phlfihs rf`eeahj`r
fiheahj`nifjtf `jtf uj` fiheaõj quf fstfihs fxpfraifjt`jlh, ehih
sfjtarjhs eunp`gnfs phr fst`r trastfs n` i`yhr p`rtf lfn tafiph.
ta fiph.
Ehj n` pràetae` tf aràs l`jlh eufjt` lf quf nhs fstéiunhs quf lasp`r`j tus
fiheahjfs pheh `l`pt`tav`s sufnfj sfr p`rfealhs h `p`rfefj fj satu`eahjfs
iuy saian`rfs. @n daj`n lfn e`pétunh tf rfehiafjlh uj fkfreaeah p`r` quf
fipafefs ` ehjhefrtf uj pheh iàs y pufl`s ar vafjlh `jtf quá fstéiunhs
rf`eeahj`s fj tu lé` ` lé` ehj fiheahjfs quf nnfb`j ` naiat`rtf h ajdnuar fj tu
val`.

Uastfi` lf rfspufst` ehbjatavh

Fn praifrh lf nhs sastfi`s lf rfspufst` fiheahj`n quf v`ihs ` lfseragar fs fn
ehbjatavh. Uf rfdafrf ` thl`s `qufnn`s rfspufst`s aipuns`l`s phr n` fiheaõj
quf ihladae`j jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths, `tfjeaõj y ifihra`.
i fihra`.
Lfgfihs tfjfr fj eufjt` quf jufstrh pfjs`iafjth, jufstr` `tfjeaõj y
jufstr` ifihra` m`j fvhnueahj`lh lur`jtf ianfs lf `ðhs p`r` `yul`rjhs `
 

shgrfvavar ehih fspfeaf. Shr fnnh, fs lf fspfr`r quf thl`s n`s rfspufst`s
ehbjatav`s fstáj fjdhe`l`s prfeas`ifjtf ` fsh. Nh quf heurrf, ehih tf
ehifjt`g` `jtfrahrifjtf, fs quf fn fjthrjh fj fn eu`n jhs ihvfihs fj fn
ihifjth `etu`n fs r`lae`nifjtf ladfrfjtf `n fjthrjh fj fn quf vavé`ihs m`ef
eafjth eajeufjt` ian `ðhs.

Ufsbhs lf `tfjeaõj
\fjlfihs ` `tfjlfr ` `qufnnhs fstéiunhs quf shj aiphrt`jtfs p`r` jhshtrhs,
y n` ihtav`eaõj p`r` m`efrnh fs prhlueal` prfeas`ifjtf phr jufstr`s
fiheahjfs. Shr fnnh, eu`jlh fst`ihs `etav`lhs fiheahj`nifjtf, tfjlfihs `
`tfjlfr ` `qufnnhs fstéiunhs quf jufstrh efrfgrh ehjsalfr` quf shj
aiphrt`jtfs.
Shr fkfipnh, sa jhs fjehjtr`ihs jfrvahshs, tfjlfrfihs ` `tfjlfr ` thlh
`qufnnh quf pufl` suphjfr uj pfnabrh. Shr htrh n`lh, sa jhs fjehjtr`ihs
trastfs, sfbur`ifjtf `tfjlfrfihs ` `qufnn`s ehs`s quf ehjdarifj jufstr`
vasaõj jfb`tav` lfn iujlh.
Fst` dujeaõj lf jufstrh efrfgrh jhs `sfbur` quf fstfihs prfp`r`lhs y
ehjseafjtfs p`r` phlfr rfsphjlfr lf n` i`jfr` iàs ràpal` `jtf phsagnfs
fnfifjths quf pufl`j suphjfr uj pfnabrh p`r` jufstr` `l`pt`eaõj.
S`r` quf nh fjtfjl`ihs; ai`béj`tf quf fjtr` uj nfõj fj tu s`nõj. @ujquf
quafr`s lastr`frtf ehj thlh taph lf `etaval`lfs, sfbur`ifjtf tu efrfgrh sf

efjtrf iàs `fjfsf

lf `tfjlfr sa phtfjea`n
fn lfprfl`lhr sf iufvf.
pfnabrh. @n daj yQ`nprhg`gnfifjtf jhlfsefjlafjtfs
e`gh, shihs nhs pufl`s lfk`r
lf `qufnnhs quf prfst`rhj `tfjeaõj ` nhs nfhjfs, y` quf dufrhj nhs quf fst`g`j
iàs prfp`r`lhs p`r` phlfr fse`p`r lf fnnhs.
Eu`jlh fst`ihs prfheup`lhs, fn fstéiunh quf lasp`r` jufstr`s fiheahjfs
fs ajtfrjh, fj fstf e`sh uj pfjs`iafjth. Ehih sf tr`t` lf `nbh quf fv`nu`ihs
ehih fiheahj`nifjtf rfnfv`jtf, jufstrhs sfsbhs `tfjeahj`nfs m`efj quf
ehjst`jtfifjtf prfstfihs `tfjeaõj ` fsths pfjs`iafjths y phr fnnh tfjfihs
n` sfjs`eaõj lf jh phlfr lfk`r lf pfjs`r fj `nbh.
 

Ufsbhs lf ifihra`
@ thlhs jhs m` heurralh fj `nbûj ihifjth quf jh phlfihs s`e`rjhs uj
rfeufrlh lf n` e`gfz`. Nf l`ihs vufnt`s y vufnt`s saj s`gfr iuy gafj phr quá
` pfs`r lf jufstrhs ajtfjths lf jh pfjs`r fj nh heurralh.
Nhs sfsbhs lf ifihra` jhri`nifjtf shj ajtfjths lfn efrfgrh p`r` prhefs`r
n` ajdhri`eaõj fiheahj`n. Fn prhpõsath sufnf sfr guse`r sabjadae`lh ` nh quf
m` heurralh.
Fn sfr mui`jh tafjf n` e`p`eal`l lf j`rr`r su masthra` ` su i`jfr` p`r`
fjtfjlfr nh quf heurrf ` su `nrflflhr. Fst` e`p`eal`l jhs m` `yul`lh `
ehiprfjlfr y ihladae`r jufstrh fjthrjh p`r` phlfr shgrfvavar lur`jtf ianfs
lf `ðhs.
Bfjfr`nifjtf, `qufnnh quf jh fjtfjlfihs jhs bfjfr` eafrt` ajehihlal`l,
lf ihlh quf tfjlfihs ` ajtfjt`r ajtfbr`rnh fj jufstr` i`jfr` lf vfr fn
iujlh. Shr fkfipnh, jh jhs prfbujt`ihs eõih dujeahj` uj` e`dftfr` m`st`
quf sf rhipf. Eu`jlh sueflf, fipfz`ihs ` ajl`b`r fj fnnh p`r` fjehjtr`r
n`s e`us`s.
Nh iasih heurrf eu`jlh jhs fjehjtr`ihs fiheahj`nifjtf `etav`lhs. Nh
quf ajtfjt` jufstrh eufrph fs quf prhefsfihs n` ajdhri`eaõj fiheahj`n p`r`
quf, fj dutur`s he`sahjfs, jufstr` fdae`ea` ` n` mhr` lf `l`pt`rjhs `n iflah
sf` i`yhr.
N`ifjt`gnfifjtf, `n jh ehjt`r ehj n`s mfrr`iafjt`s jfefs`ra`s, iuemhs
jhs qufl`ihs `tr`p`lhs fj rfeufrlhs lhnhrhshs quf jh s`gfihs eõih
bfstahj`r. Nhs e`shs iàs br`vfs puflfj sfr pfrshj`s ehj fstrás
phstr`uiàtaeh, quf shj aje`p`efs lf ajtfbr`r n` fxpfrafjea` t`j lur` quf m`j
vavalh fj su sastfi` lf erffjea`s.
Jh lfgfihs hnval`r quf uj` vfz tfjb`ihs nhs rfeurshs jfefs`rahs p`r`
bfstahj`r jufstr`s fiheahjfs, phlrfihs `prhvfem`r ` jufstrh d`vhr nhs
sfsbhs lf ifihra` p`r` fjtfjlfr ifkhr jufstr`s fiheahjfs y nh quf jufstrh
eufrph jhs quafrf lfear.
 

Vj fkfipnh lf eõih nhs sfsbhs lf ifihra` jhs puflfj kub`r uj` i`n`
p`s`l` phlré` sfr uj` laseusaõj lf p`rfk`. Eu`jlh fst`ihs ajifrshs fj fstf
taph lf satu`eaõj, jhri`nifjtf sfjtaihs uj` fiheaõj lf fjd`lh. Ehjdhrif
v` `v`jz`jlh n` satu`eaõj, jhs v`j vajafjlh ` n` ifjtf rfeufrlhs lf htr`s
satu`eahjfs fj n`s quf mfihs fxpfraifjt`lh fiheahjfs saian`rfs y, sa
e`rfefihs lf n`s mfrr`iafjt`s jfefs`ra`s p`r` bfstahj`r fiheahjfs, fs
prhg`gnf quf utanaefihs fsths rfeufrlhs p`r` rfprhem`r ` jufstr` p`rfk` ehs`s
quf supufst`ifjtf m`gé`ihs hnval`lh y pfrlhj`lh.

Ufsbhs lf pfjs`iafjth
Nhs sfsbhs ehbjatavhs, h frrhrfs lf pfjs`iafjth, fstàj prfsfjtfs thlhs nhs
lé`s lf jufstr` val`. Fn sfr mui`jh jh sf ehiphrt` lf i`jfr` tht`nifjtf
r`eahj`n ` n` mhr` lf ajtfrprft`r n` rf`nal`l, sajh quf, phr eufstahjfs lf
fehjhié` ehbjatav`, thi` `t`khs.
Fkfipnhs iuy en`rhs lf fstf taph lf `t`khs puflfj sfr nhs fstfrfhtaphs.
\hlhs, `ujquf jhs eufstf rfehjhefrnh, tfjfihs fstf taph lf ehjstrueeahjfs
fj jufstrh sastfi` ehbjatavh. Q jh fs i`nh tfjfrnhs, fj lftfriaj`lhs
ihifjths, jhs puflfj s`nv`r n` val`. N` en`vf fs s`gfr bfstahj`rnhs.
Eu`jlh fst`ihs `etav`lhs fiheahj`nifjtf, nhs sfsbhs ehbjatavhs sf m`efj
iàs fvalfjtfs y nh m`gatu`n fs quf thifj n` dhri` lf pfjs`iafjths
`uthiàtaehs jfb`tavhs. Fsths, lf mfemh, jh shj htr` ehs` quf ajtfrprft`eahjfs

sfsb`l`s lf n`ehj
lfseragarfihs rf`nal`l.
lft`nnf.Suflfj tfjfr iuem`s dhri`s, fj htrh e`pétunh nhs
Shr fkfipnh, fj ihifjths lf jufstr` val` fj nhs quf jhs fjehjtr`ihs
fiheahj`nifjtf fst`gnfs, puflf sfr quf `jtf uj` ladaeunt`l, ehih puflf sfr
suspfjlfr uj fx`ifj, tfjb`ihs pfjs`iafjths lfn taph; «jh p`s` j`l`, uj
d`nnh nh tafjf eu`nquafr`, vhy ` fstula`r iàs ehjeafjzul`ifjtf y `sé n`
prõxai` vfz nh m`rá ifkhr¿. Ufbur`ifjtf sf tr`tf
t r`tf lf uj` dhri` lf pfjs`r quf
jhs `yul` iuemh ` sfbuar prhbrfs`jlh fj fst` àrf` lf jufstr` val`. Sfrh sa
nnfv`ihs uj tafiph iàs trastfs h iàs `jsahshs, sfbur`ifjtf `jtf n` iasi`
 

satu`eaõj pfjs`ré`ihs ehs`s lfn taph; «htr` vfz nh mf vufnth ` m`efr i`n.
Uafiprf fsthy abu`n, p`rfef quf jh `prfjlh. Erfh quf nh ifkhr sfrà lfk`r n`
e`rrfr`¿. Ua tf dak`s, n` satu`eaõj fs fx`et`ifjtf n` iasi`, pfrh n` dhri` quf
tfjfihs lf ajtfrprft`rn` fs ehipnft`ifjtf lastajt`. Fstf taph lf
ihladae`eahjfs ` n` mhr` lf pfreagar n` rf`nal`l sf l`j phrquf fn sastfi` lf
rfspufst` ehbjatavh ihladae` jufstr` dhri` lf vfr n` rf`nal`l fj dujeaõj lf
eõih jhs sajt`ihs.

***

M`z uj pfqufðh fsdufrzh lf quajef sfbujlhs p`r` rfdnfxahj`r shgrf quá

phlré` pfjs`r `nbuafj quf fstà trastf.
Eu`jlh fst`ihs trastfs fs iuy ehiûj tfjfr pfjs`iafjths lf phe` v`né`
pfrshj`n, lf dr`e`sh, lf phe` fspfr`jz` lfn duturh. Fs ehipnft`ifjtf jhri`n
quf prhefsfihs n` ajdhri`eaõj lf fst` i`jfr`. Lur`jtf ianfs lf `ðhs,
pfjs`r lf fst` dhri` eu`jlh fstàg`ihs trastfs jhs m` `yul`lh iàs quf
m`efrnh lf htr` ladfrfjtf. Shr fkfipnh, ai`béj`tf quf fst`ihs vavafjlh m`ef
eafjth eajeufjt` ian `ðhs fj iat`l lf n` s`g`j` `drae`j`. Jhs fjehjtr`ihs
trastfs phrquf `e`g`ihs lf pfrlfr ` uj iafigrh lf jufstr` tragu phr uj`
aiprulfjea` ` n` mhr` lf e`z`r uj pfqufðh i`iédfrh. Nhs pfjs`iafjths
sfsb`lhs m`ea` nh jfb`tavh jhs pfriatfj `prfjlfr lf n` fxpfrafjea` y
phjfrjhs fj nh pfhr. \fjfihs quf rfehrl`r quf n` val` fr` iuemh iàs lur`
fj eu`jth ` supfrvavfjea` quf `mhr`, phr nh quf fst`r trastfs jhs `yul`g` `
prhefs`r n` párlal` y ` su vfz ` prfvfjar dutur`s párlal`s.
Q sa pfjs`ihs fj `nbuafj quf fstà `jsahsh, ¸quá taph lf pfjs`iafjths
tfjlrà8 Ufbur`ifjtf shgrffstai`rà n`s phsaganal`lfs lf quf heurr` uj`
e`tàstrhdf. Ai`bajfihs quf fs `nbuafj quf fstà `jsahsh phrquf `n lé`
sabuafjtf tafjf uj` prfsfjt`eaõj fj pûgnaeh. Ufbur`ifjtf, nhs pfjs`iafjths
sfràj lfn taph; «¸Q sa if prfbujt`j y jh sá rfsphjlfr8 ¸Q sa sf `gurrfj8 ¸Q
sa if `guemf`j8 ¸Q sa if quflh fj gn`jeh8 ¸Q sa thlh fn iujlh jht` quf
 

fsthy jfrvahsh8 ¸Q sa if phjbh ehnhr`lh y if fem`j lfn tr`g`kh8¿ Vj` lf

n`s e`r`etfréstae`s lf nhs pfjs`iafjths lf taph `jsahsh fs quf phlfihs ar
«fjb`jem`jlh¿ e`tàstrhdfs m`st` nnfb`r ` prfheup`rjhs phr satu`eahjfs quf
tafjfj ifjhs prhg`ganal`lfs lf heurrar quf lf quf jhs e`ab` uj r`yh `mhr`
iasih. Fn prhgnfi` fs quf ` iflal` quf v`ihs safjlh iàs e`t`strhdast`s,
jufstrhs javfnfs fiheahj`nfs lf `jsafl`l `uifjt`j.
¸Q `nbuafj quf tfjb` iaflh8 ¸Puá pfjs`rà8 Ufbur`ifjtf, nhs
pfjs`iafjths t`igaáj v`y`j phr nhs iasihs lfrrhtfrhs quf nhs lfn taph
`jsahsh, ehj n` prhg`gnf ladfrfjea` lf quf jh fstáj t`j prhyfet`lhs `n duturh,
sajh quf nh quf prftfjl`j fs fn fse`pf ajifla`th lf n` satu`eaõj. Shr fkfipnh,
sa jhs qufl`ihs fjefrr`lhs fj uj `sefjshr, sfbur`ifjtf fj `nbûj ihifjth
v`nhrfihs n` phsaganal`l lf qufl`rjhs saj hxébfjh (fs aiphsagnf quf fsth
p`sf, tr`jquanal`l) y jufstrh efrfgrh sf phjb` ` guse`r shnueahjfs p`r`
ajtfjt`r fse`p`r nh `jtfs phsagnf.
Lfgfihs tfjfr fj eufjt` quf jufstrh efrfgrh y jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths m`j
fvhnueahj`lh p`r` shgrfvavar, jh p`r` sfr iàs dfnaefs. Shr fsh, lur`jtf ianfs
lf `ðhs, sf m` prfia`lh ` `qufnnhs quf pfjs`g`j fj n`s pfhrfs phsaganal`lfs.
Shrquf fr`j iàs prfe`valhs y, sfbur`ifjtf, fstuvafrhj iàs tafiph shgrf n`
d`z lf n` tafrr` p`r` phlfr rfprhluearsf.
Ai`bajfihs ` lhs ajlavaluhs lf m`ef eafjth eajeufjt` ian `ðhs. Vjh lf
fnnhs fs ehjhealh fj n` tragu phr sfr fn hptaiast` y fn htrh, phr sfr fn
pfsaiast`. @ighs s`nfj ` guse`r druths ` lhs ghsqufs ladfrfjtfs quf fstàj
efre` lfn `sfjt`iafjth lf n` tragu. Jufstrh `iabh fn pfsaiast`, `n hér uj rualh
lftràs lf uj i`thrr`n, pafjs` «fs uj lafjtfs lf s`gnf quf if v` ` ehifr¿ y
s`nf lfsp`vhralh m`ea` fn phgn`lh. Iafjtr`s quf jufstrh `iabh fn hptaiast`
fseuem` fn iasih rualh y pafjs` «sfburh quf fs uj` `rlann`, y` tfjfihs
efj`¿. Srhg`gnfifjtf, fn hptaiast` `eafrtf iuem`s vfefs fj sus prflaeeahjfs,
pfrh fn prfeah quf p`b` phr fquavhe`rsf fs lfi`sa`lh `nth. \`j `nth quf lf
sfr fj rf`nal`l uj lfprfl`lhr, sfbur`ifjtf jh vufnv` p`r` ehjt`rnh `n
 

phgn`lh.
Uhihs nhs lfsefjlafjtfs lf nhs quf tfjlé`j ` phjfrsf fj nh pfhr. Shr fnnh,
`ujquf fj n` sheafl`l `etu`n fstfihs, fj néjf`s bfjfr`nfs, sfburhs, tfjlfihs
` pfjs`r fj n`s ianfs lf ehs`s quf puflfj s`nar i`n e`l` vfz quf l`ihs uj
p`sh `n drfjtf. Jh tf prfheupfs, quf fs fn shdtw`rf quf tr`fihs ajst`n`lh lf
dàgrae`, pfrh sf puflf ihladae`r, y yh tf vhy ` `yul`r ` m`efrnh.

Uastfi` lf rfspufst` dasahnõbaeh

\hlhs `qufnnhs e`igahs désaehs quf sf prhluefj fj jufstrh eufrph eu`jlh
sfjtaihs uj` fiheaõj ehrrfsphjlfré`j `n fkf dasahnõbaeh. Fj bfjfr`n,
phlfihs fjehjtr`r lastajths nub`rfs fj fn eufrph fj nhs eu`nfs sf i`jadafst`j
n`s rfspufst`s lfn fkf dasahnõbaeh, pfrh jhs v`ihs ` efjtr`r fj fn sastfi`
jfrvahsh efjtr`n y fj fn sastfi` jfrvahsh `utõjhih.
Fj rfdfrfjea` `n sastfi` jfrvahsh efjtr`n, phlfihs fjehjtr`r e`igahs fj n`
ehrtfz` efrfgr`n, fj fn sastfi` néigaeh y fj fn trhjeh efrfgr`n.
Vj` fstruetur` quf tafjf iuemh prht`bhjasih fs n` `iébl`n`, satu`l` fj fn
sastfi` néigaeh fn eu`n, mastõrae`ifjtf, sf m` rfn`eahj`lh lf dhri` larfet`
ehj n`s fiheahjfs. \afjf fn t`i`ðh y n` dhri` lf uj` `nifjlr` y su
fstaiun`eaõj fnáetrae` larfet` fj mui`jhs prhluef rf`eeahjfs sugkftav`s lf
iaflh y `prfjsaõj.
Sfrh, jhri`nifjtf, `qufnn`s fiheahjfs quf sfjtaihs ehj iàs ajtfjsal`l
shj n`s rfn`eahj`l`s ehj fn sastfi` jfrvahsh `utõjhih, quf fs fn fje`rb`lh
lf n` `etav`eaõj dasahnõbae` lf n` pfrshj`.

***

N` `etav`eaõj fiheahj`n fs uj ife`jasih gàsaeh lf supfrvavfjea` quf jhs

pfriatf ihvanaz`r iuemhs lf nhs rfeurshs lasphjagnfs p`r` uj` ràpal`
`etu`eaõj. @jtf n` pfrefpeaõj lf uj` `ifj`z`, sf `etav` fn sastfi` jfrvahsh
`utõjhih saipàtaeh, fn eu`n prhluef uj` sfraf lf e`igahs fj n`s vésefr`s quf
 

sf lft`nn`j ` ehjtaju`eaõj. Iafjtr`s quf, sa jh m`y pfrefpeaõj lf `ifj`z` y

thlh tr`jseurrf ehj tr`jquanal`l, pfri`jfef `etav`lh fn sastfi` jfrvahsh
p`r`saipàtaeh.

\`gn` 0.0.
0.0. Uastfi`
 Uastfi` jfrvahsh `utõjhih.
Iyfrs (7336).

UJ@ saipàtaeh U J @ p`r ` sa ipà t ae h

N`s pupan`s sf lan`t`j Hkhs N`s pupan`s sf ehjtr`fj

Lasiajuyf U`nav`eaõj @uifjt`

\r`jspar` Safn Uf sfe`

@uifjt` Wfspar`eaõj Lasiajuyf

Uf `efnfr` Ehr`zõj Uf r`nfjtaz`

Uf ajmagf Labfstaõj Uf `etav`

Uferft`j mhrihj`s lfn Bnàjlun`s Lasiajuyf n` sferfeaõj lf mhrihj`s lfn

fstrás supr`rrfj`nfs fstrás

T`ihs ` m`efr fn iasih fkfreaeah quf fj fn `p`rt`lh `jtfrahr. T`ihs `

tr`t`r lf ai`baj`rjhs quá sfjs`eahjfs désae`s phlré` jht`r uj` pfrshj` quf sf
fjeufjtr` ehjtfjt`. Bfjfr`nifjtf, eu`jlh fst`ihs ehjtfjths,
fxpfraifjt`ihs uj `uifjth lf n` t`s` e`rlé`e`, rfn`k`ihs n` rfspar`eaõj y
n`s pupan`s sf lan`t`j, fjtrf htr`s i`jadfst`eahjfs.
¸Q sa fstuvaásfihs fxpfraifjt`jlh uj `t`quf lf `jsafl`l8, ¸euànfs sfré`j
jufstr`s rfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s8 Ufbur`ifjtf m`gré` uj `uifjth
ehjsalfr`gnf lf n` t`s` e`rlé`e` m`st` fn pujth lf jht`r p`npat`eahjfs, phlré`
jht`rsf uj` prfsaõj fj fn pfemh h uj julh fj n` b`rb`jt`? `n tfjfr n`s pupan`s
lan`t`l`s phlré`j vfrsf uj` fspfeaf lf nuefeat`s (jh fs pfnabrhsh fxpfraifjt`r
fstf séjthi`, pfrh sufnf l`r iuemh iaflh)? `uifjt`ré` n` tfjsaõj iuseun`r,
ajenush m`st` prhvhe`r tfignhrfs, phlré`j `p`rfefr jàusf`s, f ajenush sa n`
ajtfjsal`l fs iuy dufrtf, phlré`j l`rsf võiaths h la`rrf`.
 

¸Q uj` pfrshj` quf fstà trastf8 ¸Puá phlré` fxpfraifjt`r fj fn `spfeth

dasahnõbaeh8 Bfjfr`nifjtf, fst` fiheaõj sufnf `dfet`r `n `pftath (phr lfdfeth
h phr fxefsh), ` n` e`nal`l lfn sufðh, `n br`lh lf e`js`jeah h ` n` nagalh.
@ujquf uj` lf n`s i`jadfst`eahjfs iàs en`r`s lf n` fiheaõj lf trastfz` fs fn
nn`jth.
¸Q `nbuafj quf safjt` ar`8 Shlré` jht`r eõih `uifjt` fn ratih lf n`s
puns`eahjfs, sfjtar e`nhr sugafjlh phr n` e`r` h tfjsaõj fj nhs iûseunhs.
M`ef `nbûj tafiph tuvf n` hphrtujal`l lf p`rtaeap`r fj uj` aiphrt`jtf
ehjdfrfjea` fj @rbfjtaj`. S`r` ié suphjé` uj` he`saõj aiprfsahj`jtf lf
phlfr ehjt`rnf `n iujlh eõih dujeahj`g`j n`s fiheahjfs pfrh, en`rh… @ n`
vfz tfjé` uj` prfsaõj fjhrif. Wfeufrlh quf iajuths `jtfs lf s`nar `n
fsefj`rah jht`g` nhs n`talhs lfn ehr`zõj fj thlh fn pfemh, tfjé` n` ghe` sfe`
(if gfgé trfs ghtfnn`s lf `bu` `jtfs lf s`nar p`r` phlfr `rtaeun`r p`n`gr`), y
dua `n g`ðh e`l` eu`rth lf mhr` (phr n`s ghtfnn`s lf `bu` y phr n` `etav`eaõj
lfn sastfi` jfrvahsh `utõjhih saipàtaeh). Iàs `lfn`jtf tf ehjt`rá nh quf
maef p`r` ihladae`r ias rfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s fj t`j shnh lhs iajuths.

Uastfi` lf rfspufst` ehjluetu`n

Fn tfrefr sastfi` lf rfspufst` sfré`j thl`s `qufnn`s ehjluet`s quf n`s
fiheahjfs jhs aipuns`j ` rf`naz`r. Bfjfr`nifjtf, fst`s ehjluet`s tafjfj quf
vfr ehj n` dujeaõj `l`pt`tav` lf n` fiheaõj quf fst`ihs sajtafjlh.
Shr fkfipnh, sa sfjtaihs iaflh, fn aipunsh quf `p`rfefrà sfrà fn lf
`nfk`rjhs, fse`p`r h fvat`r fn fstéiunh quf jhs bfjfr` laem` fiheaõj.
@ujquf t`igaáj fs eafrth quf, fj iuem`s he`sahjfs, jufstrhs fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs jhs aipuns`ràj ` `etu`r lf uj ihlh quf jh jhs `yul`rà `
`l`pt`rjhs. H nh quf fs nh iasih, ` ehrth pn`zh bfjfr`rà eafrth `navah lfn
i`nfst`r h ajerfifjth lfn gafjfst`r, pfrh ` n`rbh pn`zh jhs pfrpftu`rà fj uj
fst`lh fiheahj`n pheh d`vhr`gnf. Fs prfeas`ifjtf fj fstf pujth fj fn quf
fjtr` fj kufbh n` rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n. Sfrh fsth nh vfrfihs fj htrh
 

ihifjth.
Vj fkfipnh lf nh laemh puflf sfr fvat`r `efre`rjhs ` pfrshj`s quf jhs
p`rfefj `tr`etav`s. Fj uj praifr ihifjth, jhs puflf bfjfr`r `navah `p`rt`r
n` iar`l` ` n` pfrshj` lf n` ifs` lf fjdrfjtf quf jhs fstà m`eafjlh hkaths,
pfrh sa sfbuaihs fvat`jlh fstf taph lf satu`eahjfs lf phr val`, prhg`gnfifjtf
juje` tfjb`ihs uj` p`rfk` quf jhs bustf.
Lfgfihs tfjfr fj eufjt` quf, fj táriajhs fvhnutavhs, n`s fiheahjfs shj
`jtfrahrfs `n pfjs`iafjth. Q sa jhs dak`ihs fj htrhs `jai`nfs vfrfihs quf
`ujquf jh tfjb`j e`p`eal`l lf r`eaheajah, sé quf tafjfj fiheahjfs. Shr
fkfipnh, nhs i`iédfrhs safjtfj uj` b`i` lf fiheahjfs g`st`jtf p`rfeal` ` n`
jufstr` (`ujquf, phr supufsth, ehj ifjhs i`taefs). Vj pfrrh safjtf iaflh,
safjtf trastfz`, safjtf ar` y `nfbré`. N` aipnae`eaõj lf fstf mfemh fs quf n`s
ehjluet`s, iuem`s vfefs, jh rfquafrfj lf lfi`sa`l` rfdnfxaõj, sajh quf
mfihs fvhnueahj`lh p`r` phlfr rfsphjlfr ` satu`eahjfs lftfriaj`l`s saj
tfjfr quf pfjs`r lfi`sa`lh. Jh m`gré`ihs shgrfvavalh ehih fspfeaf sa `n
vfr ujhs hkhs grann`jtfs fj n` hseural`l jhs mugaásfihs p`r`lh ` rfdnfxahj`r
shgrf n` prhg`ganal`l fst`léstae` lf quf dufsfj lf uj lfprfl`lhr h lf uj
mfrgévhrh. Uaipnfifjtf, n` fiheaõj jhs aipuns`g` ` s`nar ehrrafjlh lf `nné.
Nhs quf m`eé`j eàg`n`s fst`léstae`s dufrhj fjbunnalhs saj pafl`l (fs uj`
iftàdhr`, n`s i`tfiàtae`s `p`rfeafrhj iuemhs ianfs lf `ðhs lfspuás).
Fj n` sheafl`l `etu`n, `nbuj`s ehjluet`s aipuns`l`s phr n` fiheaõj shj
rf`nifjtf ûtanfs, ehih, phr fkfipnh, ajtfjt`r fse`p`r h pfri`jfefr suiash sa
jhs quafrfj `tr`e`r. Sfrh, fj htrhs e`shs, n` sheafl`l m` fvhnueahj`lh t`jth
quf n` rfspufst` ehjluetu`n jh shn`ifjtf jh jhs `yul`, sajh quf jhs ladaeunt`
n` `l`pt`eaõj. Shr fkfipnh, jh ihjt`r fj `vahjfs, fvat`r m`gn`r fj pûgnaeh h
lfealar jh ehiujae`rnf ` `nbuafj quf jhs `tr`f. Lf fsth tr`t` prfeas`ifjtf n`
rfbun`eaõj lf fiheahjfs, lf lfealar fj quá ihifjths if lfkh nnfv`r phr n`
fiheaõj y fj quá ihifjths `etûh ` pfs`r lf fnn`.
Ufbuaihs ehj fn fkfreaeah lf nhs `p`rt`lhs `jtfrahrfs. Ajtfjtfihs
 

fip`taz`r. ¸Puá rfspufst` ehjluetu`n aipuns`l` phr n` fiheaõj phlré` l`r

`nbuafj ehj uj `t`quf lf `jsafl`l8
Ai`béj`tf quf `nbuafj tafjf pàjaeh ` fjtr`r fj uj `sefjshr, ¸quá rfspufst`
ehjluetu`n i`jadfst`ré`8 Ufbur`ifjtf ajtfjt`ré` phr thlhs nhs iflahs fvat`r
nhs `sefjshrfs. Q` vfrfihs quf, p`r`lõkae`ifjtf, lfk`rsf nnfv`r phr fst`
ehjluet` aipuns`l` phr n` fiheaõj jh `yul` ` n`rbh pn`zh, sajh quf
i`jtafjf fn iaflh y fn pàjaeh ` ihjt`r fj `sefjshrfs. Sfrh y` nh vfrfihs.
¸Q `nbuafj fjd`l`lh8 ¸Puá nf pflarà fn eufrph m`efr8 Ufbur`ifjtf
rfsphjlfr `jtf n` `ifj`z` h n` `brfsaõj. ¸Q sa jhs lfk`ihs nnfv`r phr n` ar`8
Srhg`gnfifjtf, fj iat`l lf n` sfnv`, l`r uj` rfspufst` vahnfjt` sfré`
`l`pt`tavh. @nné shn`ifjtf shgrfvavfj nhs dufrtfs. Sfrh fj Furhp` h fj
@iárae`, tfjfr fstf taph lf rfspufst`s sfbur`ifjtf jhs nnfv`ré` ` prasaõj
`jtfs h lfspuás. ¸Puá heurrf8 @mhr` n` rfspufst` vahnfjt` jh jhs `yul` y lf
jufvh, p`r`lõkae`ifjtf, sa fipfz`ihs ` l`r rfspufst`s lf fstf taph,
`prfjlfrfihs ` rfsphjlfr lf fst` i`jfr` e`l` vfz quf sajt`ihs ar`, y
prhg`gnfifjtf, pheh ` pheh, nh m`b`ihs ehj i`yhr ajtfjsal`l. @lfiàs,
fsth, ehih fj fn e`sh lf n` `jsafl`l `jtf nhs `sefjshrfs, m`rà quf e`l` vfz
fxpfraifjtfihs ar` lf dhri` iàs drfeufjtf y lur`lfr`. @sé quf t`rlf h
tfipr`jh fipfz`rfihs ` tfjfr prhgnfi`s phr n` i`n` bfstaõj lf n` ar`.
¸Q `nbuafj ehj vfrbþfjz`8 ¸Puá m`rà8 ¸Euàn fs n` ehjluet` aipuns`l` phr
n` fiheaõj8 Ufbur`ifjtf, `nbuafj quf safjt` fst` fiheaõj `n m`gn`r ehj uj
bruph lf bfjtf jufv` ajtfjtf `l`pt`rsf nh iàxaih phsagnf p`r` e`fr gafj `n
rfsth lf pfrshj`s. Ua n` vfrbþfjz` fs lfi`sa`lh ajtfjs`, puflf quf fvatf
m`gn`r h quf ajenush rfmûy` lf fstf taph lf fvfjths. @ ehrth pn`zh, fst`
fvat`eaõj sfbur`ifjtf nf suphjb` uj `navah lf n` fiheaõj, pfrh ` n`rbh pn`zh
pfrpftu`rà n` `p`raeaõj fj fst`s satu`eahjfs.
Shr fsh fs t`j aiphrt`jtf nh quf fst`ihs m`eafjlh. @n `prfjlfr ` rfbun`r
fiheahjfs shihs jhshtrhs quafjfs lfealaihs quá ehjluet` phjfr fj i`rem`,
y jh jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs.
 

Shr fkfipnh, fs g`st`jtf prhg`gnf quf `nbuafj quf `e`g` lf ehjhefr ` uj`
phtfjea`n p`rfk` y tfjb` uj` praifr` eat` ehj fnn` sf ehiphrtf lf i`jfr` iuy
ladfrfjtf ` `nbuafj quf nnfv` ehj fs` iasi` pfrshj` vfajtf `ðhs. @ujquf n`
eat` sf` fj fn iasih nub`r, ` n` iasi` mhr` y pal`j nh iasih p`r` efj`r.
Ufbur`ifjtf, fj n` praifr` satu`eaõj, `ighs fstáj iàs jfrvahshs y safjt`j
iàs vfrbþfjz` quf fj n` sfbujl` satu`eaõj. Fs ehipnft`ifjtf jhri`n quf
fsth heurr`, y sfbur`ifjtf fsths jfrvahs nfs `yulfj ` ihstr`r su ifkhr e`r` y
fsehjlfr sus phsagnfs pujths ifjhs dufrtfs.

Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

T`ihs ` fipfz`r ` laseraiaj`r fjtrf nhs trfs sastfi`s lf rfspufst`. S`r` fnnh,
uj` vfz `n lé`, eu`jlh safjt`s uj fst`lh fiheahj`n ajtfjt` laseraiaj`r fjtrf
nhs trfs taphs lf rfspufst` quf i`jadafst` tu eufrph. S`r` `yul`rtf, puflfs
ehipnft`r fn sabuafjtf rfbastrh.

F st é i un h Wfspufst`s eeh
h b ja tav `s Wfspufst`s ddaasahnõba e`s Wfspufst`s eeh
hjluetu`nfs

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Tf`ihs uj fkfipnh p`r` s`gfr eõih sf m`ef.

F st é i un h W fs pu fs t`s Wfspu
fspuf
fst`
st`s das
asah
ahnõ
nõba
bae`
e`ss Wfspu
spufst
st`
`s
ehbjatav`s ehjluetu`nfs

Wfeufrlh lf uj Aiàbfjfs ifjt`nfs lfn Julh fj n` b`rb`jt`. Tfh n` tfnfvasaõj p`r`

d`iana`r y` d`nnfealh. d`iana`r. \fjsaõj iuseun`r. lastr`frif.
 

Laseusaõj ehj ia Jh puflh shphrt`r \fjsaõj iuseun`r. E`nhr fj Wfsparh lfsp`eah lur`jtf
 kfdf. iàs fstf tr`g`kh. n` e`r`. ujhs iajuths p`r`
e`ni`rif.

Wf
Wfuj
ujaõ
aõj
j ehj
ehj `iab
`iabhs.
hs. Puá
Puá gafj
gafj if
if Wfspar`eaõj rfn`k`l`. Uabh prfst`jlh `tfjeaõj
fjeufjtrh eu`jlh Lastfjsaõj iuseun`r. ` n` ehjvfrs`eaõj.
fsthy ehj fnnhs.

M`gn`r lfn`jtf lf Uf v`j ` rfér lf ié. Nh Ufqufl`l fj n` ghe`. M`gnh iàs lfpras` p`r`
ias ehip`ðfrhs lf quf labh jh fs \fjsaõj fj nhs mhigrhs y `e`g`r ràpalh.
tr`g`kh. ajtfrfs`jtf. fj fn eufnnh.
 

Fiheahjfs, ¸quá prftfjlfj8

N` trastfz` quf sfjté` if fipuk`g` ` jh m`efr j`l`. @ujquf if ajtfjt`sf

nagr`r lf n` sfjs`eaõj quf tfjé`, p`rfeé` ehih sa ias sfjtaiafjths dufsfj iàs
dufrtfs quf ia vhnujt`l. If ehst`g` iuemh fipfz`r ` m`efr eu`nquafr ehs`.
Ia e`gfz` jh p`r`g` lf l`rnf vufnt`s ` thlh nh quf m`gé` pfrlalh fj `pfj`s
ujhs lé`s. Ufjté` uj julh fj fn fstõi`bh quf jh if lfk`g` ja ehifr ja
lhriar. If fjehjtr`g` t`j `etav`lh phr uj n`lh y saj b`j`s lf j`l` phr fn
htrh quf e`l` iajuth sf m`eé` ajtfriaj`gnf. Jh ehjsfbué` ehjefjtr`rif fj
j`l` quf jh dufsfj ias pfjs`iafjths. Ia fst`lh fiheahj`n if fipuk`g` `
`etu`r ehih uj` i`rahjft`.
Fst`g` lfshrafjt`lh, jh fr` e`p`z lf ehjefjtr`rif fj j`l` quf jh dufsf n`
thrtur` ifjt`n ` n` quf fst`g` shiftalh. Nfv`jt`rif lf n` e`i` fr` uj
iujlh, pfrh nh pfhr fs quf jh phlé` lhriar. Q eu`jlh nh m`eé`, `p`rfeé`j
ias d`jt`si`s fj dhri` lf pfs`lann`s ` shgrfs`nt`rif. \r`g`k`g` pheh y nh
m`eé` i`n. If dhrz`g` fj ajtfjt`r fst`r `etavh pfrh ia eufrph p`rfeé` pfs`r
thjfn`l`s.

¸S`r` quá sarvfj n`s fiheahjfs8

Ehih y` mfihs alh `v`jz`jlh, n`s fiheahjfs jh shj jfb`tav`s ja phsatav`s,

thl`s fnn`s euipnfj uj` dujeaõj ajlfpfjlafjtfifjtf lf sa jhs m`efj sfjtar
ifkhr h pfhr. Fs lfear, ` tu efrfgrh y ` n` j`tur`nfz` nf l` fx`et`ifjtf abu`n
quf fstás ehjtfjth h jh. Nh quf ajtfjt` fs quf sab`s vavh fn tafiph sudaeafjtf
 

p`r` tr`jsiatar tus bfjfs ` n` sabuafjtf bfjfr`eaõj.

N`s dujeahjfs prajeap`nfs lf n`s fiheahjfs sfbûj Wffvf, ujh lf nhs
`uthrfs quf iàs m` ehjtragualh `n fstulah lf n`s fiheahjfs y n` ihtav`eaõj
fj nhs ûntaihs `ðhs, sfré`j `yul`rjhs ` `l`pt`rjhs, ihtav`rjhs y rfbun`r fn
ehiphrt`iafjth shea`n. T`ihs ` vfr e`l` dujeaõj ehj iàs lftfjaiafjth p`r`
quf nh fjtfjl`ihs.

Dujeaõj `l`pt`tav` lf n` fiheaõj

Vj` lf n`s dujeahjfs iàs aiphrt`jtfs lf n` fiheaõj fs prfp`r`rjhs p`r`
`etu`r y `l`pt`rjhs ` jufstrh iflah, gàsae`ifjtf aipunsàjlhjhs `
`efre`rjhs h ` sfp`r`rjhs lf eafrths fstéiunhs.
Lfgfihs tfjfr fj eufjt` quf fst`s rf`eeahjfs jfurhpsaehnõbae`s m`j
fvhnueahj`lh lur`jtf ianfs lf `ðhs phr n` sfnfeeaõj j`tur`n. Q fs quf y` nh
lfeé` Em`rnfs L`rwaj fj 0=27, fn prhpah erf`lhr lf n` tfhré` lf n` fvhnueaõj,
quf n`s fiheahjfs sarvfj p`r` d`eanat`r n` ehjluet` `prhpa`l` p`r` n`
supfrvavfjea`.
Shr phjfr uj fkfipnh, phlfihs pfjs`r quf sa jh tuvaásfihs lfsfh sfxu`n
m`ea` htrhs sfrfs mui`jhs, prhg`gnfifjtf juje` fkfeut`ré`ihs ehjluet`s lf
ehrtfkh y, lfsbr`ea`l`ifjtf, jh tfjlré`ihs lfsefjlfjea`. Q fs quf shihs nhs
jafths lf nhs jafths lf `qufnnhs quf sf sajtafrhj `tr`élhs phr sus sfifk`jtfs.
@n abu`n heurrf ehj fn rfsth lf n`s fiheahjfs. Iàs `lfn`jtf, vfrfihs n`
dujeaõj `l`pt`tav` fspfeédae` lf e`l` fiheaõj, p`r` `sé fjtfjlfr quá fs nh
quf jufstrh efrfgrh fstà ajtfjtàjlhjhs lfear eu`jlh fxpfraifjt`ihs uj
fst`lh fiheahj`n.

Dujeaõj ihtav`eahj`n lf n` fiheaõj

Eu`nquafr `eeaõj rfquafrf lf eafrt` ihtav`eaõj p`r` sfr nnfv`l` ` e`gh. Fs
eafrth quf nhs d`ethrfs ihtav`eahj`nfs puflfj sfr ajtfrjhs h fxtfrjhs, pfrh
jfefsat`ihs uj aipunsh quf m`b` quf jhs ihv`ihs lf jufstrh fst`lh `etu`n
 

p`r` prhluear eu`nquafr taph lf e`igah.

Shr fkfipnh, sa fst`ihs sfjt`lhs fj fn shdà y jht`ihs n` ghe` sfe` y uj`
ajtfjs` sfjs`eaõj lf sfl, fst` rf`eeaõj dasahnõbae` m`rà quf v`y`ihs m`st` n`
jfvfr` p`r` gfgfr `bu`. Fs lfear, n` sfl t`igaáj tafjf uj` dujeaõj y jhs
bfjfr` uj` ihtav`eaõj p`r` `g`jlhj`r jufstrh fst`lh `etu`n y s`tasd`efr uj`
jfefsal`l dasahnõbae`.
Laemh nh eu`n, fjtfjlfrfihs quf n`s fiheahjfs jh shn`ifjtf larabfj
jufstrh ehiphrt`iafjth, sajh quf t`igaáj jhs l`j n` fjfrbé` sudaeafjtf p`r`
nnfv`rnh ` e`gh. Shjafjlh n` iftàdhr` lfn vfnfrh, n`s fiheahjfs jh shn`ifjtf
shj fn taiõj lfn g`reh, sajh quf t`igaáj shj fn vafjth quf aipuns` fn
ihvaiafjth.
Shr fkfipnh, sa sfjtaihs ar` `jtf `nbh quf ehjsalfr`ihs ajkusth fj fn
tr`g`kh, n` fiheaõj jhs aipuns`rà ` fiatar rf`eeahjfs lfdfjsav`s, pfrh eu`jth
iàs ajtfjs` sf` n` ar`, n`s nnfv`rfihs ` e`gh ehj iàs vabhr. Laemh sf` lf
p`sh, fj fst` satu`eaõj, `ujquf fstfihs iuy fjd`l`lhs, phlfihs fkfeut`r
uj` ehjluet` `sfrtav` fj n` quf fxphjb`ihs ` jufstrh kfdf lf dhri` flue`l`
n` r`zõj phr n` quf jh ehjsalfr`ihs `nbh kusth. N` ar` jh tafjf phr quá
aipnae`r vahnfjea`.

Dujeaõj shea`n lf n` fiheaõj

Fn sfr mui`jh fs uj `jai`n shea`n, phr nh quf fs lf fspfr`r quf n`s
fiheahjfs t`igaáj kufbufj uj p`pfn fj fst` laifjsaõj. Nhs sfjtaiafjths jhs
`yul`j ` rfbun`r jufstrh ehiphrt`iafjth fj sheafl`l. Vj fkfipnh fvalfjtf
sfré` n` vfrbþfjz`, quf jhs `yul` ` ehiphrt`rjhs lf i`jfr` `lfeu`l` fj
ehjtfxths shea`nfs.
Nhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs tafjfj v`ra`s dujeahjfs shea`nfs, ehih sfð`n`
Az`rl (01=1), htrh lf nhs `uthrfs iàs rfnfv`jtfs fj fn e`iph lf n`s
fiheahjfs. Fjtrf fst`s phlfihs fjehjtr`r n` d`eanat`eaõj lfn ehjt`eth shea`n,
fn ehjtrhn lf n` ehjluet` lf nhs lfiàs, n` ehiujae`eaõj lf nhs fst`lhs
 

`dfetavhs h prhihvfr ehjluet`s prhshea`nfs.

Uabuafjlh n` prhpufst` lfn `uthr, phlré`ihs phjfr v`rahs fkfipnhs lf
eõih n`s fiheahjfs euipnfj dujeahjfs shea`nfs.
@ n` mhr` lf d`eanat`r fn ehjt`eth shea`n, fst`rfihs lf `eufrlh fj quf fs
iuemh iàs dàean p`r` jhshtrhs sa `nbuafj jhs rfeagf ehj uj` `ipna` shjras`
quf sa nh m`ef ehj uj bfsth lf fjd`lh. Fj fn e`sh lfn ehjtrhn lf n` ehjluet`
lf nhs lfiàs, phr fkfipnh, sa bhnpf`ihs n` ifs` ehj fjd`lh fj uj` rfujaõj,
nh iàs prhg`gnf fs quf nhs lfiàs bu`rlfj sanfjeah y jhs prfstfj `tfjeaõj. @
n` mhr` lf ehiujae`r jufstrhs fst`lhs `dfetavhs, ehjt`ihs ehj n`s
fxprfsahjfs d`ea`nfs `shea`l`s ` e`l` fiheaõj y fn nfjbu`kf p`r` phlfr
tr`jsiatar ` nhs lfiàs eõih jhs sfjtaihs. Q ` n` mhr` lf prhihvfr n`
ehjluet` prhshea`n, phr fkfipnh, `jtf fn nn`jth lf uj sfr qufralh,
prhg`gnfifjtf rf`eeahjfihs grajlàjlhnf jufstr` `yul` h ajtfjt`jlh
ehjshn`rnh.
Ehih puflfs ehiprhg`r, fn sfr mui`jh fs uj `jai`n r`eahj`n, shea`n y
iuy fiheahj`n. Ehih v`ihs laeafjlh m`st` `mhr`, fst`s rf`eeahjfs
jfurhpsaehnõbae`s shj iuemh iàs aiphrt`jtfs lf nh quf pfjs`ihs fj uj
praifr ihifjth. Q shj n`s rfsphjs`gnfs lf n` br`j i`yhré` lf nhs
ehiphrt`iafjths quf fkfeut`ihs e`l` lé`.

Fiheahjfs gàsae`s

Fj fn ihifjth `etu`n fxastf uj lfg`tf eafjtédaeh `efre` lf n` fxastfjea` lf

fiheahjfs gàsae`s. Ufbûj Az`rl, fj uj `rtéeunh lf 0110, nhs rfquasaths quf
lfgf euipnar uj` fiheaõj p`r` ehjsalfr`rsf gàsae` sfré`j tfjfr uj sustr`th
jfur`n fspfeédaeh y lastajtavh, tfjfr uj` fxprfsaõj d`ea`n `shea`l` lastajtav`,
phsffr sfjtaiafjths lastajtavhs, lfrav`r lf prhefshs gahnõbaehs fvhnutavhs y
hrb`jaz`r n` ihtav`eaõj lf n`s dujeahjfs `l`pt`tav`s. Fs lfear, p`r` quf uj`
fiheaõj sf ehjsalfrf gàsae` lfgf tfjfr prhpafl`lfs prhpa`s quf n` m`b`j
lastajt` lf n`s lfiàs fiheahjfs.
 

S`un Foi`j, ujh lf nhs ajvfstab`lhrfs iàs aiphrt`jtfs fj fn e`iph lf n`s

fiheahjfs, ehjsalfr` quf n`s fiheahjfs gàsae`s mui`j`s shj n` `nfbré`, fn
iaflh, n` ar`, n` trastfz`, fn `seh, fn lfsprfeah y n` shrprfs`. (Foi`j, 0125?
01=1? 0115? Foi`j, H‑Uunnav`j y I`tsuihth, 0110` y g).
Ua prfst`ihs `tfjeaõj ` fst`s fiheahjfs, phlrfihs ehiprhg`r quf,
fdfetav`ifjtf, shj eu`nat`tav`ifjtf lastajt`s fjtrf fnn`s, tafjfj fxprfsahjfs
d`ea`nfs `shea`l`s quf jhs pfriatfj rfehjhefr nh quf n` htr` pfrshj` fstà
sajtafjlh y jhs ihtav`j p`r` euipnar dujeahjfs `l`pt`tav`s. Fs lfear, p`r`
`etu`r lf dhri` iàs fdaeafjtf fj jufstrh iflah.
Jh hgst`jtf, m`y htrhs `uthrfs quf rfem`z`j n` fxastfjea` lf fiheahjfs
gàsae`s ` p`rtar lf n`s eu`nfs sf ehjstruyfj thl`s n`s lfiàs. Shr dhrtuj` p`r`
jufstrh ehiftalh, fstf lfg`tf jh v` ` ajdnuar fj jufstrh lfs`rrhnnh lf
m`ganal`lfs p`r` bfstahj`rn`s.
Shr eufstahjfs pràetae`s, v`ihs ` lfseragar n`s fiheahjfs gàsae`s quf
Foi`j ajenuyf fj su nast`lh, pufsth quf lf fst` i`jfr` phlrfihs fipfz`r `
fjtfjlfr jufstrh iujlh fiheahj`n lf uj` i`jfr` iuemh iàs prfeas` quf
`jtfs.

@nfbré`
N` `nfbré` fs uj` fiheaõj quf thlhs lfsf`ihs fxpfraifjt`r n` i`yhr p`rtf
lfn tafiph. Uf tr`t` lf uj` sfjs`eaõj pn`efjtfr` quf guse`ihs `etav`ifjtf
lur`jtf thl` jufstr` val`.
N` `nfbré` h n` dfnaeal`l jh shj `nbh ihifjtàjfh y fdéifrh ehih fn pn`efr,
sajh quf sf i`jtafjfj fj fn tafiph. Vj` lf sus prajeap`nfs e`r`etfréstae`s fs
quf, eu`jlh fxpfraifjt`ihs fstf taph lf fiheaõj, shnfihs pfreagar lf uj`
i`jfr` phsatav` nhs fstéiunhs fxtfrjhs f ajtfrjhs, y sf i`jtafjf `sé n`
tfjlfjea` ` fst`r `nfbrfs.
Ehjdujlar pn`efr y dfnaeal`l fs ujh lf nhs i`yhrfs frrhrfs quf phlfihs
ehiftfr fj jufstr` val`. Q fs quf fn pn`efr `p`rfef ` ehrth pn`zh y jhs
 

m`gatu`ihs ` án ehj iuem` d`eanal`l. Shr fkfipnh, sa jhs ehipr`ihs uj

ehemf jufvh, sfbur`ifjtf fxpfraifjt`rfihs pn`efr, pfrh fst` sfjs`eaõj arà `
ifjhs lur`jtf n`s sabuafjtfs sfi`j`s m`st` quf vhnv`ihs ` javfnfs prfvahs
lf n` `etav`eaõj fiheahj`n.
Iuem`s vfefs guse`ihs n` dfnaeal`l fj fn pn`efr, y fsth jhs m`ef pfrlfrjhs
fj uj` fspar`n lf ajs`tasd`eeaõj ehjst`jtf.
Shr supufsth quf n` dfnaeal`l, fn gafjfst`r y n` `nfbré` tafjfj uj
ehiphjfjtf mflõjaeh h lf pn`efr, pfrh shj iuemh iàs quf fsth. Lf ihlh
quf efjtr`rjhs fj fstf pujth ûjae`ifjtf jh jhs m`rà pfrshj`s iàs dfnaefs,
sajh thlh nh ehjtr`rah.
Nhs fstéiunhs quf lasp`r`j n` dfnaeal`l sufnfj fst`r `shea`lhs ` n`
ehjsfeueaõj lf hgkftavhs y ift`s. @sé ehih ` n` ehjbrufjea` fjtrf nh quf
shihs y nh quf lfsf`ihs sfr, fjtrf nh quf tfjfihs y nh quf jfefsat`ihs
phsffr. Ehih `pujt` fn laemh, jh fs iàs dfnaz quafj iàs tafjf, sajh quafj
ifjhs jfefsat`.
Fj fn e`iph dasahnõbaeh, n` dfnaeal`l jhs sufnf `etav`r, sugf n` t`s` e`rlé`e`
y n` t`s` rfspar`thra`, pfrh lf dhri` iàs ihlfr`l` quf fj htr`s fiheahjfs
ehih fn iaflh h n` ar` (E`eahpph ft `n., 0115).
Fj fn e`iph ehbjatavh, ehih y` `v`jzàg`ihs, dhifjt` n` ajtfrprft`eaõj
phsatav` lf fstéiunhs fxtfrjhs f ajtfrjhs. Fs lfear, `nbh quf thlhs s`gfihs fs
quf, eu`jlh fst`ihs ehjtfjths, jhs efjtr`ihs fj n` p`rtf phsatav` lf n` val`.
Shr htrh n`lh, n` dfnaeal`l d`vhrfef n` fip`té` y d`eanat` n`s ehjluet`s
`ntruast`s (Asfj, L`ugi`j y Jhwaeoa, 01=2), d`vhrfef fn rfjlaiafjth
ehbjatavh, n` shnueaõj lf prhgnfi`s y n` erf`taval`l (Asfj y L`ugi`j, 01=<),
`sé ehih fn `prfjlaz`kf y n` ifihra` (J`sgy y Q`jlh, 01=7).
N`s dujeahjfs prajeap`nfs quf sf m`j lfserath fj n` gagnahbr`dé` eafjtédae`
shj n` bfjfr`eaõj lf `etatulfs phsatav`s m`ea` nhs htrhs y fn fst`gnfeaiafjth
lf ehhpfr`eaõj (Asfj, L`ugi`j y Jhwaeoa, 01=2), fn dhifjth lf n`s
rfn`eahjfs ajtfrpfrshj`nfs (Az`rl, 0110), n`s sfjs`eahjfs lf vabhrhsal`l,
 

ehipftfjea`, tr`sefjlfjea` y nagfrt`l (If`lhws, 0126), fn d`vhrfeaiafjth lf

prhefshs ehbjatavhs y lf `prfjlaz`kf, eurahsal`l y dnfxaganal`l ifjt`n
(N`jbslhrd, Az`rl, W`ya`s y Mfigrff, 01=5). @lfiàs, jhs `yul` ` `uifjt`r
jufstr` sfjs`eaõj lf ehjda`jz` y jufstr` `uthfstai`.
N` fxpfrafjea` sugkftav` lf n` `nfbré` fs `br`l`gnf. Shr nh quf sf ehjvafrtf
fj uj` ihtav`eaõj fj sé iasi`. Nhs sfrfs mui`jhs larabaihs jufstr`
ehjluet` p`r` fxpfraifjt`r fst` sfjs`eaõj. Shlré`ihs lfear quf n` gûsqufl`
lf n` dfnaeal`l fs fn d`rh quf bué` jufstr`s val`s. @ujquf ` vfefs jhs
pfrlfihs phr jh s`gfr laseraiaj`r su nuz lf n` lf htrhs d`rhs.
d `rhs.

\rastfz`
N` trastfz` sf puflf fxprfs`r fj táriajhs lf `g`taiafjth, ifn`jehné` h
lfsfspfr`jz`. Uf tr`t` lf uj` rfspufst` j`tur`n `jtf uj` satu`eaõj quf
pfreagaihs ehih ajehjtrhn`gnf. Jhri`nifjtf fstà `shea`l` ` n`s párlal`s, y`
sf` lf uj hgkfth, lfn fst`tus,
fst `tus, lf `etaval`lfs lftfriaj`l`s, lf n` dhri` désae` h
lf n` párlal` lf uj` pfrshj` qufral`, quf m` d`nnfealh h quf saipnfifjtf sf
m` `nfk`lh. \`igaáj puflf tr`t`rsf lf uj ehjtr`tafiph pfrshj`n quf
pfreagaihs saj shnueaõj. N` trastfz` sufnf surbar `jtf n` pfrefpeaõj lf phe`
fdae`ea`, eu`jlh fj lftfriaj`l`s satu`eahjfs sfjtaihs quf jh mfihs fst`lh `
n` `ntur`.
N` trastfz` fs uj` fiheaõj lf n` quf bfjfr`nifjtf tr`t`ihs lf muar. @
j`laf sufnf `pftfefrnf fxpfraifjt`r fstf fst`lh fiheahj`n. Sfrh lf jufvh, y
ehih arfihs vafjlh ` nh n`rbh lfn nagrh, tr`t`r lf fvat`r fiheahjfs fs fn frrhr
iàs br`vf quf phlfihs ehiftfr ` n` mhr` lf bfstahj`r jufstrhs fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs.
Suflf `p`rfefr trastfz` eu`jlh pfreagaihs quf n`s ehjsfeufjea`s lf
jufstr`s `eeahjfs jh fstàj g`kh ehjtrhn. Fsth jhs sufnf nnfv`r ` uj fst`lh lf
lfsfspfr`jz` h ajlfdfjsaõj fj fn eu`n jufstrh eufrph rf`eeahj` p`r`
ehjsfrv`r fjfrbé` (Ufnabi`j, 0126).
 

Htrhs d`ethrfs quf lasp`r`j fst` fiheaõj shj n` `usfjea` lf `etaval`lfs

rfdhrz`jtfs h pn`efjtfr`s (Nfwajshmj, 012<), h fn lhnhr erõjaeh (Utfrjg`em,

012=?
Nhs 01=0).
e`igahs dasahnõbaehs shj ifjhs fvalfjtfs quf fj htrhs fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs, pfrh t`igaáj fxastfj. Eu`jlh fst`ihs trastfs sf l` uj` fnfv`l`
`etaval`l jfurhnõbae` y shstfjal` (Wffvf W`vfj y Gfshr`, 011<), `sé ehih uj
nabfrh `uifjth lf n` drfeufjea` e`rlé`e`, n` prfsaõj s`jbuéjf` y n` rfsastfjea`
fnáetrae` lf n` pafn (Uajm`, Nhv`nnh y S`rshjs, 0117).
Fj fn e`iph ehbjatavh, n` trastfz` jhs aipuns` ` v`nhr`r n` párlal` h fn l`ðh
sudralhs (Utfaj y Nfvajf, 0113) y ` dhe`naz`r n` `tfjeaõj fj n`s ehjsfeufjea`s
ajtfrj`s lf n` satu`eaõj (Utfaj y Kfwftt, 01=4). @ su vfz, fstf fst`lh
fiheahj`n puflf nnfv`rjhs ` uj fst`lh ehbjatavh quf sf l` fj fn ihlfnh lf n`
lfprfsaõj lf Gfeo (01=5), fj fn quf `p`rfefj sfsbhs lf pfjs`iafjth, sf
`etav`j fsqufi`s ehbjatavhs y `p`rfef n` tra`l` ehbjatav` (v`nhr`eaõj
jfb`tav` lf ujh iasih, lf jufstrh fjthrjh y lfn duturh).
N`s prajeap`nfs dujeahjfs lf n` trastfz` tafjfj quf vfr ehj n` ehmfsaõj
shea`n y n` fv`nu`eaõj lf nh heurralh. Eu`jlh fst`ihs trastfs, tfjlfihs `
ehmfsahj`rjhs ehj htr`s pfrshj`s, fspfea`nifjtf ehj `qufnn`s quf sf
fjeufjtr`j fj n` iasi` satu`eaõj, ehiujae`ihs ` nhs lfiàs, nh quf puflf
bfjfr`r `yul` lf htr`s pfrshj`s, `sé ehih `p`eabu`iafjth lf rf`eeahjfs lf
`brfsaõj phr p`rtf lf nhs lfiàs, fip`té`, h ehiphrt`iafjths `ntruast`s. Shr
htr` p`rtf, eu`jlh fst`ihs trastfs, m`y uj` lasiajueaõj lfn ratih lf n`
`etaval`l y v`nhr`ihs htrhs `spfeths lf n` val` ` nhs quf `jtfs lf n` párlal`
jh sf nfs prfst`g` `tfjeaõj (Az`rl, 0110).
@ujquf sf tr`tf lf uj` fiheaõj ajeõihl` lf sfjtar, phlfihs ehiprhg`r
quf jhs `yul` ` fst`r `l`pt`lhs `n iflah. Jhs `yul` ` v`nhr`r quaájfs shihs
y ` fst`r fj ehjt`eth ehj jhshtrhs iasihs. Dhifjt` n` fip`té` fj nhs lfiàs
p`r` s`nar rfdhrz`lhs lf n` satu`eaõj `etu`n. Ua `prfjlfihs ` rfbun`r ehj
fdae`ea` n` fiheaõj lf trastfz`, phlfihs s`nar lf n` satu`eaõj trfifjl`ifjtf
 

rfdhrz`lhs.
Ai`baj` quf tf fjtfr`s lf quf `nbuafj iuy efre`jh m` d`nnfealh,

prhg`gnfifjtf
Srhg`gnfifjtf sfjtaràs uj`sajajtfjs`
tf sfjtaràs fjfrbé`trastfz` y ujladaeunt`l
y tfjlràs br`j sfjtaiafjth lf párlal`.
p`r` ehjefjtr`rtf fj
eu`nquafr ehs` quf jh sf`j pfjs`iafjths rfn`eahj`lhs ehj fn sfr qufralh y n`
gûsqufl` lf shnueahjfs p`r` m`efr drfjtf ` n` satu`eaõj. @ujquf pufl`
p`rfefr quf n` trastfz` fs ajeõihl` h ladéean lf fxpfraifjt`r, fs prhg`gnf quf
htr`s pfrshj`s fip`taefj ehj tus sfjtaiafjths lf trastfz` y sf `efrqufj ` ta
p`r` `yul`rtf. Uu `phyh puflf sfr lf br`j v`nhr p`r` rfeupfr`rtf y vhnvfr `
tu val` jhri`n ehj i`yhr r`palfz.
Ua jhs l`ihs eufjt`, lf jufvh, n` fiheaõj jhs fstà l`jlh ajdhri`eaõj lf
nh quf fstà p`s`jlh fj fn fjthrjh y jhs fstà `yul`jlh ` larabar n` `tfjeaõj
m`ea` nh aiphrt`jtf, fs lfear; «quf sf p`rf fn iujlh quf m` m`galh uj`
párlal` iuy aiphrt`jtf p`r` ié y jfefsath uj pfréhlh lf tafiph p`r`
fjehjtr`r nhs rfeurshs jfefs`rahs p`r` `drhjt`r fst` satu`eaõj¿. Ehj nh eu`n,
`ujquf iuem`s vfefs ajtfjtfihs muar lf n` trastfz`, jhs fstà `yul`jlh `
n`rbh pn`zh.

Ar`
N` ar` fs uj` rfspufst` j`tur`n `jtf uj` ehjluet` `brfsav` quf pfreagaihs
ehih ajtfjeahj`n, h uj` rf`eeaõj fiheahj`n eu`jlh erffihs quf jufstrhs
hgkftavhs sf m`j vasth drustr`lhs. Fst` fiheaõj jhs pfriatf ihvanaz`r nhs
rfeurshs jfefs`rahs p`r` lfdfjlfrjhs ` jhshtrhs iasihs h ` uj sfr qufralh,
fs lfear, s`e`ihs thl` n` dufrz` quf tfjfihs lfjtrh p`r` lfdfjlfrjhs h
lfdfjlfr ` `nbuafj quf qufrfihs. Q sf sufnf larabar m`ea` n` e`us` h fn hrabfj
lf n` fiheaõj.
N` ar` h fn fjd`lh shj fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s lf sfjtar y tr`t`ihs lf
fvat`rn`s fj n` i`yhré` lf n`s he`sahjfs. Fj iuemhs ihifjths jhs lfk`ihs
nnfv`r phr fnn`s y m`efihs l`ðh ` jufstrhs sfrfs qufralhs. Fs fspfea`nifjtf
 

m`gatu`n ajtfjt`r supraiar fst` fiheaõj lur`jtf uj tafiph m`st` quf `n daj`n
`e`g`ihs fxpnht`jlh.

N` ar` sfré`
mhstanal`l fn `brfsaval`l
f ar`. N` ehiphjfjtffst`ré`
fiheahj`n lf n` ehj
rfn`eahj`l` tra`l` @MA, lf
fn sastfi` `brfsaval`l,
rfspufst`
ehjluetu`n? n` mhstanal`l, ehj fn sastfi` ehbjatavh, y n` ar`, ehj n` fiheaõj.
Nhs fstéiunhs quf puflfj m`efrjhs sfjtar lf fst` i`jfr` shj v`rahs. Shr uj
n`lh, fst`r fxpufsths ` fstéiunhs `brfsavhs h lhnhrhshs, t`jth désae` ehih
fiheahj`nifjtf, phr htrh n`lh, fst`r `jtf ehjlaeahjfs quf bfjfr`j
drustr`eaõj, ehih puflf sfr fspfr`r `nbh y quf fsth jh heurr`. \`igaáj n`
ajtfrrupeaõj lf uj` ehjluet` ihtav`l` h n` pfrefpeaõj lf ajkustaea` (Az`rl,
0110), h `tfjt`lhs ehjtr` v`nhrfs ihr`nfs. \`igaáj sf ajenuaré`j n`
fnaiaj`eaõj lf fstéiunhs rfdhrz`jtfs, ehih puflf sfr uj` g`k`l` lf sufnlh
fj fn tr`g`kh. Q, phr ûntaih, n` ajihvanal`l y n` rfstraeeaõj désae` h
psaehnõbae`.
Shlré`ihs lfear quf thlh `qufnnh quf pfreagaihs ehih ajkusth h quf jhs
aipalf `ne`jz`r jufstrhs hgkftavhs tafjlf ` fjd`l`rjhs.
Fj fn e`iph dasahnõbaeh, n` ar` ehjnnfv` uj` fnfv`l` `etaval`l jfurhj`n y
iuseun`r (\hioajs, 0145), `sé ehih uj` `nt` rf`etaval`l e`rlahv`seun`r “ 
fnfv`eaõj fj nhs éjlaefs lf drfeufjea` e`rlé`e`, prfsaõj sastõnae` y la`stõnae`
 “ (E`eahpph , Srafstfr y Gfrjtshj, 0115).
Fj fn pn`jh ehbjatavh, m`y uj` dhe`naz`eaõj lf n` `tfjeaõj fj nhs hgstàeunhs
fxtfrjhs quf aipalfj n` ehjsfeueaõj lfn hgkftavh h shj rfsphjs`gnfs lf n`
drustr`eaõj (Utfaj y Kfwftt, 01=4), f aje`p`eal`l h ladaeunt`l p`r` n` fkfeueaõj
fdae`z lf prhefshs ehbjatavhs. Fs lfear, fj ihifjths lf ar`, jhs eufst`
iuemh iàs sfr r`eahj`nfs y thi`r lfeasahjfs.
N` prajeap`n dujeaõj lf n` ar` fs n` ihvanaz`eaõj lf rfeurshs p`r` fkfeut`r
ehjluet`s lf `t`quf h lfdfjs` y n` fnaiaj`eaõj lf nhs hgstàeunhs quf aipalfj
n` ehjsfeueaõj lf nhs hgkftavhs lfsf`lhs y bfjfr`j drustr`eaõj? sa gafj n` ar`
jh safiprf ehjenuyf fj `brfsaõj.
 

Ehih lfeé`ihs `n prajeapah, n` ar` shn`ifjtf fs fn ehiphjfjtf fiheahj`n,

n` `brfsaõj y n` vahnfjea` aipnae`ré`j uj` `etu`eaõj ehjluetu`n. N` en`vf p`r`

phjfr fst` `jtf

`sfrtaval`l fiheaõj ` jufstrh
satu`eahjfs sfrvaeah fsajkust`s.
quf ehjsalfr`ihs `prfjlfr ` rf`eeahj`r
N` fiheaõj ehj
lf fjd`lh
jhs l`rà fn aipunsh y n` ihtav`eaõj p`r` ajtfjt`r phjfrnfs rfiflah.
T`ihs ` phjfr uj fkfipnh. Ai`baj` quf tu ehip`ðé` lf tfnfdhjé` iõvan tf
m` fst`lh ehgr`jlh uj` sfraf lf sfrvaeahs quf jh fst`g`s utanaz`jlh. Eu`jlh
nn`i`s p`r` pflar fxpnae`eahjfs, fj fn sfrvaeah lf `tfjeaõj `n enafjtf tf laefj
quf fsths e`rbhs fxtr` tf m`j nnfv`lh ` tfjfr uj` lful` lf uj` br`j e`jtal`l
lf lajfrh, lajfrh quf jh tafjfs y quf, `lfiàs, jfefsat`s p`r` ehipr`r ehial`
y p`r` p`b`r fn `nquanfr.
Fipafz`s ` jht`r eõih n` fiheaõj lf ar` sf `phlfr` lf ta y palfs m`gn`r
ehj fn supfrvashr lfn sfrvaeah lf `tfjeaõj `n enafjtf. Salfs uj` fxpnae`eaõj y
fxabfs quf `junfj nhs e`rbhs quf ehjsalfr`s ajkusths. Lfk`jlh `p`rtf fn
sfrvaeah lf `tfjeaõj `n enafjtf lf n`s ehip`ðé`s lf tfnádhjh, vhnvfihs `
l`rjhs eufjt` lf quf n` ar`, quf shnfihs fv`nu`r ehih jfb`tav` y quf jh
qufrfihs sfjtar, fj fstf e`sh jhs vufnvf ` `yul`r ` `l`pt`rjhs, y` quf jhs l`
n` ihtav`eaõj y n` fjfrbé` p`r` lfdfjlfr nh quf fs jufstrh. N` dujeaõj lf n`
ar`, fj fstf e`sh, fs `l`pt`tav`, y` quf jhs fstà `yul`jlh ` lfdfjlfr nh quf
erffihs quf fs kusth. Hkh, nh sugr`yh lf jufvh, jh lfgfihs ehjdujlar fn
fjd`lh ehj n` fiasaõj lf uj` ehjluet` `brfsav`. Shlfihs fst`r iuy
fjd`l`lhs pfrh pflar lf dhri` `sfrtav` y flue`l` quf jhs lfvufnv`j jufstrh
lajfrh. Lf mfemh, sfbur`ifjtf sf`ihs iàs fdae`efs `etu`jlh lf fst` i`jfr`
quf sa ajtfjt`ihs quf jhs lfvufnv`j nh quf erffihs quf fs jufstrh l`jlh
braths.

Iaflh
Fn iaflh y n` `jsafl`l shj fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s lf fxpfraifjt`r pfrh quf
jhs m`j `yul`lh lf i`jfr` ajerfégnf ` nh n`rbh lf n` masthra` lf n`
 

mui`jal`l. Shpun`rifjtf sf sufnf lfear quf jh m`y quf tfjfr iaflh ` j`l` h
quf n` `jsafl`l safiprf fs i`n`, pfrh n` rf`nal`l fs quf shj fiheahjfs

trfifjl`ifjtf
Nhs fstéiunhsûtanfs.
quf jhs m`efj sfjtar fst` fiheaõj safiprf tafjfj quf vfr
ehj uj` pfrefpeaõj lf pfnabrh. @ujquf t`igaáj sfjtaihs fst` fiheaõj `jtf
satu`eahjfs jhvflhs`s h gafj iastfrahs`s.
Fj fn e`iph dasahnõbaeh, fn iaflh aipnae` n` `etav`eaõj lfn sastfi`
jfrvahsh `utõjhih saipàtaeh, fj fspfea`n, m`y uj` `efnfr`eaõj lf n`
drfeufjea` e`rlé`e` y rfspar`thra`, `p`rfef tfjsaõj iuseun`r y sf ajerfifjt`
n` sulhr`eaõj lf n` pafn (E`eahpph Srafstfr y Gfrjtshj, 0115).
Fj fn e`iph ehbjatavh, fn iaflh `p`rfef eu`jlh v`nhr`ihs uj fstéiunh
ehih `ifj`z`jtf y jhs pfreagaihs saj rfeurshs p`r` `drhjt`rnh. Eu`jlh
fst`ihs g`kh n` ajdnufjea` lf fst` fiheaõj, nhe`naz`ihs jufstr` `tfjeaõj fj
fn fstéiunh quf pfreagaihs ehih uj` `ifj`z` y tfjfihs e`sa e`p`eal`l jun`
p`r` pfjs`r fj htr`s ehs`s. @lfiàs, tfjlfihs ` fv`nu`r fstéiunhs jfutrhs
ehih pfnabrhshs eu`jlh fst`ihs iàs jfrvahshs h ehj iaflh. Shr fkfipnh, sa
`e`g`ihs lf vfr uj` pfnéeun` lf tfrrhr y jhs `ehst`ihs y fseuem`ihs uj
erukalh lf n` i`lfr`, prhg`gnfifjtf rf`eeahjfihs ehj iaflh, ` pfs`r lf
tr`t`rsf lf `nbh ehipnft`ifjtf ajhdfjsavh.
N` dujeaõj prajeap`n lfn iaflh fs `yul`rjhs ` fse`p`r h ` fvat`r nhs
fstéiunhs quf pfreagaihs ehih `vfrsavhs. @lfiàs, `n prfst`r `tfjeaõj e`sa
fj fxenusav` `n fstéiunh tfialh, pfriataihs, phr uj n`lh, i`jtfjfrjhs
`tfjths y, phr htrh n`lh `etu`r lf i`jfr` ràpal` y fdfetav`. Eu`jlh sfjtaihs
iaflh, sf ihvanaz`j iuemhs iàs rfeurshs, phr nh quf n` `etu`eaõj puflf sfr
iuemh iàs ajtfjs` quf fj ehjlaeahjfs jhri`nfs.
Fn iaflh y n` `jsafl`l shj fiheahjfs fspfea`nifjtf ajeõihl`s lf sfjtar,
phr nh quf puflfj bfjfr`r sfjs`eaõj lf ajsfbural`l, lf párlal` lf ehjtrhn h
lfs`shsafbh, pfrh fj jajbûj e`sh shj fj sé iasi`s pfnabrhs`s.
Fn iaflh fs uj sastfi` j`tur`n lf `n`ri`. Jhs `yul` ` `etu`r lf i`jfr`
 

ràpal` y prfst`r `tfjeaõj ` `qufnnh quf jhs l` iaflh. Ua m`efs uj rfp`sh lf

n`s ûntai`s sfi`j`s p`r` pfjs`r fj `qufnn`s satu`eahjfs fj n`s eu`nfs m`s

sfjtalh
fiheaõj,iaflh, prhg`gnfifjtf
fs ladéean tf l`ràs
pfjs`r fj htr` ehs`. eufjt`
Q tafjflfiuemh
quf eu`jlh
sfjtalh,ujh safjtf fst`
ai`béj`tf fj
iat`l lf n` sfnv` lfn`jtf lfn nfõj… Fjtfjlfràs quf fs ifkhr p`r` jhshtrhs
prfst`r `tfjeaõj `n nfõj fj nub`r lf sfbuar rfehbafjlh ihr`s.
Puafrh quf ai`bajfs nh sabuafjtf;
Fstàs eruz`jlh uj` e`nnf ehj uj `iabh? lf rfpfjtf, uj ehemf vafjf
fig`n`lh larfeth m`ea` vhshtrhs, saj pfjs`rnh, s`nt`s ` n` `efr` y tar`s lf tu
`iabh p`r` phjfrnh ` s`nvh. N`s fiheahjfs ihvanaz`j jufstrhs rfeurshs p`r`
uj` `etu`eaõj õptai`? `sé, ehih fj fstf e`sh, eu`jlh m`y uj pfnabrh rf`n tu
fiheaõj lf iaflh tf s`nv` n` val`.
Fn e`sh lf n` `jsafl`l fs nabfr`ifjtf ladfrfjtf `n lfn iaflh. N` `jsafl`l fs
uj fst`lh lf hrafjt`eaõj m`ea` fn duturh, jhs prfp`r` p`r` fjdrfjt`rjhs `
suefshs quf fv`nu`ihs ehih jfb`tavhs h pfnabrhshs, nh quf jhs palf n`
fiheaõj fs rfluear n` `etaval`l y dhe`naz`r n` `tfjeaõj fj fstf taph lf
fstéiunhs. S`r` quf nh fjtafjl`s, fn iaflh surbf eu`jlh vfs `n nfõj ` tu n`lh
y safjtfs quf fstàs fj pfnabrh, iafjtr`s quf n` `jsafl`l `p`rfef eu`jlh fstàs
fj uj nub`r fj fn quf s`gfs quf puflf m`gfr nfhjfs.
Ai`baj` quf tafjfs quf m`efr uj` br`j prfsfjt`eaõj fj fn tr`g`kh.
Ufbur`ifjtf fipfz`ràs ` pfjs`r fj fnnh iàs ` ifjulh ` iflal` quf n` dfem`
sf `prhxaif. Fs prhg`gnf quf m`b`s uj` gûsqufl` shgrf fn tfi` lf n`
prfsfjt`eaõj f ajenush puflf quf tf quflfs tr`g`k`jlh m`st` t`rlf p`r`
`sfbur`rtf lf quf rfûjfs thl` n` ajdhri`eaõj jfefs`ra`. Fs phsagnf quf n`
pr`etaqufs v`ra`s vfefs, puflf quf nf pal`s ` uj `iabh h ` uj d`iana`r quf n`
fseuemf p`r` quf tf lá dfflg`eo . Suflf quf `jtaeapfs `nbuj`s lf n`s lul`s
quf tf puflfj prfbujt`r p`r` s`gfr eõih rfsphjlfr ` n` `ulafjea` fn lé` lf n`
prfsfjt`eaõj.
Fj fst` satu`eaõj, lf jufvh, uj` fiheaõj quf jhri`nifjtf jh qufrfihs
 

sfjtar jhs fstà `yul`jlh. Jhs fstà dhe`naz`jlh fj nh quf sfjtaihs ehih uj`
`ifj`z` y jhs fstà `yul`jlh ` ihvanaz`r thlhs jufstrhs rfeurshs p`r`

prfp`r`rjhs
prfsfjt`eaõj,p`r`
ifkhrsupfr`r n`s ladaeunt`lfs.
prfp`r`l` Eu`jt`s
fst`rà, eu`jt`s iàs iàs
lul`svfefs rfp`sfs
`jtaeapfs lf n`
n`
phsagnf `ulafjea`, ifkhr prfp`r`lh fst`ràs p`r` ehjtfst`r sus prfbujt`s. Shr
nh quf `n daj`n, n` `jsafl`l tf `yul` ` sfr iàs fdae`z. Fn prhgnfi` surbf
eu`jlh fst` `jsafl`l fs lfsiflal` y, nfkhs lf prfp`r`rjhs, nh quf m`ef fs
gnhquf`rjhs? `nbh quf heurrf iuem`s vfefs. Sfrh jh tf prfheupfs, quf arfihs
vafjlh eõih bfstahj`rnh.

@seh
Jhri`nifjtf, eu`jlh fj n` ehjsunt` fxpnaeh ehj lft`nnf n`s fiheahjfs ` uj
enafjtf, `n m`gn`r lfn `seh sf sufnfj shrprfjlfr lf quf sf` e`t`nhb`lh ehih
uj` fiheaõj. Q nh eafrth fs quf su vavfjea` fs iàs vasefr`n quf htrhs fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs. Fs prfeas`ifjtf phrquf n`s sfjs`eahjfs dasahnõbae`s shj iàs
ajtfjs`s quf fj htrhs e`shs.
Nhs fstéiunhs quf lfsfje`lfj`j fst` fiheaõj rfprfsfjt`j `nbûj taph lf
pfnabrh phtfjea`n p`r` n` s`nul désae` lf n` pfrshj` quf n` fxpfraifjt`.
@ujquf fsths fstéiunhs jh tafjfj phr quá sfr pfnabrhshs lf phr sé, puflf sfr
quf m`y`ihs `prfjlalh ` rfsphjlfr lf fst` i`jfr` fj `nbûj ihifjth.
Fj fn e`iph dasahnõbaeh, n`s rfspufst`s iàs fvalfjtfs sufnfj sfr n`s lfn
ajerfifjth lf n` `etaval`l b`strhajtfstaj`n “fj `nbujhs e`shs, n` `p`raeaõj
lf jàusf`s“, y n` tfjsaõj iuseun`r. Fj fn e`iph ehbjatavh, n`s rfspufst`s
shj iuemh ifjhs p`tfjtfs quf fj htrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs.
N` prajeap`n dujeaõj lfn `seh fs n` lf fvat`r n` ajbfst` lf `naifjths
phtfjea`nifjtf pfnabrhshs p`r` jufstr` s`nul h quf fstáj fj i`n fst`lh y
phtfjea`r màgaths s`nul`gnfs lf val` (Wffvf, W`vfj y Gfshr`, 011<).
Ua jh duásfihs e`p`efs lf sfjtar fst` fiheaõj, prhg`gnfifjtf
ehjtr`fré`ihs iuem`s fjdfrifl`lfs, y` quf jhs nnfv`ré`ihs ` n` ghe`
 

`naifjths fj i`n fst`lh. Sfrh t`igaáj fs eafrth quf ` vfefs sfjtaihs `seh
`jtf lftfriaj`lhs `naifjths quf jh shj pfrkulaea`nfs p`r` jhshtrhs. \hlhs

mfihs vasth `nbuj`

fst` fiheaõj eu`jlhvfz
nfs eõih
phjfj`nbujhs
lfn`jtf jaðhs (y lf
uj pn`th jh vfrlur`s.
t`j jaðhs) rf`eeahj`j ehj

Uhrprfs`
N` shrprfs` fs uj fst`lh fiheahj`n fspfea`n, y` quf fs iàs grfvf quf htrhs
fst`lhs y sufnf sfr jfutr`, fj uj prajeapah, p`r` l`r p`sh lfspuás ` n`
fiheaõj quf ehjeufrlf ehj fn fstéiunh quf fst` bfjfrf. Fs `nbh `sé ehih uj
`ipnadae`lhr lf fiheahjfs. Nhs fstéiunhs quf lfsfje`lfj`j n` shrprfs` shj
satu`eahjfs jhvflhs`s h aiprfvast`s.
Fj fn e`iph dasahnõbaeh m`y uj ajerfifjth lf n` `etaval`l jfurhj`n, `sé
ehih uj lfsefjsh lf n` `etav`eaõj dasahnõbae` p`r` l`r nub`r ` uj` rfspufst`
lf hrafjt`eaõj. Fs lfear, phjfr fn dheh lf n` `tfjeaõj fj fn fstéiunh quf
bfjfr` shrprfs`.
Fj fn e`iph ehbjatavh, sabuafjlh n` iasi` néjf` lfn fkf dasahnõbaeh, m`y uj
`uifjth lf n` `tfjeaõj fj fn fstéiunh quf bfjfr` n` fiheaõj, `sé ehih uj
`uifjth lf n` `etaval`l ehbjatav`.
N` prajeap`n dujeaõj lf n` shrprfs` fs d`eanat`r n` rfspufst` fiheahj`n
phstfrahr. Lf fst` i`jfr`, fn hrb`jasih sf efjtr` fj rfsphjlfr
`lfeu`l`ifjtf ` nh quf fn `igafjtf lfi`jl` lf án, y fnaiaj`r thlh fn phsagnf
rualh quf jhs pufl` lastr`fr. N` shrprfs` jhs `yul` ` lfk`r lf n`lh thlh
`qufnnh quf jh fs lf aiphrt`jea` fj uj ihifjth lftfriaj`lh p`r` d`eanat`r
uj` rfspufst` ` nh quf fstà `ehjtfeafjlh.
N` rfspufst` fiheahj`n phstfrahr lfpfjlfrà lf n` j`tur`nfz` lfn fstéiunh
quf n` lfthjf. Ua, phr fkfipnh, fs `nbh quf pfreagaihs ehih pfnabrhsh, fn
iaflh sfrà iàs ajtfjsh. Ua sf tr`t` lf uj` párlal`, n` trastfz` m`rà su
`p`raeaõj lf dhri` `grupt` y, sa sf tr`t` lf gufj`s jhtaea`s, sfrà n` `nfbré` n`
quf `p`rfze` fj fsefj`.
 

Fiheahjfs `l`pt`tav`s vs. fiheahjfs jh `l`pt`tav`s

Lfkfihs lf uj` vfz lf m`gn`r lf fiheahjfs gufj`s y i`n`s. Uupfrfihs fst`

lastajeaõj p`r` tfjfr fj eufjt` n` sabuafjtf; n`s fiheahjfs puflfj sfr
`l`pt`tav`s h jh `l`pt`tav`s.
Eu`jlh m`gn`ihs lf fiheahjfs `l`pt`tav`s jhs rfdfraihs ` fiheahjfs quf
jhs `yul`j ` shgrfvavar y ` `l`pt`rjhs ifkhr ` jufstrh iflah. Eu`jlh
m`gn`ihs lf fiheahjfs jh `l`pt`tav`s, jhs rfdfraihs ` `qufnn`s fiheahjfs
quf jh jhs `yul`j ` `l`pt`rjhs ifkhr `n iflah, sajh quf suphjfj uj`
ladaeunt`l `ð`lal`. Jhri`nifjtf, fn prhgnfi` lf n`s fiheahjfs quf
ajtfrdafrfj ehj jufstrh lé` ` lé` fs quf n` drfeufjea`, n` ajtfjsal`l y n`
lur`eaõj lf n`s iasi`s fs lfi`sa`lh `nt`.
T`ihs ` phjfr uj` sfraf lf fkfipnhs ehjerfths lf e`l` fiheaõj p`r` quf
nh fjtfjl`ihs ifkhr.
Fj fn e`sh lf n` trastfz`, puflf quf tr`jseurralhs sfas ifsfs tr`s fn
d`nnfeaiafjth lf uj sfr qufralh, sab`ihs lfkàjlhjhs nnfv`r phr n`s ehjluet`s
quf fstf sfjtaiafjth aipuns` y ehjtajufihs iftalhs fj n` e`i`. Fst`rfihs
lf `eufrlh fj quf fsth jh jhs `yul` ` `l`pt`rjhs ` n` jufv` satu`eaõj. Ufas
ifsfs fs tafiph iàs quf sudaeafjtf p`r` m`gfr prhefs`lh n` párlal`, h phr nh
ifjhs p`r` m`gfr rfeupfr`lh fn lé` ` lé`. Q` jh tafjf lfi`sa`lh sfjtalh fn
`mhrrh lf fjfrbé` p`r` lflae`r rfeurshs ` fstf prhefs`iafjth. @lfiàs,

sfbur`ifjtf nh quf ``nsfr

tafiph m`y` p`s`lh prajeapah bfjfr`g`
hgkfth lf rfem`zhfip`té` fjlfnhsnhslfiàs,
phr p`rtf htrhs. tr`s fstf
@n daj`n,
qufl`rjhs fj n` e`i` nh ûjaeh ` nh quf jhs `yul` fs ` pfrpftu`r n` trastfz` y `
lftfjfr jufstr` val`. Lf ihlh quf jh jhs `yul` fj j`l`.
Fj eu`jth ` n` `jsafl`l, fj he`sahjfs tfjlfihs ` prfheup`rjhs lfi`sa`lh
phr `ehjtfeaiafjths tfrragnfs quf shj iuy pheh prhg`gnfs. Eu`jlh e`fihs
fj fstf taph lf guenfs, ehifjz`ihs ` lhriar i`n, ehifihs pfhr, jhs
fjehjtr`ihs iàs e`js`lhs, tfjfihs ladaeunt`lfs p`r` pfjs`r fj htr` ehs`, y
fsth tfriaj` rfpfreutafjlh fj jufstrh lé` ` lé`. Fj fsths e`shs, n` `jsafl`l,
 

nfkhs lf `yul`rjhs ` `l`pt`rjhs, nh quf m`ef fs suphjfr uj` ladaeunt`l

`ð`lal` ` jufstr` val`.

Nhlfk`ihs
jhs iasih heurrf
nnfv`r ehj
phr n` ar`,puflf
fnn`, sa sfjtaihs ujhs javfnfs
quf `e`gfihs lf ar` puðft`zhs
pfb`jlh iuy fnfv`lhs y
fj n`
ifs` lf jufstrh kfdf. Ufbur`ifjtf, fst` ehjluet` jh sfrà n` iàs `l`pt`tav` `
n` mhr` lf ehjsfrv`r jufstrh fipnfh, lf ihlh quf nh iàs ajtfnabfjtf fj fn
`spfeth fiheahj`n sfrà `prfjlfr ` rfbun`r ehj fdae`ea` fst` fiheaõj p`r`
rfsphjlfr ehj uj` ehjluet` iàs ajtfnabfjtf.
Fj fn e`sh lfn iaflh, `ujquf ` vfefs jhs prhtfk` lf pfnabrhs rf`nfs, fs
eafrth quf fj he`sahjfs `p`rfef `jtf fstéiunhs quf jh shj rf`nifjtf
pfnabrhshs, ehih, phr fkfipnh, m`gn`r fj pûgnaeh h va`k`r fj `vaõj. Eu`jlh
heurrf fsth, fs prhg`gnf quf ajtfjtfihs fvat`r fst`s satu`eahjfs, pfrh m`efrnh,
ehih fj nhs `jtfrahrfs fkfipnhs, nfkhs lf `yul`rjhs ` prhspfr`r fj jufstr`
val` sfbur`ifjtf jhs naiatf iàs.
Sfrh t`igaáj jufstr` `nfbré` puflf sfr pheh `l`pt`tav`. Ai`bajfihs quf
jhs phjf ehjtfjths ajdnabar sudraiafjth ` htr`s pfrshj`s. Srhg`gnfifjtf, fst`
fiheaõj t`ipheh jhs fstá `yul`jlh lfi`sa`lh ` ehjsfbuar iàs `iabhs y
tfjfr uj` val` shea`n `etav`.
Nh quf if ajtfrfs` quf tf quflf en`rh ehj fstf `p`rt`lh fs quf jh m`y
fiheahjfs i`n`s ja gufj`s, sajh quf fn mfemh lf quf jhs `yulfj h jhs
pfrkulaqufj fj jufstr` val` lfpfjlf lfn fstéiunh quf n`s lfsfje`lfjf, lf su
ajtfjsal`l, lf su drfeufjea` y lf su lur`eaõj.

Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

Fj fst` he`saõj v`ihs ` pr`etae`r n` alfjtadae`eaõj lf fiheahjfs y n`

ehiprhg`eaõj lf su dujeaõj fj jufstr` val`. Fs lfear, v`ihs ` `vfrabu`r sa nh
quf sfjtaihs fj uj ihifjth lftfriaj`lh jhs fstà `yul`jlh ` n`rbh pn`zh h
jh nh fstà m`eafjlh.
Jh quafrh quf fjtrfihs fj eõih `etu`r lfspuás lf sfjtarjhs lf uj ihlh
 

lftfriaj`lh, fsth vfjlrà iàs `lfn`jtf. Uhn`ifjtf quafrh quf alfjtadaqufs fn

fstéiunh, n` fiheaõj, n` dujeaõj lf n` fiheaõj y quf ehiprufgfs sa fs

`l`pt`tav` h jh.
F st é i un h Fi h e a õ j Dujeaõj lf n` fiheaõj ¸Fs `l`pt`tav`8

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Tf`ihs uj fkfipnh p`r` quf nh fjtafjl`s;

F st é i un h F ihea õj D u jea õj lf n ` fih eaõ j ¸ Fs

`l`pt`tav`8

M`gn`r lfn`jtf lf ias ehip`ðfrhs Iaflh Fse`p`r lf n` satu`eaõj. Jh

lf tr`g`kh.

Eat` ehj uj` pfrshj` quf if @jsafl`

@jsafl`l
l Ihvanaz
Ihvanaz`r
`r rf
rfeurs
eurshs
hs p`r`
p`r` `drhjt`
`drhjt`rnh
rnh lf
lf Ué
p`rfef `tr`etav`. dhri` fxaths`.

Sfrlfr n` e`rtfr`. Ar` / Dhe`naz`rif fj n` párlal`, rfst`ur`r n` Ué

trastfz` ajkustaea`.
B`j`r uj p`rtalh lf tfjas. @nfbré` Ehjsfbuar hgkftavhs. Ué
 

Fn `rtf lf fseuem`r jufstr`s

fiheahjfs

Q` jh s`gé` ja quá fst`g` sajtafjlh. Jh s`gé` sa ias fiheahjfs fr`j

jhri`nfs, sa fst`g` fj uj` lfprfsaõj ja sa `nbûj lé` ehjsfbuaré` nagr`rif lfn

sudraiafjth
sfjtalh ` iasquf fst`g` sajtafjlh.
sfjtaiafjths. Fr` uj
Ia ehr`zõj iftûjfn
lfeé` saj
uj`s`nal`.
ehs` yJh
ia fjehjtr`g`
e`gfz` if
lfeé` htr`. Jh s`gé` ` quaáj hgflfefr. If fjehjtr`g` pfrlalh.
E`l` lfeasaõj quf thi`g` fj ia val` fr` uj` nuem` ehjst`jtf. Ia e`gfz`
brat`g` ` ia ehr`zõj, y ia ehr`zõj jh hgflfeé` ` j`l`. \hlh fr` uj`
ehjtaju` sajr`zõj. Jh tfjé` ja alf` lf m`ea` lõjlf phlé` tar`r. Jh fjehjtr`g`
fn e`iajh p`r` l`rnf sfjtalh ` thlh nh quf fst`g` vavafjlh.

Ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n

Fn ehjefpth ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n sf m` pufsth iuy lf ihl` fj nhs ûntaihs

`ðhs. Uf m`gn` iuemh lfn áxath lf n`s pfrshj`s ehj uj` `nt` ajtfnabfjea`
fiheahj`n, pfrh rf`nifjtf iuy phe`s pfrshj`s s`gfj fj quá ehjsastf
rf`nifjtf fstf ehjkujth lf m`ganal`lfs. U`nhvfy y I`yfr shj nhs eafjtédaehs
iàs fiajfjtfs fj fstf e`iph y n` lfdajfj lfslf 0113 lf n` sabuafjtf i`jfr`;
«M`ganal`l p`r` i`jfk`r nhs sfjtaiafjths y fiheahjfs, laseraiaj`r fjtrf
fnnhs y utanaz`r fsths ehjheaiafjths p`r` larabar nhs prhpahs pfjs`iafjths y
`eeahjfs¿.
 

Ehih nnfv`ihs laeafjlh m`st` mhr`, fn sfr mui`jh fs fn `jai`n iàs

fiheahj`n lf thlhs. Shr nh quf `prfjlfr ` bfstahj`r jufstrhs fst`lhs ajtfrjhs

suphjf uj`sfvfjt`k`
Uafiprf hgva`
laef quf ` n` mhr` lfenàsae`
n` ajtfnabfjea` fst`r `l`pt`lhs
fs e`p`z `lfjufstrh iflah.
prflfear fn pufsth lf
tr`g`kh quf v` ` lfsfipfð`r uj` pfrshj`, pfrh n` ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n fs n`
quf prflaef fn áxath lf n`s pfrshj`s fj uj pufsth lf tr`g`kh lftfriaj`lh. Vj`
pfrshj` ehj `nt` ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n sfrà e`p`z lf bfstahj`r sus fst`lhs
ajtfrjhs y nhs lf nhs lfiàs ehj fdae`ea`, nh quf nf pfriatarà fjtfjlfr nh quf
lf vfrl`l fstà heurrafjlh fj su eufrph.
Shjb`ihs uj fkfipnh lf àigath `e`láiaeh p`r` fjtfjlfrnh ifkhr.
Ai`béj`tf ` lhs pfrshj`s, uj` ehj uj` `nt` ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n pfrh jh
lfi`sa`lh fsp`gan`l` y htr` iuy ajtfnabfjtf pfrh ehj phehs rfeurshs
fiheahj`nfs. Fs prhg`gnf quf n` praifr` tfjb` quf lflae`r iàs tafiph `
fstula`r y ` prfp`r`r nhs fxàifjfs, pfrh `n sfr ehjseafjtf lf sus naiat`eahjfs,
sfbur`ifjtf `liajastr`rà ifkhr sus fsdufrzhs fiheahj`nfs, phr nh quf `n
daj`n ehjsfbuarà ar s`e`jlh nhs eurshs. Lfspuás, eu`jlh tfjb` quf fjdrfjt`rsf
` su praifr tr`g`kh, `n sfr ehjseafjtf lf sus fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs y lf nhs lf
nhs lfiàs, ehjsfbuarà uj gufj `phyh shea`n. Ufbur`ifjtf, sus ehip`ðfrhs n`
`phy`ràj, y t`igaáj fs phsagnf quf, pheh ` pheh, fse`nf pufsths fj n`
fr`rqué` lf n` fiprfs`. N` sfbujl`, saj fig`rbh, phlrà hgtfjfr iuy gufj`s
jht`s fj nhs fxàifjfs y `spar`rà ` tfjfr uj` e`rrfr` ujavfrsat`ra` pfrh,
prhg`gnfifjtf, eu`jlh tfjb` quf fjdrfjt`rsf ` satu`eahjfs quf rfquafr`j lf
`nt` ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n, ehih puflf sfr uj` fjtrfvast` lf tr`g`kh, jh
ehjsfbuarà s`nar `arhs` lf fst`s.
N` gufj` jhtaea` fs quf sf puflf ajerfifjt`r jufstr` ajtfnabfjea`
fiheahj`n. Q fs prfeas`ifjtf ujh lf nhs hgkftavhs lf fstf nagrh. Ehjdhrif
v`y`s `v`jz`jlh fj tu prhefsh lf e`igah, aràs ajerfifjt`jlh tus rfeurshs
p`r` i`jfk`r fiheahjfs.
N` ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n tafjf v`rahs d`ethrfs. T`ihs ` m`efr uj rfp`sh
 

phr e`l` ujh lf fnnhs p`r` quf nh fjtfjl`ihs ifkhr. Ufbûj U`nhvfy y I`yfr
(0112), nhs ehiphjfjtfs lfn ihlfnh shj nhs quf sf fxphjfj ` ehjtaju`eaõj.

Sfrefpeaõj fiheahj`n
Ehjsastf fj n` e`p`eal`l p`r` pfreagar, alfjtadae`r, v`nhr`r y fxprfs`r n`s
fiheahjfs. Ufré` fn javfn iàs gàsaeh lf n` ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n; sfr
e`p`efs lf sfjtar fj jufstrh eufrph n`s lastajt`s sfð`nfs quf jhs ajlae`j uj
fst`lh fiheahj`n u htrh.
Aipnae`ré` phlfr `tfjlfr ` nhs trfs sastfi`s lf rfspufst` fiheahj`n, fn
ehbjatavh, fn dasahnõbaeh y fn ehjluetu`n, p`r` lftfet`r nhs e`igahs quf jhs
ajlae`j quf fst`ihs `etav`lhs fiheahj`nifjtf. @lfiàs, fst` m`ganal`l
t`igaáj aipnae`ré` n` e`p`eal`l p`r` alfjtadae`r euàn fs n` fiheaõj quf sf
fstà vavafjlh. Fs lfear, s`gfr phjfr uj` ftaquft` vfrg`n ` nh quf fst`ihs
sajtafjlh y s`gfr fxprfs`rnh. \`igaáj aipnae`ré` `prfjlfr ` v`nhr`r fst`
fxpfrafjea` fiheahj`n, fjtfjlafjlh n` dujeaõj quf tafjf jufstr` fiheaõj fj
fn `spfeth `l`pt`tavh, p`r` lfspuás phlfr rfbun`rn` ehj fdae`ea`. Ua tf dak`s, fs
gàsae`ifjtf nh quf pflé quf maeafsfs fj fn e`pétunh `jtfrahr.
Shr fkfipnh, uj` pfrshj` ehj `nt` e`p`eal`l lf pfrefpeaõj fiheahj`n sfré`
e`p`z lf ehiprfjlfr quf, `jtf uj fx`ifj, shj sfð`nfs lf uj` fiheaõj lf
`jsafl`l h iaflh n` `p`raeaõj lf t`quae`rla`, tfjsaõj iuseun`r y sfqufl`l lf
ghe`? quf nh shj t`igaáj nhs pfjs`iafjths `jtaeap`thrahs lf suspfjsh y n`
aje`p`eal`l p`r` `tfjlfr ` j`l` quf jh sf` n` prfheup`eaõj ehjst`jtf phr fn
fx`ifj y, phr ûntaih, fn aipunsh lf jh prfsfjt`rsf ` n`
n ` prufg`.
@lfiàs, fst` pfrshj` fst`ré` fj ehjlaeahjfs lf tr`jsiatar ` nhs lfiàs quf
safjtf fst` fiheaõj y, prhg`gnfifjtf, n` v`nhr`ré` ehih jhri`n, y` quf sf
fstà fjdrfjt`jlh ` uj` satu`eaõj fj n` quf sf kufb` iuemh y fs aiphrt`jtf
p`r` fnn`.

D`eanat`eaõj lfn pfjs`iafjth

 

Fs n` e`p`eal`l p`r` fjtfjlfr quf fn sastfi` ehbjatavh fstà ajdnualh phr nhs
fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs. Ehih mfihs vasth, n`s fiheahjfs prahraz`j fn

pfjs`iafjth
N`s pfrshj`sy n`ehj
`tfjeaõj m`ea`ajtfnabfjea`
uj` `nt` nh quf fs aiphrt`jtf.
fiheahj`n, sufnfj fjtfjlfr quf,
eu`jlh sf fjeufjtr`j fiheahj`lhs, sus pfjs`iafjths fstàj sfsb`lhs, phr nh
quf nhs thi`j ehj last`jea` y ehj iàs e`utfn` quf n`s pfrshj`s quf rf`nifjtf
jh shj t`j ehipftfjtfs fj fstf sfjtalh.
Shr fkfipnh, uj` pfrshj` quf tafjf fst` e`p`eal`l lfs`rrhnn`l`, fjtfjlfré`
quf, `jtf uj fjd`lh ehj su p`rfk`, n` fiheaõj lf ar` larabaré` sus
pfjs`iafjths m`ea` n` mhstanal`l. Srhg`gnfifjtf, n`s ehbjaeahjfs quf
`p`rfeafsfj sfré`j fj thrjh ` n` `uthlfdfjs` h ` n` `brfsaõj. Sfrh fst`
pfrshj`, `n fjtfjlfr quf fs n` fiheaõj n` quf fstà bua`jlh su pfjs`iafjth,
sfbur`ifjtf thi`ré` last`jea` ehj n`s ehbjaeahjfs y sfré` e`p`z lf
r`eahj`naz`r nh quf fstà pfjs`jlh p`r` jh lfk`rsf nnfv`r phr fn aipunsh lf
`brfsaõj quf nf bfjfr` n` fiheaõj lf ar`.

Ehiprfjsaõj fiheahj`n
N` ehiprfjsaõj fiheahj`n sf rfdafrf ` n` e`p`eal`l p`r` `j`naz`r n`s
fiheahjfs prhpa`s y n`s lf nhs lfiàs utanaz`jlh fn ehjheaiafjth quf sf tafjf
shgrf n`s iasi`s. Fs lfear, fjtfjlfr `jtf quá fstéiunhs sf lasp`r`j e`l` uj`
lf n`s fiheahjfs, euànfs shj n`s rf`eeahjfs ehbjatav`s, désae`s y ehjluetu`nfs
lf e`l` uj` y euànfs shj sus dujeahjfs, ehj fn daj lf ehiprfjlfr fn
ehiphrt`iafjth prhpah y fn lf nhs lfiàs.
Fs aiphrt`jtf rfs`nt`r quf m`y pfrshj`s ehj uj` `nt` ehiprfjsaõj
fiheahj`n lf sus prhpahs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs y jun` e`p`eal`l p`r`
fjtfjlfr nh quf nhs lfiàs safjtfj, y vaefvfrs`.
Shr fkfipnh, uj` pfrshj` ehj `nt` e`p`eal`l p`r` ehiprfjlfr sus fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs fjtfjlfré` quf fn fjd`lh quf safjtf e`l` vfz quf sf `eufrl` lf
su fxp`rfk` fs lfgalh ` quf n` ruptur` quf sudraõ trujeõ sus hgkftavhs y sus
 

fxpfet`tav`s. Fjtfjlfré` quf n`s rf`eeahjfs ehbjatav`s, dasahnõbae`s y

fiheahj`nfs quf safjtf nf fstàj prfp`r`jlh p`r` ajtfjt`r `p`rt`r nhs

hgstàeunhs
fst` pfrshj`quf`npfreagf p`r` n`quf
ehiprfjlfr ehjsfeueaõj lf uj`
sf tr`t` lf sus hgkftavhs. Srhg`gnfifjtf,
fiheaõj jhri`n `jtf t`n
satu`eaõj, sfré` e`p`z lf thi`r uj` gufj` lfeasaõj ` n` mhr` lf rfbun`r fstf
fst`lh fiheahj`n.
@lfiàs, uj` pfrshj` ehj `nt` e`p`eal`l p`r` ehiprfjlfr nhs fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs lf nhs lfiàs fjtfjlfré` phr quá uj `iabh, lfspuás lf rhipfr
ehj su fxp`rfk`, sf lflae`sf ` lfsphtrae`r lf n` rfn`eaõj. U`gré` quf fj
rf`nal`l fstà fjd`l`lh phrquf sf m`j ajeuipnalh sus hgkftavhs.
Srhg`gnfifjtf, `n ehiprfjlfr nh quf fstà sajtafjlh fn htrh, sfré` e`p`z lf
`yul`rnf ` rfbun`r su fst`lh fiheahj`n.

Wfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n
N` rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n sf rfdafrf ` n`s fstr`tfba`s ehbjatav`s, dasahnõbae`s y
ehjluetu`nfs quf phjf fj i`rem` uj` pfrshj` p`r` ihladae`r nhs fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs fj ujh iasih y fj nhs lfiàs.
Jufstr`s fxpfrafjea`s fiheahj`nfs safiprf ehjnnfv`j `prfjlaz`kf sa
s`gfihs ajtfrprft`r nh quf jufstrh sastfi` jfrvahsh jhs quafrf tr`jsiatar.
E`l` vfz quf `prfjlfihs fstr`tfba`s jufv`s p`r` rfbun`r jufstr`s fiheahjfs
erfefihs ehih pfrshj`s. @prfjlfihs ` `yul`rjhs y ` `yul`r ` nhs lfiàs, y
phr fjlf, jhs ehjvfrtaihs fj ifkhrfs sfrfs mui`jhs.
Uabuafjlh ehj nhs fkfipnhs, uj` pfrshj` ehj uj` `nt` e`p`eal`l p`r`
rfbun`r fiheahjfs quf mugafsf fxpfraifjt`lh uj` párlal`, y` dufr` uj`
ruptur` h n` iufrtf lf uj d`iana`r, fjtfjlfré` quf nh quf safjtf fs trastfz`, y
quf fs n` fiheaõj quf lfgf sfjtar fj fsf ihifjth, y` quf nf fstà `yul`jlh `
`l`pt`rsf ` n` jufv` satu`eaõj. Lflae`ré` uj tafiph `n lé` p`r` rfdnfxahj`r
shgrf nh heurralh f ar prhefs`jlh n` ajdhri`eaõj fiheahj`n lf dhri`
s`tasd`ethra`. Sfrh, lfspuás, ` pfs`r lf quf fn aipunsh quf safjtf fs fn lf fst`r
 

aj`etavh, phlré` pn`jadae`r `nbuj` `etaval`l `br`l`gnf p`r` lfsehjfet`r h

m`efr fkfreaeah désaeh. Ufbur`ifjtf `n `e`g`r, sf sfjtaré` ifkhr.

N` p`rtf phsatav` lf n` ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n fs quf sf puflf fjtrfj`r y

ifkhr`r sa sf lflae` fn sudaeafjtf fsdufrzh. Lur`jtf thlh fn nagrh, sa sabufs n`s
rfehifjl`eahjfs y m`efs nhs fkfreaeahs, ifkhr`ràs fj n`s eu`trh m`ganal`lfs
gàsae`s p`r` lfs`rrhnn`r tu ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n. @sé quf jh tf prfheupfs ja
nf lfs lfi`sa`l`s vufnt`s `mhr` ` n` ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n, quf y`
nnfb`rfihs ` fnnh.

Fn prhefsh lf rfbun`eaõj lf fiheahjfs

Uafiprf quf m`gnh lfn prhefsh lf rfbun`eaõj lf fiheahjfs if bust` eat`r

fst` lfdajaeaõj lf K`ifs K. Brhss; «@qufnnhs prhefshs phr nhs eu`nfs n`s
pfrshj`s fkfrefihs uj` ajdnufjea` shgrf n`s fiheahjfs quf tfjfihs, shgrf
euàjlh n`s tfjfihs y shgrf eõih n`s fxpfraifjt`ihs y n`s fxprfs`ihs¿.
Eu`jlh m`gn`ihs lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n, nh quf prftfjlfihs jh fs
fnaiaj`r n`s fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s lf jufstr` val`, sajh quf fst`s euipn`j su
p`pfn `l`pt`tavh. Puf jhs `yulfj ` shgrfvavar y ` fst`r ifkhr `l`pt`lhs fj
nub`r lf ladaeunt`rjhs n` val`. S`r` nnfv`r ` e`gh fstf prhefsh, ehih vfrfihs
iàs `lfn`jtf, lfgfrfihs p`s`r phr v`rahs fst`lahs.
E`l` fst`lh fiheahj`n ihladae`, ehih mfihs vasth, jufstrhs prhefshs
ehbjatavhs, dasahnõbaehs y ehjluetu`nfs fj uj ajtfjth lfn eufrph phr
pfri`jfefr `l`pt`lhs `n iflah. Sfrh, iuem`s vfefs, nh quf ` ehrth pn`zh jhs
m`ef sfjtar ifkhr puflf suphjfr uj prhgnfi` ` n`rbh pn`zh. Shr fkfipnh, sa
sfjtaihs iuemh iaflh ` m`gn`r ehj uj` pfrshj` quf jhs `tr`f y p`r`
bfstahj`rnh lfealaihs ajbfrar `nehmhn u htr` lrhb`, ` ehrth pn`zh sfbur`ifjtf
fxpfraifjt`rfihs uj` rflueeaõj lf n` fiheaõj, pfrh ` n`rbh pn`zh
sfbuarfihs sajtafjlh iaflh `n fjdrfjt`rjhs ` fstf taph lf satu`eahjfs.
@lfiàs lf nhs fdfeths sfeujl`rahs, phr nn`i`rnhs lf `nbuj` i`jfr`, lf n`
ajbfstaõj lf tõxaehs.
 

Ufbûj Bhjz`nh Mfrvàs y E`rifnh Tàzqufz (7334), fxastfj trfs vé`s phr n`s
eu`nfs puflf m`gfr prhgnfi`s fj fn prhefsh lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n.

Ládaeat lf rfbun`eaõj phr `usfjea` lf `etav`eaõj lfn prhefsh;  fstf

prhgnfi` `p`rfef eu`jlh, ` pfs`r lf sfjtar fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s y pheh
`l`pt`tav`s, jh m`efihs `gshnut`ifjtf j`l` phr ajtfjt`r bfstahj`rn`s. Shr
fkfipnh, fs ehiûj quf `p`rfze` fstf ládaeat lf rfbun`eaõj fj prhgnfi`s lf
lfprfsaõj, eu`jlh n` trastfz` fs t`j ajtfjs` quf n` pfrshj` lfk` lf ajtfjt`r
m`efr `nbh p`r` quf n` ajtfjsal`l, n` drfeufjea` y n` lur`eaõj lf n` iasi`
lasiajuy`j.

Ajfdae`ea` lf n`s fstr`tfba`s lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n;  fstf prhgnfi` lf

rfbun`eaõj
i`jfk`r uj`fiheahj`n
fiheaõj `p`rfef eu`jlh n`s
pheh `l`pt`tav` jhfstr`tfba`s quf`tafjf
shj fdae`efs n`rbhn`pn`zh.
pfrshj` p`r`
Heurrf
fj iuemhs prhgnfi`s h tr`sthrjhs lf `jsafl`l, fj nhs quf n` pfrshj` ajtfjt`
fvat`r h fse`p` lf satu`eahjfs quf nf bfjfr`j `jsafl`l y ` ehrth pn`zh
ehjsabuf rfluear n` fiheaõj, pfrh ` n`rbh pn`zh sabuf `p`rfeafjlh. Ehih fn
fkfipnh quf vfé`ihs `n m`gn`r fj pûgnaeh. Ua fvath n` satu`eaõj, if nagfrh lf
sfjtar n` `jsafl`l ` ehrth pn`zh, pfrh n` prõxai` vfz quf tfjb` quf m`gn`r fj
pûgnaeh vhnvfrà ` `p`rfefr.

Fstr`tfba`s lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n quf shj fj sé iasi`s lasdujeahj`nfs;

thl`s `qufnn`s fstr`tfba`s quf jhs `yul`j ` rfluear n` ajtfjsal`l lf n`

fiheaõj ` ehrth pn`zh pfrh suphjfj uj rafsbh p`r` jufstr` s`nul. Ehih laef
fn rfdràj; «Fs pfhr fn rfiflah quf n` fjdfrifl`l¿. Heurrf eu`jlh ajbfraihs
tõxaehs p`r` bfstahj`r jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs h, phr fkfipnh, eu`jlh
sf rfeurrf ` n` `uthnfsaõj p`r` rfn`k`rsf (sf prhluef phr n` nagfr`eaõj lf
hpaàefhs j`tur`nfs fj fn efrfgrh p`r` rfluear fn lhnhr).

Fst`s trfs fstr`tfba`s lasdujeahj`nfs shj n`s eunp`gnfs lf quf sab`j

`p`rfeafjlh fj jufstr` val` fs`s fiheahjfs pheh `l`pt`tav`s quf jhs
 

ladaeunt`j fn lé` ` lé`. Ua ehjsfbuaihs ihladae`rn`s, pheh ` pheh arfihs

e`iga`jlh m`ea` uj` ifkhr vfrsaõj lf jhshtrhs iasihs. S`r` fnnh,

utanaz`rfihs n` rfbun`eaõj lf fiheahjfs.

Fn prhefsh lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n fs `nbh `sé ehih uj` sfraf lf maths quf
tfjfihs quf ar euipnafjlh p`r` ehjsfbuar ihladae`r jufstrhs fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs. M`y lavfrshs ihlfnhs quf fxpnae`j fn prhefsh lf rfbun`eaõj
fiheahj`n, pfrh ` ié if bust` fspfea`nifjtf fn prhpufsth phr Bhjz`nh
Mfrvàs (7300), quf ehjst` lf sfas p`shs y fs iuy sfjeannh lf fjtfjlfr.

0. Fn praifrh fs n` `pfrtur` fiheahj`n, quf sf lfdajf ehih n`

e`p`eal`l p`r` tfjfr `eefsh ehjseafjtf ` jufstr`s fiheahjfs.
7. Fn sfbujlh p`sh fsfs n` `tfjeaõj fiheahj`n, fs lfear, n` tfjlfjea`
quf tfjfihs ` lflae`r rfeurshs `tfjeahj`nfs ` n` ajdhri`eaõj quf
jhs l` n` fiheaõj.
5. Fn tfrefr p`sh
p`sh fs n` `efpt`eaõj fiheahj`n,
fiheahj`n, quf ehj
ehjsastf
sastf fj jh kuzb`r
lf dhri` jfb`tav` nh quf fst`ihs sajtafjlh.
<. Fn eu`rth p`sh fs fn ftaquft`lh fiheahj`n, lfdajalh ehih n`
e`p`eal`l p`r` phjfr jhigrf ` nh quf fst`ihs sajtafjlh.
6. Fn quajth p`sh fs fn `jànasas fiheahj`n h n` e`p`eal`l p`r`
rfdnfxahj`r y fjtfjlfr n`s aipnae`eahjfs lf n` fiheaõj quf fst`ihs
sajtafjlh.

4. Fn sfxth y ûntaih fs n` rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n,

fiheahj`n, quf sfré` n` e`p`eal`l
quf tfjfihs p`r` ihlun`r f ajdnuar fj jufstr` fxpfrafjea`
fiheahj`n utanaz`jlh fstr`tfba`s ehbjatav`s, dasahnõbae`s h
ehjluetu`nfs.

Ua ehjsfbuaihs lhiaj`r thlh fn prhefsh, jufstr`s fiheahjfs sf vhnvfràj

iuemh iàs su`vfs y phlrfihs vavar iàs tr`jquanhs. Jh tf prfheupfs, pufs `n
abu`n quf ehj n` ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n, sa sabufs nhs p`shs lf fstf nagrh y v`s
rf`naz`jlh n`s t`rf`s, pheh ` pheh ehjtrhn`ràs fn prhefsh y e`l` vfz tf sfrà
 

iàs sfjeannh lhiaj`rnh.

N` ajtfjeaõj lf fstf nagrh fs `yul`rtf ` rfehrrfr fstf prhefsh lf dhri`

s`tasd`ethra`. Fxastfj ladfrfjtfs fstr`tfba`s lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n, `nbuj`s

lf ehrtf ehbjatavh, htr`s lf ehrtf dasahnõbaeh y htr`s lf ehrtf ehjluetu`n.
Lur`jtf nhs sabuafjtfs e`pétunhs, v`ihs ` lflae`rjhs ` `prfjlfr n`s quf m`j
lfihstr`lh tfjfr i`yhr fdae`ea`. Sfrh `jtfs, fs jfefs`rah quf fipfefihs `
lftfet`r lf dhri` iàs fdaeafjtf eõih jhs sfjtaihs. S`r` fnnh tf rfehiafjlh
n` rf`naz`eaõj lfn sabuafjtf fkfreaeah lur`jtf n`s prõxai`s sfi`j`s.

Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

Lur`jtf fst` praifr` p`rtf lfn nagrh mfihs `prfjlalh quá shj n`s fiheahjfs,
n`s dujeahjfs lf e`l` uj` lf n`s fiheahjfs gàsae`s, fn trapnf sastfi` lf
rfspufst` fiheahj`n, n` ladfrfjea` fjtrf fiheahjfs `l`pt`tav`s y fiheahjfs
jh `l`pt`tav`s y fn prhefsh lf rfbun`eaõj lf fiheahjfs.
N` en`vf `mhr` fs fipfz`r ` nnfv`r ` jufstr` val` thlh nh quf fst`ihs
`prfjlafjlh. S`r` fnnh mf prfp`r`lh uj pfqufðh fkfreaeah. Fs aiphrt`jtf quf
fipfefihs ` alfjtadae`r nhs trfs ehiphjfjtfs lf n`s fiheahjfs y vfr eõih
ajtfr`etû`j fjtrf fnnhs y sf rftrh`naifjt`j.
Shr fkfipnh, puflf heurrar quf, sa safjth iaflh, `n `uifjt`r ias
puns`eahjfs puflh pfjs`r quf fst` rf`eeaõj dasahnõbae` fs pfnabrhs` p`r` ié.
Fsth prhvhe`rà uj i`yhr `uifjth lf n`s puns`eahjfs, nh quf if prhvhe`rà
iàs iaflh `ûj.
@ iflal` quf `v`jefihs fj fn prhbr`i`, `j`naz`rfihs e`l` ujh lf nhs
ehiphjfjtfs lf n`s fiheahjfs, y tf l`rá táejae`s fspfeédae`s p`r` quf
bfstahjfs e`l` ujh lf fnnhs. Jh tf prfheupfs, quf v`ihs ` ar p`sh ` p`sh.
Fstf fs fn ihlfnh shgrf fn quf jhs v`ihs ` ihvfr; tfjfihs uj fstéiunh
quf lasp`r` n` fiheaõj y trfs ehiphjfjtfs lf n` iasi`; fn ehjluetu`n, fn
dasahnõbaeh y fn ehbjatavh. Lfspuás m`grà uj`s ehjsfeufjea`s, pfrh fsth nh
vfrfihs fj fn sabuafjtf e`pétunh.
 

@sé quf, ehj nh quf v`ihs ` fipfz`r ` pr`etae`r fs ehj n` alfjtadae`eaõj lf

e`l` ujh lf nhs ehiphjfjtfs, lf fstf ihlh ehifjz`rfihs ` rfehrrfr nhs

praifrhs p`shs lfn prhefsh lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n. S`r` fnnh, mf prfp`r`lh

uj rfbastrh p`r` quf `pujtfs e`l` lé` uj` satu`eaõj fj n` quf sfjtastf uj paeh
fiheahj`n. Fn praifr p`sh sfrà `grartf ` sfjtar fiheahjfs, fn sfbujlh
prfst`rnfs `tfjeaõj? uj` vfz mfemh fsth, `pujt`rfihs fn fstéiunh quf lasp`r`
n` fiheaõj (puflf sfr n` satu`eaõj, uj `ehjtfeaiafjth, uj pfjs`iafjth, uj`
sfjs`eaõj désae`, fte.), phjlrfihs jhigrf ` nh quf fst`ihs sajtafjlh,
ajtfjt`rfihs lfseadr`r nh quf fst`ihs pfjs`jlh p`r` phlfr fseragarnh,
`tfjlfrfihs ` jufstr`s sfjs`eahjfs dasahnõbae`s y `pujt`rfihs nh quf
maeaihs fj fs` satu`eaõj.
N` en`vf lf fstf fkfreaeah fs quf fipafefs ` thi`r ehjeafjea` lf nh quf
fstàs sajtafjlh, quf fipafefs ` ladfrfjea`r fjtrf n`s lastajt`s fiheahjfs y, fj
lfdajatav`, quf ifkhrfs tu ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n `n ehiprfjlfr tus
sfjtaiafjths.

U atu` e aõj F i he aõj q uf Wfspufst`s Wfspufst`s Wfspufst`s

sfjté ehbjatav`s dasahnõbae`s ehjluetu`nfs

 XXXXXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXXXXX 

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 XXXXXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXXXXX 
 XXXXXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXXXXX 

Tf`ihs uj fkfipnh p`r` quf nh fjtafjl`s.

 

U atu` e aõj F ih e aõj Wf s p u f s t ` s e h b j a t a v ` s Wfspufst `s Wfspufst`s

quf dasahnõbae`s ehjluetu`nfs
sfjté

Fseuemh uj erukalh Iaf

aflh
lh @tf
tfje
jeaõ
aõj
j `n fs
fsté
téi
iun
unh
h; «¸
«¸Uf
Ufrrà n` Uf `efnfr` fn punsh, If nfv`jth lf
fj iat`l lf n` i`lfr` lan`tàjlhsf h sfrà uj rfsparh iàs ràpalh, n` e`i` p`r`
jhemf. r`tõj8¿ tfjsaõj iuseun`r fj vfr sa vfh
fn eufnnh. `nbh.

Ia p`rfk` if nn`i` \r
\ras
astf
tfz`
z` «Q
«Q`
`jjh
h fstà
fstà fj`
fj`ih
ihr`
r`l`
l` lf
lf ié.
ié. Nn`jth. N`talhs If quflh fj
y if laef quf y` Ufburh quf if lfk`.¿ dufrtfs lfn ehr`zõj. n` e`i`
jh safjtf nh iasih. Ehiafjzh ` `ehrl`rif lf pfjs`jlh quá
ihifjths gufjhs. puflh m`efr.

\fjbh uj fx`ifj @j
@jsa
safl
fl`l
`l Ia `tf
`tfje
jeaõ
aõj
j sf efj
efjtr
tr`
` fj Uf fnfv` n` t`s` If nfv`jth
i`ð`j` ` praifr` pfjs`iafjths lfn taph; «Q` mf e`rlé`e` y p`r` rfp`s`r.
mhr`. fstula`lh thlh nh quf tfjé` quf rfspar`thra`. If
fstula`r. Fspfrh quf m`y` salh fjeufjtrh `etav`lh
sudaeafjtf.¿ y if eufst`

lhriarif.
Ia kfdf if Ar` «Fs tht`nifjtf ajkusth, ehj nh Jhth eõih sf Nf labh
ehiujae` quf jh quf yh lhy thlhs nhs lé`s phr tfjs`j nhs flue`l`ifjtf
puflh ehbfr fst` fiprfs`.¿ iûseunhs. @prafth n` quf jh if
v`e`eahjfs eu`jlh i`jlégun`. p`rfef ja kusth
nh mf shnaeat`lh. ja ehrrfeth.
 

<

¸Shr quá if sabh sajtafjlh `sé8

Nh pfhr lf thlh fs quf, `lfiàs lf sfjtar `jsafl`l, trastfz` y fjd`lh, if

sfjté` trfifjl`ifjtf eunp`gnf phr fxpfraifjt`r fst`s fiheahjfs. Fr` uj
guenf. E`l` vfz quf jht`g` `nbûj séjthi`, ias pfjs`iafjths e`é`j shgrf ia
ehjeafjea` ehih n` fsp`l` lf L`ihenfs, sfð`nàjlhif quf fr` uj` pfrshj`

iflaherf phr sfjtar nh quf fst`g` sajtafjlh.

sa jtafjlh. Fr` uj eéreunh vaeahsh lfstruetavh
quf if ag` rhg`jlh e`l` lé` n` p`z ifjt`n lf n` quf m`gé` bhz`lh fj nhs
ûntaihs `ðhs.
Nh pfhr lf thlh fs quf pheh ` pheh dua `prfjlafjlh ` sfjtarif `sé. Jht`g`
quf ias fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs lf trastfz`, `jsafl`l y lfsfspfr`eaõj sf
`shea`g`j ehj e`l` lft`nnf lf ia fjthrjh. E`l` vfz fr` iàs ehipnae`lh s`nar
lf fs` i`r`ð` lf lfsfspfr`jz`.

@jànasas lf jufstr`s fxpfrafjea`s fiheahj`nfs

Fn praifr p`sh p`r` i`jfk`r jufstr`s fiheahjfs fs ehiprfjlfr phr quá

heurrfj, fj quá ihifjths `p`rfefj y nhs nub`rfs h nhs fstéiunhs quf sufnfj
lfsfje`lfj`rn`s. Lur`jtf thlh fstf e`pétunh v`ihs ` m`efr maje`paá fj nhs
fstéiunhs quf lfsfje`lfj`j n`s fiheahjfs, n`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs y n`s
ehjsfeufjea`s lf fst`s rfspufst`s. Fs lfear, v`ihs ` fjtfjlfr phr quá
`nbuj`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs sf sabufj l`jlh fj jufstr` val` ` pfs`r lf
quf jh jhs `yul`j fj j`l`. H nh quf fs nh iasih, phr quá jufstr`s
fiheahjfs jh `l`pt`tav`s jhs sabufj `i`rb`jlh n` val` ` pfs`r lf quf y`
 

s`gfihs quf jh tafjfj jajbuj` utanal`l p`r` jhshtrhs.

\fjfihs quf fipfz`r ` hgsfrv`r ehj iàs lftfjaiafjth jufstr`s

fxpfrafjea`s fiheahj`nfs, y` s`gfihs quf eu`jlh ehjsfbuaihs prfst`r

`tfjeaõj ` jufstr`s fiheahjfs y ehiprfjlfihs su sabjadae`lh, fst`ihs
iuemh iàs efre` lf phlfr rfbun`rn`s lf dhri` fdae`z.
@ p`rtar lf mhy iasih, v`ihs ` fjtfjlfr phr quá sf lfsfje`lfj`j jufstrhs
fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs y phr quá sf i`jtafjfj fj fn tafiph. S`r` fnnh v`ihs `
utanaz`r uj fsqufi` iuy ehjhealh fj psaehnhbé` enéjae`. Fn @-W-E
(@jtfeflfjtfs-Wfspufst`s-Ehjsfeufjea`s).

Bràdaeh <.0. @jtfeflfjtfs,
<.0. @jtfeflfjtfs, rfspufst`s y ehjsfeufjea`s lf jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs.

@jtfeflfjtfs
\hlh fst`lh fiheahj`n vafjf prfeflalh lf uj fstéiunh h uj `jtfeflfjtf quf
 

m`ef quf sf lasp`rf n` fiheaõj. Fj iuem`s he`sahjfs, puflf quf jh

tfjb`ihs iuy en`rh nh quf m` heurralh, y jh sfp`ihs laseraiaj`r ehj

d`eanal`l fn fstéiunh quf m` mfemh quf jhs sajt`ihs lf uj` lftfriaj`l`

i`jfr`. Jh tf prfheupfs, ehjdhrif v`y`ihs `v`jz`jlh fj fn prhbr`i`, e`l`
vfz tfjlràs iàs ehjeafjea` shgrf tus fiheahjfs, tf ehjhefràs ifkhr y
fipfz`ràs ` lftfet`r ehj i`yhr d`eanal`l `qufnnhs fstéiunhs quf m`efj quf
jhs sajt`ihs lf lftfriaj`l` dhri`.
Ua tf `eufrl`s, fj e`pétunhs `jtfrahrfs, eu`jlh lfseragé`ihs e`l` fiheaõj,
sfð`nàg`ihs n`s eareujst`jea`s h nhs fstéiunhs quf shné`j lasp`r`r e`l` uj`
lf fnn`s. Fj fn e`sh lfn iaflh, shné` sfr n` pfrefpeaõj lf pfnabrh? fj fn e`sh lf
n` trastfz`, n`s párlal`s h n` sfjs`eaõj lf phe` fdae`ea`, y fj fn e`sh lf n` ar`,
n` drustr`eaõj lf hgkftavhs. Ehjhefr fst` ajdhri`eaõj jhs `yul` iuemh `
fjtfjlfr phr quá fj uj ihifjth l`lh jhs sfjtaihs lf lftfriaj`l` i`jfr`.
Shr fkfipnh, uj` i`ð`j` puflh nfv`jt`rif sajtaájlhif iàs trastf lf nh
m`gatu`n. @ nh ifkhr jh fjtafjlh iuy gafj quá if fstà p`s` y jh fjeufjtrh
uj lfsfje`lfj`jtf en`rh. Sfrh sé sá quf fst` fiheaõj sf sufnf lasp`r`r
eu`jlh fxpfraifjth párlal`s h erfh quf jh mf salh thlh nh fdae`z quf phlré`
m`gfr salh. U`gafjlh fsth, puflh m`efr uj rfp`sh ifjt`n lf nhs ûntaihs
`ehjtfeaiafjths p`r` vfr sa fjeufjtrh uj lfsfje`lfj`jtf. @ nh ifkhr, puflh
l`rif eufjt` lf quf `yfr phr n` t`rlf laseuté ehj uj d`iana`r h uj `iabh?
prhg`gnfifjtf, `ujquf jh sf` uj` párlal` lfdajatav`, fst` eareujst`jea`
puflf fst`r lasp`r`jlh n` fiheaõj lf trastfz`. Ajenush, lf i`jfr` iàs
fvalfjtf, sa lakf ehs`s quf jh qufré` lfear y ia `etu`eaõj last`g` iuemh lf n`
i`jfr` fj n` quf alf`nifjtf if mugafsf ehiphrt`lh fj htr`s eareujst`jea`s,
fjtfjlfrá iuemh ifkhr quf fs n` pfrefpeaõj lf phe` fdae`ea` `n i`jfk`r ia
rfn`eaõj lf `iast`l n` quf fstà lasp`r`jlh n` fiheaõj.
Nh iasih heurrf ehj thl`s n`s fiheahjfs. Fj fn e`sh lfn iaflh, ehih
s`gfihs quf sf sufnf lasp`r`r `jtf n` pfrefpeaõj lf pfnabrh, phlfihs
`j`naz`r quá fst`ihs v`nhr`jlh ehih pfnabrhsh. @ nh ifkhr fs `nbh quf jh
 

rfprfsfjt` uj pfnabrh rf`n lf val` h iufrtf, pfrh phr jufstr`s eareujst`jea`s,

nh phlfihs vfr ehih uj rafsbh. Shr phjfr uj fkfipnh, e`l` vfz quf jhs

fjdrfjt`ihs ` uj` satu`eaõj jhvflhs` shnfihs fst`r `nbh iàs jfrvahshs h

ajenush fxpfraifjt`r iaflh. Uaj lul`, fj eafrth
ea frth ihlh, fst`rfihs pfreagafjlh
n` satu`eaõj ehih `ifj`z`jtf. Suflf sfr uj` rfujaõj, uj` eat` h fipfz`r fj
uj tr`g`kh jufvh? pfrh fj fst`s eareujst`jea`s, fs prhg`gnf quf fstfihs
fv`nu`jlh n` satu`eaõj ehih eafrt`ifjtf pfnabrhs`. Fj fn e`sh lf n` rfujaõj,
jhs phlfihs fst`r kub`jlh jufstrh tr`g`kh? fj fn lf n` eat`, sfr rfem`z`lhs y
fj fn lfn jufvh tr`g`kh, jhs kub`ihs e`us`r uj` gufj` aiprfsaõj, phr
fkfipnh.
Fj htrhs e`shs, nhs `jtfeflfjtfs h fn fstéiunh quf lasp`r`j uj` fiheaõj
shj iàs en`rhs. Shr fkfipnh, puflh fst`r t`j tr`jquanh iar`jlh n` tfnfvasaõj y
lf rfpfjtf vfr uj` jhtaea` quf if lasp`r` uj` fiheaõj. H ` nh ifkhr j`l`
iàs nfv`jt`rif, if `eufrlh lf ia fxp`rfk`. Fj fsths e`shs, fn fstéiunh h fn
`jtfeflfjtf fs iuemh iàs dàean lf alfjtadae`r.
Lfgfihs tfjfr en`rh quf nhs `jtfeflfjtfs h nhs fstéiunhs puflfj sfr lf
e`ràetfr fxtfrjh h ajtfrjh. Fs lfear, n`s fiheahjfs jh sf lasp`r`j shn`ifjtf
ehih ehjsfeufjea` lf d`ethrfs `igafjt`nfs, sajh quf t`igaáj sf lasp`r`j
`jtf jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths h jufstrhs fst`lhs dasahnõbaehs. Ajenush n`s
rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs puflfj sfr ` su vfz fstéiunhs quf lasp`rfj uj`
fiheaõj sfeujl`ra`. Nh vfrfihs ehj i`yhr lftfjaiafjth lfspuás.

Wfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs
N` i`yhr p`rtf lfn e`pétunh 0 nh lflaeàg`ihs ` fxpnae`r n`s rfspufst`s
fiheahj`nfs. Ua tf `eufrl`s, m`gnàg`ihs lf quf m`gé` trfs sastfi`s
aipnae`lhs; fn sastfi` ehbjatavh, fn sastfi` dasahnõbaeh y fn sastfi`
ehjluetu`n.
Vj` lf n`s en`vfs lf n`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs fs quf ajdnuyfj y sf
rftrh`naifjt`j uj`s ` htr`s. Shr fkfipnh, lftfriaj`lhs pfjs`iafjths puflfj
 

m`efr quf `uifjtf jufstr` `etav`eaõj dasahnõbae` y fst` rfpfreut` fj jufstr`

ehjluet`. Shr fnnh fs t`j jfefs`rah quf thifihs ehjseafjea` lf n`s lastajt`s

rfspufst`s quf v`ihs tfjafjlh. Q ehj fstf daj tf rfehifjlá fj fn e`pétunh

`jtfrahr quf dufsfs rfbastr`jlh tus fxpfrafjea`s fiheahj`nfs.

Ehjsfeufjea`ss lf jufstr`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs

Ehjsfeufjea`
S`r` fjtfjlfr phr quá jufstr`s fiheahjfs sabufj `p`rfeafjlh uj` y htr` vfz
` pfs`r lf jh `yul`rjhs fj j`l`, tfjfihs quf fem`r uj vast`zh ` n`s
ehjsfeufjea`s lf jufstr`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs.
N`s ehjsfeufjea`s puflfj prfsfjt`rsf ` ehrth y ` n`rbh pn`zh.
Bfjfr`nifjtf, n`s ehjsfeufjea`s ` ehrth pn`zh, ehih aipnae`j uj` rflueeaõj

lf n` fiheaõj,
satu`eahjfs sf rfdufrz`j y `prfjlfihs ` l`r n` iasi` rfspufst` `jtf
saian`rfs.
Jufstrh efrfgrh tafjlf ` guse`r fn pn`efr y ` muar lfn lhnhr. Fj fn iflah fj
fn quf fn sfr mui`jh fvhnueahj`, n`s fiheahjfs euipnfj su p`pfn fvhnutavh y
lf `l`pt`eaõj ` ehrth pn`zh. Ua jhs ai`baj`ihs fn taph lf val` quf nnfv`g`j
nhs praifrhs  Mhih s`pafjs  lfn pn`jft` phlrfihs ehiprhg`r quf
sfbur`ifjtf fn iaflh `p`rfeé` `jtf satu`eahjfs quf fr`j rf`nifjtf
pfnabrhs`s. Jh m`eé` d`nt` quf sf prfheup`sfj ` n`rbh pn`zh. Lfspuás lf thlh
ár`ihs jõi`l`s m`st` m`ef `pfj`s lafz ian `ðhs. Jufstr`s fiheahjfs jhs
`yul`g`j ` bfstahj`rjhs ihifjth ` ihifjth. Jh jfefsatàg`ihs pfjs`r `
n`rbh pn`zh, shn`ifjtf ` ehrth pn`zh. Shr nh quf, p`r` fstf taph lf val`,
lfk`rjhs nnfv`r phr jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs fr` sfbur`ifjtf nh iàs
`l`pt`tavh.
Shr fkfipnh, sa sfjté`ihs iaflh lf uj lfprfl`lhr, n` rfspufst` fiheahj`n
jhs `yul`g` ` fse`p`r. Jufstrh efrfgrh `prfjlé` quf fr` gufjh p`r` jhshtrhs
sfbuar l`jlh n` rfspufst` lf iaflh, y` quf jhs `yul`g` ` sfbuar vavhs.
Fs phr fst` r`zõj phr n` quf fj n` `etu`nal`l sfbuaihs tfjafjlh fst`
tfjlfjea` ` muar lf jufstr`s fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s y ehjtajufihs guse`jlh
 

fn pn`efr ehj `méjeh. Sfrh fj n` sheafl`l `etu`n, fstf ehiphrt`iafjth jhs

puflf nnfv`r ` satu`eahjfs ladéeanfs, y` quf fj iuem`s he`sahjfs jufstrhs

fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs fj nub`r lf `yul`rjhs ` `l`pt`rjhs, jhs ladaeunt`j fn lé`

` lé`.
Q fs quf n`s ehjsfeufjea`s ` ehrth pn`zh lf lfk`rsf nnfv`r phr uj` fiheaõj
puflfj sfr fn `navah ajifla`th, pfrh ` n`rbh pn`zh puflf quf fstfihs
pfrpftu`jlh n` `p`raeaõj lf fstf taph lf sfjtaiafjths `jtf n`s satu`eahjfs quf
n`s fstàj lfsfje`lfj`jlh. Shr fkfipnh, sa fvat`ihs fjdrfjt`rjhs ` uj`
ehjvfrs`eaõj ajeõihl`, sfbur`ifjtf ` ehrth pn`zh sfjtarfihs `navah, pfrh
t`rlf h tfipr`jh sfbur`ifjtf jhs thquf tfjfr n` ehjvfrs`eaõj, y eu`jlh fsth
heurr`, n`s fiheahjfs sf vhnvfràj ` lasp`r`r. @lfiàs, fs prhg`gnf quf ` nh
n`rbh lfn prhefsh tfjl`ihs ` fst`r iàs prfheup`lhs phr fnnh, phr nh quf
ajtfjt`r fvat`r jufstr`s fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s jhs nnfv`rà ` uj eéreunh vaeahsh
lf ajtfjths lf jh `drhjt`r n` satu`eaõj.
Uaj fig`rbh, fj htr`s he`sahjfs, p`r` bfstahj`r eafrths fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs
` n`rbh pn`zh, jhs the`rà fxpfraifjt`r uj `uifjth lf n` fiheaõj ` ehrth
pn`zh. Shr fkfipnh, eu`jlh fipafzh fj uj tr`g`kh jufvh, fs jhri`n quf if
safjt` jfrvahsh nhs praifrhs lé`s. Ua fj nub`r lf `drhjt`r fst`s fiheahjfs
lfealafsf fvat`r n` satu`eaõj, juje` sf rfluearé` fn javfn lf `jsafl`l? pfrh sa `
pfs`r lf fjehjtr`rif `nbh jfrvahsh, sabh yfjlh ` tr`g`k`r, sfbur`ifjtf ` nhs
phehs lé`s if fjeufjtrf ehipnft`ifjtf tr`jquanh fj ia pufsth lf tr`g`kh.
N` en`vf dujl`ifjt`n p`r` rfbun`r fiheahjfs fs laseraiaj`r quá fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs if fstàj `yul`jlh y quá fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs if fstàj
suphjafjlh uj` ladaeunt`l. Fj fn praifr e`sh, lfk`rá quf n` fiheaõj if buéf
fj ia `etu`eaõj? fj fn sfbujlh, `pnae`rá n`s táejae`s jfefs`ra`s p`r` rfluear
n` ajtfjsal`l, n` drfeufjea` y n` lur`eaõj lf n` fiheaõj ` n`rbh pn`zh. Fsf fs
fn pan`r lf n` rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n.

Vj fkfipnh lf `jtfeflfjtfs, rfspufst`s y ehjsfeufjea`s (@WE)

 

Fjtfjlfr eõih dujeahj`j jufstr`s fiheahjfs fs dujl`ifjt`n p`r` phlfr

bfstahj`rn`s ` n`rbh pn`zh, phr fnnh mf qufralh ihstr`rtf uj fkfipnh fj fn eu`n

phlfihs vfr nhs ladfrfjtfs ehiphjfjtfs (`jtfeflfjtfs, rfspufst`s y

ehjsfeufjea`s). Ufburh quf tf `en`r` iuemh nhs ehjefpths.
Ai`baj` quf tu prhdfshr h kfdf tf palf quf rf`naefs uj` sfraf lf
prfsfjt`eahjfs aiphrt`jtfs p`r` nhs prõxaihs lé`s. Ehiafjz`s ` prfp`r`rn`s
y tr`g`k`s iuemh p`r` quf fstáj gafj mfem`s. Lur`jtf fshs lé`s, tf safjtfs
s`tasdfemh ehj fn tr`g`kh quf fstàs rf`naz`jlh, pfrh jh puflfs fnaiaj`r lf tu
ifjtf fn pfjs`iafjth lf quf jh fstàs t`j prfp`r`lh ehih tf bust`ré`, phr nh
quf tr`g`k`s ajenush ehj iàs `méjeh p`r` m`efrnh gafj, p`r` m`efrnh pfrdfeth.
Eu`jlh fipafz` n` prfsfjt`eaõj ehiafjz`s ` sfjtar uj julh fj fn
fstõi`bh, tu ehr`zõj sf `efnfr` y tus i`jhs tafign`j uj pheh. Lur`jtf n`
ehjdfrfjea`, erffs quf n` bfjtf sf fstà `gurrafjlh y jh tf fstà prfst`jlh
`tfjeaõj. Ehiafjz`s ` pfjs`r quf tf fstà s`nafjlh d`t`n y thlh fn iujlh
puflf vfr nh jfrvahsh quf fstàs. Eu`jlh `e`g`s, ajifla`t`ifjtf pafjs`s fj
n` prõxai` prfsfjt`eaõj y fj n` fxeus` quf utanaz`ràs p`r` fvat`rn`, ehih, phr
fkfipnh, quf fstàs fjdfrih.

@jànasas lfn @WE lfn fkfipnh

Fn `jtfeflfjtf fstà en`rh, tfjfihs uj fje`rbh phr p`rtf lf uj prhdfshr h kfdf

p`r` m`efr uj` sfraf lf prfsfjt`eahjfs. Fstf fs fn fstéiunh prajeap`n quf
lasp`r` jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs. Hgva`ifjtf, fn `jtfeflfjtf sf phlrà
prfsfjt`r fj dhri` lf pfjs`iafjth quf `jtaeap` n` satu`eaõj lur`jtf nhs lé`s
prfvahs ` n` praifr` fxphsaeaõj.
Fj rfdfrfjea` ` n`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs prfva`s `n lé` lf n` prfsfjt`eaõj,
fj fn e`iph ehbjatavh tfjlré`ihs n`s fxpfet`tav`s shgrf quf n` prfsfjt`eaõj
tafjf quf sfr pfrdfet`, nh eu`n lasp`r`ré` n` `jsafl`l `jtaeap`thra`. Fs lfear,
sfbur`ifjtf v`rahs lé`s `jtfs fst`ré`ihs jfrvahshs, tfjlré`ihs pfjs`iafjths
rfeurrfjtfs shgrf n` e`nal`l lf n` prfsfjt`eaõj, vaájlhjhs fjeai` lfn
 

fsefj`rah, y phsagnfifjtf `jtaeap`jlh phsagnfs e`tàstrhdfs quf jhs pulafsfj

heurrar. Fj fn e`iph dasahnõbaeh, `jtfs lf fjdrfjt`r jhs `n ihifjth lf s`nar `

m`gn`r fj pûgnaeh sfbur`ifjtf `p`rfze`j ladaeunt`lfs p`r` lhriar, f ajenush

párlal` lf `pftath. Q fj fn e`iph ehjluetu`n, ehj prhg`ganal`l rfp`s`ré`ihs
uj` y htr` vfz fn ehjtfjalh lf n` prfsfjt`eaõj y fjs`y`ré`ihs jufstrh
laseursh. M`st` fstf ihifjth, sa tf l`s eufjt`, n`s fiheahjfs jhs `yul`j `
prfp`r`r ehj `méjeh n` prfsfjt`eaõj, phr nh quf, ` prahra, `ujquf sf`j
ajeõihl`s, jhs fstàj `yul`jlh ` `l`pt`rjhs ifkhr.
Shr nh quf rfspfet` ` n`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs quf fxpfraifjt`rfihs
lur`jtf n` prfsfjt`eaõj, fj fn e`iph ehbjatavh `tfjlfrfihs ehjst`jtfifjtf `
n`s sfð`nfs lf n` `ulafjea` f aràj `p`rfeafjlh pfjs`iafjths quf ajdr`v`nhr`j
jufstr` `etu`eaõj y prhg`gnfifjtf i`najtfrprft`rfihs nh quf fj rf`nal`l
pafjs` fn pûgnaeh. Fj fn e`iph dasahnõbaeh, lfgalh ` n` tfjsaõj iuseun`r
jht`rfihs tfignhr lf i`jhs, n` b`rb`jt` sfe`, uj ajerfifjth lf n`s t`s`s
e`rlé`e` y rfspar`thra`, `sé ehih lf n` sulhr`eaõj. Q fj fn e`iph ehjluetu`n,
fs phsagnf quf `efnfrfihs fn ratih lf n` prfsfjt`eaõj p`r` `e`g`r eu`jth
`jtfs.
¸Puá ehjsfeufjea`s tafjfj fst`s rf`eeahjfs8 Ufbur`ifjtf, lfspuás lf n`
prfsfjt`eaõj, fxpfraifjt`rfihs sfjtaiafjths lf dr`e`sh phrquf jufstr`s
fxpfet`tav`s fr`j lfi`sa`lh `nt`s y prhg`gnfifjtf fstfihs fv`nu`jlh n`
satu`eaõj lf uj` dhri` lasthrsahj`l`. Suflf sfr quf `n fxpfraifjt`r fstf taph
lf fiheahjfs, fvatfihs n`s sabuafjtfs prfsfjt`eahjfs, nh quf rfluearà n`
fiheaõj lf `jsafl`l y iaflh ` ehrth pn`zh, pfrh ` n`rbh pn`zh pfrpftu`rà n`s
rf`eeahjfs `jtf dutur`s prfsfjt`eahjfs h ehjdfrfjea`s.
Fj fstf e`sh, fn dheh nh fst`ihs phjafjlh fj n` e`nal`l lf n` prfsfjt`eaõj.
Pufrfihs m`efrn` t`j pfrdfet` quf sf ehjvafrtf fj `nbh quf fv`nu`ihs ehih
pfnabrhsh, lf ihlh quf sf lasp`r` n` fiheaõj lf iaflh.
@mhr` ai`bajfihs fx`et`ifjtf n` iasi` satu`eaõj pfrh fjdhe`jlh jufstrh
iaflh ` quf jhs lá uj `t`quf lf `jsafl`l iafjtr`s fst`ihs m`eafjlh n`
 

prfsfjt`eaõj.
Fn `jtfeflfjtf sfré` fx`et`ifjtf fn iasih, fs lfear, n` em`rn` fj pûgnaeh

sfré` fn lfthj`jtf lf n` `jsafl`l, `ujquf fn iaflh jh sf nhe`naz`ré` t`jth fj

m`efr n` em`rn` i`n, sajh fj fxpfraifjt`r uj `t`quf lf `jsafl`l fj fst`
satu`eaõj. Fj fstf e`sh, n`s rfspufst`s prhg`gnfifjtf sfré`j, fj fn e`iph
ehbjatavh, pfjs`iafjths shgrf n` phsaganal`l lf fxpfraifjt`r uj `t`quf lf
`jsafl`l h lfsi`y`rjhs? n`s rfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s phlré`j sfr fn `uifjth lf
n`s t`s`s e`rlé`e` y rfspar`thra` (eu`jlh fst`ihs `jsahshs rfspar`ihs iàs
ràpalh, `uifjt` fn hxébfjh fj s`jbrf y fsth p`r`lõkae`ifjtf m`ef quf
fxpfraifjtfihs uj` sfjs`eaõj sugkftav` lf d`nt` lf `arf. @ujquf heurrf nh
ehjtr`rah, jhs shgr` fn `arf. Q` nh vfrfihs fj htrh e`pétunh). Q fj fn e`iph
ehjluetu`n, fipfz`ihs ` ar iàs ràpalh p`r` phlfr `e`g`r nh `jtfs phsagnf.
N` ehjsfeufjea` ` ehrth pn`zh sfbur`ifjtf sfré` fn `navah lfn i`nfst`r, y`
quf `e`g`ré`ihs n` prfsfjt`eaõj lf dhri` ràpal` y ehj áxath (sa jh vavaihs
uj `t`quf lf `jsafl`l). N` ehjsfeufjea` prajeap`n sfré` fn rfdhrz`iafjth lf
jufstr` `etu`eaõj lf ar iàs ràpalh lf nh jhri`n p`r` fvat`r fn `t`quf lf
pàjaeh. Uf tr`t` lf uj` ehjluet` lf sfbural`l (vfrfihs ehj lft`nnf fj quá
ehjsastf iàs `lfn`jtf), quf ` ehrth pn`zh jhs dujeahj`, pfrh ` n`rbh pn`zh
ehiphrt`ré` prhgnfi`s, y` quf safiprf ajtfjt`ré`ihs ar ràpalh p`r` jh
fxpfraifjt`r fn `t`quf lf `jsafl`l. Sfrh fst` ehjluet` lf sfbural`l rfdufrz`
thl` n` sfeufjea`, fs lfear, nhs pfjs`iafjths lf `jtaeap`eaõj, n`s sfjs`eahjfs
désae`s, n`s ajtfrprft`eahjfs lf fst`s sfjs`eahjfs fj rfn`eaõj ehj sudrar uj
`t`quf lf pàjaeh. Shr nh quf fs prhg`gnf quf fvatfihs n`s prfsfjt`eahjfs fj
fn duturh p`r` fvat`r sudrar uj `t`quf fjdrfjtf lf thlhs.
Ehih puflfs vfr, nhs `jtfeflfjtfs jh e`iga`j, fs lfear, safiprf m`y uj`
prfsfjt`eaõj fj pûgnaeh quf lfsfje`lfj` n` rfspufst` lf `jsafl`l. Uafiprf
fs fj fn iasih nub`r, l`ihs n` iasi` em`rn`. Sfrh lfpfjlafjlh lf nh quf
jhs rfsuntf iàs fstrfs`jtf, jufstr`s rfspufst`s shj ladfrfjtfs.
Eu`jt` iàs fxpfrafjea` tfjb`ihs `j`naz`jlh nhs `jtfeflfjtfs, n`s
 

rfspufst`s y n`s ehjsfeufjea`s, iàs dàean jhs v` ` sfr lfseugrar fn phr quá, fn
euàjlh y fn lõjlf lf jufstr`s fxpfrafjea`s fiheahj`nfs. Shr fnnh tf

ai`baj`ràs quf, `n daj`n lfn e`pétunh, tf vhy ` pflar quf rfbastrfs nhs
`jtfeflfjtfs, n`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs (y` m`s `prfjlalh ` m`efrnh fj fn
e`pétunh `jtfrahr) y n`s ehjsfeufjea`s.
T`ihs ` pfjs`r fj `nbuj`s fxpfrafjea`s quf mfihs `pujt`lh lur`jtf nhs
fkfreaeahs lfn e`pétunh `jtfrahr. Wfdaraájlhjhs ` nhs `jtfeflfjtfs, ¸quá
lfsfje`lfjõ tu fxpfrafjea` fiheahj`n8 ¸Frfs e`p`z lf alfjtadae`rnh8 ¸U`gfs
phr quá8 ¸Heurrafrhj htr`s ehs`s lur`jtf fn lé` quf pulafrhj ajdnuar8
Vj fkfipnh; m`ef `nbûj tafiph rfeagé uj` nn`i`l` lf uj jûifrh
lfsehjhealh. @n lfsehnb`r, uj` vhz dfifjaj` if lakh quf if nn`i`g`j lf n`
tfnfvasaõj pûgnae` p`r` `p`rfefr fj larfeth `n lé` sabuafjtf. Pufré`j quf
m`gn`sf shgrf n` trastfz` y n` lfprfsaõj. Fj fsf ihifjth, fxpfraifjtá v`ra`s
fiheahjfs ` n` vfz, phr uj n`lh, if sfjté` `nfbrf, e`sa fudõraeh, phrquf p`r`
ié suphjé` uj rfehjheaiafjth ` thlh fn tr`g`kh rf`naz`lh m`st` n` dfem`. Sfrh,
phr htrh n`lh, t`igaáj fxpfraifjtá `jsafl`l y iaflh `n tr`t`rsf lf uj`
fxpfrafjea` jufv` fj n` quf ag` ` fst`r fxpufsth ` n` fv`nu`eaõj lf ianfs lf
pfrshj`s. Fj fstf e`sh, fn lfsfje`lfj`jtf h fn fstéiunh fst`g` iàs quf en`rh.
Thnvafjlh ` n`s fxpfrafjea`s quf `pujt`stf fj fn e`pétunh `jtfrahr, ¸quá
rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs fxpfraifjt`stf8 ¸Puá pfjs`iafjths tuvastf8 ¸Puá
sfjs`eahjfs désae`s h sfjtaiafjths jht`stf8 ¸Puá maeastf8 Q` s`gfs quf m`y
trfs sastfi`s lf rfspufst`; n`s ehbjaeahjfs, n`s sfjs`eahjfs dasahnõbae`s y n`s
ehjluet`s. Fs aiphrt`jtf laseraiaj`r fjtrf nhs trfs taphs lf rfspufst` p`r`
ifkhr`r jufstr` e`p`eal`l lf bfstaõj lf fiheahjfs. Q` quf, lfpfjlafjlh lf
fnn`s, utanaz`rfihs uj`s táejae`s u htr`s.
Ehih tf ehjt`g` `jtfs, fn lé` quf if nn`i`rhj p`r` s`nar fj n` tfnf phr
praifr` vfz, fxpfraifjtá uj` ihjt`ð` rus` fiheahj`n. Ias pfjs`iafjths
fr`j lfn taph «fs uj` br`j hphrtujal`l, tfjbh quf fst`r ` n` `ntur`¿, «ehih
lab` `nbuj` thjtfré` fj larfeth vhy ` sfr fn m`zifrrfér lf thl` Fsp`ð`¿. Ias
 

fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs ajdnué`j fj ia dhri` lf pfreagar n` rf`nal`l, y fst` ` su

vfz ajdnué` fj ias fiheahjfs.

Fj fn e`iph dasahnõbaeh, if fjehjtr`g` iuy `etav`lh. @qufnn` jhemf if

ehstõ lhriar, jht`g` «i`raphs`s fj fn fstõi`bh¿ druth lf nhs jfrvahs, fn
ehr`zõj if n`té` ràpalh, ia rfspar`eaõj fst`g` `bat`l` y ias iûseunhs tfjshs.
Ia eufrph sf fst`g` prfp`r`jlh p`r` n` `eeaõj.
Fj eu`jth ` n`s ehjluet`s quf n` ifjtf if pflé` fkfeut`r, phr uj n`lh,
sfjté` quf qufré` nn`i`r p`r` lfear quf fst`g` fjdfrih y jh phlé` ar. Sfrh
s`gé` quf, ` n`rbh pn`zh, `ujquf fsth supusafsf uj `navah lf n` `jsafl`l y fn
iaflh, pfrlfré` uj` hphrtujal`l lf hrh p`r` ia e`rrfr` prhdfsahj`n. @sé quf,
p`r` rfbun`r fsf fst`lh fiheahj`n, if efjtrá fj prfp`r`rif nh ifkhr phsagnf
p`r` jh lfear jajbuj` thjtfré` fj larfeth lfn`jtf lf iàs lf uj iannõj lf
pfrshj`s. If prfp`rá ` dhjlh n` ajtfrvfjeaõj, m`st` quf if sfjté sfburh. Q
fjthjefs, n` `jsafl`l sf duf lasap`jlh m`st` ehjvfrtarsf fj ehjda`jz` fj ié
iasih.
@n lé` sabuafjtf, if lfspfrtá `jtfs lf quf shj`sf fn lfspfrt`lhr. Q `ujquf
jh m`gé` lhrialh iuem`s mhr`s, if nfv`jtá saj jht`r e`js`jeah. Fn praifr
pfjs`iafjth quf eruzõ ia ifjtf fst`g` rfn`eahj`lh ehj tfjfr quf ar nhs
fstulahs lf tfnfvasaõj. If la uj` luem` y if prfp`rá uj e`dá, fst` vfz ifjhs
e`rb`lh lf nh m`gatu`n, p`r` ehipfjs`r n` `etav`eaõj quf y` sfjté`.
Fiprfjlé fn e`iajh m`st` nhs fstulahs ajtfjt`jlh efjtr`rif fj lasdrut`r lf
n` iûsae`. Fj `nbujhs ihifjths nh ehjsfbué, y fj htrhs jh t`jth. @n daj`n
nnfbuá uj p`r lf mhr`s `jtfs lf quf if the`sf ajtfrvfjar. @n nnfb`r if pusf fj
i`jhs lfn fquaph, quf if hdrfeafrhj lfs`yujh, if i`quann`rhj f ajtfjt`rhj
tr`jquanaz`rif. N` vfrl`l fs quf dufrhj iuy `ehbflhrfs y if `yul`rhj
iuemh fj fshs ajst`jtfs. If prfsfjt`rhj ` n`s pfrshj`s quf larabé`j fn
prhbr`i`, quafjfs nf quat`rhj mafrrh ` thlh fn `sujth lf s`nar fj n` tfnf, nh quf
if `yulõ `ûj iàs.
Eu`jlh qufl`g` ifjhs lf ifla` mhr` p`r` s`nar fj larfeth, phr daj if
 

nnfv`rhj `n fstulah. @nné m`gé` quf bu`rl`r sanfjeah, phr nh quf n` tfjsaõj
`uifjtõ, y` quf m`st` fjthjefs m`gé` rfbun`lh n` `jsafl`l m`gn`jlh ehj

thl`s n`s pfrshj`s quf tr`g`k`g`j `nné.

Nhs iajuths p`s`g`j y, lf rfpfjtf, iafjtr`s fst`g` `gshrth fj ias
pfjs`iafjths, uj` emae` sf larabaõ ` ié p`r` lfearif quf fjtr`g` fj fn pn`tõ
fj trfajt` sfbujlhs. Ia `jsafl`l sf lasp`rõ. Fr` fn ihifjth lf `etu`r, y ia
eufrph if fst`g` `yul`jlh. If fjehjtr`g` ifjt`nifjtf iuy `etavh, kusth nh
quf jfefsat`g` fj fshs ihifjths. Ias iûseunhs fst`g`j tfjshs eu`jlh if
sfjtá fj n` sann` y, `n ar ` ehbfr uj v`sh lf `bu` p`r` `en`r`rif n` b`rb`jt`,
if la eufjt` lf quf if tfign`g` fn punsh.
Thnvé`ihs lf pugnaeal`l, fstàg`ihs fj larfeth. If `jujea`g`j, ia
`jsafl`l fst`g` fj fn pujth iàxaih. If the`g` ajtfrvfjar. ¸If s`nlré` n`
vhz8 ¸Laré` `nbuj` thjtfré`8 ¸If lfsi`y`ré` fj larfeth8 Duf shnt`r n`
praifr` p`n`gr` y ia `jsafl`l sf lashnvaõ ajst`jtàjf`ifjtf. Fipfeá `
fjehjtr`rif eõihlh. N`s p`n`gr`s if s`né`j shn`s. Ia ifjtf ag` ràpal` y if
grajl`g` nhs l`ths quf jfefsat`g` p`r` ehjtfst`r ` thl`s n`s prfbujt`s quf if
m`eé`j. Fj uj `grar y efrr`r lf hkhs if lafrhj n`s br`ea`s phr ar `n prhbr`i` y
if lfspalafrhj. Q` fst`g`. Nh m`gé` supfr`lh. U`nulá ` thlhs nhs
ehn`ghr`lhrfs y fjefjlé fn tfnádhjh. \fjé` lfefj`s lf ifjs`kfs lf ias
d`iana`rfs y `iabhs quf if dfnaeat`g`j phr n` ajtfrvfjeaõj. @n daj`n ia eufrph
if m`gé` `yul`lh ` supfr`r n` satu`eaõj.
Thnv`ihs ` n`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs quf m`s alh `pujt`jlh fj fn
e`pétunh `jtfrahr. Q` sá quf jh tf nh pflé fxpnéeat`ifjtf, pfrh ajtfjt`
lfseugrar euàn duf n` ehjsfeufjea` lf tus rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs. ¸Puá
ehjsfeufjea` tuvh ` ehrth pn`zh8 ¸Q ` n`rbh pn`zh8
Lfslf quf maef n` praifr` `p`raeaõj fj n` tfnf, ia `jsafl`l y ia iaflh `
n`s satu`eahjfs quf suphjfj uj` fv`nu`eaõj shea`n, fj fn àigath n`ghr`n, m`j
lasiajualh iuemh. Fs eafrth quf thl`vé` if phjbh jfrvahsh eu`jlh tfjbh
quf m`gn`r fj pûgnaeh, pfrh e`l` lé` ifjhs. Q fs uj` `jsafl`l quf p`r` j`l`
 

if gnhquf`, sajh quf if `yul` ` fst`r iàs àban ifjt`nifjtf p`r` phlfrif
ehiujae`r ehj iàs fdae`ea`.

Fs lfear, n` prajeap`n ehjsfeufjea` fs n` rflueeaõj lf n` fiheaõj ` n`rbh

pn`zh, y, phr fjlf, fn ajerfifjth lf n` fdae`ea` ` n` mhr` lf m`gn`r fj pûgnaeh.
Fj rfn`eaõj ehj fn ehrth pn`zh, `n `efpt`r n` ajvat`eaõj lf p`rtaeap`r fj fn
prhbr`i`, ia `jsafl`l y ia iaflh `uifjt`rhj, pfrh tf ehjdafsh quf `n daj`n
ifrfeaõ n` pfj`.
¸\afjfs alf` lf nh quf aipnae` fsth ` n`rbh pn`zh8 \f rfeufrlh quf yh, m`ef
`nbujhs `ðhs, fr` uj emaeh trfifjl`ifjtf téialh. \`jth quf jh if `trfvé` `
s`nul`r ` ias vfeajhs. Q bfstahj`jlh ias fiheahjfs, mf ehjsfbualh
ihladae`r fsf `spfeth lf ia val` m`st` phlfr s`nar fj n` tfnfvasaõj y m`gn`r
lfn`jtf lf eafjths lf pfrshj`s fj ias ehjdfrfjea`s.

@prfjlfihs lf jufstr` fxpfrafjea`

N`s fiheahjfs shj thl`s `l`pt`tav`s y fj su kust` iflal` jhs `yul`j `

shgrfvavar. Fn `prfjlaz`kf ` p`rtar lf n`s fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s jhs bué` p`r`
`l`pt`rjhs ifkhr.
Ai`béj`tf quf fstàs `prfjlafjlh ` eheaj`r y sukft`s fn `s` lf n` s`rtáj y tf
qufi`s. Fs uj` fxpfrafjea` fiheahj`n lfs`br`l`gnf, m`y lhnhr y,
hgva`ifjtf, ujh `prfjlf ` quf n`s `s`s iftànae`s (sa jh fstàj rfeugafrt`s lf
uj `asn`jtf) qufi`j. Lf ihlh quf, ehj iuem` prhg`ganal`l, n` prõxai` vfz
quf tf fjdrfjtfs ` fst` satu`eaõj utanaz`ràs htr` fstr`tfba`, ehih sfré` us`r uj
tr`ph p`r` jh qufi`rtf. Sfrh jh shn`ifjtf `prfjlfràs quf fs` s`rtáj qufi`,
sajh quf, sa v`s ` e`s` lf ujhs `iabhs y tafjfj uj` s`rtáj p`rfeal`,
prhg`gnfifjtf, t`ipheh thqufs fn `s` ehj n`s i`jhs.
Uhihs e`p`efs lf `prfjlfr y lf bfjfr`naz`r fsf `prfjlaz`kf. Fj táriajhs
fvhnutavhs, eu`jlh vavé`ihs m`ef eafjth eajeufjt` ian `ðhs ár`ihs
bfjátae`ifjtf iuy p`rfealhs. Ai`bajfihs quf v`ihs phr uj ghsquf y tr`s
ujhs i`thrr`nfs `p`rfef uj lfprfl`lhr. Jufstr` rf`eeaõj lf iaflh jhs `yul`
 

` s`nar ehrrafjlh y ehjsfbuaihs s`nv`rjhs. Srhg`gnfifjtf, n` fxpfrafjea`

fiheahj`n lf iaflh jhs ehjlaeahjf ` jh ar ` fsf ghsquf, nh eu`n jhs `yul` `

sfbuar vavhs, pfrh sa m`y htrh ghsquf p`rfealh ` eajeh h sfas oanõiftrhs
t`igaáj sfjtarfihs `jsafl`l `n vfrnh. Fs lfear, nhs sfrfs mui`jhs shihs
e`p`efs lf bfjfr`naz`r y fsth jhs puflf vfjar iuy gafj fj `nbuj`s
satu`eahjfs.
Vj fkfipnh lf n` val` ehtala`j`; ai`bajfihs quf fst`ihs tr`g`k`jlh y
qufrfihs m`efrnf uj` subfrfjea` `n kfdf. @n m`efrnh, án rfsphjlf brat`jlh.
Jhs m`ef p`s`r uj i`n r`th y fxpfraifjt`ihs vfrbþfjz` y iaflh. ¸Puá
heurrf8 Srhg`gnfifjtf, sa lfsf`ihs m`efr lf jufvh uj` subfrfjea` fj htr`
he`saõj fvat`rfihs m`efrn`, pufsth quf mfihs tfjalh uj` fxpfrafjea` iuy
lfs`br`l`gnf. N` ehjsfeufjea` ` ehrth pn`zh sfré` fn `navah lf n` fiheaõj, y`
quf jh tfjfihs quf fxphjfrjhs ` n` satu`eaõj lf m`efr uj` subfrfjea` `n kfdf,
pfrh nh quf heurrf ` n`rbh pn`zh fs quf prhg`gnfifjtf fvat`rfihs fst`
satu`eaõj fj dutur`s he`sahjfs. Ai`bajfihs quf eajeh `ðhs lfspuás mfihs
e`iga`lh lf tr`g`kh y sf jhs heurrf m`efr uj` subfrfjea` `n kfdf jufvh quf
j`l` tafjf quf vfr ehj fn `jtfrahr. Srhg`gnfifjtf, jufstr` rfspufst`
fiheahj`n, `ujquf sf tr`tf lf htr` pfrshj`, sf` t`igaáj lf iaflh.
Eu`jlh fxpfraifjt`ihs fiheahjfs ajtfjs`s, fst`s lfk`j uj` mufnn`
lur`lfr`. Ua pfjs`ihs fj fn ihifjth iàs lurh lf jufstr` val`,
prhg`gnfifjtf sajt`ihs `nbuj` fiheaõj. N`s ehjfxahjfs jfurhj`nfs quf
m`efj quf jhs sajt`ihs `sé jhs `yul`j ` shgrfvavar, `prfjlfihs ` rfpftar
ehs`s quf m`efj quf jhs sajt`ihs gafj y fvat`rfihs ehs`s quf m`efj quf jhs
sajt`ihs i`n.
@lfiàs, `prfjlfihs ` ehrth pn`zh. Fs lfear, eu`jth iàs ajifla`t`s sf`j
n`s ehjsfeufjea`s, iàs dufrtf shj n`s `shea`eahjfs quf m`efihs. Uafiprf
phjbh fn iasih fkfipnh, sá quf nh fseuemá fj `nbûj nub`r, pfrh jh rfeufrlh
lõjlf (sa fn `uthr lfn fkfipnh nh nff, iuem`s br`ea`s). Ua tuvaásfihs uj
hrb`sih ` nhs jufvf ifsfs y uj makh h uj` fjdfrifl`l lf tr`jsiasaõj sfxu`n
 

fj fn ihifjth, hs `sfburh quf thlh fn iujlh utanaz`ré` prhtfeeaõj `n

i`jtfjfr rfn`eahjfs sfxu`nfs.

¸Puá aipnae` fsth8 Puf bfjfr`nifjtf eu`jlh fst`ihs m`gn`jlh lfn

prhefsh lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n, iuem`s vfefs thi`ihs `t`khs, y ` n`rbh
pn`zh jhs s`nf i`n n` kub`l`. Fs lfear, ehs`s quf jhs m`efj sfjtar gafj fj fn
ihifjth, puflfj jh sfr j`l` `l`pt`tav`s ` n`rbh pn`zh, pfrh `prfjlfihs `
m`efrn`s lf fst` i`jfr`.
Thnv`ihs `n fkfipnh lf m`gn`r fj pûgnaeh. Ua ajtfjth `drhjt`r n` satu`eaõj
gfgafjlh `nehmhn, sfbur`ifjtf fxpfraifjt`rá uj` rflueeaõj quéiae` lf ia
`jsafl`l, phr nh quf `prfjlfrá quf, sa ajbafrh fst` sust`jea`, fsthy iàs
rfn`k`lh. Fsth m`rà quf if safjt` ifkhr ` ehrth pn`zh, pfrh ` n`rbh pn`zh jh
sfrá e`p`z lf l`r uj` em`rn` saj `yul` quéiae`.
Htrh fkfipnh, ai`bajfihs quf tfjfihs iuemésaih iaflh ` nhs pfrrhs y lf
rfpfjtf vfihs ujh phr n` e`nnf. Vj` phsagnf ehjluet` aipuns`l` phr n`
fiheaõj `prfjlal` sfré` thi`r htrh e`iajh, fs lfear, fvat`r eruz`rjhs ehj fn
`jai`n. @ ehrth pn`zh jhs sarvf p`r` `nava`r fn iaflh, pfrh ` n`rbh pn`zh jh
supfr`ihs n` dhga` ` nhs pfrrhs. Ua jh jhs fjdrfjt`ihs ` uj` satu`eaõj fj n`
eu`n m`y` ujh, jufstrh efrfgrh juje` phlrà ehiprhg`r quf fj rf`nal`l jh
shj thlhs pfnabrhshs? m`grà `nbujhs quf sé, pfrh fj su br`j i`yhré` jh
ehiphrt`j jajbûj prhgnfi`.
Eu`jlh fjtr`ihs fj fstf taph lf lajàiae`, fipfz`ihs ` fvat`r satu`eahjfs
quf bfjfr`j fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s. Q` quf, sa tfjfihs iaflh ` nhs pfrrhs,
prhg`gnfifjtf fipfefihs ` fvat`r s`nar ` p`sf`r phr fn p`rquf phrquf
s`gfihs quf m`y iuemhs. @lfiàs, nhs lhiajbhs phr n` i`ð`j` jhs fje`jt`
ar ` ehipr`r fn pfraõlaeh `n oahseh, pfrh ` p`rtar lf `mhr` v`ihs ` qufl`rjhs
fj e`s` phrquf s`gfihs quf fsf lé` iuem` bfjtf s`nf ` p`sf`r ehj fn pfrrh.
Fs` fvat`eaõj sf ehjvafrtf fj uj eéreunh vaeahsh quf fs nh quf ` n`rbh pn`zh
i`jtafjf jufstrhs fst`lhs lf `jsafl`l fj rfdfrfjea` ` nhs pfrrhs.
Eu`jlh y` sfp`ihs rfbun`r fiheahjfs ehj fdae`ea`, vfrfihs quf tfjfihs
 

quf laseraiaj`r fjtrf lhs taphs lf satu`eahjfs; n`s quf shj pfnabrhs`s
rf`nifjtf, fs lfear, `qufnn`s fj n`s quf fn iaflh fs `l`pt`tavh y n` ehjluet`

aipuns`l` phr n` fiheaõj (fse`pf h mual`) jhs v` ` `yul`r? y n`s satu`eahjfs

quf jh shj hgkftav`ifjtf pfnabrhs`s, y `ujquf jhs bfjfrfj `jsafl`l, n`
ehjluet` aipuns`l` phr n` fiheaõj jh jhs v` ` `yul`r. Puál`tf ehj fn nfi`,
sa jh tf i`t`, `drõjt`nh.
Shjb`ihs htrh fkfipnh, fj fstf e`sh ehj rfspfeth ` n` `p`raeaõj lf htr`
fiheaõj. Ai`bajáihjhs quf nnfv`ihs uj` tfiphr`l` g`khs lf àjaih y jhs
nfv`jt`ihs sajtafjlh trastfz`. Fn lfsfje`lfj`jtf lf fst` fiheaõj puflf sfr
fn mfemh lf pfjs`r quf tfjfihs quf fjdrfjt`rjhs ` uj lé` fj uj tr`g`kh quf
jh jhs bust`. @p`rfefj rfspufst`s ehbjatav`s lfn taph; «Jh puflh iàs, fstf
tr`g`kh if fstà i`t`jlh¿? rfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s quf sf tr`luefj fj uj
`uifjth lf n` t`s` e`rlé`e` `n pfjs`r quf tfjfihs quf fjdrfjt`rjhs `n
tr`g`kh. Suflf quf m`y`ihs lhrialh i`n y fstfihs e`js`lhs, sajt`ihs
ifjhs `pftath h ajenush nnfbufihs ` nnhr`r. Fj fn e`iph ehjluetu`n, nh quf
jhs pflarà fn eufrph sfbur`ifjtf fj uj lé` `sé, fj quf jhs sfjtaihs saj
fjfrbé`, sfrà qufl`rjhs fj n` e`i`. @ ehrth pn`zh, `n qufl`rjhs fj n` e`i`,
sfjtarfihs `navah `n jh tfjfr quf fjdrfjt`rjhs `n tr`g`kh, pfrh ` n`rbh pn`zh
fst` aj`etaval`l jhs prhluearà thl`vé` iàs trastfz`. Ehj nh eu`n, fj fstf e`sh,
n` ehjluet` aipuns`l` phr n` fiheaõj i`jtafjf fn fst`lh fiheahj`n lfn quf
ajtfjt`ihs muar.
Iuem`s vfefs jhs eufst` vfr fn `jtfeflfjtf. @ nh ifkhr jhs nfv`jt`ihs h
jhs lfspfrt`ihs y sfjtaihs `jsafl`l h trastfz` saj s`gfr phr quá. Ua
prfst`ihs `tfjeaõj ` nh quf pfjs`ihs, puflf sfr quf fn `jtfeflfjtf sf` uj
pfjs`iafjth lfn taph; «Lahs iéh htrh lé` abu`n¿, «jh puflh fjdrfjt`rif `
fsth¿. H puflf sfr quf fn lfsfje`lfj`jtf sf` `nbh fxtfrjh h ajtfrjh quf
m`y`ihs `shea`lh ehj uj fst`lh fiheahj`n lfn quf jh shihs ehjseafjtfs.
Tf`ihs uj fkfipnh; fn lf nhs `tfjt`lhs lf I`lral lfn 00 lf i`rzh fj nhs
quf mugh fxpnhsahjfs fj v`rahs trfjfs. Ua jhs mugaásfihs fjehjtr`lh fj ujh
 

lf fnnhs, mugaásfihs fxpfraifjt`lh uj` fiheaõj lf iaflh. Fst`rfihs lf

`eufrlh fj quf fs` rfspufst` fs `gshnut`ifjtf jhri`n, jhs `yul` ` fse`p`r y

` shgrfvavar.
¸Puá p`s`8 Puf fn efrfgrh, eu`jlh vavaihs fstf taph lf fxpfrafjea`s t`j
lfs`br`l`gnfs, `prfjlf y bu`rl`, ehih sa dufsf uj` e`k` ifjt`n, thlhs nhs
fstéiunhs quf m`gé` fj `qufn ihifjth. @ nh ifkhr fsf lé` m`eé` fjtrf lhef y
trfef br`lhs, y fs` iasi` tfipfr`tur`, fj htrh nub`r y fj htrh ihifjth,
puflf m`efr quf sf lfsfje`lfjf uj fst`lh lf `jsafl`l. Fn sfr mui`jh fs
iuy i`nh fst`gnfeafjlh e`us`s y ehjsfeufjea`s. Nh quf m`ef fs `shea`r fn
fst`lh fiheahj`n ` nhs fstéiunhs quf fst`g`j prfsfjtfs fj fn ihifjth fj quf
tuvh nub`r n` fxpfrafjea` lfs`br`l`gnf. Shr supufsth, lfpfjlfrà lf n`
ajtfjsal`l lf n` fiheaõj y n` v`nhr`eaõj lf n` `ifj`z` lf n` pfrshj`. Sfrh,
fj iuem`s he`sahjfs, jh shihs ehjseafjtfs lf n`s `shea`eahjfs (fj iuemhs
e`shs `nf`thra`s) quf m` mfemh jufstrh efrfgrh.
Vj` lf n`s e`r`etfréstae`s quf iàs if `shigr`j lfn efrfgrh fs quf fs
e`p`z lf ihladae`rsf ehj n` fxpfrafjea`. Fn sfr mui`jh, `sé ehih htrhs
hrb`jasihs, fs e`p`z lf ar ifkhr`jlh su e`p`eal`l lf `l`pt`eaõj ehjdhrif
v` tfjafjlh iàs vavfjea`s.
Fj fn e`sh lf nhs sfrfs mui`jhs, fj fn e`iph fiheahj`n, t`igaáj v`ihs
`prfjlafjlh ` rf`eeahj`r lf ladfrfjtfs i`jfr`s sfbûj v`ihs `v`jz`jlh phr
n` val`. Fj fstf `prfjlaz`kf, fj `nbuj`s he`sahjfs `prfjlfihs ` rf`eeahj`r
fiheahj`nifjtf lf dhri`s quf fj uj prajeapah jhs pulafrhj rfsunt`r iuy
ûtanfs pfrh quf ` n`rbh pn`zh jhs bfjfr`j iuemhs prhgnfi`s. Eu`jlh
fxpfraifjt`ihs uj` rfspufst` fiheahj`n ajtfjs`, jufstrh eufrph `prfjlf y
n` m`ef suy`. Fn efrfgrh thi` jht` lfn `jtfeflfjtf quf prhvheõ n` satu`eaõj,
lf n` fiheaõj quf sfjtaihs y lf n`s ehjsfeufjea`s ` ehrth pn`zh. Ua n`s
ehjsfeufjea`s dufrhj fxpfraifjt`r uj` rflueeaõj lf n` fiheaõj, fn efrfgrh
`prfjlfrà ` l`r fstf taph lf rfspufst`. Ehih y` mfihs ehifjt`lh, nhs
fdfeths ` ehrth pn`zh puflfj sfr iuy gfjfdaeahshs, pfrh ` n`rbh pn`zh puflfj
 

sfr lfihnflhrfs.
Shr fkfipnh, puflf quf lur`jtf ia kuvfjtul if rfsunt`sf gfjfdaeahsh
fst`rif e`nn`lh y pfri`jfefr fj sfbujlh pn`jh ehj ias ehip`ðfrhs lf en`sf
sa if m`eé`j gunnyajb, pfrh `mhr` fsf ehiphrt`iafjth y fs`s fiheahjfs quf
if `yul`rhj ` `l`pt`rif nh ifkhr quf phlé` puflfj suphjfr uj fjhrif
màjlae`p fj ia val`, y` quf `mhr` iasih jh m`y j`laf quf quafr`
i`ntr`t`rif.
@ vfefs sf l` n` eareujst`jea` lf quf mfihs rfpftalh t`jt`s vfefs fn
prhefsh, quf ja saquafr` shihs ehjseafjtfs lf n` rfspufst` fiheahj`n quf
fst`ihs l`jlh. Ehih tf lfeé` `n ajaeah lfn `p`rt`lh, puflf quf uj lé` jhs
nfv`jtfihs trastfs saj r`zõj `p`rfjtf y ja saquafr` sf`ihs ehjseafjtfs lf quf

mfihs pfjs`lh fjquf

sfr saipnfifjtf `nbhm`y`ihs
ehjerfth`prfjlalh
quf m` phlalh lasp`r`r
` sfjtarjhs lffs`
fs`fiheaõj. Suflf
i`jfr` (jh tf
prfheupfs quf sf puflf `prfjlfr ` rf`eeahj`r lf htr`s i`jfr`s).
H puflf sfr quf m`y` lftfriaj`l`s satu`eahjfs quf jhs bfjfr`j `jsafl`l
`jtf n`s quf nnfv`ihs iuemh tafiph l`jlh uj` rfspufst` lf mual`, y quf ja
saquafr` s`gfihs phr quá nh m`efihs. Uaipnfifjtf fs `nbh quf heurrf fj
jhshtrhs. Suflf sfr quf lfslf m`ef `ðhs tfjb`ihs iaflh ` satu`eahjfs
shea`nfs y ja saquafr` sf`ihs ehjseafjtfs lf n` fv`nu`eaõj quf m`efihs lfn
prhgnfi`, sajh quf saipnfifjtf ehj shnh jhigr`r uj` `etaval`l shea`n
jhtfihs `jsafl`l y lfeal`ihs fvat`rn`.
Sfrh `n abu`n quf `prfjlfihs ` rf`eeahj`r lf i`jfr` pheh `l`pt`tav`
drfjtf ` satu`eahjfs quf jhs bfjfr`j i`nfst`r, t`igaáj phlfihs `prfjlfr `
rf`eeahj`r lf i`jfr` `l`pt`tav`.
Ua, phr fkfipnh, nnfv`ihs `ðhs tfjafjlh dhga` ` nhs pfrrhs, pfrh pheh `
pheh lfealaihs fjdrfjt`rjhs ` jufstrh iaflh, jufstrh efrfgrh, ehj n`s
fxpfrafjea`s phsatav`s rfn`eahj`l`s ehj fsths `jai`nfs, e`l` vfz rf`eeahj`rà
ehj ifjhs `jsafl`l `jtf fstf taph lf fstéiunhs.
Uhj gufj`s jhtaea`s, jufstrh efrfgrh tafjf n` e`p`eal`l lf e`iga`r ehj n`
 

fxpfrafjea`, `sé quf `prhvfemfihs fsth y láihsnf n`s fxpfrafjea`s

fiheahj`nfs quf jhs `yulfj ` sfr e`p`efs lf nagr`rjhs lf n`s e`lfj`s quf
nnfv`ihs `ðhs `rr`str`jlh.

Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

Fj fstf e`pétunh v`ihs ` fipfz`r ` thi`r ehjeafjea` lf n`s ehjsfeufjea`s lf

jufstr`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs. S`r` fnnh, `n abu`n quf fj htrhs `p`rt`lhs lfn
nagrh, tf vhy ` rfehifjl`r quf v`y`s `pujt`jlh fj uj rfbastrh n`s
ehjsfeufjea`s lf n`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs quf mfihs l`lh.
\fjlré`ihs quf rfnnfj`r fn sabuafjtf rfbastrh;

@jtf
@jtfef
eflf
lfjt
jtfs
fs Fihe
Fiheaõ
aõj
j Wfspufst`s Wfspufst`s Wfspufst`s Ehjsfeufjea`s
ehbjatav`s dasahnõbae`s ehjluetu`nfs

 XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX 

 XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX 
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 XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX 

 XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX 
 XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX 

 XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX 

 XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX 
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 XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX 

 XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX 
 XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXX 

Tf`ihs ujhs eu`jths fkfipnhs p`r` quf

q uf sfp`s eõih m`efrnh.

Wfspufst`s Wfspufst`s Wfspufst`s

@j
@jttfefl
eflfjt
jtf
fs Fiheaõ
eaõj Ehjsfeufjea`s
ehbjatav`s dasahnõbae`s ehjluetu`nfs

Uhj n`s jufvf Sfrfz` «Jh if E`js`jeah If dufr

dufrzh
zh y vh
vhy.
y. @n praje
prajeapah
apah if eufst
eufst`
`
lf n` i`ð`j` y `pftfef désaeh. fipfz`r ` fjtrfj`r, pfrh
if bust`ré` ar j`l` ar ` lfspuás if safjth
 

`n baij`sah. fjtrfj`r ehjtfjth phr m`gfr alh.

mhy.¿

M`gn`r fj Iaflh «Ufburh quf \`quae`rla`, Labh quf if @navah ajst`jtàjfh lf n`

pûgnaeh. pafjs`j quf rfspar`eaõj laseunpfj quf `jsafl`l. Eunp`ganal`l y
shy `bat`l`, tfjsaõj jh if trastfz` phr jh m`gfr
`gurralh.¿ iuseun`r. fjeufjtrh gafj y `drhjt`lh n` satu`eaõj.
\fignhr fj n` if vufnvh `
vhz. e`s`.

Laseusaõj ehj Ar` «Jh \fjsaõj If thih lhs @navah lf n` ar`. @n daj`n
ia p`rfk`. fjtafjlf iuseun`r, e`nhr iajuths p`r` if safjth gafj ehjiabh
j`l` lf nh fj n` e`r`, e`ni`rif f iasih phr m`gfr
quf nf labh.¿ t`quae`rla`. ajtfjth fxpnae`r rfsufnth n` satu`eaõj lf
n` satu`eaõj. dhri` `sfrtav`.

Nnfb`r t`rlf ` @j
@jsa
safl
fl`l
`l «J
«Jhh nnnf
nfbh
bh,, \fjsaõj Ehrrh e`l` vfz Nnfbh eajeh iajuths
uj` eat`. safiprf if iuseun`r, iàs ràpalh. t`rlf ehj javfnfs lf
p`s` abu`n.¿ t`quae`rla`, `jsafl`l `ntésaihs. If
sulhr`eaõj. the` fspfr`r vfajtf
iajuths.
 

Fst`lh lf àjaih y fiheahjfs;

ehjlfj`lhs ` fjtfjlfrsf fjtrf fnnhs

@pfj`s tfjé` fjfrbé`. S`s`g` e`sa thlh fn lé` tr`t`jlh lf i`jtfjfrif `etavh,
pfrh if ehst`g` iuemh iàs lf n` eufjt`. If sfjté` g`kh. Sfrh g`kh lf
vfrl`l, jh ehih fj htr`s he`sahjfs. E`l` vfz quf uj pfjs`iafjth sf eruz`g`
phr ia ifjtf lfsfighe`g` fj uj` thrifjt` fiheahj`n lf n` quf qufré`
fse`p`r eu`jth `jtfs. Jh tfjé` b`j`s lf m`efr j`l`. Ja lf m`efr fkfreaeah, ja
lf vfr ` ias sfrfs qufralhs y n`s `etaval`lfs quf m`st` fjthjefs if m`gé`j
ihtav`lh lfk`rhj phr ehipnfth lf ajtfrfs`rif.
Jh m`gé` uj lfsfje`lfj`jtf en`rh p`r` fst`r `sé, pfrh ia fst`lh lf àjaih
fr` rf`nifjtf g`kh. Fjdrfjt`rif ` nhs lé`s
lé` s fr` rf`nifjtf ehipnae`lh, jh tfjé`
ja ihtav`eaõj ja e`p`eal`l p`r` ehjefjtr`rif, ja phr supufsth jajbuj`s
b`j`s lf fjdrfjt`rif ` n` khrj`l` n`ghr`n phr n`s i`ð`j`s. Nh pfhr fs quf

t`ipheh ifn` `pftfeé`

e`gfz` ehj sàg`j` yvfr ` p`s`r
lfk`r ias `iabhs. Uhnh
fn tafiph y fnqufré`
lhnhr.tuig`rif, t`p`rif n`

Fst`lh lf àjaih

Lfslf ia pujth lf vast`, nh quf jfefsat`ihs fj praifr nub`r p`r` phlfr fst`r
fj lasphsaeaõj lf `prfjlfr ` rfbun`r fiheahjfs, y phr fjlf fipfz`r `
e`iga`r nh quf jh jhs bust` lf jhshtrhs iasihs, fs tfjfr uj fst`lh lf àjaih
`lfeu`lh. Eu`jlh jhs fjehjtr`ihs ehj uj àjaih g`kh fs ladéean quf
 

tfjb`ihs n` dufrz` sudaeafjtf p`r` phjfr fj i`rem` thl`s n`s fstr`tfba`s

jfefs`ra`s p`r` rfbun`r jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs, phr nh quf fs lf vat`n
aiphrt`jea` quf `lhptfihs uj` rutaj` lf val` quf dhifjtf uj fst`lh lf
àjaih `l`pt`tavh.
\fjfihs quf phjfr lf rfnafvf n`s ladfrfjea`s fjtrf fiheahjfs y fst`lh lf
àjaih, pfrh gàsae`ifjtf phlré`ihs lfear quf n`s praifr`s fstàj `shea`l`s `
fstéiunhs ehjerfths y shj rf`eeahjfs quf prftfjlfj quf jhs `l`ptfihs ehj
fdae`ea` ` jufstrh iflah, iafjtr`s quf fn fst`lh lf àjaih fs iàs lur`lfrh fj
fn tafiph, jh fstà `shea`lh ` fstéiunhs ehjerfths y jh fs t`j ajtfjsh ehih
nhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs.

Ladfrfjea`s fjtrf fst`lh lf àjaih y fiheahjfs

T`ihs ` phjfr lhs fkfipnhs p`r` quf ladfrfjeafihs gafj fn fst`lh lf àjaih
lf n`s fiheahjfs.
Fkfipnh lf fst`lh lf àjaih g`kh
K`vafr fs uj mhigrf lf trfajt` y uj `ðhs quf nnfv` uj` val` iuy `kftrf`l`.
M`ef trfs `ðhs lfealaõ ihjt`r su prhpah jfbheah fj guse` lf jufv`s
hphrtujal`lfs n`ghr`nfs. Jh qufré` sfbuar tr`g`k`jlh p`r` htrhs y sfjtarsf
pheh v`nhr`lh fj su pufsth lf tr`g`kh.
Lur`jtf nhs lhs praifrhs `ðhs lflaeõ iuem`s mhr`s `n lé` ` quf su fiprfs`
s`nafsf `lfn`jtf. \r`g`kõ iuy lurh, fj he`sahjfs hnvalàjlhsf lf thlh nh
lfiàs. Lur`jtf fsf tafiph, ehifjzõ ` vfr nhs praifrhs rfsunt`lhs y, phr daj,
fipfzõ ` b`j`rsf n` val` ehj nh quf lf vfrl`l nf bust`g`.
Lfslf m`ef uj `ðh, su rutaj` lf val` fs n` sabuafjtf. Uf nfv`jt` phr n`s
i`ð`j`s y, iafjtr`s thi` su e`dá, ehiprufg` nhs ehrrfhs quf m`j nnfb`lh
lur`jtf n` jhemf. Sheh lfspuás ehiafjz` ` tr`g`k`r. Nh m`ef ehj eafrt`
pfrfz`, y` quf n`s ehs`s nf v`j nh sudaeafjtfifjtf gafj ehih p`r` phlfr
rfn`k`rsf. \afjf n` sufrtf lf phlfr nnfv`r su jfbheah lfslf su e`s`, phr nh quf
 

fvat` nhs lfspn`z`iafjths.

@ n` mhr` lf ehifr p`r` y lufrif uj r`th n` safst`. Shr n` t`rlf sabuf
tr`g`k`jlh m`st` n`s hemh h jufvf lf n` jhemf. Nh m`ef saj `pfj`s b`j`s y
ehj iuemh fsdufrzh p`r` ehjefjtr`rsf fj nh quf fstà m`eafjlh.
Lfslf m`ef tafiph sf fjeufjtr` laspfrsh, pheh erf`tavh, nf eufst`
ehjefjtr`rsf y nf lhiaj` uj` sfjs`eaõj ladus` quf jh s`gf iuy gafj eõih
ftaquft`r, pfrh quf sf p`rfef ` n` trastfz` y ` n` ifn`jehné`, pfrh iuemh iàs
su`vfs quf fj htr`s he`sahjfs lf su val`, ehih eu`jlh nf lfkõ su jhva`.
Uu val` pfrshj`n y su val` n`ghr`n e`l` vfz fstàj iàs shn`p`l`s. Nhs dajfs
lf sfi`j` m`ef fx`et`ifjtf nh iasih quf fjtrf sfi`j`, y lfslf m`ef `nbûj
tafiph sf jht` ehj fn fst`lh lf àjaih g`kh.

Sheh
tafjf ` pheh`pftath
`pfj`s fipafz` ` tfjfr prhgnfi`s
y shn`ifjtf lf sufðh,
ehif `naifjths m` lfk`lh fn E`l`
prfeheaj`lhs. lfphrtf,
lé` jh
sf
fjeufjtr` iàs e`js`lh y sf lfseugrf ` sé iasih pfjs`jlh quf fn jfbheah
dr`e`s`rà y tfjlrà quf efrr`r fj nhs prõxaihs ifsfs.
Ua tf l`s eufjt`, jh m`y uj lfsfje`lfj`jtf en`rh lfn g`kh fst`lh lf àjaih
lf K`vafr. S`rfef quf sf lfgf ` su rutaj` lf val` quf jh `yul` ` tfjfr uj
fst`lh lf àjaih s`jh. M` lfk`lh lf n`lh àrf`s t`j aiphrt`jtfs ehih fn heah
h nhs `iabhs. N` i`yhr p`rtf lfn tafiph n` lflae` ` tr`g`k`r. @pfj`s tafjf
tafiph lf heah y jh pr`etae` uj` `etaval`l désae`. Fs tht`nifjtf jhri`n quf
K`vafr tfjb` e`l` vfz uj fst`lh lf àjaih iàs g`kh.
Lfsbr`ea`l`ifjtf, n` masthra` lf K`vafr fs iuy p`rfeal` ` iuem`s lf
jufstr`s masthra`s. ¸Euàjths lf jhshtrhs jhs p`s`ihs n` val` lf e`s` `n
tr`g`kh y lfn tr`g`kh ` e`s`8 \fjfihs n` `bfjl` t`j nnfj` lf t`rf`s quf jhs
hnval`ihs lf jhshtrhs iasihs. Shjfihs thl`s n`s hgnab`eahjfs phr lfn`jtf
lf jufstrh gafjfst`r y, phr nh t`jth, pheh ` pheh nh v`ihs
v `ihs pfrlafjlh.
Fkfipnh lf fiheahjfs rfn`eahj`l`s ehj n` trastfz`
Thnv`ihs `n e`sh lf K`vafr, pfrh fst` vfz ` htrh ihifjth lf su val`, eu`jlh
tfjé` vfajtaeajeh `ðhs. K`vafr nnfv`g` trfs `ðhs ehj su jhva`. Uf ehjheafrhj
 

fj n` d`eunt`l, y lur`jtf thlh fsf tafiph ehjbfja`rhj ` n` pfrdfeeaõj. M`eé`j

iuem`s ehs`s kujths, `n prajeapah qufl`g`j p`r` fstula`r, ar `n eajf y p`sf`r.
Sfrh lfspuás, eu`jlh `e`g`rhj n` e`rrfr` y ehifjz`rhj ` tr`g`k`r, sf vafrhj
ifjhs. N` rfn`eaõj fr` sõnal` y sf qufré`j iuemh.
Vj lé`, su jhva` nf ehiujae` quf m` ehjhealh ` htrh emaeh fj fn tr`g`kh
t r`g`kh quf
nf m` mfemh sfjtar lf uj` i`jfr` quf nnfv`g` tafiph saj fxpfraifjt`r y quf
phr ehmfrfjea` y phr rfspfth quafrf lfk`r n` rfn`eaõj `jtfs lf e`fr fj uj`
ajdalfnal`l.
K`vafr fj fsf ihifjth safjtf uj` fiheaõj lf ajtfjs` trastfz`. Fj fn àigath
ehbjatavh jh lfk` lf prfbujt`rsf phr quá nf m` heurralh fsth. Jht` uj`
prfsaõj fj fn pfemh y n`s nàbrai`s g`ð`j sus hkhs. Uf safjtf saj dufrz`s y nf

eufst`
e`l` vfzar quf
e`l``p`rfef
lé` `n tr`g`kh. Nhs quf
uj fstéiunh fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs
nf rfeufrl` lf trastfz`
` su fxjhva`. `p`rfefj
Suflf sfr uj
pfjs`iafjth, uj nub`r h uj hnhr.
Lur`jtf `nbujhs ifsfs sf sueflfj fst`s rf`eeahjfs fiheahj`nfs, m`st` quf
pheh ` pheh v`j safjlh e`l` vfz ifjhs ajtfjs`s. Jh hgst`jtf, fn tafiph quf
ehjsabuf fst`r lastr`élh sf fjeufjtr` gafj.
Ua prfst`ihs `tfjeaõj ` nhs lhs fkfipnhs, jhs l`rfihs eufjt` lf quf, fj fn
praifrh, jh m`y uj lfsfje`lfj`jtf en`rh lfn fst`lh fiheahj`n, sajh quf fs
uj` sfjs`eaõj quf pfrlur` fj fn tafiph y, `ujquf jh fs fspfea`nifjtf
ajtfjs`, ifri` n`s fjfrbé`s lf K`vafr. Fj fn sfbujlh e`sh, tfjfihs uj
lfsfje`lfj`jtf fspfeédaeh. Uf tr`t` lf uj` párlal`, fj fstf e`sh lf su jhva`.
N`s fiheahjfs quf safjtf K`vafr shj ajtfjs`s y tafjfj rfn`eaõj ehj nh quf nf
fstà heurrafjlh. Uu eufrph ajtfjt` `l`pt`rsf nh ifkhr quf puflf ` n` jufv`
satu`eaõj. Shr fnnh fxpfraifjt` fstf taph lf sfjs`eahjfs.
\fjfihs quf rfs`nt`r quf fxastf uj` rfn`eaõj galarfeeahj`n fjtrf uj fst`lh
lf àjaih y n`s rf`eeahjfs fiheahj`nfs. Fs lfear, sa jhs fjehjtr`ihs g`khs lf
àjaih, fs iàs prhg`gnf quf fxpfraifjtfihs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs lf
`jsafl`l, trastfz`, iaflh h ar`, iafjtr`s quf sa jhs fjehjtr`ihs ehj gufj
 

àjaih, fsths fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs tfjlfràj ` sfr ifjhs ajtfjshs, ifjhs

drfeufjtfs y ifjhs lur`lfrhs.
Shr fn ehjtr`rah, sa fxpfraifjt`ihs `nbûj `ehjtfeaiafjth nh
sudaeafjtfifjtf lurh, `p`rtf lf fxpfraifjt`r fiheahjfs lf trastfz`, ar`,
`jsafl`l h iaflh, fs prhg`gnf quf jufstrh fst`lh lf àjaih bfjfr`n sf` iàs
g`kh.

¸Puá jfefsat`ihs p`r` tfjfr uj fst`lh lf àjaih õptaih8

S`r` ehjtfst`r ` fst` prfbujt` tfjfihs quf rftrheflfr fj fn tafiph eafjth

eajeufjt` ian `ðhs. Eu`jlh fn sfr mui`jh ehifjz`g` ` phgn`r n` tafrr`. Ua
jhs ai`baj`ihs fn fstanh lf val` lf nhs praifrhs  Mhih s`pafjs  lf fstf
iujlh, ehiprhg`rfihs quf fr` iuy ladfrfjtf `n quf nnfv`ihs jhshtrhs fj fn
sabnh xxa.
Fnnhs tfjé`j iuem`s ifjhs ehihlal`lfs, e`l` lé` fr` uj` `vfjtur` fj n`
quf tfjé`j quf shgrfvavar. \fjé`j quf guse`r `nbh quf ehifr, `nbh quf gfgfr,
uj nub`r sfburh p`r` p`s`r n`s jhemfs y fjdrfjt`rsf ` juifrhshs pfnabrhs.
Jufstrh eufrph fstà `l`pt`lh gahnõbae`ifjtf ` fstf fstanh lf val`. N`
fvhnueaõj jhs nnfvõ m`st` fsf pujth. Fj fn ihifjth `etu`n, n` sheafl`l m`
e`iga`lh iuemh, pfrh jufstrh eõlabh bfjátaeh sabuf safjlh
saf jlh saian`r.
Fs phr fst` r`zõj quf, phr fkfipnh, nhs `naifjths raehs fj br`s` jhs s`gfj
t`j gafj, pufs fj `qufn `igafjtf jh fst`g`j t`j lasphjagnfs y suphjé`j uj
`phrtf e`nõraeh iuy `pftfeagnf. Jufstrh sastfi` jfrvahsh fvhnueahjõ p`r`
quf jhs sajtaásfihs `tr`élhs phr fnnhs. Fs phr fsh quf `mhr`, `n fjehjtr`r fj
eu`nquafr supfrifre`lh fstf taph lf `naifjths, n` i`yhré` lf nhs p`ésfs
ajlustra`naz`lhs tafjfj uj prhgnfi` sfvfrh lf hgfsal`l. Fst`rfihs lf
`eufrlh fj quf ` thlhs jhs `pftfef iuemh iàs uj` t`gnft` lf emhehn`tf quf
fn grõehna.
Nh iasih heurrf ehj jufstr`s fiheahjfs. Fst`ihs prfp`r`lhs p`r`
rf`eeahj`r `jtf pfnabrhs ajiajfjtfs quf `efem`j, p`r` ehrrfr, p`r` s`nt`r, p`r`
 

ehip`rtar ehj nhs lfiàs ajtfbr`jtfs lf jufstr` tragu.

Nh quf heurrf fs quf jufstr` sheafl`l nh quf dhifjt` fs fst`r sfjt`lhs
lur`jtf hemh mhr`s `n lé` (fj fn ifkhr lf nhs e`shs) lfn`jtf lf uj hrlfj`lhr
m`eafjlh t`rf`s lfi`sa`lh `gstr`et`s. Hemh mhr`s p`r` lflae`r ` n`s t`rf`s
dufr` lfn tr`g`kh y, sa tfjfihs sufrtf, `nbh lf heah, y hemh mhr`s p`r` lhriar.
Uhihs nh iàs p`rfealh ` `jai`nfs fj e`utaval`l quf pufl` fxastar. If
bust` phjfr n` iftàdhr` lf quf shihs ehih `jai`nfs lf eareh. Ua prfst`ihs
`tfjeaõj ` nhs séjthi`s tépaehs quf prfsfjt`j n`s fspfeafs fj e`utaval`l,
vfrfihs quf shj iuy p`rfealhs ` nhs quf `p`rfefj fj n` sheafl`l heealfjt`n
lf mhy fj lé`.
Uhjk` Naughiarsoy, uj` psaeõnhb` iuy rfput`l` lf n` Vjavfrsal`l lf

E`nadhrja`,
Ufbûj n`sprhpush uj ihlfnh
ajvfstab`eahjfs lf lfn
fst`gafjfst`r
`uthr`, fnm`ef
63%y`lf`nbujhs
jufstrh`ðhs.
gafjfst`r vafjf
l`lh phr bfjátae`. \fjlfihs m`ea` uj pujth lf `jen`kf lf gafjfst`r quf
vafjf l`lh phr jufstrhs bfjfs. Shr fkfipnh, nhs bfjfs aipnae`lhs fj n`
séjtfsas lf n` sfrhthjaj`, uj jfurhtr`jsiashr aipnae`lh fj n`s rf`eeahjfs
fiheahj`nfs, tafjfj uj pfsh iuy aiphrt`jtf ` n` mhr` lf prflfear sa `nbuafj
v` ` sudrar uj` lfprfsaõj br`vf.
Shr htrh n`lh, n`s eareujst`jea`s vat`nfs, fs lfear, lõjlf vavaihs, ehj quaáj,
n` e`s` quf tfjfihs, fn tr`g`kh quf rf`naz`ihs, fte. shn`ifjtf rfprfsfjt`j uj
03% lfn gafjfst`r tht`n. N`ifjt`gnfifjtf, thlhs larabaihs jufstrhs
fsdufrzhs ` ihladae`r fst`s eareujst`jea`s. Pufrfihs prhbrfs`r fj fn tr`g`kh,
tfjfr uj` e`s` iàs br`jlf, uj` p`rfk` iàs `tr`etav` h fn ûntaih ihlfnh lf
tfnádhjh iõvan.
Daj`nifjtf, uj <3% lfn tht`n lfn gafjfst`r quf sfjtaihs lfpfjlf lf nh quf
m`b`ihs `etav`ifjtf p`r` ehjsfbuarnh. Uf tr`t` lf gufj`s jhtaea`s, pufsth
quf ehj fsdufrzh phlfihs ifkhr`r jufstrh fst`lh lf àjaih y, phr fjlf,
jufstr` dfnaeal`l. Lfsbr`ea`l`ifjtf, phehs lflae`j uj r`th `n lé` ` sfjtarsf
ifkhr ehj fnnhs iasihs. Fs `nbh quf safiprf lfk`ihs fj uj sfbujlh pn`jh.
 

@n daj`n, fstf ihlfnh lf gafjfst`r jhs ajlae` quf jufstrh fst`lh lf àjaih
fs `nbh `sé ehih fn pfsh ehrphr`n. \hlhs tfjlfihs ` pfs`r nh quf pfs`ihs, y
fst` vafjf l`l` phr vé` bfjátae`. N`ifjt`gnfifjtf, jh phlfihs m`efr j`l`
phr ihladae`r jufstrhs bfjfs, pfrh ihladae`jlh n`s v`ra`gnfs `igafjt`nfs, fj
fspfea`n jufstr` rutaj` lf val`, phlfihs nnfb`r ` ihladae`r jufstrh pfsh
ehrphr`n.
Nh iasih heurrf ehj jufstrh fst`lh lf àjaih. Suflf sfr quf `nbujh h
`ighs lf jufstrhs prhbfjathrfs m`y`j sudralh prhgnfi`s lf fst`lh lf àjaih
h `jsafl`l lur`jtf su val`. Sfrh nh quf mfrfl`ihs lf fnnhs fs shn`ifjtf uj`
tfjlfjea` ` lfs`rrhnn`r fsths prhgnfi`s. Shlfihs, ifla`jtf jufstr` rutaj`
la`ra`, `ne`jz`r uj fst`lh iàs quf `efpt`gnf lf àjaih.

fjShr fst` r`zõj

fn nagrh mf qufralh
rfehifjl`jlh ehifjz`r
uj` sfraf lf fn fjtrfj`iafjth
`etaval`lfs fiheahj`nfn prhpufsth
quf dhifjt`j fst`lh lf
àjaih `nth. Lf fst` i`jfr`, sa jhs fsdhrz`ihs lé` ` lé`, ehjsfbuarfihs fst`r
fj uj` phsaeaõj iuy vfjt`khs` ` n` mhr` lf rfbun`r fiheahjfs.
N` ajehrphr`eaõj lf fst`s `etaval`lfs ` tu val` la`ra` jh shn`ifjtf
suphjlràj uj `jtfs y uj lfspuás fj tu gafjfst`r, sajh quf t`igaáj tfjlràj
rfpfreusaõj fj tu s`nul désae`. Q fs quf fn eufrph y n` ifjtf fstàj iuemh iàs
ehjfet`lhs lf nh quf erffihs.

Srhbr`i`eaõj lf `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs

Vj` lf n`s praifr`s ehs`s quf tfjfihs quf m`efr p`r` `ne`jz`r uj br`lh lf
gafjfst`r `l`pt`tavh fs ajehrphr`r `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs ` jufstr` rutaj`
la`ra`. Fj iuem`s he`sahjfs, fspfr`ihs `n daj lf sfi`j` p`r` ehjefjtr`r
thl`s n`s `etaval`lfs lf heah, saj fig`rbh, fs iuemh iàs fdfetavh ` n` mhr`
lf ifkhr`r jufstrh fst`lh lf àjaih prhbr`i`r `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs p`r`
e`l` lé`.
M`y e`sa uj` rfn`eaõj larfet` fjtrf fn jûifrh lf `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs quf
rf`naz`ihs lé` ` lé` y jufstrh fst`lh lf àjaih. Fs lfear, eu`jths iàs
 

ihifjths lf heah tfjb`ihs fj jufstr` rutaj`, i`yhrfs javfnfs lf gafjfst`r

tfjlrfihs. Eu`jlh fxpfraifjt`ihs uj lfsefjsh fj fstf taph lf `etaval`lfs,
jhri`nifjtf nh jht`ihs fiheahj`nifjtf. Uhnh tafjfs quf pfjs`r, phr
fkfipnh, fj eu`jlh vufnvfs `n tr`g`kh tr`s uj`s v`e`eahjfs. Lfspuás lf
lasphjfr lf iuem`s mhr`s p`r` ajvfrtar fj nh quf tf bust`, tafjfs quf rfehrt`r
fn tafiph lf heah p`r` vhnvfr ` n` rutaj`. E`sa thlhs jht`ihs quf jhs eufst`
iàs phjfrjhs fj i`rem`. Uf tr`t` lf uj` rf`eeaõj j`tur`n lfn eufrph `n pfrlfr
fstf taph lf `etaval`lfs pn`efjtfr`s.
N`s `etaval`lfs rfdhrz`jtfs sufnfj nnfv`r fiheahjfs `br`l`gnfs `shea`l`s.
Uhj ihifjths quf lasdrut`ihs, `shea`lhs `n pn`efr, quf tafjfj uj`
rfpfreusaõj vat`n fj jufstrh gafjfst`r.

\`n fs lf
vabfjtfs n` lfprfsaõj,
rfpfreusaõjfnlf
lf fstf fdfeth, fj
Nfwajshmj quf012<,
ujh phstun`
lf nhs praifrhs ihlfnhs
quf fstf tr`sthrjh
psaehnõbaeh `p`rfef y sf i`jtafjf prfeas`ifjtf phr n` párlal` lf
rfdhrz`lhrfs. Jhri`nifjtf, fj thlhs nhs e`shs lf lfprfsaõj fxastf fstf
dfjõifjh. Ehih mfihs vasth fj htrh e`pétunh, uj` lf n`s dujeahjfs lf n`
trastfz` fs n` ehjsfrv`eaõj lf fjfrbé`, phr nh
n h quf fn aipunsh quf sfjtaihs fs `
pfri`jfefr aj`etavhs eu`jlh fst`ihs trastfs. Ua jhs lfk`ihs nnfv`r phr fstf
aipunsh, arrfifla`gnfifjtf ehifjz`rfihs ` lfk`r lf m`efr `etaval`lfs quf
jhs bust`j, nh quf rftrh`naifjt` n` fiheaõj lf trastfz` m`st` erf`rsf uj
eéreunh vaeahsh fj fn quf e`l` vfz jhs sfjtaihs iàs trastfs y e`l` vfz
tfjfihs ifjhs b`j`s lf rf`naz`r jajbuj` `etaval`l, phr nh quf pfrlfihs
rfdhrz`lhrfs, y `n m`efrnh sf bfjfr` `ûj iàs trastfz`.
M`ef `nbujhs `ðhs lfealé ehiprhg`r fj ias e`rjfs fstf dfjõifjh. Lasfðá
uj pfqufðh fxpfraifjth p`r` ehiprhg`r phr ié iasih sa n` fnaiaj`eaõj lf
thl` `etaval`l rfdhrz`jtf tfjé` fdfeths fj ia fst`lh lf àjaih.
S`r` fnnh, if fjefrrá lur`jtf thlh uj daj lf sfi`j` fj ia e`s`, `vasá `
thlhs ias d`iana`rfs y `iabhs lf quf jh ag` ` fst`r lasphjagnf lur`jtf uj p`r
lf lé`s. Lfslf fn vafrjfs phr n` t`rlf `n nujfs phr n` i`ð`j` nh ûjaeh quf maef
 

duf fst`r tuig`lh fj fn shdà vafjlh n` tfnfvasaõj. Ja saquafr` eheaj`g`, pflé`

ehial` p`r` nnfv`r. Nh quf fj prajeapah puflf p`rfefr uj daj lf sfi`j` lf
lfse`jsh, pheh ` pheh ehifjzõ ` ehjvfrtarsf fj uj pfqufðh ajdafrjh.
Uhn`ifjtf if ihvé p`r` ar lf n` e`i` `n shdà.
Fn lhiajbh phr n` jhemf, rfnnfjá uj eufstahj`rah shgrf fiheahjfs, y tfjbh
quf ehjdfs`r quf if sfjté` jfrvahsh, trastf, `bat`lh, eunp`gnf f ajs`tasdfemh.
Duf iuy emhe`jtf vfr nhs fdfeths quf tfjé` n` `usfjea` lf `etaval`l
rfdhrz`jtf fj ia val`. Fj shn`ifjtf lhs lé`s y iflah ehifjz`g` ` sfjtar
fdfeths iuy phtfjtfs fj ia fst`lh lf àjaih. Q `lfiàs, fipfz`g` ` tfjfr
prhgnfi`s lf sufðh y lhnhrfs iuseun`rfs.
Fn nujfs phr n` i`ð`j` if ehstõ iuemésaih nfv`jt`rif lf n` e`i` p`r` ar

`ehjt`lh
tr`g`k`r.eõih
Fs iàs,
if erfh quf sa mugafsf
fjehjtr`g` alh `n iálaeh
fiheahj`nifjtf lf e`gfefr`
fs phsagnf quf yif
nf mugafsf
mugafsf
rfehifjl`lh n` g`k` n`ghr`n. Shr dhrtuj`, s`gé` nh quf if heurré` y nh quf
tfjé` quf m`efr p`r` shnueahj`rnh.
Lur`jtf nhs trfs lé`s sabuafjtfs, `n s`nar lfn tr`g`kh if fsdhreá phr
prhbr`i`r `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs ehih, phr fkfipnh, ar `n eajf, ar `n tf`trh,
qufl`r ehj ias `iabhs y m`efr lfphrtf. Fn iaárehnfs phr n` jhemf vhnvé `
rfnnfj`r fn eufstahj`rah shgrf fiheahjfs y nhs rfsunt`lhs fr`j ehipnft`ifjtf
lastajths. If vhnvé` ` sfjtar yh iasih, if fjehjtr`g` gafj lf fst`lh lf
àjaih. N` vfrl`l fs quf if shrprfjlaõ n` dnuetu`eaõj t`j br`jlf fj ia
fst`lh fiheahj`n `shea`l` ` n` rutaj` la`ra`. Jh if ai`baj`g` quf nhs
fdfeths lf n` aj`etaval`l phlé`j sfr t`j dufrtfs y t`j ràpalhs.
Qh jh p`rté` lf uj fst`lh lf àjaih lfprfsavh, phr nh quf n` rfeupfr`eaõj
duf g`st`jtf vfnhz. Fs fspfr`gnf quf fj pfrshj`s quf sudrfj `nbûj taph lf
tr`sthrjh lfn fst`lh lf àjaih eufstf iàs tafiph rfeupfr`rsf.
Vjh lf nhs prhgnfi`s quf puflfj `p`rfefr eu`jlh nnfv`ihs `nbûj tafiph
trastfs h ehj fn fst`lh lf àjaih g`kh puflf sfr n` `jmflhja`, quf fs n`
aje`p`eal`l p`r` sfjtar pn`efr. Fsth sufnf sueflfr fj pfrshj`s quf nnfv`j uj
 

tafiph sudrafjlh prhgnfi`s fiheahj`nfs. Fj fstf e`sh, fs iàs ladéean

prhbr`i`r `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs, pufsth quf `n jh sfjtar pn`efr, fst`s jh
tafjfj fn fdfeth rfdhrz`jtf quf sé tafjfj fj pfrshj`s saj ladaeunt`lfs
fiheahj`nfs.
N` en`vf fj fstf taph lf prhgnfiàtae` fs prhbr`i`r `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs,
`ujquf jh tfjb`ihs b`j`s lf m`efrnh. Sheh ` pheh, sa shihs ehjst`jtfs,
rfeupfr`rfihs n`s b`j`s lf m`efr `qufnnh quf jhs bust`. Fs eufstaõj lf
fsdufrzh y p`eafjea`. Shr supufsth, jh phlfihs fxabarjhs lfi`sa`lh, `n
prajeapah g`st`rà ehj quf lflaqufihs `nbujhs iajuths ` `qufnnh quf jhs
bust`g`, p`r` lfspuás ar ajerfifjt`jlh fn tafiph lf heah.

¸Puá `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs puflh prhbr`i`r8

E`l` pfrshj` fs uj iujlh, phr nh quf n`s `etaval`lfs lf heah quf phlfihs
ajenuar fj jufstrh lé` ` lé` lfpfjlfràj lf nh quf jhs bustf. Nh quf puflf sfr
rfdhrz`jtf p`r` ié, puflf quf jh suphjb` uj pn`efr p`r` ta, h quf ajenush tf
rfsuntf `gurralh.
Shr nh t`jth, lfjtrh lf n` e`tfbhré` lf `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs, phlfihs
ajenuar thl`s `qufnn`s quf jhs m`b`j fxpfraifjt`r pn`efr h gafjfst`r. \f
puflf p`rfefr shrprfjlfjtf, pfrh m`y iuem`s pfrshj`s quf eu`jlh nnfb`j `
ia ehjsunt` y tr`t`ihs lf pn`jadae`r fstf taph lf `etaval`lfs sf qufl`j fj
gn`jeh. S`r` fnnh, phlfihs rfeurrar ` uj fkfreaeah quf jhs puflf l`r iuem`s
alf`s shgrf quá m`efr fj jufstrh tafiph nagrf p`r` ajerfifjt`r jufstrh
gafjfst`r.
Fn fkfreaeah ehjsastf fj m`efr uj rfp`sh phr n`s `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs
p`s`l`s, n`s `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs prfsfjtfs f ai`baj`r n`s `etaval`lfs
dutur`s. \f prhphjbh quf nh m`b`ihs `mhr` iasih.

@etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs p`s`l`s

Ufbur`ifjtf, lur`jtf thl` tu val` m`s mfemh uj ihjtõj lf `etaval`lfs quf tf
 

m`j bust`lh. Eu`jlh shihs jaðhs h `lhnfsefjtfs, lasphjfihs lf iuemh iàs

tafiph p`r` lflae`rnh ` jufstrh heah. Shr fnnh fs fspfea`nifjtf fdae`z ` n`
mhr` lf m`efr fstf fkfreaeah pfjs`r fj ihifjths lf n` val` fj nhs eu`nfs jhs
fjehjtràg`ihs dfnaefs. @j`naz`r n` rutaj` quf nnfvàg`ihs jhs l`rà alf`s
shgrf n`s `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs quf m`eé`ihs fjthjefs.
S`r` m`efrnh lf i`jfr` iàs fxm`ustav`, phlfihs m`efr uj rfp`sh phr
áphe`s lf jufstr` val`. Shr fkfipnh, pfjs`r fj quá m`eé`ihs eu`jlh ég`ihs
` prai`ra`, ` sfeujl`ra`, ` g`emannfr`th, ` n` ujavfrsal`l, lur`jtf jufstrh
praifr tr`g`kh, fn praifr `ðh lf e`s`lhs y `sé suefsav`ifjtf.
\f lfkh uj` t`gn` p`r` quf ajenuy`s thl`s `qufnn`s `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs
quf rf`naz`g`s fj fn p`s`lh.

@etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs quf m`eé` fj fn p`s`lh

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@etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs fj fn prfsfjtf

Ufburh quf fj tu lé` ` lé` m`y `nbuj` `etaval`l quf tf bust` rf`naz`r. @ nh
ifkhr jh thlhs nhs lé`s ja thl`s n`s sfi`j`s, pfrh sfbur`ifjtf lflaqufs
tafiph ` `nbuj` `etaval`l quf tf m`ef sfjtar gafj.
S`r` hgtfjfr alf`s shgrf quá `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs rf`naz`r, fs iuy ûtan
m`efr uj rfp`sh phr fn ûntaih ifs lf tu val` y `pujt`r thl`s `qufnn`s ehs`s
quf m`s mfemh quf tf m`j sfjt`lh gafj.
Suflfs m`efr uj fkfreaeah lf ifihra` f ajtfjt`r guse`r nhs ifkhrfs
ihifjths quf m`s vavalh ûntai`ifjtf. Fs prhg`gnf quf lur`jtf nhs iasihs
 

fstuvafr`s m`eafjlh `nbûj taph lf `etaval`l.

\f lfkh htr` t`gn` p`r` quf ajenuy`s n`s `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs quf m`s
mfemh lur`jtf nhs ûntaihs ifsfs.
@etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs quf mf mfemh lur`jtf fn ûntaih ifs

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@etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs dutur`s

\hlhs tfjfihs eafrths ajtfrfsfs y tfi`s quf jhs nn`i`j n` `tfjeaõj. Fj
iuemhs e`shs, phr d`nt` lf tafiph h ladaeunt`lfs ` n` mhr` lf nnfv`rn`s ` e`gh,
juje` jhs mfihs phlalh iftfr lf nnfjh ` rf`naz`r eafrt`s `etaval`lfs.
Fs iuy ûtan, ` n` mhr` lf hgtfjfr alf`s shgrf quá taph lf `etaval`lfs jhs
puflfj `yul`r, m`efr uj rfp`sh phr nhs tfi`s quf jhs ajtfrfs`j y vfr sa
phlré`ihs m`efr `nbuj` `etaval`l fj thrjh ` fnnhs.
\f lfkh htr` t`gn` p`r` `pujt`r n`s phsagnfs `etaval`lfs dutur`s.

@etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs quf puflh m`efr fj fn duturh

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Ua m`s mfemh fn fkfreaeah, `mhr` ehjt`ràs ehj v`ra`s alf`s shgrf nh quf fs
`br`l`gnf p`r` ta. Lf fstf ihlh, lasphjlràs lf iûntapnfs hpeahjfs ` n` mhr`
lf s`gfr fj quá ajvfrtar tu tafiph nagrf.
M` nnfb`lh n` mhr` lf prhbr`i`r fstf taph lf `etaval`lfs, `ujquf quazà ehj
fn ratih lf val` quf nnfv`ihs tf fjehjtr`ràs ehj ladaeunt`lfs p`r` ajenuarn`s
fj tu rutaj`.
Ua `j`naz`ihs jufstrh lé` ` lé`, sfbur`ifjtf fjehjtr`rfihs quf lflae`ihs
iuemésaih tafiph ` `etaval`lfs quf jh jhs rfphrt`j `gshnut`ifjtf j`l`. Shr
fkfipnh, p`s`ihs iuemésaih tafiph lfn`jtf lfn tfnádhjh iõvan y lfn
hrlfj`lhr. @ thlhs jhs m` heurralh `nbuj` vfz fipfz`r ` j`vfb`r phr
ajtfrjft y p`s`rjhs v`rahs iajuths prfst`jlh `tfjeaõj ` wfgs h ` rflfs

shea`nfs quf`nfjlé`,
eafj vfefs rf`nal`l ja saquafr`
iuem`s lf fnn`sjhs
p`r`ajtfrfs`j.
ehiprhg`rIar`ihs fn tfnádhjh
n` mhr`, iàs lf
pfrh eu`jlh nh
bu`rl`ihs tfjfihs quf vhnvfr ` s`e`rnh phrquf, fj nub`r lf iar`r n` mhr`,
`nbuj` jhtadae`eaõj m` lfsva`lh jufstr` `tfjeaõj y jh s`gfihs quá mhr` fs.
Uhnfihs lflae`r jufstrh tafiph ` `etaval`lfs urbfjtfs fj nub`r lf
lflaeàrsfnh ` `etaval`lfs aiphrt`jtfs. Fsth jhs m`ef fjtr`r fj uj guenf fj fn
eu`n jhs sfjtaihs e`l` vfz iàs `tr`p`lhs «`p`b`jlh dufbhs¿ fj nub`r lf
lflae`rjhs ` nh quf tafjf ehjsfeufjea`s aiphrt`jtfs p`r` jhshtrhs.
Fn heah fs uj` lf n`s ehs`s iàs aiphrt`jtfs quf m`y fj n` val`. Fs
jfefs`rah quf lflaqufihs uj tafiph la`rah ` fstf taph lf `etaval`l h, lf nh
ehjtr`rah, jufstr` s`nul fiheahj`n sf vfrà `dfet`l` y jh phlrfihs lflae`rjhs
` nh lfiàs.
N` p`ut` bfjfr`n p`r` n` prhbr`i`eaõj lf `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs fs m`efr
eu`jt`s iàs ifkhr. Sfrh safiprf prai`jlh n` e`nal`l drfjtf ` n` e`jtal`l.
Ehih rfehifjl`eaõj bfjfr`n, tf lará quf ehih iéjaih jfefsat`ihs uj`
`etaval`l `br`l`gnf `n lé` p`r` ehifjz`r ` sfjtarjhs gafj. Shr supufsth, sa
puflfs m`efr iàs, iuemh ifkhr.
Vj` lf n`s en`vfs p`r` nnfv`r ` e`gh `qufnnh quf jhs prhphjfihs fs
 

prhbr`i`rnh fj jufstr` `bfjl`, prhphreahj`rnf ` n` `etaval`l uj fsp`eah y uj

tafiph ehjerfths. @sé, `n abu`n quf jh jhs pn`jtf`ihs jh ar ` tr`g`k`r eu`jlh
lfgfihs m`efrnh, m`rfihs nh iasih eu`jlh jhs thquf lflae`r tafiph `n
heah.
\f prhphjbh quf prhbr`ifs sfi`j`nifjtf n`s `etaval`lfs lf heah quf v`s
` rf`naz`r. Shr supufsth, `qué nh quf prai` fs fn sfjtalh ehiûj, sa m`y `nbuj`
eareujst`jea` lf dufrz` i`yhr quf jhs aipalf m`efrn` `nbûj lé`, jh p`s`
`gshnut`ifjtf j`l`, phlfihs tr`sn`l`rn` ` htrh lé`. \fjfihs quf sfr
dnfxagnfs. Uafiprf fs ifkhr mfemh quf pfrdfeth.

@E\ATAL@L @BW@L@GNF

Nujfs

I`rtfs

Iaárehnfs

Kufvfs

Tafrjfs

Uàg`lh

Lhiajbh

Fkfreaeah désaeh

Fn fkfreaeah désaeh fs sajõjaih lf s`nul. \hlhs s`gfihs nhs iûntapnfs

gfjfdaeahs quf rfphrt` m`efr fkfreaeah désaeh lf dhri` drfeufjtf. Sfrh iuy
phehs lf jhshtrhs nh m`efihs rf`nifjtf. Q fn prhgnfi` fs quf jh shn`ifjtf
`dfet` `n pn`jh désaeh, sajh quf m`efr fkfreaeah lf dhri` rfbun`r t`igaáj jhs
`yul` fj fn pn`jh psaehnõbaeh.
Thnvfihs ` l`r uj p`sfh phr fn p`s`lh lf jufstr` fspfeaf p`r`
ai`baj`rjhs jufstrh lé` ` lé` fj iat`l lf n` s`g`j` `drae`j`. ¸Erffs quf
jufstrhs `jtfp`s`lhs m`eé`j fkfreaeah désaeh drfeufjtfifjtf8 Hgva`ifjtf
nnfv`g`j uj` val` iuemh iàs `etav` quf jhshtrhs. E`iaj`g`j lur`jtf mhr`s
 

sabuafjlh r`strhs lf prfs`s h rfehnfet`jlh druths p`r` nnfv`r `n `sfjt`iafjth.

@lfiàs, tfjé`j quf nfv`jt`r pfsh lf dhri` m`gatu`n, sfr àbanfs p`r` trfp`r `
nhs àrghnfs y ehrrfr ràpalh p`r` fse`p`r lf nhs lfprfl`lhrfs. Jufstrhs
`jtfp`s`lhs fst`g`j iuemh iàs fj dhri` quf jhshtrhs.
N` lavasaõj fjtrf eufrph y ifjtf fs `nbh quf mfihs fst`gnfealh nhs
mui`jhs. Sfrh n` rf`nal`l fs quf jufstr` ifjtf fstà ajst`ur`l` fj jufstrh
eufrph, lf ihlh quf, phr iuemh quf jhs eufstf `efpt`rnh, n` rfn`eaõj fjtrf
`ighs fs iuy fstrfem`. Fs nõbaeh pfjs`r quf sa fst`ihs i`n désae`ifjtf,
jufstrh fst`lh fiheahj`n sf vfrà `dfet`lh.
\`jth fs `sé, quf sf m` lfihstr`lh quf n`s pfrshj`s quf m`efj fkfreaeah
désaeh lf dhri` rfbun`r rfbastr`j pujtu`eahjfs iàs g`k`s fj `jsafl`l y

lfprfsaõj. Sfrh nhs gfjfdaeahs v`j iàs `nnà. Fj uj fstulah rf`naz`lh fj

Fsp`ð` y Shrtub`n, sf lfihstrõ quf n`s pfrshj`s quf m`efj fkfreaeah désaeh lf
dhri` m`gatu`n tafjfj ifkhrfs javfnfs lf gafjfst`r, ifkhrfs pujtu`eahjfs fj
s`nul pfreagal` y, ehih fj fn fstulah `jtfrahr, pujt`eahjfs iàs g`k`s fj
`jsafl`l y lfprfsaõj.
Shr fnnh, fs lf vat`n aiphrt`jea`, sa qufrfihs `ne`jz`r uj javfn lf gafjfst`r
õptaih, quf fipfefihs ` nnfv`r uj` val` iàs `etav` désae`ifjtf. \hlh
lfpfjlfrà lf jufstr` dhri` désae`, lf jufstr` fl`l y lf jufstr`s
eareujst`jea`s. Jh m`ef d`nt` quf jhs ehjvart`ihs fj `laeths `n baij`sah.
Jhs puflf v`nfr ehj s`nar ` p`sf`r lf vfz fj eu`jlh.
Shr fkfipnh, fj ia e`sh, jhth uj` ladfrfjea` `gasi`n fj ia fst`lh lf
àjaih nhs lé`s quf m`bh fkfreaeah y nhs lé`s fj quf jh. Eu`jlh vhy ` ghxf`r
phr n`s i`ð`j`s if safjth ehj iuemésai` fjfrbé` lur`jtf thlh fn lé`,
iafjtr`s quf eu`jlh jh puflh ar, if jhth iuemh iàs e`js`lh y g`kh lf
àjaih.
@ thlhs ias p`eafjtfs nfs rfehiafjlh fj n`s praifr`s sfsahjfs quf m`b`j
fkfreaeah désaeh. Q `qufnnhs quf `efpt`j fn rfth y `lhpt`j fstf màgath sufnfj
ifkhr`r iuemh iàs ràpalh quf nhs quf jh nh m`efj. Shr nh quf jh if qufl`
 

iàs rfiflah quf `jai`rtf ` fipfz`r ` ajtrhluear fn fkfreaeah désaeh fj tu

rutaj`.
Ehih fj fn `p`rt`lh `jtfrahr, tf lfkh uj` t`gn` p`r` quf pufl`s pn`jadae`r
fn fkfreaeah désaeh quf v`s ` rf`naz`r fst` sfi`j`. Fj néjf`s bfjfr`nfs, trfs h
eu`trh sfsahjfs lf fkfreaeah désaeh puflfj sfr iàs quf sudaeafjtfs p`r`
ifkhr`r jufstrh fst`lh lf àjaih.

FKFWEAEAH DÉUAEH

Nujfs

I`rtfs

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Kufvfs
Tafrjfs

Uàg`lh

Lhiajbh

Ehjt`eth shea`n

Nhs sfrfs mui`jhs shihs `jai`nfs shea`nfs. Mfihs shgrfvavalh fj fn

f n iujlh
lur`jtf ianfs lf `ðhs phrquf mfihs ehn`ghr`lh ujhs ehj htrhs p`r`
`sfbur`rjhs fn gafjfst`r désaeh y psaehnõbaeh.
Ua m`efihs lf jufvh uj fkfreaeah lf `gstr`eeaõj f ai`baj`ihs ` nhs
praifrhs mui`jhs quf phgn`rhj n` tafrr`, sfbur`ifjtf jhs ai`bajfihs `
pfqufðhs bruphs h tragus quf nuem`g`j ehjtr` nhs pfnabrhs `shea`lhs ` `qufnn`
áphe` lf dhri` ehhpfr`tav`. \afjf thlh fn sfjtalh lfn iujlh quf `sé dufsf, `n
daj y `n e`gh shihs iàs nfjths y iàs láganfs quf n` i`yhré` lf nhs `jai`nfs
lf jufstrh t`i`ðh, jh tfjfihs b`rr`s ja lafjtfs `dan`lhs, phr nh quf fs lf
fspfr`r quf ehn`ghràsfihs fjtrf jhshtrhs p`r` ehjsfbuar shgrfvavar.
Fs phr fnnh quf fn ehjt`eth shea`n fs p`rtf lf n` j`tur`nfz` mui`j` y fs `nbh
quf jhs m`ef sfjtar gafj phr sé iasih. @ thlhs jhs bust` shea`naz`r, ` pfs`r
 

lf quf `nbujhs tfjb`ihs iàs prhgnfi`s quf htrhs p`r` m`efrnh. Ehjhefr
bfjtf, ehip`rtar sfjtaiafjths y fxpfrafjea`s jhs `efre` ` n` dfnaeal`l.
Iafjtr`s quf n` shnfl`l fstà iàs `shea`l` ` prhgnfi`s fiheahj`nfs.
S`r` lfseragar nhs gfjfdaeahs lfn `phyh shea`n, vhy ` eat`r tfxtu`nifjtf uj
`rtéeunh lf G`rr` y ehn`ghr`lhrfs `p`rfealh fj fn 733<; «Fn `phyh shea`n
puflf `dfet`r `n dujeahj`iafjth dasahnõbaeh, pufs fs uj v`nahsh rfeursh lf
`drhjt`iafjth lfn fstrás y uj `ihrtabu`lhr lf sus fdfeths, ehjtraguyf ` n`
prhiheaõj lf ehjluet`s s`nul`gnfs y tafjf ajdnufjea` fj n` prhbrfsaõj y
`kustf ` fjdfrifl`lfs erõjae`s, fjtrf fnn`s fn eàjefr y n` fjdfrifl`l
e`rlé`e`. @lfiàs, fstulahs ehj p`eafjtfs quarûrbaehs m`j ihstr`lh fn br`j
fdfeth gfjfdaeahsh quf tafjf rfeagar `phyh lf htrhs p`eafjtfs quf y` sf m`y`j

fjdrfjt`lh ` satu`eahjfs saian`rfs, nh eu`n puflf ehipnfifjt`r fn `phyh

shea`n grajl`lh phr n` rfl shea`n lfn p`eafjtf y fn pfrshj`n lf s`nul¿.
Fs lfear, fn `phyh shea`n jh shn`ifjtf gfjfdaea` n` s`nul ifjt`n, sajh quf
t`igaáj tafjf gfjfdaeahs fj fn pn`jh désaeh.
Q fs quf tfjfr ` uj sfr qufralh ` jufstrh n`lh p`r` phlfr ehip`rtar eõih
jhs sfjtaihs jhs `yul` iuemh ` `drhjt`r lastajths prhgnfi`s quf jhs grajl`
n` val`. N`s pfrshj`s iàs hptaiast`s y ehj i`yhr e`nal`l lf `phyh shea`n,
`jtf n`s `lvfrsal`lfs jh pafrlfj su javfn lf gafjfst`r, pfrh, `lfiàs, fs`
rfsanafjea` ehjtraguyf ` quf fj fsths ihifjths ladéeanfs erfze`j
pfrshj`nifjtf.
Jh erfh jfefs`rah fjuifr`r iàs ihtavhs phr nhs eu`nfs jfefsat`ihs sfjtar
quf jhs `phy`j p`r` fjehjtr`rjhs gafj, phr nh quf v`ihs i`jhs ` n` hgr`
p`r` phlfr ifkhr`r jufstrh `phyh shea`n pfreagalh.
Fj he`sahjfs, phlfihs sfjtarjhs shnhs `ujquf tfjb`ihs ` iuem`s
pfrshj`s `nrflflhr. Ufbur`ifjtf, fstf sfjtaiafjth fs lfgalh ` quf jh
fst`ihs ehip`rtafjlh tafiph lf e`nal`l ehj jajbujh lf fnnhs. Fj n`s
rfn`eahjfs pfrshj`nfs, prai` iàs n` e`nal`l quf n` e`jtal`l. Fs ifkhr tfjfr uj
gufj `iabh quf quajafjths ehjhealhs. @ su vfz, nh iasih heurrf ehj fn
 

tafiph quf lflae`ihs ` e`l` uj` lf fst`s pfrshj`s. Fs prfdfragnf ehip`rtar

uj` em`rn` lf ifla` mhr` fj n` quf jhs `gr`ihs y fxprfsfihs jufstr`s
fiheahjfs, quf p`s`r mhr`s saj ehip`rtar j`l` éjtaih ehj `nbuafj.
Eu`jlh fst`g` tfriaj`jlh fstf nagrh, tfjé` n` ehjsunt` m`st` `rrag` y
jfefsat`g` ujhs eu`jths lé`s p`r` phlfr m`efr nhs ûntaihs rfthqufs. Shr fnnh,
lfealé arif ujhs lé`s shnh ` Iàn`b`, uj` eaul`l fj n` quf y` m`gé` vavalh y
lhjlf fjehjtr`ré` n` e`ni` y fn tafiph jfefs`rahs p`r` phlfr `e`g`r ia t`rf`.
If i`rem`g` fn 50 lf laeafigrf, lé` fj fn eu`n sf sufnfj rfujar n`s d`iana`s
y nhs `iabhs p`r` efnfgr`r fn e`igah lf `ðh. Q tuvf uj` sfjs`eaõj iuy
fxtr`ð` phrquf nh ag` ` p`s`r fj shnfl`l. Sfrh jh if aiphrt`g` lfi`sa`lh,
y` quf fr` uj` lfeasaõj quf m`gé` thi`lh yh, y jh fs quf jh tuvafr` d`iana` y

`iabhs, saipnfifjtf `prhvfem`g` nhs lé`s lf dafst` p`r` ajtfjt`r sfr

prhluetavh.
Sfrh `n nnfb`r ` Iàn`b` n`s ehs`s sf fipfz`rhj ` threfr. Fn `nhk`iafjth quf
m`gé` rfsfrv`lh fst`g` efrr`lh, y j`laf ehjtfst`g` `n tfnádhjh. S`rfeé` quf
ag` ` p`s`r Jhemfvafk` shnh y ` n` ajtfipfraf. Uaj fig`rbh, n` fiheaõj lf
`jsafl`l if `yulõ ` s`nar `arhsh lf n` satu`eaõj, `sé quf maef uj`s eu`jt`s
nn`i`l`s y ehjsfbué uj` m`gat`eaõj fj uj` pfjsaõj. Fr` uj nub`r muianlf,
pfrh if sfrvé` p`r` n` t`rf` quf tfjé` fjtrf i`jhs.
Fn prhgnfi` duf quf, ehj fn tafiph quf m`gé` pfrlalh fj guse`r uj jufvh
`nhk`iafjth y quf fstf jh lasphjé` lf eheaj`, rfsuntõ quf jh tfjé` j`l` quf
efj`r fj Jhemfvafk` lfn 7301. @sé quf ehiprá ujhs shgrfs lf da`igrf y if
nhs ehié sfjt`lh fj n` e`i`.
@ujquf ia `jsafl`l, `n vfr quf jh tfjé` lõjlf lhriar, duf `l`pt`tav` y if
`yulõ ` s`nar `arhsh lf n` satu`eaõj, n` sfjs`eaõj lf shnfl`l quf fxpfraifjtá
`qufnn` jhemf jh nh duf. If sfjté iuy shnh ehiafjlh ihrt`lfn` iafjtr`s fj
n` e`nnf sf fseuem`g`j ehmftfs `rtadaea`nfs y ` bfjtf lf efnfgr`eaõj. Uf tr`t`g`
lf uj` fiheaõj jhri`n fj `qufnn` satu`eaõj, pfrh n` rf`nal`l fs quf jh fst`g`
shnh fj fn iujlh. Fr` shn`ifjtf ia efrfgrh sugr`y`jlh n` aiphrt`jea` quf
 

tfjé`j y tafjfj ias sfrfs qufralhs fj ia val`.

@qufnn` jhemf if vhnvé ` l`r eufjt` lf quf nh iàs v`nahsh quf tfjbh fj ia
val` fs n` bfjtf quf if quafrf y fstà ` ia `nrflflhr. Q if safjth `br`lfealh
phr fnnh e`l` lé`. Nh aiphrt`jtf lf n` satu`eaõj fs quf if lasp`rõ uj
sfjtaiafjth lf shnfl`l. Nh quf qufré` ia eufrph fr` quf guse`sf `phyh. Q
fsh maef. M`gná ehj nhs `iabhs quf tfjbh fj fst` eaul`l y efnfgr`ihs fn
e`igah lfn `ðh kujths.
Sfrh lf jufvh n` val` if vhnvaõ ` lfihstr`r quf nh iàs aiphrt`jtf quf
tfjfihs fs n` e`nal`l lf jufstrh `phyh shea`n. Lf ihlh quf eual` ` n` bfjtf
quf tf quafrf.
@sé pufs, ia prhpufst` fs quf `n ifjhs lhs vfefs ` n` sfi`j` tf fsdufrefs

phr qufl`r ehj htr`s pfrshj`s. Eu`jt`s iàs vfefs nh m`b`s, ifkhr p`r` ta,
pfrh nh iéjaih fs quf sf` `n ifjhs uj p`r lf vfefs, lf nh ehjtr`rah, phlfihs
e`fr fj n` tr`ip` lf sfjtarjhs shnhs, `ujquf hgkftav`ifjtf jh nh fstfihs.
Ehih fj nhs `jtfrahrfs `p`rt`lhs, tf mf prfp`r`lh uj` t`gn` p`r` quf
pn`jadaqufs nhs ihifjths lasphjagnfs p`r` phlfr lflae`r tafiph `
ajerfifjt`r fn ehjt`eth shea`n. Lf fst` i`jfr` sfrà iàs prhg`gnf quf nh
nnfvfs ` e`gh.

EHJ\@E\H UHEA@N

Nujfs

I`rtfs

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Kufvfs

Tafrjfs

Uàg`lh

Lhiajbh

¸Puá p`s` sa jh tfjbh ` j`laf ehj quafj rfn`eahj`rif8

 

Tavaihs fj uj` sheafl`l ajtfrehjfet`l`. N`s jufv`s tfejhnhbé`s jhs

pfriatfj m`gn`r fj tafiph rf`n ehj uj` pfrshj` quf fstà natfr`nifjtf `n htrh
n`lh lfn iujlh. Shlfihs `pujt`rjhs ` rflfs shea`nfs y tfjfr eafjths lf
`iabhs, pfrh ` n` mhr` lf n` vfrl`l e`l` vfz fst`ihs iàs shnhs.
Q` jh ehjhefihs ` jufstrhs vfeajhs. Jh jhs s`nul`ihs phr n`s e`nnfs.
@b`em`ihs n` e`gfz` eu`jlh `nbuafj fjtr` fj fn `sefjshr, jh v`y` ` sfr quf
tfjb`ihs quf l`rnf nhs gufjhs lé`s y fsth lfravf fj uj` ehjvfrs`eaõj.
Ehipr`ihs phr ajtfrjft p`r` fvat`r quf fn lfpfjlafjtf jhs prfbujtf sa jhs
puflf `yul`r. Q `sé uj n`rbh fteátfr`.
Ehih lfeé`ihs `jtfs, shihs sfrfs shea`nfs. Mfihs fvhnueahj`lh fj uj
`igafjtf tht`nifjtf lastajth `n `etu`n. Fj `qufnnhs tafiphs tu bruph fr` tu

val`. Uaj fnnhs fst`g`s pfrlalh. Shr

S hr fnnh, n`s fiheahjfs jhs `vas`j eu`jlh jhs
fjehjtr`ihs shnhs. Jhs ajlae`j quf `nbh v` i`n. Bfjfr`nifjtf,
i`najtfrprft`ihs fst` ajdhri`eaõj y fj vfz lf guse`r `phyh jhs `asn`ihs
iàs.
N` i`yhré` lf jhshtrhs ehjt`ihs ehj iuem`s pfrshj`s quf jhs `prfea`j.
Fj fn pfhr lf nhs e`shs uj` pfrshj`. Nh quf heurrf fj iuem`s he`sahjfs fs
quf jhs lfk`ihs nnfv`r phr n` fiheaõj lf trastfz` y jhs vfihs ajifrshs fj
jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths `uthiàtaehs jfb`tavhs. Jhs erffihs quf fst`ihs
shnhs `uj eu`jlh fs ifjtar`.
Shr fnnh, n` praifr` fstr`tfba` quf tf hdrfzeh v` fje`iaj`l` ` laj`iat`r
fst`s erffjea`s t`j jheav`s p`r` jhshtrhs. Gàsae`ifjtf lf nh quf sf tr`t` fs lf
l`r uj` vufnt` ` n` `bfjl` lfn iõvan (h ` n` lf p`pfn) y fipfz`r ` prhphjfr
pn`jfs ` lafstrh y sajafstrh ` jufstrhs `iabhs.
Ué, y` sá quf e`l` ujh tafjf su val`, pfrh ` j`laf nf `i`rb` thi`rsf uj e`dá
ehjtabh lf quajef iajuths. \hlhs phlfihs lfk`r `tràs n` vhràbajf lf
hgnab`eahjfs fj n` quf jhs fjehjtr`ihs p`r` lflae`rjhs ` nhs sfrfs qufralhs.
\`igaáj puflfs prhphjfr uj` qufl`l` fj fn tr`g`kh h fj fn baij`sah h fj
eu`nquafr bruph lf iàs lf lhs pfrshj`s `n quf pfrtfjfze`s. Lf jufvh, sfburh
 

quf tus ehip`ðfrhs fst`ràj fje`jt`lhs lf vfrtf dufr` lfn àigath m`gatu`n.
Ehjeájtr`tf fj guse`r hphrtujal`lfs p`r` m`efr pn`jfs fj bruph.
Uaipnfifjtf tfj nhs hkhs `gafrths. @ vfefs ehj shnh e`iga`r fst` lasphsaeaõj
m`ef quf jhs nnufv`j n`s prhphsaeahjfs.
Nh quf heurrf fs quf ` nh ifkhr nnfv`ihs lfi`sa`lh tafiph laeafjlh quf
jh ` jufstrhs sfrfs qufralhs, y en`rh, n` bfjtf sf e`js` lf prfbujt`r. Ua tf
ajvath ` l`r uj p`sfh thlhs nhs lé`s y tf jafb`s, pufs `n daj`n if `ehstuigrh `
l`rnh shnh y tf lfkh lf nn`i`r. Jh phrquf jh if `pftfze` quf if `ehip`ðfs,
sajh phrquf erfh quf n` pfnht` fstà fj tu tfk`lh. Taban` fstf taph lf
satu`eahjfs.
Htr` ehs` quf phlfihs m`efr, sa lf vfrl`l jh tfjfihs ehj quaáj ehip`rtar

uj e`dá, fs `pujt`rjhs ` `etaval`lfs quf jhs ajtfrfsfj. Fj fstf taph lf

nub`rfs, phlfihs ehjhefr ` uj ihjtõj lf pfrshj`s lf bhnpf quf tafjfj phr
nh ifjhs uj ajtfrás fj ehiûj ehj jhshtrhs, phr nh quf y` tfjfihs lf quá
m`gn`r fj nhs praifrhs ihifjths.
Lf fst` i`jfr`, sa phjfs thl` n` e`rjf fj fn `s`lhr fj rfdfrfjea` ` n`
`etaval`l shea`n, puflf quf tf eufstf uj`s sfi`j`s h ujhs ifsfs fjehjtr`r `
bfjtf, pfrh `n daj`n, nh ehjsfbuaràs.
\`igaáj fstà n` hpeaõj lf utanaz`r ajtfrjft p`r` ehjhefr pfrshj`s jufv`s.
M`y uj ihjtõj lf wfgs quf sf lflae`j ` phjfr fj ehjt`eth ` pfrshj`s ehj
ajtfrfsfs ehiujfs.

Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

Ehih mfihs vasth ` nh n`rbh lf thlh fstf e`pétunh, uj` lf n`s en`vfs p`r`
ifkhr`r jufstrh fst`lh lf àjaih fs n` pn`jadae`eaõj lf `etaval`lfs
`br`l`gnfs. Q ehih tf lfeé` fj n` ajtrhlueeaõj, tfjfihs quf pn`jtf`rjhs fn
fipfz`r ` prahraz`r fn heah shgrf htrhs `sujths ifjhs aiphrt`jtfs. @ujquf `n
prajeapah p`rfze` aiphsagnf, sa rfsfrv`s ujhs iajuths `n lé` p`r` ta iasih,
pheh ` pheh jht`ràs nhs fdfeths fj tu gafjfst`r.
 

Ehih mfihs vasth, m`y lhs taphs lf `etaval`lfs quf shj fspfea`nifjtf
fdae`efs ` n` mhr` lf ifkhr`r jufstrh gafjfst`r. Shr uj n`lh, fn fkfreaeah désaeh
y, phr htrh n`lh, fn ehjt`eth shea`n. @sé quf tf prhphjbh quf ` p`rtar lf mhy
lflaqufs uj tafiph `n lé` p`r` rf`naz`r `etaval`lfs `br`l`gnfs, y quf, lf
fst`s, trfs h eu`trh vfefs ` n` sfi`j` tfjb`j quf vfr ehj fn fkfreaeah désaeh y
lhs vfefs, ehih iéjaih, aipnaqufj ehjt`eth shea`n.
Suflfs m`efr lfphrtf fj bruph y i`t`r lhs pàk`rhs lf uj tarh. Fj fstf
`sujth, n` rfbn` lf hrh fs «sa fs `ehip`ð`lh ifkhr quf shnh¿. Suflf quf nhs
praifrhs lé`s nh vf`s ehih `nbh dhrz`lh, pfrh pheh ` pheh tf aràs
`ehstuigr`jlh ` prahraz`rtf y nh ehjvfrtaràs fj uj màgath.
Fsf fs fn hgkftavh prajeap`n lf fstf e`pétunh, quf fn tafiph lf heah

ehiafjef ` sfr p`rtf lf tu val`.

 

Iajldunjfss h fn `rtf lf `tfjlfr

`n ihifjth prfsfjtf saj kuzb`r

Jht`g` eõih fn `arf fjtr`g` fj ias punihjfs. Uhn`ifjtf tfjé` quf prfst`r
`tfjeaõj ` `qufnn`s sfjs`eahjfs quf jht`g` fj fn ajtfrahr lf n`s dhs`s j`s`nfs
`n ajspar`r. @qufnnh e`ni`g` ia ifjtf. E`l` vfz quf jht`g` quf ia e`gfz`
ehifjz`g` ` bar`r lfi`sa`lh ràpalh, lfk`g` nh quf fst`g` m`eafjlh lur`jtf
lafz iajuths p`r` efjtr`r ia `tfjeaõj fj n` rfspar`eaõj.
@qufn fkfreaeah lf iflat`eaõj quf nnfv`g` m`eafjlh lur`jtf `ðhs if
`yul`g` ` thi`r last`jea` lf ias pfjs`iafjths y ias fiheahjfs. If
`yul`g` ` fjehjtr`r fn fquanagrah. Ua gafj `n prajeapah fstf jh lur`g` j`l`
iàs quf ujhs iajuths.
Sfrh yh pfrsasté` fj ia iasaõj lf bfstahj`r fn lhnhr quf nnfv`g` t`tu`lh fj
n`s fjtr`ð`s lfslf m`eé` ifsfs. Ajm`n`… Fxm`n`…. Q fn lhnhr pheh ` pheh sf

lashnvé` ehih fn e`dá fj fn `bu` marvafjlh.

Ajm`n`… Fxm`n`… Eájtr`tf fj fn `mhr`.

@prfjlf ` vavar fn ihifjth prfsfjtf

Jh sá sa tf m`gràs l`lh eufjt`, pfrh p`s`ihs n` i`yhr p`rtf lfn tafiph ehj
n` `tfjeaõj pufst` dufr` lfn ihifjth prfsfjtf. Jhs p`s`ihs n` val`
`jtaeap`jlh satu`eahjfs phsagnfs quf puflfj heurrar h pfjs`jlh fj
satu`eahjfs quf y` m`j tfjalh nub`r. Sfrh shj iuy phehs nhs ihifjths quf
 

lflae`ihs ` prfst`r `tfjeaõj `n `mhr`.

Fj `nbuj`s he`sahjfs, sé quf tfjfihs fst`s fxpfrafjea`s lf `jen`kf ehj fn
prfsfjtf. Suflf heurrar, phr fkfipnh, eu`jlh hgsfrv`ihs p`as`kfs
shgrfehbflhrfs, `sastaihs ` uj ehjeafrth h m`efihs lfphrtf ajtfjsh. Sfrh
jhri`nifjtf, fj n` sheafl`l heealfjt`n, fstf taph lf ihifjths sufnfj sfr
ifr`s `jáelht`s.
Ua m`efs ifihra` y rfeufrl`s `nbûj ihifjth fj fn quf fst`g`s
ehipnft`ifjtf `tfjth `n prfsfjtf, sfbur`ifjtf tu fst`lh fiheahj`n tfjlré`
iuemh quf vfr ehj nh quf shnfihs nn`i`r gafjfst`r h dfnaeal`l. Q fs quf, phr
nh bfjfr`n, nhs fstéiunhs quf lfsfje`lfj`j fiheahjfs lfs`br`l`gnfs jh
sufnfj fst`r prfsfjtfs lur`jtf jufstrh lé` ` lé`. Uhj jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths

nhs quf lfsfje`lfj`j n` rfspufst` fiheahj`n, jh n` pfrefpeaõj lf nhs

fstéiunhs rf`nfs.
Shr fkfipnh, fs nõbaeh quf sajt`ihs `jsafl`l `jtf uj` em`rn` fj pûgnaeh.
Jufstrh eufrph sf prfp`r` p`r` rf`eeahj`r
r f`eeahj`r ehj fdae`ea` `jtf uj` satu`eaõj quf
rfquafrf uj` ihvanaz`eaõj lf jufstrhs rfeurshs. Jufstr` `tfjeaõj sf efjtr` fj
nh quf tfjfihs quf lfear y sf prfp`r` p`r` phsagnfs ladaeunt`lfs, fst`ihs nh
sudaeafjtfifjtf `etav`lhs ehih p`r` fnfv`r n` vhz p`r` m`efr nnfb`r jufstrh
ifjs`kf y jhs efjtr`ihs fj ajtfjt`r m`efrnh nh ifkhr phsagnf. Fj fstf e`sh, n`
`jsafl`l jhs fstà `yul`jlh ` l`r nh ifkhr lf jhshtrhs iasihs.
Ajenush sfjtar `jsafl`l nhs lé`s `jtfs lf n` prfsfjt`eaõj t`igaáj jhs puflf
`yul`r ` prfp`r`r ehj iàs `méjeh n` prfsfjt`eaõj sa bfstahj`ihs lf dhri`
fdae`z n` prfheup`eaõj. Fj fstf e`sh, lflae`jlh tafiph ` prfp`r`r n` em`rn`.
Jh ajtfjt`jlh muar lf n` fiheaõj.
Sfrh, phr fkfipnh, uj e`sh fj fn quf n` fiheaõj jh fs `l`pt`tav`, sfré`
sfjtar `jsafl`l h vfrbþfjz` `jtf uj` satu`eaõj lfn p`s`lh quf jh tuvh
rfpfreusaõj `nbuj` fj jufstr` val`. Shr fkfipnh, m`gfr laemh `nbh quf
ehjsalfràg`ihs aiprhpah. Fst` satu`eaõj y` jh fstà prfsfjtf fj jufstr` val`,
fs ehs` lfn p`s`lh, jh hgst`jtf, fn ifrh rfeufrlh lf n` iasi` jhs prhluef
 

fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs quf jh jhs `yul`j fj j`l`.

Ua tf dak`s, fj fn ihifjth prfsfjtf r`r` vfz m`y `nbh hgkftavh quf rfquafr`
lf n` `etav`eaõj fiheahj`n lf jufstrh eufrph p`r` `l`pt`rjhs. Bfjfr`nifjtf,
n` i`yhr p`rtf lfn tafiph quf sfjtaihs fiheahjfs pheh `l`pt`tav`s, fn ûjaeh
fstéiunh quf fstà prfsfjtf fs jufstrh pfjs`iafjth.
Shr fkfipnh, lur`jtf uj` br`j p`rtf lf ia val` if l`g`j fspfea`n iaflh
n`s satu`eahjfs shea`nfs. Uafiprf mf salh `nbuafj téialh, `ujquf ehj nhs `ðhs
mf nnfb`lh ` ehjsfbuar quf j`laf nh jhtf. Sfrh fsth jh quafrf lfear quf ia
eufrph jh rf`eeahjf fiheahj`nifjtf `jtf fstf taph lf satu`eahjfs. Sufs gafj,
lur`jtf fst`s satu`eahjfs, m`ef `ðhs, ias fiheahjfs fr`j uj` rf`eeaõj `jtf
ias pfjs`iafjths, jh `jtf nh quf lf vfrl`l heurré` fj fn ihifjth prfsfjtf.

Wf`eeahj`g` fiheahj`nifjtf ehj `jsafl`l `jtf pfjs`iafjths lfn taph;

«Ufburh quf vhy ` n` rfujaõj y jhs nfs e`abh gafj¿. Fsf taph lf
`jtaeap`eahjfs, fj iuem`s he`sahjfs, maeafrhj quf fvat`r` rfujahjfs shea`nfs,
f ajenush quf jh if `trfvafr` ` m`gn`r ehj lftfriaj`l`s pfrshj`s. Eu`jlh
fr` pfqufðh, fn iaflh fr` t`n quf ja saquafr` if `trfvé` ` s`nul`r ` ias
vfeajhs lf thl` n` val`. Q fj nub`r lf `drhjt`r n` satu`eaõj s`né` ehrrafjlh
m`ea` ia e`s`.
@lfiàs, `p`rtf lf `jtaeap`r phsagnfs «lfsbr`ea`s¿ shea`nfs, t`igaáj pfrlé`
fn tafiph lur`jtf mhr`s pfjs`jlh fj `nbûj ehifjt`rah quf m`gé` mfemh. Ias
pfjs`iafjths fj rfn`eaõj ehj fstf taph lf satu`eahjfs fr`j lfn taph; «Ufburh
quf sf ihnfst`rhj phr nh quf lakf¿ h «Jh v`j ` vhnvfr ` nn`i`rif, jh mf salh
sudaeafjtfifjtf saipàtaeh¿.
Ua tf dak`s, fj jajbujh lf nhs e`shs fst`g` vavafjlh fn ihifjth prfsfjtf,
sajh quf if efjtr`g` t`jth fj fn p`s`lh ehih fj fn duturh. Fsth m`eé` quf ia
eufrph rf`eeahj`sf fiheahj`nifjtf `jtf fst`s satu`eahjfs, quf fj rf`nal`l
fr`j daetaea`s. Euàjt` fjfrbé` b`st`l` fj g`nlf…

Ehjeafjea` fiheahj`n
 

Vj` lf n`s en`vfs p`r` `prfjlfr ` bfstahj`r jufstr`s fiheahjfs ehj fdae`ea`
fs `uifjt`r n` ehjeafjea` fiheahj`n. Fs lfear, ehifjz`r ` l`rjhs eufjt` lf
eõih rf`eeahj` jufstrh eufrph. @prfjlfr quf n`s fiheahjfs safiprf
`p`rfefj tr`s uj fstéiunh y fjtfjlfr quf m`y trfs sastfi`s lf rfspufst` gafj
ladfrfjea`lhs quf jhs `yul`j ` `l`pt`r jufstr` rfspufst` fj ladfrfjtfs
pn`jhs.
Eu`jlh fjtrfj`ihs fst` d`eunt`l, ehifjz`ihs ` pfreagar jufstrhs fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs lf htr` i`jfr`. Suflf quf m`st` `mhr` vaásfihs jufstr`s
fiheahjfs ehih sa dufsfj «uj` jugf¿ quf jhs rhlf`, ehj néiatfs ladushs y
jh fjtfjlaásfihs gafj n` r`zõj phr n` eu`n jufstrh eufrph rf`eeahj`g` lf
lftfriaj`l` i`jfr`. @ p`rtar lf `mhr`, ehjdhrif v`y`ihs `prfjlafjlh `

alfjtadae`r jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs, ehifjz`rfihs ` laseraiaj`r quá

taph lf fstéiunhs m`efj quf rfsphjl`ihs lf uj` i`jfr` u htr`. Q, ` su vfz,
sfrfihs e`p`efs lf hgsfrv`r n`s rf`eeahjfs fiheahj`nfs fj nhs trfs sastfi`s
lf rfspufst`.
Shr fkfipnh, m`st` `mhr` phlé`ihs sfjtar eafrth i`nfst`r eu`jlh jufstrh
fdf fjtr`g` phr n` pufrt`. Jh fr` `nbh lfi`sa`lh ajtfjsh, pfrh sé uj`
sfjs`eaõj pheh `br`l`gnf. Vj` vfz mfihs fjtrfj`lh y lfs`rrhnn`lh jufstr`
ehjeafjea` fiheahj`n, phlrfihs ftaquft`r fsf i`nfst`r ehih uj` fiheaõj lf
`jsafl`l, quf surbf `jtf n` pfrefpeaõj lf pfnabrh. Fsth jhs heurrf phrquf fj
fn p`s`lh mfihs vavalh uj`s eu`jt`s satu`eahjfs ajeõihl`s ehj jufstrh kfdf
y ehifjz`ihs ` `jtaeap`r quf phlré` m`gfr uj lfspalh. Shr fnnh, n` fiheaõj
quf sfjtaihs eu`jlh `p`rfef phr n` pufrt` lf jufstrh lfsp`emh m`ef quf
jufstr` `tfjeaõj sf efjtrf fj pfjs`iafjths `shea`lhs ` n` phsagnf satu`eaõj lf
lfspalh, jufstrhs iûseunhs sf tfjs`j, n` ghe` sf sfe` y jht`ihs uj` nfvf
prfsaõj fj fn pfemh. Jufstrh eufrph jhs palf fse`p`r lf n` satu`eaõj, pfrh
ehih y` fjtfjlfihs quf sf tr`t`ré` lf `nbh pheh `l`pt`tavh ` n`rbh pn`zh,
pfri`jfefihs fj jufstrh nub`r lf tr`g`kh f ajtfjt`ihs l`r nh ifkhr lf
jhshtrhs iasihs p`r` fvat`r satu`eahjfs lfs`br`l`gnfs saian`rfs ` n`s
 

`ehjtfeal`s fj fn p`s`lh.
S`r` ajerfifjt`r jufstr` ehjeafjea` fiheahj`n, fs jfefs`rah ajvfrtar
tafiph y fsdufrzh fj n` lftfeeaõj lf fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs, ehih y` mfihs
vasth fj nhs e`pétunhs `jtfrahrfs. Ua m`s rf`naz`lh nhs fkfreaeahs ehih tf
ajlae`g`, sfbur`ifjtf m`gràs ifkhr`lh `nbh tu ehjeafjea` fiheahj`n.
N` en`vf fs `prfjlfr ` iar`r jufstr`s fiheahjfs saj kuzb`rn`s. Fs lfear, saj
ftaquft`rn`s ehih `nbh i`nh h gufjh. Jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs
saipnfifjtf shj, fn kuaeah nh phjfihs jhshtrhs.
Fn prhgnfi` fs quf, tr`s kuzb`r jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs, h `nbuj` lf
n`s iûntapnfs rfspufst`s quf phlfihs l`r, surbf arrfifla`gnfifjtf uj`
fiheaõj sfeujl`ra`. Fst`s fiheahjfs jhri`nifjtf jh shj `l`pt`tav`s,

pufsth quf jh lfpfjlfj larfet`ifjtf lfn fstéiunh prai`rah, sajh lfn kuaeah
quf m`efihs shgrf n` fiheaõj h `nbuj` lf sus rfspufst`s. Shr fkfipnh,
phlfihs kuzb`r n` fiheaõj lf trastfz` quf sfjtaihs fj uj ihifjth l`lh
ehih `nbh i`nh h ajlfsf`gnf. @jtf fstf kuaeah, puflf quf `p`rfze` uj`
fiheaõj lf fjd`lh ehj jhshtrhs iasihs quf jh jhs `yul` fj j`l` `
`l`pt`rjhs ` jufstrh `igafjtf.
Srfeas`ifjtf phr fnnh, fs t`j aiphrt`jtf `prfjlfr ` vavar fn ihifjth
prfsfjtf saj kuzb`r. Uf tr`t` lf uj` m`ganal`l jfefs`ra` p`r` thlh fn prhefsh
lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n, y` quf, eu`jlh vavaihs n`s fiheahjfs lfslf fn
prfsfjtf y saj kuzb`rn`s, fst`s sf vufnvfj ifjhs ajtfjs`s, ifjhs drfeufjtfs y
ifjhs lur`lfr`s, nh quf jhs `yul` ` `etu`r nfkhs lf su ajdnufjea`. Nh quf
quafrf lfear quf jhs vhnvfihs iàs nagrfs. Fsth ehrrfsphjlfré`, sfbûj fn
ihlfnh lf Mfrvàs quf tf prfsfjt`g` fj fn e`pétunh 5 shgrf rfbun`eaõj lf
fiheahjfs, `n fst`lah lf jhri`naz`eaõj lf n` fiheaõj. Fs lfear, fjtfjlfr quf
nh quf fst`ihs sajtafjlh fj uj ihifjth l`lh fs nh quf tfjfihs quf sfjtar.
N` ifkhr i`jfr` lf `prfjlfr ` vavar fn ihifjth prfsfjtf saj kuzb`r fs
pr`etae`r fn iajldunjfss. Fst` táejae` m` rfvhnueahj`lh n` psaehnhbé` enéjae`
fj nhs ûntaihs `ðhs `n lfihstr`r fdae`ea` p`r` iuemhs lf nhs prhgnfi`s quf
 

pfrturg`j `n ajlavaluh lfn sabnh xxa. Jh tf prfheupfs, tf n` fxpnae`rá ehj

lft`nnf iàs `lfn`jtf. Tavf fn prfsfjtf quf y` nnfb`rfihs.

Fiheaõj prai`ra` y fiheaõj sfeujl`ra`

Ehjvafjf m`efr uj` lastajeaõj fjtrf n`s fiheahjfs prai`ra`s y n`s fiheahjfs
sfeujl`ra`s. Bfjfr`nifjtf, n` praifr` fiheaõj quf `p`rfef `jtf uj fstéiunh
lftfriaj`lh (fiheaõj prai`ra`) sufnf sfr `l`pt`tav`. Fs lfear, jhs `yul` lf
`nbûj ihlh fj jufstr` val`. @lfiàs, fst` fiheaõj sufnf sfr `nbuj` lf n`s
sfas fiheahjfs gàsae`s quf mfihs vasth fj e`pétunhs `jtfrahrfs. Uf tr`t` lf
uj` rf`eeaõj iuy ràpal`, e`sa vasefr`n, quf heurrf fj phehs sfbujlhs y quf
bfjfr`nifjtf lfs`p`rfef ` nhs phehs iajuths.
S`r` anustr`rn`, sfré` uj gufj fkfipnh ai`baj`r quf `n ar ` eruz`r uj` e`nnf,
uj ehemf sf s`nt` uj sfiàdhrh fj rhkh. Ajifla`t`ifjtf, jufstrh eufrph
rf`eeahj` ehj iaflh, nh quf prhvhe` uj` dhe`naz`eaõj lf n` `tfjeaõj fj fn
pfnabrh, jufstrh eufrph sf `etav` dasahnõbae`ifjtf y jhs `p`rt`ihs
ràpal`ifjtf.
Fj fstf e`sh, fn iaflh jhs m` s`nv`lh n` val`. Lf jh sfr phr fst` fiheaõj
m`gré`ihs s`nalh iuy i`n p`r`lhs lf n` satu`eaõj, pfrh jufstrh sastfi` lf
`n`ri` j`tur`n jhs m` `yul`lh ` sfbuar ehj val`.
N` fiheaõj sfeujl`ra` surbf lfspuás lf uj kuaeah m`ea` `nbûj `spfeth lf
nhs trfs sastfi`s lf rfspufst` fiheahj`nfs h lf n` iasi` fiheaõj. Fs lfear,
n`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs sf ehjvafrtfj fj fn fstéiunh quf m`ef quf
rf`eeahjfihs ehj htr` fiheaõj.

Bràdaeh 4.0. Fiheaõj
4.0. Fiheaõj prai`ra` y fiheaõj sfeujl`ra`.
 

S`r` quf nh fjtafjl`s vhy ` phjfr uj fkfipnh lf nhs eu`trh e`shs phsagnfs;
uzb`r jufstr`s rfspufst`s ehbjatav`s, dasahnõbae`s, ehjluetu`nfs h n`
fiheaõj.
Uabuafjlh ehj fn fkfipnh `jtfrahr, tr`s m`gfr fxpfraifjt`lh iaflh y m`gfr
ehjsfbualh `p`rt`rjhs ` tafiph, surbf uj pfjs`iafjth druth lf n` fiheaõj
lfn taph; «Fn iujlh fs uj nub`r iuy pfnabrhsh¿. Fstf pfjs`iafjth jhs m`ef
rf`eeahj`r ehj uj` jufv` fiheaõj. Fst` vfz sfbur`ifjtf iuemh iàs
ehipnfk` quf n` `jtfrahr. Srhg`gnfifjtf tfjlrà quf vfr ehj fn iaflh h n`
trastfz`. Sfrh puflf quf fipfefihs ` prfheup`rjhs phr nh `ehjtfealh. Fj
fstf e`sh, n` fiheaõj sfeujl`ra` jh jhs fstà `yul`jlh ` `l`pt`rjhs lf dhri`
fdaeafjtf ` jufstrh iflah, sajh quf jhs fstà prhvhe`jlh uj` `etav`eaõj

ajjfefs`ra` quf prhg`gnfifjtf bfjfrf sudraiafjth.

Fj rfdfrfjea` `n sastfi` dasahnõbaeh, tr`s m`gfr fsquav`lh fn ehemf,
phlfihs jht`r quf jufstrh ehr`zõj n`tf ehj iuem` dufrz`. @jtf fst`
sfjs`eaõj phlfihs fxpfraifjt`r iaflh `n ajtfrprft`r quf sf tr`t` lf uj
séjthi` pfnabrhsh quf puflf lfsfje`lfj`r fj uj `t`quf `n ehr`zõj. @jtf fstf
uaeah fs prhg`gnf quf `p`rfze` uj` fiheaõj sfeujl`ra` lf iaflh quf ` su
vfz jhs `etavf `ûj iàs, ehjdarif jufstrhs tfihrfs y jhs m`b` `eular `n
mhspat`n p`r` ehiprhg`r quf shn`ifjtf sf tr`t`g` lf uj `t`quf lf `jsafl`l.
Lf jufvh fst` fiheaõj sfeujl`ra` jh jhs m` `yul`lh ` `l`pt`rjhs, sajh quf
m` supufsth uj` ladaeunt`l fj jufstrh lé`.
Fj fn e`iph ehjluetu`n, puflf quf druth lfn `ntfre`lh ehj fn ehemf
ehifjefihs ` ehiprhg`r hgsfsav`ifjtf sa nhs sfiàdhrhs fstàj fj vfrlf
p`r` nhs pf`thjfs. Suflf quf fstf ehiphrt`iafjth quf rfsunt` `l`pt`tavh fj
n` satu`eaõj `jtfrahr sf` fv`nu`lh ehih uj séjthi` lf quf jhs fst`ihs
vhnvafjlh nhehs. Lf jufvh, sfbur`ifjtf `p`rfefrà fn iaflh `jtf fstf kuaeah
y, ehih fj nhs fkfipnhs `jtfrahrfs, fst` fiheaõj sfeujl`ra` jh jhs `yul`rà
fj j`l`.
Shr ûntaih, phlfihs m`efr uj kuaeah fj rfn`eaõj ehj n` fiheaõj prai`ra`
 

quf fst`ihs sajtafjlh. Shlfihs pfjs`r quf shihs lfi`sa`lh iaflhshs. Fstf
uaeah puflf m`efr quf jhs sajt`ihs eunp`gnfs h trastfs phr fxpfraifjt`r uj`
fiheaõj quf fs tht`nifjtf jhri`n. Lf jufvh, n` fiheaõj sfeujl`ra` jh jhs
`yul`rà fj j`l`.
Ehih mfihs vasth, n`s fiheahjfs prai`ra`s sufnfj sfr iuy vasefr`nfs y
jhs `yul`j ` `l`pt`rjhs. N` `etav`eaõj fiheahj`n sufnf lur`r phehs iajuths,
lfpfjlafjlh lfn fstéiunh y n` fiheaõj `shea`l`. Iafjtr`s quf n`s fiheahjfs
sfeujl`ra`s sf puflfj prhnhjb`r lur`jtf lé`s, ifsfs h `ðhs. Fn ehiphjfjtf
quf fxpnae` ifkhr n` lur`eaõj lf nhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs fs n` prfheup`eaõj
h n` ruia`eaõj, fs lfear, nh quf sf ehjhef ehnhqua`nifjtf ehih l`rnf vufnt`s
` n` e`gfz`.

N` en`vf p`r` ifkhr`r n` e`p`eal`l lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n fs `prfjlfr `

vavar n`s fiheahjfs prai`ra`s saj m`efr kuaeahs. Q `mhr` sé, fsth nh v`ihs `
m`efr ifla`jtf fn iajldunjfss.

¸Puá fs fn iajldunjfss8

Fn iajldunjfss  jh fs iàs quf `prfjlfr ` vavar fn ihifjth prfsfjtf saj

uzb`r. Fs uj` táejae` quf, lfslf daj`nfs lf nhs hemfjt`, fstà rfvhnueahj`jlh
fn iujlh lf n` psaehnhbé`. @ujquf fj rf`nal`l sf tr`t` lf `nbh quf nnfv` fjtrf
jhshtrhs ianfs lf `ðhs.
Fn iajldunjfss  gfgf larfet`ifjtf lf n`s dufjtfs hrafjt`nfs lf iflat`eaõj
gulast`, pfrh lfk` `tràs thl` n` saighnhbé` rfnabahs` p`r` qufl`rsf ûjae`ifjtf
ehj nhs prheflaiafjths quf sf utanaz`j p`r` fnaiaj`r fn sudraiafjth lf n` val`.
Fj nhs ûntaihs `ðhs, nhs fstulahs quf lfiufstr`j quf fst` táejae` fs fdae`z
shj e`l` vfz i`yhrfs. Uf m` ajehrphr`lh ` juifrhshs prhbr`i`s lf s`nul, y
sf m`j hgtfjalh rfsunt`lhs iuy prhiftflhrfs.
Khj O`g`t-[ajj duf fn praifr lfs`rrhnn`lhr lf n` táejae`. Ehih án iasih
`dari`, jh fs quf n` ajvfjt`r`, saipnfifjtf duf su fig`k`lhr fj Heealfjtf.
Fj 0121 dujlõ fn Efjtfr dhr Iajldunjfss aj Iflaeajf, Mf`ntm E`rf `jl
 

Uheafty fj n` Vjavfrsal`l lf I`ss`emusftts. Q lfslf fjthjefs, n` táejae` m`

lfihstr`lh sfr fdae`z p`r` iuemhs lf nhs prhgnfi`s quf jhs `s`nt`j fj
jufstrh lé` ` lé`.
N` tr`lueeaõj `n e`stfnn`jh lfn táriajh iajldunjfss phlré` sfr «`tfjeaõj
pnfj`¿. Q fs quf fsh fs nh quf prftfjlf gàsae`ifjtf fn iajldunjfss, quf
lfs`rrhnnfihs n` e`p`eal`l p`r` `tfjlfr pnfj`ifjtf `n ihifjth prfsfjtf saj
uzb`r. Uf tr`t` lf uj` pràetae` quf `yul` ` ajtfbr`r thl` n` ajdhri`eaõj
sfjshra`n, fiheahj`n y ehbjatav` quf sf fxpfraifjt`, nh quf m`ef quf n`
e`p`eal`l p`r` rfbun`r fiheahjfs sf vf` `dfet`l` phsatav`ifjtf.
Ehih lfeé`ihs `jtfs, n` i`yhré` lf nhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs quf bfjfr`j
i`nfst`r tafjfj quf vfr ehj pfjs`iafjths rfn`eahj`lhs ehj fn p`s`lh h ehj fn

duturh. Ua ehjsfbuaihs prfst`r `tfjeaõj `n ihifjth prfsfjtf, jhs l`rfihs

eufjt` lf quf fj rf`nal`l n`s fiheahjfs quf sfjtaihs fj fsf ajst`jtf jh jhs
`yul`j fj j`l`.
Eu`jlh `p`rfef uj` fiheaõj rf`nifjtf `l`pt`tav` fj fn ihifjth
prfsfjtf, phr nh bfjfr`n jh n` kuzb`ihs ehih uj fst`lh jfb`tavh, sajh quf
jhs lfk`ihs nnfv`r phr fnn` p`r` `etu`r ifkhr. Fn iajldunjfss  jhs pfriatf
`efpt`r jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs saj ftaquft`rnhs ehih `nbh jfb`tavh.
Fsth aipnae` quf n`s fiheahjfs p`s`j ` sfr ifr` ajdhri`eaõj quf jufstrh
hrb`jasih jhs l`. Fs fj fsf ihifjth fj fn quf n` fiheaõj euipnf su
dujeaõj.
Lfgfihs tfjfr fj eufjt` quf jufstrh pfjs`iafjth sf m` lfs`rrhnn`lh
lur`jtf ianfs lf `ðhs p`r` `yul`rjhs ` shgrfvavar. Fn prhgnfi` fs quf fj n`
sheafl`l heealfjt`n, fj nub`r lf ehjsalfr`r n` ifjtf ehih uj` mfrr`iafjt`
p`r` rfshnvfr prhgnfi`s, jhs alfjtadae`ihs pnfj`ifjtf ehj su
ehjtfjalh. Fsth jhs m`ef vavar fj ehjst`jtf sudraiafjth. Uafiprf `jmfn`ihs
nh quf jh tfjfihs, jhs rferf`ihs fj jufstrhs frrhrfs h sudraihs phr n`s
pfrshj`s quf y` jh fstàj. Uf tr`t` lf uj sfsbh fj fn eu`n ehjdujlaihs
pfjs`iafjth ehj rf`nal`l.
 

Tavafjlh fj fn ihifjth prfsfjtf, jhs l`ihs eufjt` lf quf thlh fsf rualh
quf tfjfihs fj n` e`gfz` jh fs iàs quf ajtfjths lf jufstr` ifjtf p`r` quf
jhs `l`ptfihs `n iflah ehj iàs fdae`ea`. Uhj jufstr`s erffjea`s,
ehjlaeahj`iafjths y `prfjlaz`kfs m`gn`jlh. Sfrh lfgfihs tfjfr fj eufjt`
quf iuemhs lf fnnhs y` jh jhs shj ûtanfs.
N` e`p`eal`l p`r` vavar fj fn prfsfjtf tf l` n` nagfrt`l lf `etu`r lfk`jlh
`tràs nhs ehjlaeahj`iafjths fiheahj`nfs quf m`s alh `lquarafjlh y quf tf
m`j alh naiat`jlh lur`jtf `ðhs. Fsh sé, p`r` nnfb`r ` fsf pujth jfefsat`ihs
tr`g`k`r fj fnnh ehj `méjeh.
Fn p`s`lh jh shj iàs quf rfeufrlhs `nhk`lhs fj jufstr`s jfurhj`s, y fn
duturh, fspfeun`eahjfs quf m`efihs g`sàjlhjhs fj nh quf ehjhefihs lfn

iujlh. Ua jhs phjfihs sfrahs, lfseugrarfihs quf jufstr` ifihra` jh fs

tht`nifjtf dafn ` nhs mfemhs quf `ehjtfeafrhj. Fstà s`npae`l` lf erffjea`s, lf
ehjlaeahj`iafjths y lf jufstr`s vasahjfs lf n` val`. E`l` vfz quf
`eeflfihs ` uj rfeufrlh, nh ihladae`ihs. Shr nh quf e`l` vfz quf tus
ehbjaeahjfs sf efjtrfj fj `ehjtfeaiafjths quf y` m`j heurralh, jh fstàs
vavafjlh fj fn iujlh rf`n. Shr htrh n`lh, sa `j`naz`s thl`s n`s prflaeeahjfs
quf m`s mfemh lur`jtf tu val`, tf l`ràs eufjt` lf quf juje` n`s ehs`s heurrfj
fx`et`ifjtf lf n` dhri` fj n` quf fspfr`s. Shr nh quf vavar efjtr`lh fj fn
duturh t`ipheh fs vavar fj fn iujlh rf`n.
@prfjlfr ` `tfjlfr `n ihifjth prfsfjtf jhs `yul` ` erf`r uj` grfem` fjtrf
jufstr`s fiheahjfs y jufstr`s `etu`eahjfs. Lf fst` i`jfr`, `prfjlafjlh `
hgsfrv`r saj kuzb`r y saj ajtfjt`r ihladae`r jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs,
`prfjlfihs ` `etu`r lf uj` i`jfr` iàs nagrf.
Sr`etae`r fn iajldunjfss  jhs `yul` ` dhrt`nfefr àrf`s efrfgr`nfs quf jhs
`yul`j ` ajtfbr`r n` ajdhri`eaõj quf jhs l`j jufstrhs sfjtalhs, n`
ajdhri`eaõj lf jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths y n` ajdhri`eaõj lf jufstr`s
fiheahjfs. Lf fst` i`jfr`, lfslf fn ihifjth `etu`n, ehjsfbuaihs `etu`r lf
n` ifkhr i`jfr` phsagnf.
 

Uajefr`ifjtf erfh quf `prfjlfr ` vavar fj fn ihifjth prfsfjtf ehj

`tfjeaõj pnfj` suphjf uj` `gshnut` rfvhnueaõj. Jh shn`ifjtf fs quf jhs
`yulf ` ifkhr`r jufstrh fst`lh lf àjaih, ` bfstahj`r ifkhr fiheahjfs y `
`nava`r fn lhnhr, sajh quf jhs fjsfð` ` vavar lf uj` dhri` pnfj`.
Sfrh abu`n fsth lf n` iflat`eaõj y fn iajldunjfss tf sufj` r`rh. Jh tf eunph.
@ ié if p`s`g` fx`et`ifjtf nh iasih `n prajeapah, m`st` quf fipfeá ` nffr
fstulahs shgrf su fdae`ea` y `mé if ehjvfjeé lf quf tfjé` quf prhg`rnh. \f
eufjth uj` masthra` pfrshj`n y lf eõih fn iajldunjfss  if `yulõ ` supfr`r
uj` dhga` iuy `rr`ab`l` fj ié.
Fj fn p`s`lh tfjé` iuemh iaflh ` vhn`r. Wfeufrlh quf e`l` vfz quf tfjé`
quf thi`r uj vufnh ia eufrph rf`eeahj`g` fiheahj`nifjtf. Fj fn pn`jh

ehbjatavh, shgrf thlh lur`jtf fn lfspfbuf, ehifjz`g` ` pfjs`r quf fn `vaõj

lfk`g` lf the`r tafrr`, y quf ` n` `ntur` quf ég`ihs sa m`gé` `nbûj prhgnfi` fn
`eealfjtf sfré` ihrt`n. Fipfz`g` ` pfjs`r quf jh m`gé` j`l` fjtrf fn dusfn`kf
lfn `vaõj y fn sufnh, ianfs lf iftrhs quf if sfp`r`g`j lf uj` iufrtf sfbur`.
Eu`jlh if ajv`lé`j fsths pfjs`iafjths, ia eufrph rf`eeahj`g`
dasahnõbae`ifjtf lf uj ihlh gruseh. Ia ehr`zõj l`g` uj vufneh y jht`g`
eõih n` `lrfj`naj` sf lasp`r`g` fj ias vfj`s.
M`st` quf nnfbõ fn iajldunjfss  ` ia val`. Ifla`jtf fst` táejae`, pulf
fipfz`r ` bfstahj`r fiheahjfs lf dhri` iuy fdae`z y `pnae`rnh fj ia lé` `
lé`.
Sfrh nnfbõ fn br`j rfth. Ihjt`rif fj uj `vaõj lf jufvh. Ua gafj fs eafrth
quf juje` m`gé` lfk`lh lf m`efrnh, nhs vufnhs quf m`gé` mfemh safiprf
m`gé`j salh tfrragnfs p`r` ié phr nh quf rfspfet` ` n` `jsafl`l.
Wfeufrlh quf if sfjtá fj ia `safjth, y iafjtr`s n`s `z`d`t`s l`g`j n`s
ajstrueeahjfs jfefs`ra`s shgrf eõih `etu`r fj e`sh lf `eealfjtf, `nbh quf jh
nf tr`jquanaz` iuemh ` uj` pfrshj` ehj iaflh ` vhn`r, fipfeá ` efjtr`r ia
`tfjeaõj fj n` rfspar`eaõj.
Nhs pfjs`iafjths vfjé`j, pfrh yh saipnfifjtf nhs hgsfrv`g`, saj iftfrif
 

fj fnnhs. Fr` ehjseafjtf lf quf t`j shnh fr`j pfjs`iafjths, jh fr`j n`

rf`nal`l. Jh if fst`g` fstrfnn`jlh, shn`ifjtf nh pfjs`g`. Uhrprfjlfjtfifjtf
p`r` ié, fst` vfz fn ehr`zõj jh sf lasp`rõ, if fjehjtr`g` fxtr`ð`ifjtf
tr`jquanh.
Nnfbõ n` mhr` lf lfspfb`r, quf p`r` ié fr` nh iàs ladéean. Lfslf fn
ihifjth fj quf fn `vaõj `efnfr` m`st` quf nnfb` ` n` `ntur` iàxai`, fr`
eu`jlh pfhr nh p`s`g`. Sufs fst` vfz jh duf `sé. Uaipnfifjtf if naiatá `
hgsfrv`r ias fiheahjfs, y `ujquf phr supufsth jht`g` eafrt` ajquaftul, n`
ajtfjsal`l lf n` fiheaõj jh nnfbõ ` nhs javfnfs lf htr`s vfefs.
Fn `vaõj nnfbõ ` su `ntur` iàxai` y yh p`r` fsf ihifjth fst`g`
ehipnft`ifjtf rfn`k`lh. @sé quf if pusf pnàeal`ifjtf ` nffr. Eu`jlh

nnfvàg`ihs uj` mhr` lf vufnh, iàs h ifjhs, fn panhth `jujeaõ phr ifb`dhjé`
quf jhs `grhemàsfihs nhs eajturhjfs, ég`ihs ` p`s`r phr uj` zhj` lf
turgunfjea`s.
Efrrá fn nagrh y if vhnvé ` efjtr`r fj n` rfspar`eaõj. Fn `vaõj ehifjzõ `
ihvfrsf, y yh sfbué` safjlh e`p`z lf hgsfrv`r ias rf`eeahjfs fiheahj`nfs
saj m`efr j`l` iàs. Fst`g` sfrfjh y tr`jquanh. Sfrh fipfz`rhj n`s s`eulal`s
dufrtfs? `nbujhs p`s`kfrhs fipfz`rhj ` brat`r, y n` pfrshj` ehj n` quf va`k`g`
if `b`rrõ n` i`jh. Sfrh yh sfbué` ehipnft`ifjtf `tfjth ` ia rfspar`eaõj.
W`eahj`nifjtf s`gé` quf n`s turgunfjea`s jh fr`j fj sé pfnabrhs`s, phr nh
quf jh tfjé` j`l` quf tfifr. Sfrh fn e`igah rf`n duf quf fiheahj`nifjtf
t`igaáj dua e`p`z lf fjtfjlfr quf jh p`s`g` j`l`. Hgsfrvá ias
pfjs`iafjths, hgsfrvá ias sfjs`eahjfs dasahnõbae`s, hgsfrvá n` jfefsal`l quf
tfjé` lf ehiprhg`r n`s e`r`s lf n`s `z`d`t`s (sf tr`t`g` lf uj` ehjluet` lf
sfbural`l iuy `rr`ab`l` fj ié, quf if `yul`g` fj htrhs ihifjths `
tr`jquanaz`rif eu`jlh if ajv`lé` fn iaflh fj fn `vaõj), y jh maef
`gshnut`ifjtf j`l`. Lflaquá fshs iajuths ` `yul`r ` n` pfrshj` ehj n` quf
va`k`g` ` bfstahj`r su iaflh, fxpnaeàjlhnf quf n`s turgunfjea`s jh fr`j
pfnabrhs`s.
 

Duf uj r`th iuy ajtfjsh fj fn eu`n ehjsfbué bfstahj`r ia iaflh ` ihrar fj

uj `vaõj lfk`jlh p`s`r n` fiheaõj. Ajenush n` pfrshj` ehj n` quf va`k`g`, quf
ehjheé` ia iaflh ` vhn`r, sf shrprfjlaõ iuemésaih lf ia dhri` lf `etu`r.
Lfslf `qufn lé`, lfká lf tfjfr iaflh ` vhn`r. @mhr` pfreagh nhs vufnhs lfslf
htr` pfrspfetav` iuy lastajt`. @mhr` vfh fsf r`th ehih uj` gfjlaeaõj, pufs
puflh `prhvfem`r p`r` nffr h vfr `nbuj` pfnéeun` saj n`s ajtfrrupeahjfs
ehjst`jtfs lfn tfnádhjh iõvan. Nh thih ehih tafiph lf e`nal`l p`r` ié.
Ua tf dak`s, ehj n`s táejae`s quf tf vhy ` fjsfð`r fj fn nagrh, dua e`p`z lf
ihladae`r uj iaflh iuy `rr`ab`lh fj ié m`st` fn néiatf lf ehjvfrtar n`
satu`eaõj quf nh bfjfr`g` fj uj` fxpfrafjea` pn`efjtfr`. Ai`béj`tf nhs
`spfeths quf puflfs e`iga`r lf tu i`jfr` lf rf`eeahj`r fiheahj`nifjtf sa

`pnae`s ` tu val` fn ehjheaiafjth quf tf fsthy l`jlh.

Gfjfdaeahs lfn iajldunjfss

Fj nhs ûntaihs `ðhs sf m`j nnfv`lh ` e`gh ianfs lf fstulahs ehj fn

iajldunjfss  ehih prht`bhjast`. N` fvalfjea` lf quf fst` táejae` `phrt`
juifrhshs gfjfdaeahs fs ajeufstahj`gnf.
M`y trfs ehiphjfjtfs quf `etû`j fjtrf sé fj n` pràetae` lfn iajldunjfss  y
quf l`j nub`r ` iuntatul lf gfjfdaeahs. Ufbûj \`jb, Mônzfn y Shsjfr, fj fn
7306, n` pràetae` lfn iajldunjfss ifkhr` fn ehjtrhn `tfjeahj`n, n` e`p`eal`l
p`r` rfbun`r fiheahjfs y n` tr`jsdhri`eaõj lf n` ehjseafjea`, nh quf ehjnnfv`
ifjhs prhefs`iafjth `uthrrfdfrfjea`n y i`yhr ehjeafjea` lfn eufrph. Fsth
sabjadae` quf ehjdhrif v`y`s pr`etae`jlh fst` táejae`, pheh ` pheh, p`s`ràs `
fst`r ifjhs efjtr`lh fj nhs pfjs`iafjths p`r` tfjfr i`yhr ehjeafjea` lf tu
eufrph.
Ufbûj ia fxpfrafjea` pfrshj`n utanaz`jlh fst` táejae`, mf ehjsfbualh
l`rif eufjt` lf euàjlh fsthy làjlhnf vufnt`s ` uj pfjs`iafjth. Fs lfear, lf
euàjlh jh fsthy vavafjlh fn ihifjth prfsfjtf. Fj eu`jth lftfeth quf fsthy
prfheup`lh phr `nbh, fjsfbual` if lhy eufjt` y shy e`p`z lf jh `naifjt`r
`na ifjt`r fn
 

guenf lf pfjs`iafjths. Jh tf prfheupfs, quf tf vhy ` fjsfð`r ` m`efrnh iàs

`lfn`jtf.
@lfiàs, n`s pfrshj`s quf pr`etae`j fn iajldunjfss  lf i`jfr` rfbun`r,
ifkhr`j su e`p`eal`l lf dhe`naz`eaõj `tfjeahj`n. Lf mfemh, fstf ife`jasih
p`rfef sfr n` pufrt` lf fjtr`l` `n rfsth lf gfjfdaeahs fj rfn`eaõj ehj n`
e`p`eal`l lf rfbun`eaõj lf fiheahjfs. Uf m`j hgsfrv`lh ladfrfjea`s ` v`rahs
javfnfs fj `tfjeaõj shstfjal`, `tfjeaõj sfnfetav` y `tfjeaõj fkfeutav` (Emafs`,
E`n`ta y Ufrrftta, 7300). Fsth quafrf lfear quf pr`etae`jlh drfeufjtfifjtf fn
iajldunjfss ifkhr`ihs jufstr` e`p`eal`l p`r` dhe`naz`r jufstr` `tfjeaõj, nh
quf tafjf ajjuifr`gnfs vfjt`k`s. Shr fkfipnh, lfslf quf pr`etaeh fst`
táejae`, shy e`p`z lf fvat`r e`fr fj fn `gurraiafjth, y` quf ehjsabh

dhe`naz`rif fj nh quf fsthy sajtafjlh y pfreagafjlh fj fn ihifjth. Uhy

e`p`z lf lfk`r p`s`r nhs pfjs`iafjths lfn taph «Fsth fs `gurralh¿, y fj nub`r
lf lastr`frif ehj eu`nquafr fstéiunh quf `p`rfze`, ehjsabh efjtr`rif fj nh
quf fsthy m`eafjlh. Fsth m`ef quf, ` n`rbh pn`zh, sf` iuemh iàs fdaeafjtf y
if pfriatf s`e`r `lfn`jtf iuntatul lf prhyfeths ` n` vfz y tfjfr `n tafiph
val` shea`n y pr`etae`r `etaval`lfs lf heah e`l` lé`.
@lfiàs, ehjdhrif `v`jz`ihs fj n` pràetae`, e`l` vfz jhs fs iàs dàean
i`jtfjfr n` `tfjeaõj fj uj hgkfth, y fn prhefsh ehbjatavh p`r` m`efrnh
rfquafrf ifjhr `etaval`l (\`jb , Mônzfn y Shsjfr, 7306). @ su vfz, n`
pràetae` lfn iajldunjfss  bfjfr` uj` ifkhr` fj htrhs prhefshs ehbjatavhs,
ehih n` ifihra` lf tr`g`kh y n` ifihra` fspfeédae` (Emafs` E`n`ta y Ufrrftta,
7300), `sé ehih htr`s dujeahjfs fkfeutav`s (Uhnfr ft `n., 7304). Fs lfear, quf
ifkhr` jufstrh prhefs`lhr ajtfrjh. Fs ehih sa iftaásfihs iàs ifihra`
W@I ` jufstrh hrlfj`lhr p`r` quf pulafsf tfjfr iàs phtfjea`. Ehih tf
lfeé` `jtfs, lfslf quf pr`etaeh iajldunjfss  if safjth iuemh iàs nabfrh
ifjt`nifjtf, y jhth quf if d`tabh ifjhs eu`jlh rf`nazh `nbuj` `etaval`l
ifjt`n. Shr fkfipnh, `jtfs if ehst`g` mhrrhrfs sfjt`rif ` fseragar y
i`jtfjfrif efjtr`lh, `mhr` nh m`bh saj `pfj`s fsdufrzh. Q tf `sfburh quf
 

p`r` ia tr`g`kh if vafjf iuy gafj.

Shr htrh n`lh, fn lfs`rrhnnh lf n`s e`p`eal`lfs `tfjeahj`nfs p`rfef tfjfr
t`igaáj aipnae`eahjfs p`r` n` ifkhr` lfn dujeahj`iafjth psaehnõbaeh, br`ea`s
` n` lasiajueaõj lf n` lav`b`eaõj ifjt`n (Nfvajshj, Uthnn, Oajly, Ifrry y
L`valshj, 730<). Ua jhs dak`ihs fj n` `etaval`l lf jufstr` ifjtf ` nh n`rbh
lfn lé`, y jh fst`ihs fjtrfj`lhs fj iajldunjfss, jhs l`rfihs eufjt` lf quf
p`s`ihs mhr`s ehj n` e`gfz` lf uj n`lh p`r` htrh, b`st`jlh fjfrbé` lf
i`jfr` pheh prhluetav`. Ehjdhrif `v`jz`ihs fj n` pràetae` shihs iuemh
iàs ehjseafjtfs lf fst`s lav`b`eahjfs y, phr nh t`jth, phlfihs rflarabar
jufstr` `tfjeaõj m`ea` nh quf fj fsf ihifjth tfjb` aiphrt`jea` rf`n p`r`
jhshtrhs, nh quf lf jufvh rfpfreutf fj jufstr` fdae`ea`.
Fn fjtrfj`iafjth lf n` `tfjeaõj t`igaáj p`rfef sfr e`p`z lf prhluear
e`igahs dujeahj`nfs y fstruetur`nfs fj n`s rflfs jfurhj`nfs rfn`eahj`l`s ehj
n` `tfjeaõj. Fsths e`igahs shj hgkftav`gnfs ifla`jtf prufg`s lf
jfurhai`bfj (Dhx y Emrasthdd, 730<? \`jb , Mônzfn y Shsjfr, 7306), rfbastrhs
lf fnfetrhfjefd`nhbr`i` (Un`btfr ft `n., 7332) h tfst jfurhpsaehnõbaehs (Km`,
Orhipajbfr y G`aif, 7332? Uhnfr ft `n., 7307). Fs lfear, quf sf m`
ehiprhg`lh eafjtédae`ifjtf quf fj fn e`iph efrfgr`n fn iajldunjfss prhluef
e`igahs fj n`s ehjfxahjfs jfurhj`nfs.
@lfiàs, n` pràetae` lfn iajldunjfss  ifkhr` lf i`jfr` fdfetav` nhs
prhefshs fiheahj`nfs, ehjerft`ifjtf n` rfbun`eaõj lf fiheahjfs (\`jb ,
Mônzfn y Shsjfr 7306). Shr phjfr uj fkfipnh, fj uj fstulah lf D`rg ft `n., lfn
7303, sf prfsfjt`rhj aiàbfjfs lf ehjtfjalh fiheahj`n ` lhs bruphs. Fn
praifrh jh tfjé` fxpfrafjea` fj iflat`eaõj, iafjtr`s quf fn sfbujlh m`gé`
rf`naz`lh uj fjtrfj`iafjth lf v`ra`s sfi`j`s fj iajldunjfss. N`s pfrshj`s
quf m`gé`j p`rtaeap`lh fj fn eursh prfsfjt`g`j ifjhr `etav`eaõj `jtf
aiàbfjfs trastfs y ifjhrfs sabjhs lf lfprfsaõj. Fj n` iasi` néjf`, fn
iajldunjfss  `yul` ` rfluear fn prhefsh lf ruia`eaõj (Hrtjfr, Oanjfr y
[fn`zh, 7332), quf jhri`nifjtf fs fn rfsphjs`gnf lf quf jufstr`s fiheahjfs
 

pufl`j lur`r iàs lf nh lfgalh. Fj ia lé` ` lé`, `n fst`r fxpufsth `

iuemésai`s masthra`s ehj iuem` e`rb` fiheahj`n, fn iajldunjfss if `yul` `
thi`r last`jea` ehj rfspfeth ` ias fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs y bfstahj`rnhs ehj
fdae`ea`. @jtfs lf pr`etae`r fst` táejae` if ehst`g` iuemh iàs m`efrnh y if
nnfv`g` iuem`s lf n`s masthra`s quf fseuem`g` e`l` lé` ` e`s`, nh quf ajdnué`
fj ia lé` ` lé` lf dhri`
d hri` sabjadae`tav`.
@p`rtf lf `yul`rjhs ` rfluear n`s fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s,   fn iajldunjfss
t`igaáj jhs `yul` ` fxpfraifjt`r fiheahjfs `br`l`gnfs, ehih lfiufstr`j
nhs fstulahs lf Jyonéĉfo y Ouakpfrs, 733= y Hrzfem, Um`parh, Grhwj y
IeO`y, 7331. Shr nh quf sf tr`t` lf uj` táejae` rf`nifjtf ehipnft` y quf
puflf suphjfr uj `jtfs y uj lfspuás fj n` val` lf n` pfrshj` quf ehiafjz` `
pr`etae`rn`. Qh rf`nifjtf if ehjsalfrh `nbuafj iuemh iàs dfnaz lfslf quf
pr`etaeh n` `tfjeaõj nhe`naz`l` fj fn prfsfjtf. Nhs prhgnfi`s shj ifjhs
prhgnfi`s y erfh quf tfjbh iuy en`rh nhs `spfeths aiphrt`jtfs lf ia val` y
nhs fxpraih `n iàxaih p`r` fst`r gafj n` i`yhr p`rtf lfn tafiph. @ujquf fj
fsf prhefsh ` vfefs tfjb` quf fst`r trastf h jfrvahsh.
@lfiàs, n` pràetae` ehjtaju`l` lfn iajldunjfss  ajerfifjt` n`
`uthehip`saõj, quf sf lfdajf ehih n` `pfrtur` `n prhpah sudraiafjth,
fxpfraifjt`jlh sfjtaiafjths lf `dfeth y `i`ganal`l m`ea` ujh iasih y
`efpt`jlh n`s naiat`eahjfs y frrhrfs prhpahs (Jfdd, 7335). Lf fst` i`jfr`,

e`l` vfz jhs

rflueaihs v`ihs vhnvafjlh
nhs pfjs`iafjths iàs pfriasavhs
`uthiàtaehs jfb`tavhs ehj jhshtrhs iasihs
y n` ruia`eaõj y
quf t`jth
l`ðh fiheahj`n jhs e`us`j. Fj nub`r lf gnhquf`r jufstr`s fiheahjfs, jhs
pfriataihs sfjtarn`s y fjtfjlfr su v`nhr p`r` jhshtrhs. Fsth jhs m`ef
ajerfifjt`r jufstr` ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n y jhs `yul` ` `l`pt`rjhs ifkhr `n
iflah. Q ehih `jtaeapàg`ihs `jtfs, jhs pfriatf jh rf`eeahj`r `jtf fst`s
fiheahjfs, nh quf fvat` quf `p`rfze`j n`s fiheahjfs sfeujl`ra`s, quf ehih
vfé`ihs sufnfj sfr n`s quf jhs l`j prhgnfi`s.
 

Ihlh sfr vs. ihlh m`efr

Fj
sf m`nhs fjehjtr`lh
ûntaihs `ðhsquf
sf m`
fs ajvfstab`lh iuemhfdfetavh
trfifjl`ifjtf fj rfdfrfjea`
p`r` n``n prfvfjeaõj ,lfy
iajldunjfss

rfe`él`s fj fpashlahs lfprfsavhs. Nhs tr`t`iafjths d`ri`ehnõbaehs y

psaehnõbaehs p`r` fn tr`sthrjh lfprfsavh i`yhr m`j lfihstr`lh, lfslf m`ef
láe`l`s, sfr fdae`efs. Sfrh m`gé` uj prhgnfi`, y fs quf uj phrefjt`kf iàs
quf ehjsalfr`gnf lf pfrshj`s fxpfraifjt`g` uj` rfe`él` ujhs ifsfs h `ðhs
lfspuás.
Shr fnnh sf ehifjzõ ` ajvfstab`r uj` jufv` i`jfr` lf fvat`r n` rfe`él` fj
fstf i`n, y lfslf prajeapahs lf nhs jhvfjt`, \f`sl`nf, Ufb`n y Ranna`is,
g`sàjlhsf fj n`s ajvfstab`eahjfs lf O`g`t-[ajj, lfs`rrhnn`rhj uj prhbr`i`
lf hemh sfsahjfs lf iajldunjfss g`s`lh fj n` tfr`pa` ehbjatav` quf ehjsfbué`
rfluear sabjadae`tav`ifjtf n`s rfe`él`s fj jufvhs fpashlahs lf lfprfsaõj.
S`rfef quf n` en`vf p`r` n` rfe`él` y fn i`jtfjaiafjth lfn fst`lh lf àjaih
lfprfsavh fs n` `etav`eaõj lf fsqufi`s ehbjatavhs y lf nhs prhefshs lf
ruia`eaõj. Fs lfear, n`s pfrshj`s eu`jlh fstàj lfpraial`s tafjlfj ` l`rnf
iàs vufnt`s ` n` e`gfz`, y fn ehjtfjalh lf sus pfjs`iafjths fs lf e`ràetfr
jfb`tavh. Fstf prhefsh sf ehjvafrtf fj uj eéreunh vaeahsh fj fn eu`n, `n fst`r
trastf n` pfrshj`, nhs sfsbhs ehbjatavhs m`efj quf fn ehjtfjalh lfn
pfjs`iafjth sf` jfb`tavh, lf ihlh quf `etû` ehih fstéiunh y ` su vfz
lasp`r` n` fiheaõj lf trastfz`.
Nh quf m`nn`rhj fsths `uthrfs fs quf n`s pfrshj`s quf y` m`gé`j
fxpfraifjt`lh uj` lfprfsaõj, `n sfjtar uj` g`k`l` fj fn fst`lh lf àjaih,
m`gé`j `prfjlalh ` rf`eeahj`r `jtf fst` ehj n` `etav`eaõj lf nhs prhefshs
ehbjatavhs quf lfseragé`ihs `jtfrahrifjtf.
Fs lfear, quf n` fiheaõj prai`ra` lf trastfz`, quf sfbur`ifjtf sf`
`l`pt`tav` fj n` i`yhré` lf nhs e`shs y tfjb` quf vfr ehj uj` dnuetu`eaõj
jhri`n lfn fst`lh lf àjaih, lasp`r`g` n` fiheaõj sfeujl`ra`, rfn`eahj`l`
ehj fn kuaeah jfb`tavh lf n` fiheaõj prai`ra` h `nbuj` lf sus rfspufst`s.
 

Nh quf `phrt` fn iajldunjfss fs quf n` pfrshj` lfs`rrhnnf n` e`p`eal`l p`r`

sfp`r`r fn fstéiunh lf n` rfspufst` fiheahj`n. Fs lfear, t`n ehih ajlaeàg`ihs
fj e`pétunhs `jtfrahrfs, fj nub`r lf lfk`rjhs nnfv`r phr n`s rfspufst`s
aipuns`l`s phr n` fiheaõj ` ehrth pn`zh, `prfjlfihs ` jh kuzb`r n` fiheaõj
prai`ra` p`r` phlfr l`r uj` rfspufst` lastajt` quf jhs `yulf ` rfbun`r fn
fst`lh lf àjaih trastf ` n`rbh pn`zh.
Fj fstf prhefsh sf m`j lastajbualh lhs p`ut`s lf `etav`eaõj efrfgr`n
ladfrfjtfs quf sf rfn`eahj`j ehj lhs ihlhs lastajths lf tr`g`k`r fn efrfgrh. Fn
ihlh m`efr y fn ihlh sfr. Fsths fst`lhs shj ajehip`tagnfs fjtrf sé. Fs lfear,
sa fst`ihs fj ihlh m`efr, jh phlfihs fst`r fj ihlh sfr, y vaefvfrs`.
Uabuafjlh n` iftàdhr` lf Ufb`n y \f`sl`nf (730=), fn ihlh m`efr y fn ihlh
sfr shj ehih i`rem`s lfn ehemf. Jh phlfihs ar fj quajt` y fj praifr` ` n`
vfz. Fsth jh sabjadae` quf m`y` uj fst`lh gufjh y uj fst`lh i`nh, sajh quf
saipnfifjtf e`l` ujh lf fnnhs jhs `yul` ` dujeahj`r fdae`zifjtf fj
ladfrfjtfs `spfeths lf jufstr` val`. T`ihs ` fxpnae`r e`l` ujh lf fnnhs p`r`
quf nh fjtafjl`s.
Eu`jlh fst`ihs fj ihlh m`efr, jufstrh efrfgrh ihjathraz` jufstrh fst`lh
`etu`n y fn fst`lh `n quf lfsf`ihs nnfb`r. S`r` fnnh, tfjfihs quf «m`efr¿
`nbh. Fj fstf fst`lh lf pn`jadae`eaõj, rfeurraihs ` jufstrhs `remavhs lf
ifihra` p`r` pn`jadae`r jufstr`s `eeahjfs ehj fn hgkftavh lf nnfb`r `n fst`lh

lfsf`lh. Shr fkfipnh,

e`dá. Ufbur`ifjtf ai`béj`tf
sa fstàs quf fjquf
fj uj nub`r fstf
fs ihifjth tf `pftfef
d`iana`r p`r` thi`r
ta, gusqufs fj uj
tu
ifihra` n` e`dftfré` iàs efre`j` y pn`jadaqufs eõih nnfb`r ` fnn` tfjafjlh fj
eufjt` fn e`iajh iàs ehrth p`r` m`efrnh. Ua tf dak`s, fj fstf prhefsh jh
fst`ihs `tfjlafjlh `n ihifjth prfsfjtf, sajh quf nh quf m`efihs fs rfeurrar
`n `remavh p`r` phlfr pn`jadae`r fn duturh.
dut urh. Uf tr`t` lf uj ihlh trfifjl`ifjtf
ûtan p`r` rf`naz`r uj ihjtõj lf `etaval`lfs fj jufstrh lé` ` lé`. Sfrh fs
trfifjl`ifjtf ajfdfetavh ` n` mhr` lf rfbun`r fiheahjfs.
Ai`béj`tf quf tf fjeufjtr`s trastf h `jsahsh. Hgva`ifjtf tf bust`ré`
 

sfjtartf lf htrh ihlh, phr nh quf tu efrfgrh fipafz` ` rfehrl`r ihifjths fj

nhs quf tf m`s fjehjtr`lh gafj, ehj uj fst`lh fiheahj`n `br`l`gnf, p`r`, lf
fst` i`jfr`, ajtfjt`r fjehjtr`r shnueahjfs. Sfrh, p`r`lõkae`ifjtf, fjtr`r fj
fstf taph lf prhefsh ifjt`n, nfkhs lf m`efrjhs sfjtar ifkhr, m`ef quf jhs
sajt`ihs e`l` vfz iàs trastfs h `jsahshs. Fs lfear, eu`jlh fjtr`j fj kufbh nhs
sfsbhs ehbjatavhs fj fstf taph lf prhefshs, tfjlfihs ` vfr n` rf`nal`l ehih
`ifj`z`jtf (fj fn e`sh lfn iaflh y n` `jsafl`l) h ehih jfb`tav` (fj fn e`sh
lf n` trastfz`), nh quf jhs m`ef `nfk`rjhs lf jufstrh fst`lh lfsf`lh. Fst` d`nt`
lf fdae`ea` ` n` mhr` lf `ne`jz`r n` tr`jquanal`l h n` dfnaeal`l, m`ef quf jhs
pfreag`ihs ehih pheh fdaeafjtfs. Q sa tf `eufrl`s, ujh lf nhs fstéiunhs quf
lasp`r`g`j n` trastfz` fr` prfeas`ifjtf n` pfrefpeaõj lf phe` fdae`ea`.
Fs phr fsth quf fn ihlh m`efr jh jhs `yul` ` rfbun`r jufstrhs fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs, sajh thlh nh ehjtr`rah, `n kuzb`r ehih jfb`tav` jufstr`
fiheaõj, nuem`ihs ehjtr` fnn`, nh quf prhpaea` n` `p`raeaõj lf fiheahjfs
sfeujl`ra`s pheh `l`pt`tav`s.
Shr htrh n`lh, fn ihlh sfr fs uj` p`ut` lf `etav`eaõj jfurhj`n ajehip`tagnf
ehj fn ihlh m`efr. Q` quf fj fstf fst`lh prflhiaj` n` `efpt`eaõj lf nh quf
fstà heurrafjlh y jh sf hphjf rfsastfjea`. Uaipnfifjtf jhs i`jtfjfihs
ehih hgsfrv`lhrfs lf nh quf heurrf dufr` y lfjtrh lf jhshtrhs. @ nh ifkhr tf
p`rfef `nbh fxtr`ðh y k`iàs nh m`y`s fxpfraifjt`lh, pfrh sa m`efs ifihra`,

sfburh
`iabhs,quf `nbuj`
h `jtf vfz fj uj
uj p`as`kf ehjeafrth, h m`s
aiprfsahj`jtf, vafjlh uj` pfnéeun`,n`hsfjs`eaõj
fxpfraifjt`lh fst`jlh ehj
lf
quf jh tf m`eé` d`nt` j`l`. Jh tfjé`s htr` ehs` quf m`efr quf fst`r `nné
prfsfjtf. Fstf fst`lh t`igaáj sf `ne`jz` drfeufjtfifjtf eu`jlh m`efihs
fkfreaeah désaeh h lfphrtf. Eu`jlh fst`ihs ehj n` `tfjeaõj pufst` fj fn `qué y
`mhr`.
Fj fn ihlh sfr saipnfifjtf jhs naiat`ihs ` fxastar, saj jfefsal`l lf
fxpfraifjt`r j`l` iàs quf fn ihifjth prfsfjtf. Ua pafjs`s fj nhs ajst`jtfs `
nh n`rbh lfn lé` fj nhs quf prfst`s `tfjeaõj `n `mhr`, sfbur`ifjtf n`s
 

fiheahjfs quf `p`rfefj shj lf sfrfjal`l, tr`jquanal`l h dfnaeal`l. Q fs quf,

ehih lfeé`ihs `jtfs, fj jufstrh lé` ` lé` `pfj`s m`y fstéiunhs fxtfrjhs
prfsfjtfs quf rfquafr`j lf jufstr`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs, sajh quf nh quf
lasp`r` fsths fst`lhs sufnfj sfr nhs pfjs`iafjths.
Shr fnnh, ifla`jtf fn iajldunjfss nh quf v`ihs ` `prfjlfr fs ` e`iga`r fn
ihlh fj fn quf fst`ihs ` jufstrh `jthkh. Fs eafrth quf m`ef d`nt` eafrt`
pràetae` p`r` phlfr m`efrnh ehj d`eanal`l, pfrh t`ipheh t`jth ehih erffs.
Eu`jlh `e`gfs fn nagrh, sa sabufs n`s ajlae`eahjfs, prhg`gnfifjtf sfràs e`p`z
lf lftfet`r euàjlh tf m`nn`s fj ihlh m`efr, y phlràs ehjsfbuar p`s`r ` ihlh
sfr eu`jlh nh lfsffs saipnfifjtf efjtr`jlh tu `tfjeaõj fj n` rfspar`eaõj.

¸Eõih sf pr`etae` fn iajldunjfss8

M`y lhs i`jfr`s lf pr`etae`r fn iajldunjfss; n` iflat`eaõj dhri`n y n`
iflat`eaõj ajdhri`n.
N` iflat`eaõj dhri`n sf efjtr` fj nhs fkfreaeahs fspfeédaehs lflae`lhs
fxenusav`ifjtf ` pr`etae`r n` iflat`eaõj. M`y iuem`s dhri`s lf m`efrnh?
iàs `lfn`jtf tf prhphjlrá uj fkfreaeah. Iflat`jlh dhri`nifjtf ehjsfbuaihs
lfs`rrhnn`r n`s m`ganal`lfs jfefs`ra`s p`r` `prfjlfr ` vavar fj fn ihifjth
prfsfjtf.
N` htr` vé` fs n` iflat`eaõj ajdhri`n, n` eu`n, gàsae`ifjtf, ehjsastf fj
phjfr n` `tfjeaõj lf dhri` pnfj` fj `nbuj`s `etaval`lfs lf jufstrh lé` ` lé`.
Lf fst` i`jfr` ehjsfbuaihs bfjfr`naz`r fj fn àigath lf jufstr` val` n`s
m`ganal`lfs quf v`ihs lfs`rrhnn`jlh fj n`s pràetae`s dhri`nfs. @n daj`n lfn
e`pétunh tf rfehifjl`rá `nbuj`s `etaval`lfs quf puflfs ar m`eafjlh iafjtr`s
prfst`s `tfjeaõj `n ihifjth prfsfjtf saj kuzb`r nh quf fstàs sajtafjlh,
saipnfifjtf vavaájlhnh.
Vj` gufj` i`jfr` lf m`efrnh fs efjtr`r n` `tfjeaõj fj n` rfspar`eaõj.
Eu`jlh nnfvfs tafiph iflat`jlh, sfrà dàean quf saipnfifjtf `tfjlafjlh ` n`
rfspar`eaõj pufl`s ehjfet`r ehj fn ihifjth prfsfjtf. M`znh iafjtr`s
 

rf`naz`s eu`nquafr `etaval`l, `tfjlafjlh ` thlhs nhs ihvaiafjths quf m`efs.

Ehih sa dufr`s uj ifrh hgsfrv`lhr.
Fn hgkftavh ûntaih lf pr`etae`r iajldunjfss  fs quf sf`s e`p`z lf vavar fn
ihifjth prfsfjtf eu`jlh quafr`s.

Fkfreaeahs pràetaehs

Fn praifr fkfreaeah quf v`ihs ` `prfjlfr p`r` ifkhr`r jufstr` e`p`eal`l p`r`
vavar fn ihifjth prfsfjtf fs fn lf n` `tfjeaõj ` n`
n ` rfspar`eaõj.
Fn hgkftavh lf fstf fkfreaeah fs `tfjlfr ` n`s sfjs`eahjfs prhlueal`s phr n`
rfspar`eaõj saj ajtfjt`r ihladae`rn`. @ ladfrfjea`
ladfr fjea` lf n`s táejae`s lf rfn`k`eaõj,
fn iajldunjfss  jh prftfjlf ihladae`r fn ratih ja n` ajtfjsal`l lf n`
rfspar`eaõj, nh quf prftfjlf fs ifkhr`r jufstr` e`p`eal`l p`r` `tfjlfr ` uj
fstéiunh lftfriaj`lh saj kuzb`rnh.
Fs m`gatu`n ehifjz`r n` pràetae` lfn iajldunjfss  prfeas`ifjtf phr fstf
fkfreaeah. Q fs quf `prfjlfr ` `tfjlfr ` n` rfspar`eaõj, `p`rtf lf ifkhr`r n`
e`p`eal`l `tfjeahj`n, jhs grajl`rà uj` vfjt`k` quf phehs fkfreaeahs jhs
puflfj l`r. Q fs quf n` rfspar`eaõj fs `nbh quf v` ` `ehip`ð`rjhs lur`jtf
thl` n` val`, `sé quf eu`jlh lftfetfihs uj` fiheaõj, fn praifr p`sh p`r`
rfbun`r n` fiheaõj sfrà `tfjlfrn` lfslf fn prfsfjtf. Efjtr`rjhs fj jufstr`
rfspar`eaõj `etu`rà lf `jen`kf fj fn ihifjth prfsfjtf y jhs `yul`rà ` phjfr
fj i`rem` thlh fn prhefsh lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n ehj fn daj lf ehjsfbuar
ihladae`r jufstrh fst`lh fiheahj`n.
N` en`vf lf fstf fkfreaeah fs jh ajtfjt`r ihladae`r fn ihlh fj fn quf
rfspar`ihs, saipnfifjtf pfri`jfefr fj uj rhn lf fspfet`lhr `jtf n`s
sfjs`eahjfs quf v` prhlueafjlh fn `arf `n fjtr`r y `n s`nar lfn eufrph. S`r`
fnnh, phlfihs dak`r jufstr` `tfjeaõj fj ladfrfjtfs pujths, ehih puflfj sfr fn
ajtfrahr lf n`s dhs`s j`s`nfs, nhs iûseunhs lfn pfemh h fn la`dr`bi`.
@ ihlh lf ajtrhlueeaõj `n iajldunjfss, tf prfsfjth fn fkfreaeah lf `tfjeaõj
` n` rfspar`eaõj quf utanazh ehj n`s pfrshj`s quf nnfb`j ` ia lfsp`emh e`l`
 

lé`. Suflfs nffrnh f ajtfjt`r `pnae`rnh, pfrh ia rfehifjl`eaõj fs quf nh

br`gfs f ajtfjtfs sfbuar nhs p`shs fseuem`jlh fn `ulah.
@n prajeapah, fs iuy jhri`n quf jufstr` `tfjeaõj sf lfsvéf drfeufjtfifjtf,
phr nh quf sa jhs `yul`ihs lf uj` bué`, ehih puflf sfr uj `ulah, fst` jhs
rfehrl`rà quf rfeupfrfihs n` `tfjeaõj fj n`s sfjs`eahjfs prhlueal`s phr n`
rfspar`eaõj.
Fj n`s praifr`s pràetae`s nh iàs ehiûj fs sfr aje`p`z lf prfst`r `tfjeaõj
lur`jtf iàs lf ujhs sfbujlhs ` n` rfspar`eaõj. Jh tf prfheupfs, sf tr`t` lf
`nbh jhri`n, n` en`vf eu`jlh jhtfs quf fstàs lastr`élh fs saipnfifjtf
rflarabar n` `tfjeaõj, ajtfjt`jlh jh kuzb`r n` lastr`eeaõj ehih `nbh i`nh, sajh
saipnfifjtf ehih `nbh j`tur`n y fspfr`gnf quf tafjf nub`r fj fn ihifjth
prfsfjtf. Ehjdhrif v`y`s b`j`jlh pràetae`, e`l` vfz tf ehjst`rà ifjhs
fsdufrzh `tfjlfr ` tu rfspar`eaõj, nh quf fst`gnfefrà n`s g`sfs jfefs`ra`s p`r`
fipfz`r ` bfstahj`r tus fiheahjfs lfslf fn ihifjth prfsfjtf.
@ ehjtaju`eaõj tf lfkh fn fkfreaeah lf `tfjeaõj ` n` rfspar`eaõj p`r` quf
pufl`s br`g`rnh fj uj `ulah. S`r` quf tf m`b`s uj` alf`, n` lur`eaõj
rfehifjl`l` p`r` fst`s praifr`s pràetae`s fs lf eajeh ` lafz iajuths? tfjnh
fj eufjt` ` n` mhr` lf br`g`r.
«@lhpt` uj` phstur` eõihl`. Suflfs sfjt`rtf ehj n` fsp`nl` rfet` h gafj
puflfs tuig`rtf. M`z thlhs nhs ihvaiafjths quf tfjb`s quf m`efr p`r` fst`r

eõihlh.
M`z uj`Taban` quf n` rhp`
rfspar`eaõj jh tf \hi`
prhdujl`. `praftf`arf.
ja tf
t fUuánt`nh
rhef. p`us`l`ifjtf. Tufnvf `
thi`r `arf y vufnvf ` shnt`rnh pheh ` pheh, ehih sa shpn`sfs phr uj` p`kat`.
Wfpatf phr ûntai` vfz fstf prhefsh. \hi` `arf y fxpûns`nh pheh ` pheh.
Fs ihifjth lf ehjefjtr`rtf fj tu rfspar`eaõj. Fs uj prhefsh `uthiàtaeh,
jh ajtfjtfs `ntfr`rnh, saipnfifjtf prfst` thl` tu `tfjeaõj `n ajtfrahr lf n`
j`raz. Uafjtf eõih fn `arf quf fjtr` fs drfseh y jht` eõih `n s`nar e`iga` lf
tfipfr`tur`.
Ua fj `nbûj ihifjth jht`s quf tu `tfjeaõj sf m` alh m`ea` `nbûj
 

pfjs`iafjth, rflarébfn` ` n` rfspar`eaõj. Fs jhri`n quf heurr` fsth, jh tf

uzbufs, saipnfifjtf vufnvf ` efjtr`rtf fj n` rfspar`eaõj.
Eájtr`tf `mhr` fj nhs punihjfs, hgsfrv` eõih tu `glhifj sf majem`
eu`jlh ajspar`s. Srfst` `tfjeaõj ` thlhs nhs iûseunhs quf sf ehjtr`fj fj tu
pfemh. Jht` eõih sf rfn`k`j `n fspar`r.
Ua fj `nbûj ihifjth jht`s quf tu `tfjeaõj sf m` alh m`ea` `nbûj
pfjs`iafjth, rflarébfn` ` n` rfspar`eaõj. Fs jhri`n quf heurr` fsth, jh tf
uzbufs, saipnfifjtf vufnvf ` efjtr`rtf fj nhs iûseunhs lfn pfemh.
Ajtfjt` prfst`r `tfjeaõj `n ihifjth fjtrf n` ajspar`eaõj y n` fspar`eaõj.
L`tf eufjt` lf nh quf m`ef tu eufrph. Jh ajtfjtfs ihladae`r j`l`, shn`ifjtf
pfri`jfef ehih sa dufsfs uj fspfet`lhr.
Suflfs pfri`jfefr fj fstf fst`lh fn tafiph quf jfefsatfs. Ua lfealfs
tfriaj`r, pheh ` pheh vf ihvafjlh n`s fxtrfial`lfs, praifrh nhs lflhs,
lfspuás n`s i`jhs y nhs pafs. Tf `grafjlh pheh ` pheh nhs hkhs y l`tf eufjt`
lf nh e`ni`l` quf fstà tu ifjtf¿.
Vj` vfz br`g`lh fn `ulah, ia rfehifjl`eaõj fs quf lflaqufs fjtrf eajeh y
lafz iajuths `n lé` ` fjtrfj`r tu `tfjeaõj. Guse` uj nub`r eõihlh y uj` mhr`
lfn lé` fj n` quf pufl`s m`efr fn fkfreaeah saj lastr`eeahjfs. Suflfs m`efrnh
tuig`lh h sfjt`lh. Fs dujl`ifjt`n quf jh m`b`s n` pràetae` `jtfs lf artf `
lhriar, pufsth quf nh quf prftfjlfihs fs ifkhr`r jufstr` e`p`eal`l p`r`

efjtr`rjhs
quflàjlhtffj fn prfsfjtf
lhrialh y fs
lur`jtf fn iuy phsagnf
fkfreaeah, quf,aipflaré`
nh eu`n sa fstàs e`js`lh, tfriajfs
quf ifkhràsfihs
n` e`p`eal`l lf `tfjlfr saj kuzb`r.

Iajldunjfss fj n` val` ehtala`j`

Ehih tf ehifjt`g` `jtfrahrifjtf fj fstf iasih e`pétunh, m`y lhs dhri`s lf
pr`etae`r iajldunjfss; n` iflat`eaõj dhri`n, ehih, phr fkfipnh, n` quf tf
prhphjé` `jtfs `tfjlafjlh ` n` rfspar`eaõj, y n` iflat`eaõj ajdhri`n. N`
prajeap`n e`r`etfréstae` lfn praifr ihlh lf pràetae` fs quf lftfjfihs jufstr`
 

rutaj` p`r` lflae`r uj fsp`eah lf tafiph ` n` iflat`eaõj. M`efrnh fs

jfefs`rah p`r` ar `lquarafjlh ehipftfjea` fj fst` táejae`. Sfrh nh rf`nifjtf
ajtfrfs`jtf fs ehjsfbuar tr`sn`l`r ` jufstrh lé` ` lé` n` e`p`eal`l lf `tfjlfr
`n ihifjth prfsfjtf saj lftfjfrjhs, quf fs prfeas`ifjtf lf nh quf tr`t` fn
sfbujlh ihlh.
S`r` fnnh, fj nhs eurshs fst`jl`raz`lhs lf IGE\ (iajldunjfss g`s`lh fj n`
tfr`pa` ehbjatav`) quf t`j gufjhs rfsunt`lhs m`j lfihstr`lh ` n` mhr` lf
prfvfjar n` rfe`él` fj fpashlahs lfprfsavhs, sf rfehiafjl` lfslf n` praifr`
sfsaõj fsehbfr uj` `etaval`l lf jufstrh lé` ` lé` f ajtfjt`r phjfr fj fnn`
`tfjeaõj pnfj`.
S`r` ehjsfbuar fst` fiprfs`, nh ûjaeh quf tfjfihs quf m`efr fs fst`r
prfsfjtfs. I`jtfjfr jufstrh dheh `tfjeahj`n fj nh quf fstà heurrafjlh saj
uzb`r. Fs lfear, saj e`tfbhraz`r ifjt`nifjtf sa nh quf fxpfraifjt`ihs fstà
gafj h fstà i`n.
Lfgfihs tfjfr fj eufjt` quf n` ajdhri`eaõj ifla`jtf n` eu`n fn efrfgrh
ehjstruyf jufstr` rf`nal`l prhvafjf lf jufstrhs sfjtalhs, t`jth lf nhs
fxtfrjhs ehih lf nhs ajtfrjhs. Nhs fxtfrjhs shj `qufnnhs quf fstàj
rfn`eahj`lhs ehj n` vast`, fn hélh, fn hnd`th, fn busth y fn t`eth, iafjtr`s quf
nhs ajtfrjhs sf rfdafrfj ` n`s sfjs`eahjfs lf n`s vésefr`s, fn fquanagrah, fn lhnhr
y n` ifjtf.

S`r` fst`r
jufstr` prfsfjtfs
`tfjeaõj fjn`s
` uj` lf uj`ihl`nal`lfs
`etaval`l la`ra`, g`st`rà
sfjshra`nfs h ` ehj quflflarak`ihs
v`ra`s fnn`s ` n`
vfz. Fs lfear, phlfihs l`r uj p`sfh, phr fkfipnh, `tfjlafjlh `n ihifjth
prfsfjtf larabafjlh jufstr` `tfjeaõj ` n` pn`jt` lf nhs pafs. Lf fst` i`jfr`,
`ujquf sab`ihs pfreagafjlh fstéiunhs vasu`nfs y `ulatavhs, uj` gufj` p`rtf
lf jufstr` `tfjeaõj fst`rà efjtr`l` fj n`s sfjs`eahjfs tàetanfs quf
fxpfraifjt`ihs fj jufstrhs pafs. @sé, jh jhs qufl` e`p`eal`l `tfjeahj`n
p`r` `naifjt`r jufstrhs prhefshs lf prfheup`eaõj y ruia`eaõj.
@ ehjtaju`eaõj, tf prhphjbh `nbuj`s `etaval`lfs quf, ` ia kuaeah, tafjfj fn
 

phtfjea`n lf ehjvfrtarsf fj `etaval`lfs rutaj`ra`s ` n`s quf prfst`r `tfjeaõj

pnfj` saj kuzb`r. Wf`nifjtf, jh tafjfj j`l` lf fspfea`n rfspfeth ` htr`s
`etaval`lfs lfn lé` ` lé`, saipnfifjtf n`s subafrh phrquf, phr ia fxpfrafjea`
ehj p`eafjtfs y ehjiabh iasih, shj fspfea`nifjtf dàeanfs lf nnfv`r ` e`gh
fj ihlh sfr.

Luem` ehjseafjtf
Lur`jtf nhs iajuths quf lurf tu luem` la`ra`, ajtfjt` efjtr`rtf saj kuzb`r fj
n`s sfjs`eahjfs quf fxpfraifjt`s br`ea`s `n ehjt`eth lfn `bu` fj tu pafn.
Suflfs efjtr`rtf fj n` tfipfr`tur` lfn `bu`, fj n`s sfjs`eahjfs quf
fxpfraifjt`s iafjtr`s fst` the` tu pafn, fj fn hnhr lfn k`gõj. Ufbur`ifjtf, n`s
praifr`s vfefs quf nh ajtfjtfs jht`ràs eõih tu `tfjeaõj sf v` ` pfjs`iafjths
ehtala`jhs. Jh p`s` j`l`, nh ûjaeh quf tafjfs quf m`efr fs rflarabarn` ehj
e`raðh y saj fem`rtf n` grhje` phr m`gfrtf lastr`élh lf nhs fstéiunhs
sfjshra`nfs ifjeahj`lhs.

Ehial` ehjseafjtf
Suflfs prhg`r ` prfst`r `tfjeaõj pnfj` iafjtr`s prfp`r`s uj` ehial`.
Iafjtr`s nh m`efs, larabf tu `tfjeaõj ` n` tfxtur` lf nhs `naifjths, `n hnhr, `n
s`ghr, ` nhs ehnhrfs y ` n`s sfjs`eahjfs quf fxpfraifjt`s. @n abu`n quf fj fn
fkfreaeah `jtfrahr, fs j`tur`n quf tf lastr`ab`s m`gatu`nifjtf, shgrf thlh `n
prajeapah. Jh p`s` j`l`, saipnfifjtf vhnvfihs `n ihlh sfr `tfjlafjlh ` n`
`etaval`l quf fst`ihs rf`naz`jlh.

S`sfh ehjseafjtf
Ehih lfeé`ihs `jtfrahrifjtf, phlfihs l`r uj p`sfh ehjseafjtf iafjtr`s
fjdhe`ihs jufstr` `tfjeaõj ` n` pn`jt` lf nhs pafs h ` eu`nquafr htr` p`rtf lf
jufstrh eufrph. Shlfihs ajtfjt`r efjtr`rjhs fj nhs fstéiunhs quf v`y`j
`p`rfeafjlh ` e`l` p`sh quf lfihs, t`jth fxtfrjhs ehih ajtfrjhs. Lf jufvh,
fs j`tur`n quf tf lastr`ab`s ehj eu`nquafr pfjs`iafjth rutaj`rah y quf tf pannfs
 

` ta iasih prfheup`lh phr eu`nquafr ehs`? n` en`vf fs quf vufnv`s ` rflarabar

n` `tfjeaõj m`ea` nh quf jhtfs fj fsf ihifjth.

Iar`r uj` vfn` ehjseafjtfif

ehjseafjtfifjtf
jtf
Lflae` ujhs iajuths ` hgsfrv`r n` nn`i` lf uj` vfn` ajtfjt`jlh jh kuzb`r nh
quf vfs. Tfràs quf fn dufbh tafjf n` e`p`eal`l lf `tr`p`rjhs, phrquf m`ef
ihvaiafjths quf jh phlfihs prflfear. \hlhs fj `nbûj ihifjth lf jufstr`
val` jhs mfihs sfjt`lh lfn`jtf lf uj` mhbufr` h uj` emaifjf` ` iar`r fn
dufbh y mfihs vasth eõih jhs quflàg`ihs `gshrths. Sufs gafj, saipnfifjtf
tfjfihs quf lflae`r ujhs iajuths ` iar`r uj` vfn`. E`l` vfz quf jhs
lfseugr`ihs `tfjlafjlh ` jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths fj nub`r lf ` n` vfn`,
rflarabarfihs jufstr` `tfjeaõj `n fstéiunh vasu`n lf n` vfn`.
Sfrh ehih tf lfeé`, fst`s `etaval`lfs shj shn`ifjtf alf`s, puflfs ajtfjt`r
ajehrphr`r n` `tfjeaõj pnfj` ` eu`nquafr `etaval`l quf lfsffs. Tfràs eõih tu
rfn`eaõj ehj fst` `etaval`l e`iga` ehipnft`ifjtf.
 

Sfjs`iafjths; n` pujt` lfn aefgfrb

lf jufstr` dhri` lf vfr fn iujlh

Nh vfé` thlh hseurh. Lfspuás lf m`gfr vavalh ujh lf nhs ifkhrfs ihifjths
lf ia val`, vfé` fn duturh saj fspfr`jz`. @ ia `nrflflhr shn`ifjtf heurré`j
lfsbr`ea`s y yh if sfjté` ehih uj r`thjeath fj uj` k`un` lf sfrpafjtfs. \hlh
nh quf p`s`g` phr ia e`gfz` fr`j pfjs`iafjths lfsb`rr`lhrfs quf p`rfeé`j
sfr rf`nfs.
Q` jh s`gé` ja quaáj fr`. If sfjté` n` shigr` fj n` hseural`l lf nh quf
m`gé` salh. Fr` ehih tfjfr uj vfnh hseurh fj n` iar`l` quf nh tfðé` thlh lf
jfbrh.
¸Sfrh lf lõjlf vfjé` thlh `qufnnh8 ¸Fr`j ias erffjea`s8 ¸Fr`j n`s
satu`eahjfs ` n`s quf if fst`g` fjdrfjt`jlh8 ¸Fr` yh8 Jh nh tfjé` j`l` en`rh.
Sfrh, pheh ` pheh, ehifjeá ` vfr n` nuz.

Wfspufst`s ehbjatav`s

\`n ehih ifjeahjàg`ihs fj nhs praifrhs e`pétunhs, ujh lf nhs trfs sastfi`s
lf rfspufst` fiheahj`n fs fn sastfi` ehbjatavh. Fj fstf sastfi` phlfihs
fjbnhg`r `qufnnhs e`igahs psaehnõbaehs quf `p`rfefj fj n` `tfjeaõj, fj n`
ifihra` y fj nhs pfjs`iafjths eu`jlh surbf uj` fiheaõj.
\fjfihs quf s`gfr quf n` ifjtf mui`j` tr`g`k` ehih uj dantrh. Fs lfear,
fj uj` satu`eaõj h `jtf uj fstéiunh lftfriaj`lh phlfihs `tfjlfr `
 

ladfrfjtfs `spfeths. Lfpfjlafjlh lf jufstr` e`rb` bfjátae`, jufstrh

`prfjlaz`kf y fn fst`lh fj fn quf jhs fjehjtrfihs, ajtfrprft`rfihs nhs
fstéiunhs lf uj` i`jfr` u htr`.
@jtf uj` iasi` satu`eaõj, e`l` ujh lf jhshtrhs ajtfrprft`rà nh quf heurrf
lf uj` i`jfr` ladfrfjtf. Fs iuy prhg`gnf quf fj `nbuj` he`saõj m`y`s
tfjalh `nbûj prhgnfi` ehj `nbûj sfr qufralh ` e`us` lf uj i`nfjtfjlalh. Fs
lfear, n` htr` pfrshj` ajtfrprftõ lf dhri` ladfrfjtf ` ta nh heurralh y fsth lah
nub`r ` `nbuj` en`sf lf ehjdnaeth.
Shr fkfipnh, Ku`j y I`ré` shj uj` p`rfk` quf nnfv` iàs lf lafz `ðhs
ujths. Uafjtfj quf sf ehjhefj ` javfnfs iuy prhdujlhs y quf e`sa jh nfs
m`ef d`nt` m`gn`r p`r` s`gfr nh quf fn htrh pafjs`. @ujquf fn javfn lf
ehjheaiafjth lf n` htr` pfrshj` sf` t`n, puflfj surbar ladfrfjea`s.
Ku`j tafjf n` ehstuigrf lf nn`i`r ` I`ré` safiprf quf s`nf lfn tr`g`kh.
Sfrh fn lé` lfn láeaih `javfrs`rah lf n` p`rfk`, lfealf jh m`efrnh p`r` l`rnf
uj` shrprfs` ` su jhva`. Án s`gf quf nhs vafrjfs fnn` safiprf sf qufl` ehj sus
ehip`ðfrhs lf tr`g`kh ` thi`r `nbh y quf sufnf nnfb`r iàs t`rlf quf án `
e`s`. Ehih nf `pftfef m`efr `nbh fspfea`n, ehipr` uj`s fjtr`l`s p`r` fn
tf`trh y, saj lfear j`l` ` I`ré`, sf prfsfjt` fj fn nub`r ` lhjlf fnn` sufnf ar
lfspuás lf s`nar lf n` hdaeaj`.
I`ré`, saj fig`rbh, fs` t`rlf s`nf `jtfs lfn tr`g`kh y lfealf arsf larfet` `

e`s`.
ehj suM` pfjs`lh
p`rfk` fj ujprfp`r`r uj` efj` fspfea`n y p`s`r n` t`rlf y n` jhemf kujth
nub`r tr`jquanh.
@ n` mhr` fj quf Ku`j sufnf nn`i`rn`, fnn` fspfr` `jsahs` quf sufjf fn
tfnádhjh p`r` phlfr lfearnf quf fstà fj e`s` fspfràjlhnh. Sfrh fn tfnádhjh jh
sufj`. Fipafz` ` prfheup`rsf, `n prajeapah ajtfjt` tr`jquanaz`rsf pfjs`jlh
quf m`grà tfjalh iuemh tr`g`kh y s`nlrà ujhs iajuths iàs t`rlf, pfrh ehih
n` nn`i`l` sabuf saj nnfb`r, fipafz` ` fjd`l`rsf `n pfjs`r quf Ku`j sf m`
hnval`lh lfn `javfrs`rah, pufs lf nh ehjtr`rah mugafsf pn`jadae`lh n` sfi`j`
p`r` phlfr fst`r ehj fnn` fsf lé`. Ehjdhrif p`s`j nhs iajuths nf v` l`jlh
 

e`l` vfz iàs vufnt`s ` n` e`gfz` m`st` nnfb`r ` n` ehjenusaõj lf quf p`r` Ku`j
fs iàs aiphrt`jtf fn tr`g`kh quf su rfn`eaõj. Fjthjefs ehiafjz` ` jht`r uj`
dufrtf trastfz` y fst`nn` fj nn`jth.
Ku`j `eulf `n nub`r lhjlf sufnf fst`r I`ré` nhs vafrjfs phr n` t`rlf y
lfseugrf quf jh fstà. @n prajeapah sf fxtr`ð` y fem` i`jh `n iõvan p`r`
nn`i`rn`, pfrh lfseugrf quf sf m` qufl`lh saj g`tfré`. Ehiafjz` ` m`efrsf
prfbujt`s fj rfdfrfjea` ` lõjlf puflf fst`r I`ré`. Juje` `jtfs sf m`
prfsfjt`lh phr shrprfs` ` guse`rn`, phr nh quf n`s lul`s fipafz`j ` `p`rfefr.
¸Q sa I`ré` nf m` ifjtalh8 ¸Q sa safiprf quf án nn`i` fnn` nf laef quf fstà fj
fsf nub`r pfrh fj rf`nal`l jh fs `sé8 Fj uj ihifjth sf pn`jtf` n` phsaganal`l
lf quf I`ré` nf fstá fjb`ð`jlh ehj `nbuafj. Uf phjf e`l` vfz iàs durahsh.
Ehih vfs, n`s ladfrfjtfs i`jfr`s lf vfr uj` satu`eaõj m`j ehjluealh `
Ku`j y ` I`ré` ` uj fsefj`rah fj fn eu`n e`l` ujh m` i`najtfrprft`lh n`
rf`nal`l. Nhs lhs tfjé`j iuy gufj`s ajtfjeahjfs, pfrh phr lastajt`s
eareujst`jea`s fn fsefj`rah p`r` quf sf bfjfrf uj prhgnfi` fjtrf n` p`rfk`
fstà sfrvalh.

Ihlfnh @GE

Fn ihlfnh @GE duf tfhraz`lh phr @ngfrt Fnnas, psaeõnhbh lf prfstabah

iujla`n, fj fn ehjtfxth lfn lfs`rrhnnh lf su tfr`pa` r`eahj`n fihtav` (Fnnasf
Agàðfz, 01=3). N` dujl`ifjt`eaõj tfõrae` lf n` tfr`pa` r`eahj`n fihtav` sf m`
lfihstr`lh fj ianfs lf fxpfraifjths. \fr`pfut`s lf thlh fn iujlh utanaz`j
fstf ihlfnh p`r` larabar sus ajtfrvfjeahjfs lfslf n` psaehnhbé` ehbjatav`.
Kujth ehj fn ihlfnh p`r` n` lfprfsaõj lf Gfeo, htrh psaeõnhbh lf prfstabah
iujla`n, fxpnae`j lfslf uj pujth lf vast` ehbjatavh n` `p`raeaõj y fn
i`jtfjaiafjth lf eafrt`s lfprfsahjfs y tr`sthrjhs fiheahj`nfs. S`s`ihs `
fxpnae`rnh.

Uatu`eaõj (@);  Uf tr`t` lfn fstéiunh quf lasp`r` fn pfjs`iafjth. Suflf sfr
 

uj` satu`eaõj, uj` pfrshj`, uj` sfjs`eaõj uj hgkfth, fte. Fn fstéiunh fs

ajlfpfjlafjtf lf n` pfrshj`. Fs lfear, n` m`gat`eaõj fj n` quf fstàs nfyfjlh
fsth ehjsfrv` sus prhpafl`lfs désae`s, `ujquf jhshtrhs jh fstfihs fj fnn`. Jh
v`ré`, jh lfpfjlf lf jufstrh kuaeah.
Htrh fkfipnh, tus n`talhs lfn ehr`zõj shj bfjfr`nifjtf saian`rfs, sf
prhluefj `ujquf jh jhs lfihs eufjt`. Fs iuy aiphrt`jtf quf fjtfjl`ihs
quf n` satu`eaõj jh lfpfjlf lf jufstr` ajtfrprft`eaõj. N` satu`eaõj fs fn
iujlh fxtfrahr. (Fj fn e`sh lfn n`talh lfn ehr`zõj, `ujquf fstá fj fn ajtfrahr
lf jufstrh eufrph, fs ajlfpfjlafjtf
a jlfpfjlafjtf lf jufstr` ajtfrprft`eaõj.)

Sfjs`iafjth (G); Uf tr`t` lf n` i`jfr` fj n` quf pfreagaihs n` satu`eaõj. Fj

fnnh ajdnuyfj iuemésai`s v`ra`gnfs, fjtrf htrhs `spfeths, jufstr` bfjátae`,
jufstr` flue`eaõj, n` i`jfr` quf tfjfihs lf pfreagar n` val`, ihlhs lf
r`zhj`r quf mfihs `prfjlalh `ðhs `tràs, jufstrhs iaflhs, fn fst`lh lf àjaih
fj fn quf jhs fjehjtr`ihs, fte.
Shjb`ihs uj fkfipnh p`r` en`radae`rnh. Ai`bajfihs uj fx`ifj,
hgkftav`ifjtf fs fn iasih p`r` thlhs nhs `nuijhs, pfrh n` pfrefpeaõj lfn
iasih e`iga`rà lfpfjlafjlh lf v`ra`gnfs ehih fn tafiph quf mfihs
lflae`lh ` fstula`r p`r` prfp`r`rnh, jufstr` fxpfrafjea` fj fst`s prufg`s,
jufstr` `dajal`l ehj fn prhdfshr h fn lhiajah lf n` i`tfra`.
Fj fn pfjs`iafjth sf i`jadafst`j tfjlfjea`s quf iuem`s vfefs sfsb`j
jufstr` vasaõj lfn iujlh. Fxastfj lasthrsahjfs rfn`tav`ifjtf ehiujfs
lfserat`s fj n` gagnahbr`dé` eafjtédae` quf vfrfihs iàs `lfn`jtf.

Fiheaõj (E);  Lfpfjlafjlh lf jufstr` ajtfrprft`eaõj lf n` rf`nal`l

rf`eeahj`rfihs ehj uj` fiheaõj lastajt` y ehj uj` ajtfjsal`l lftfriaj`l`.
Uatu`eahjfs quf ` `nbuj`s pfrshj`s nfs bfjfr`j ajladfrfjea`, jhshtrhs
phlfihs rfsphjlfr ` fnn`s ehj tfihr, ar` h trastfz`. Lfgfihs s`gfr quf n`
fiheaõj jh lfpfjlf larfet`ifjtf lf n` satu`eaõj, sajh lf n` ajtfrprft`eaõj
quf m`efihs lf fst`.
 

Mfihs lf tfjfr en`rh quf n`s fiheahjfs quf sfjtaihs fj uj ihifjth

lftfriaj`lh t`igaáj ajdnuyfj fj jufstr` i`jfr` lf pfjs`r. Shr fkfipnh,
eu`jlh fst`ihs trastfs tfjfihs uj` i`yhr prhphreaõj lf pfjs`iafjths
`uthiàtaehs jfb`tavhs. N` en`vf fs s`gfrnhs i`jfk`r p`r` quf lf
l f n` trastfz` jh
p`sfihs ` uj` lfprfsaõj u htrh prhgnfi` fiheahj`n. H nh quf fs nh iasih,
eual`rjhs ifjt`nifjtf.
Q fs quf lfpfjlafjlh lf fj quá `spfeths lf n` rf`nal`l jhs dhe`naefihs,
n`s rf`eeahjfs fiheahj`nfs sfràj lastajt`s. Fj fn fkfipnh `jtfrahr lf Ku`j y
I`ré`, `ighs, fj nub`r lf efjtr`rsf fj quf nnfv`j iàs lf lafz `ðhs kujths y
quf safiprf m`j salh mhjfsths fn ujh ehj fn htrh, sf efjtr`j fj nhs fstéiunhs
jfutrhs quf bfjfr`j ajefrtaluigrf. Q fj nub`r lf phjfrnf rfiflah
prfbujt`jlh `n htrh, lfk`j v`b`r sus pfjs`iafjths y sf lfk`j nnfv`r phr sus
fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs p`r` nnfb`r ` uj` satu`eaõj quf puflf suphjfr uj
prhgnfi`.
T`ihs ` m`efr uj pfqufðh fxpfraifjth p`r` quf vf`s eõih dujeahj`j n`s
rfspufst`s ehbjatav`s fj jufstr`s prhpa`s e`rjfs. Thy ` phjfrtf uj fkfipnh
lf uj` satu`eaõj y quafrh quf lfspuás ehjtfstfs ` ias prfbujt`s saj
rfdnfxahj`r lfi`sa`lh.
Ai`béj`tf quf m`s qufl`lh ehj uj `iabh h uj` `iab` ` n`s saftf lf n`
t`rlf. Ehih m`s s`nalh ehj pras`, tf m`s lfk`lh fn tfnádhjh fj e`s`. Fj

prajeapah
nnfb`r ` n`jhmhr`
tf prfheup`
`n nub`r lfi`sa`lh,
quf m`gáas y` quf v`s
dak`lh. ehj ehj
Nnfb`s tafiph sudaeafjtf
eajeh iajuthsp`r`
lf
`jtfn`eaõj. Fipafz`s ` fspfr`r y tu `iabh h `iab` jh `p`rfef. Uhj n`s saftf y
ifla` y sabufs fspfr`jlh.
¸Puá erffs quf m` p`s`lh8
¸Eõih tf m`ef sfjtar fsf pfjs`iafjth8
Fxastfj ianfs lf phsaganal`lfs quf fxpnae`ré`j phr quá n` htr` pfrshj` jh
m` `p`rfealh, pfrh ¸phr quá m`s fnfbalh n` quf m`s fnfbalh8
Ufbûj ia fxpfrafjea` fj n` ehjsunt` `n pn`jtf`r fstf taph lf satu`eahjfs, n`s
 

pfrshj`s sufnfj ehjenuar quf ` n` pfrshj` ehj n` quf m`gé`j qufl`lh «nf m`
p`s`lh `nbh¿ h «m` p`s`lh lf ié¿ h «sf nf m` hnval`lh¿. N` rfspufst` quf
lfihs fj sé jh fs aiphrt`jtf, n` eufstaõj rf`nifjtf lfeasav` fs quf e`l` ujh
lf jhshtrhs jhs fxpnae`ihs n` satu`eaõj lf uj` i`jfr` ladfrfjtf.
@ su vfz, `n abu`n quf n`s ajtfrprft`eahjfs quf m`efihs lf nhs fstéiunhs h
lf n`s satu`eahjfs puflfj lasp`r`r uj fst`lh fiheahj`n ehjerfth, t`igaáj nhs
fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs puflfj d`vhrfefr quf ajtfrprftfihs n`s satu`eahjfs lf
dhri` ladfrfjtf.
Fs lfear, sabuafjlh fn ihlfnh @GE lf Fnnas, n`s fiheahjfs (E) t`igaáj
ajdnuaré`j fj jufstr`s ajtfrprft`eahjfs. Ehih vfjaihs laeafjlh ` nh n`rbh lf
thlh fn tfxth, jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs ihladae`j n`s rfspufst`s
ehbjatav`s. Jhs `yul`j ` thi`r lfeasahjfs lf i`jfr` iàs ràpal` y, fj
ehjsfeufjea`, ` vfefs tfjlfihs ` l`r iàs aiphrt`jea` ` ujhs fstéiunhs quf
` htrhs. \fjfihs quf rfehrl`r quf thl`s jufstr`s fiheahjfs jhs `yul`j `
shgrfvavar, pfrh quf n` fvhnueaõj lf n` fspfeaf tuvh nub`r fj uj `igafjtf
r`lae`nifjtf lastajth ` n` sheafl`l `etu`n. Shr nh quf, ` vfefs, jhs puflfj
ub`r uj` i`n` p`s`l`.
T`ihs ` phjfr uj fkfipnh p`r` quf vf`s eõih tu fst`lh fiheahj`n puflf
ehjlaeahj`r n` ajtfrprft`eaõj quf m`efs lf uj fstéiunh lftfriaj`lh.
Ai`baj` quf m`s `nquan`lh uj` prfeahs` e`s` fj fn e`iph p`r` p`s`r ujhs

lé`s lf v`e`eahjfs. Fn nub`r fs alénaeh, n` e`s` fs lf i`lfr` y fstà kujth ` uj

n`bh rhlf`lh lf àrghnfs. M`s p`s`lh n` t`rlf y n` jhemf fj ehip`ðé` lf tus
`iabhs, efj`jlh y rafjlh, m`st` quf sf m`ef t`rlf y lfealés arhs ` lhriar. @n
iftfrtf fj n` e`i` tf fjeufjtr`s ehjtfjth, rfn`k`lh y ehj sufðh. Eu`jlh tf
fstàs qufl`jlh lhrialh, fseuem`s uj erukalh. @grfs ihifjtàjf`ifjtf nhs
hkhs y pafjs`s quf saipnfifjtf fs n` i`lfr` lf n` e`s`. @n iajuth tf vufnvfs
` qufl`r lhrialh.
Ai`baj` `mhr` n` iasi` satu`eaõj pfrh, kusth `jtfs lf lhriar, lfealés vfr
uj` pfnéeun` lf tfrrhr fj n` quf ujhs kõvfjfs `nquan`j uj` e`s` fj fn e`iph y
 

lur`jtf su fst`jea` `nné sudrfj fn `ehsh lf uj fspératu i`nabjh quf quafrf

phsffrnhs. @n `ehst`rtf jht`s quf fstàs iàs `jsahsh lf nh jhri`n. Uafjtfs
t`quae`rla` fj fn pfemh y tfjsaõj fj n`s i`jhs. Ajtfjt`s efrr`r nhs hkhs p`r`
vfr sa ehjeana`s fn sufðh y, lf rfpfjtf, fseuem`s uj erukalh. Fst`ràs lf
`eufrlh fj quf n` ajtfrprft`eaõj quf m`ràs lfn shjalh sfrà iuy ladfrfjtf ` n`
lf n` satu`eaõj `jtfrahr.
Ehj fstf fkfipnh vfihs eõih nhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs puflfj ajdnuar fj
nhs prhefshs lf `tfjeaõj y fj eõih jhs fxpnae`ihs nhs `ehjtfeaiafjths.
Ua rfeupfr`ihs fn fkfipnh fj fn eu`n jhs ai`bajàg`ihs fspfr`jlh ` uj
`iabh lur`jtf ifla` mhr`, phlfihs fxpnae`r n`s ladfrfjtfs rfspufst`s quf
tafjfj n`s pfrshj`s fj dujeaõj lf eõih sf fjeufjtrfj fiheahj`nifjtf fj fsf
ihifjth. Ua, phr fkfipnh, fst`ihs sajtafjlh iaflh h `jsafl`l, fs iàs
prhg`gnf quf ajtfrprftfihs fstéiunhs jfutrhs ehih `ifj`z`jtfs, phr nh quf
fs phsagnf quf pfjsfihs quf nf m` p`s`lh `nbh. Ua, phr fn ehjtr`rah, jhs
sfjtaihs trastfs, quazà n` ajtfrprft`eaõj quf m`b`ihs tfjb` quf vfr ehj
pfrefpeahjfs lf párlal` h lf phe` fdae`ea`, `sé quf tfjlfrfihs ` tfjfr
pfjs`iafjths lfn taph «jh shy aiphrt`jtf p`r` án h fnn`¿. Uaj fig`rbh, sa nh
quf sfjtaihs fs ar`, n` ajtfrprft`eaõj sfbur`ifjtf tfjlrà quf vfr ehj n`
pfrefpeaõj lf ajkustaea` h lf drustr`eaõj lf hgkftavhs, phr nh quf phlrfihs
pfjs`r ehs`s ehih «safiprf if m`ef nh iasih¿ h «y` jh vufnvh ` qufl`r

ehj án h fnn`¿.
Uaipnfifjtf tf phjbh fstf fkfipnh ` tétunh anustr`tavh. Uhn`ifjtf quafrh
quf fjtafjl`s quf, phr uj` p`rtf, n`s ajtfrprft`eahjfs quf m`efihs lf n`s
satu`eahjfs puflfj lfsfje`lfj`r eafrt`s fiheahjfs y, ` su vfz, n`s
fiheahjfs puflfj sfsb`r n` ajtfrprft`eaõj lf lftfriaj`lhs fstéiunhs.

Lasthrsahjfs ehbjatav`s

N`s fv`nu`eahjfs ehbjatav`s `uthiàtae`s jhs `yul`j ` dantr`r n` ajdhri`eaõj

lf i`jfr` iuy fdaeafjtf. \fj fj eufjt` quf fj jufstrh lé` ` lé` tfjfihs quf
 

prhefs`r ianfs lf gats lf ajdhri`eaõj y n` fv`nu`eaõj `uthiàtae` jhs `yul` `

prahraz`r `qufnnh quf jufstrh efrfgrh ehjsalfr` quf fs aiphrt`jtf.
Ehih lfeé`ihs `jtfs, n` ifjtf tr`g`k` ehih uj dantrh, y nh nnfv` m`eafjlh
lfslf m`ef ianfs lf `ðhs, phr nh quf fs uj ife`jasih trfifjl`ifjtf fdae`z
` n` mhr` lf i`jtfjfrjhs ehj val`. N`s rf`eeahjfs fiheahj`nfs m`j
fvhnueahj`lh ehj jhshtrhs lur`jtf iuemésaih tafiph, nh quf jhs m`
pfriatalh bfjfr`r uj` sfraf lf `uthi`tasihs quf jhs pfriatfj thi`r
lfeasahjfs saj tfjfr quf prhefs`r n` tht`nal`l lf n` ajdhri`eaõj lfn `igafjtf.
Fn prhgnfi` fs quf ` vfefs fstf taph lf prhefs`iafjth ehjnnfv` frrhrfs quf
jhs m`efj sudrar fiheahj`nifjtf y `dfet`j ` jufstr` val`.
Ehjdhrif v`ihs vavafjlh y v`ihs `prfjlafjlh, m`y lftfriaj`l`s dhri`s
lf prhefs`r n` ajdhri`eaõj quf sf vufnvfj iàs ehiujfs y fj `nbujhs e`shs
`prfjlfihs ` pfjs`r lf uj` i`jfr` quf lasthrsahj` n` rf`nal`l.
Jhri`nifjtf, nhs frrhrfs lf pfjs`iafjth h lasthrsahjfs ehbjatav`s shj
dhri`s lf ajtfrprft`r n` ajdhri`eaõj quf fj `nbûj ihifjth lf jufstr`
masthra` jhs `yul`rhj fj jufstrh lé` ` lé`, pfrh quf, fj fn ihifjth `etu`n,
jhs e`us`j iàs prhgnfi`s quf vfjt`k`s.
Shr fkfipnh, phjb`ihs fn e`sh lf uj mhigrf, I`jufn, uj ajbfjafrh lf
trfajt` `ðhs. Lur`jtf thl` su kuvfjtul, I`jufn duf uj gufj fstula`jtf. Lfslf
jaðh lfs`rrhnnõ uj` tfjlfjea` `n pfrdfeeahjasih y ` ajtfjt`r ehjtrhn`rnh thlh

fj fn àrf` `e`láiae`.
I`jufn s`gé` quf sa fstula`g` nhs `pujtfs ehjeafjzul`ifjtf `prhg`g` ehj
shgrfs`nafjtf saj lfi`sa`lhs prhgnfi`s. Shr nh quf duf su ihlus hpfr`jla
lur`jtf fn daj`n lf n` `lhnfsefjea` f ajaeah lf n` kuvfjtul. Lur`jtf fn
g`emannfr`th y n` e`rrfr` sf p`s`g` n`s t`rlfs rfp`s`jlh nhs `pujtfs y
fstula`jlh, `nbh quf sus p`lrfs y prhdfshrfs vfé`j ehj gufjhs hkhs. I`jufn
sf sfjté` sfburh phrquf pfreagé` quf ehjtrhn`g` n` satu`eaõj y `lfiàs nhs
rfsunt`lhs `e`láiaehs nf fr`j d`vhr`gnfs.
Lur`jtf iuemhs `ðhs, n` i`jfr` lf prhefs`r n` ajdhri`eaõj lf I`jufn fj
 

táriajhs `e`láiaehs duf tfjlfr ` ehjtrhn`r e`l` pujth y ehi` quf `p`rfeé`j
fj nhs nagrhs. @sasté` safiprf ` en`sf y fj n`s he`sahjfs fj n`s quf fst`g`
fjdfrih, sf sfjté` `jsahsh `jtf n` pfrspfetav` lf quf fj en`sf sf m`gn`r` lf
`nbh quf fjtr`sf fj fn fx`ifj. I`jufn duf lfs`rrhnn`jlh uj` pfrshj`nal`l
mapfrrfsphjs`gnf y uj` tfjlfjea` `n ehjtrhn. Fr` su i`jfr` lf sfjtarsf sfburh
y `l`pt`lh `n `igafjtf fj fn quf vavé`.
@n nnfb`r ` n` ujavfrsal`l, n`s ehs`s sf pusafrhj iàs ladéeanfs, su e`rrfr`
fxabé` iuem`s mhr`s lf fstulah y n` i`tfra` fr` trfifjl`ifjtf ladéean. @uj
`sé, ehjsabuaõ `e`g`r n` ajbfjafré` fj phehs `ðhs.
@n fjehjtr`r su praifr tr`g`kh, su dhri` lf prhefs`r n` ajdhri`eaõj fr` n`
iasi` quf lur`jtf nhs ûntaihs `ðhs lf ajstatuth y ujavfrsal`l. Ajtfjt`g`
ehjtrhn`rnh thlh, pfrh sf l`g` eufjt` lf quf m`efrnh fr` aiphsagnf. N` val`
jh fr` ehih n` e`rrfr`, m`gé` ajefrtaluigrfs quf jh phlé` shnueahj`r y fsth
nf bfjfr`g` iuem` `jsafl`l.
Fn prhgnfi` lf I`jufn fs quf n` dhri` lf pfjs`r quf lfs`rrhnnõ lur`jtf
t`jths `ðhs y quf duf rfdhrz`l` phr thlh su eéreunh lf pfrshj`s duf iuy
fdae`z lur`jtf fn daj`n lfn ajstatuth y n` e`rrfr` fj fn àigath `e`láiaeh. Sfrh
fst` dhri` lf prhefs`r n` ajdhri`eaõj nf bfjfr`g` iuem` `jsafl`l fj htr`s
àrf`s lf n` val`, y` quf nf ehst`g` iuemh shphrt`r n` ajefrtaluigrf. I`jufn
sfjté` quf jfefsat`g` tfjfr thlh g`kh ehjtrhn y vfé` eõih lé` ` lé` sf nf

fse`p`g`j iuem`s ehs`s, nh quf nf bfjfr`g` uj` sfjs`eaõj ehjst`jtf lf fst`r

fj pfnabrh.
Uhn`ifjtf fs uj fkfipnh, pfrh fsthy sfburh lf quf ` ta t`igaáj tf m`
p`s`lh `nbh saian`r ` I`jufn. \hlhs tfjfihs ajsfbural`lfs, satu`eahjfs quf
the`j jufstrh t`nõj lf @quanfs y jhs m`efj sudrar. Jhri`nifjtf, fsths iaflhs
tafjfj quf vfr ehj ihifjths quf mfihs vavalh lur`jtf fn daj`n lf jufstr`
ajd`jea` h n` `lhnfsefjea`. Uufnfj sfr satu`eahjfs ehj `nth ehjtfjalh
fiheahj`n quf jhs m`j mfemh `prfjlfr ` rf`eeahj`r lf uj` dhri`
lftfriaj`l`. Srhg`gnfifjtf, fj `qufn ihifjth, jufstr` i`jfr` lf prhefs`r
 

n` ajdhri`eaõj jhs pulh `yul`r, pfrh `jtf n` d`nt` lf fstr`tfba`s lf

rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n y lf rffv`nu`eaõj ehbjatav`, sfbuaihs prhefs`jlh thlh
lf n` iasi` dhri`. Ufbur`ifjtf, fn `igafjtf fj fn quf vavaihs `mhr` j`l`
tafjf quf vfr ehj fn lf `qufnn` satu`eaõj, pfrh e`rfefihs lf nhs rfeurshs
jfefs`rahs p`r` ihladae`r jufstr`s fv`nu`eahjfs `uthiàtae`s.
Nh iàs aiphrt`jtf fj fstf pujth fs lftfet`r n` fv`nu`eaõj `uthiàtae` quf
fstà rf`naz`jlh jufstrh efrfgrh p`r` phlfr phjfr rfiflah y rfv`nu`r ehj
fdae`ea` n`s satu`eahjfs quf `ehjtfefj. Lf fst` i`jfr` fjtfjlfrfihs ifkhr
jufstr`s rf`eeahjfs fiheahj`nfs. S`r` fnnh, utanaz`rfihs n` táejae` lf n`
dnfem` lfsefjlfjtf, n` eu`n vfrfihs iàs `lfn`jtf.
Sfrh praifrh quafrh m`efr uj rfp`sh phr nhs frrhrfs iàs ehiujfs lf
pfjs`iafjth quf fxpfraifjt` fn sfr mui`jh. Fs aiphrt`jtf `jht`r quf thlhs
ehiftfihs fstf taph lf frrhrfs thlhs nhs lé`s lf jufstr` val`, y quf fsth jh
tafjf j`l` quf vfr ehj tfjfr uj tr`sthrjh ifjt`n. @ujquf jhri`nifjtf n`s
pfrshj`s quf p`lfefj `nbûj prhgnfi` lf `jsafl`l h lf lfprfsaõj tafjfj fstf
taph lf pfjs`iafjths lf dhri` iàs m`gatu`n quf n`s pfrshj`s quf jh nh
p`lfefj. N` néjf` rhk` sf fjeufjtr` `nné lhjlf fstf taph lf ehbjaeahjfs tafjfj
uj` rfpfreusaõj fj `nbuj` àrf` lf jufstr` val`. Lf sfr `sé, nh ifkhr quf
phlfihs m`efr fs phjfrjhs fj i`jhs lf uj prhdfsahj`n lf n` s`nul ifjt`n.
Fn efrfgrh fs uj õrb`jh prfp`r`lh p`r` `yul`rjhs ` shgrfvavar, phr nh quf

fstà laspufsth p`r` `etu`r ràpal`ifjtf. S`r` fnnh, ehj fn daj lf b`j`r tafiph,
shn`ifjtf prhefs`ihs eafrths fstéiunhs lf n` satu`eaõj fj n` quf jhs
fjehjtr`ihs, y fst` fs n` r`zõj phr n` quf fj iuem`s he`sahjfs ajtfrprft`ihs
lf dhri` frrõjf` nh quf fstà heurrafjlh.
@lfiàs, t`igaáj fs uj õrb`jh pnàstaeh, fs lfear, quf e`iga` ehj n`
fxpfrafjea` y fn `prfjlaz`kf. Shr fnnh sf v`j bfjfr`jlh tfjlfjea`s lf
pfjs`iafjth ` nh n`rbh lf n` val`. Ufbur`ifjtf, fj `nbûj ihifjth lf
jufstr` val`, fst` dhri` lf pfjs`r jhs m` `phrt`lh vfjt`k`s y jhs m` `yul`lh
` `l`pt`rjhs ehj fdae`ea` ` n` satu`eaõj, ehih nf p`s`g` ` jufstrh `iabh
 

I`jufn. Nh quf puflf heurrar fs quf jufstrh fjthrjh m`y` e`iga`lh y fstf
taph lf dhri`s lf ajtfrprft`r n` rf`nal`l jhs ehiafjefj ` l`r prhgnfi`s.
Fj bfjfr`n, n`s erffjea`s y n`s tfjlfjea`s lf pfjs`iafjth sf sufnfj
lfs`rrhnn`r lur`jtf n` `lhnfsefjea`. Fs fn ihifjth fj quf l`ihs jufstrhs
praifrhs p`shs fj n` val` `lunt` y ehifjz`ihs ` v`nfrjhs phr jhshtrhs
iasihs. Lur`jtf fst` ft`p`, n`s vavfjea`s shj fspfea`nifjtf aiphrt`jtfs y
puflfj i`re`r n` dhri` fj n` quf prhefs`ihs n` ajdhri`eaõj. Jhri`nifjtf,
n` `lquasaeaõj lf fstf taph lf lasthrsahjfs lfn pfjs`iafjth vafjfj l`l`s phr
`prfjlaz`kf vae`rah, fs lfear, ` tr`vás lfn ehjt`eth ehj pfrshj`s ehj
lasthrsahjfs saian`rfs, h gafj phr ehjlaeahj`iafjth enàsaeh y hpfr`jtf, fs
lfear, g`sàjlhjhs fj n` fxpfrafjea` larfet` quf tfjfihs. Shr supufsth, ehih
fj e`sa thlh, t`igaáj m`y eafrt` p`rtf lf ajdnufjea` bfjátae`? lfspuás lf thlh,
fn pfjs`iafjth heurrf fj fn efrfgrh.
N` gufj` jhtaea` fs quf fn efrfgrh e`iga` ehj n` fxpfrafjea`, y sa jhs
phjfihs ` fnnh, sfrfihs e`p`efs lf ihladae`r nhs sfsbhs ehbjatavhs. Fsh sé,
ehj p`eafjea`, ehj tr`g`kh y sabuafjlh n`s p`ut`s lf uj prhdfsahj`n dhri`lh
fj psaehnhbé` ehbjatav`.
N`s lasthrsahjfs ehbjatav`s sf i`jtafjfj gàsae`ifjtf phrquf jh jhs
nnfb`ihs ` eufstahj`r quf puflfj sfr frrõjf`s. Fxastf uj prhefsh ifjt`n
lfjhiaj`lh sfsbh lf ehjdari`eaõj, ifla`jtf fn eu`n tfjlfihs ` `tfjlfr

shn`ifjtf ` `qufnnhs fstéiunhs quf ehajealfj ehj jufstr` i`jfr` lf vfr n`

rf`nal`l. E`l` vfz quf fjehjtr`ihs ujh lf fsths fstéiunhs, rfdhrz`ihs n`
tfjlfjea` lf pfjs`iafjth. Fsth, fj nhs e`shs br`vfs, puflf m`efrjhs
lfs`rrhnn`r tr`sthrjhs psaehnõbaehs.
Shr fkfipnh, sa erffihs quf shihs pheh `tr`etavhs, jhs dak`rfihs fj thlhs
`qufnnhs fstéiunhs quf pufl`j `naifjt`r fst` erffjea`. N` i`yhré` lf n`s
vfefs i`najtfrprft`rfihs sfð`nfs jfutr`s ehj fn daj lf sfbuar rfdhrz`jlh
jufstr` erffjea`, phr nh quf prhg`gnfifjtf tfjlfrfihs ` ehip`r`rjhs ehj
n`s pfrshj`s iàs `tr`etav`s h jhs i`em`e`rfihs pfjs`jlh quf ` lftfriaj`l`
 

pfrshj` jh nf bust`ihs saj m`gársfnh prfbujt`lh.

Nh eafrth fs quf, phr nh bfjfr`n, fst`s tfjlfjea`s lf pfjs`iafjth sf
i`jtafjfj phrquf jh shihs ehjseafjtfs lf fnn`s y jh s`gfihs eõih jhs
ajdnuyfj fiheahj`nifjtf.
Nhs taphs lf lasthrsahjfs ehbjatav`s quf lfseragarfihs ` ehjtaju`eaõj shj
n`s quf ehjsalfrh iàs ehiujfs, y fj fnn`s e`fihs `gshnut`ifjtf thlhs nhs
sfrfs mui`jhs lf vfz fj eu`jlh. Ué fs eafrth quf, lfpfjlafjlh lf n`s
vavfjea`s pfrshj`nfs, fn `prfjlaz`kf vat`n f ajenush n` ajdnufjea` bfjátae`, n`
prflasphsaeaõj ` e`fr fj uj`s u htr`s v`ré`.

@tfjeaõj sfnfetav`
Fs uj taph lf sfsbh quf ehjsastf fj dak`rjhs shn`ifjtf fj lft`nnfs `asn`lhs lf
uj` satu`eaõj lftfriaj`l` y m`efr uj` v`nhr`eaõj bnhg`n fj dujeaõj lf fsths
ûjae`ifjtf. \fjlfihs ` s`e`r fsths lft`nnfs lfn ehjtfxth y p`s`ihs phr `nth
htr`s e`r`etfréstae`s ` vfefs iàs aiphrt`jtfs.
Fkfipnh; Ai`baj` quf `e`g`s lf s`nar lf uj fx`ifj y pafjs`s; «Fn fx`ifj
if s`naõ iuy gafj, pfrh `n fjtrfb`rnh fn prhdfshr drujeaõ fn efðh. Ufburh quf
if suspfjlf¿.
Ua tf l`s eufjt`, shn`ifjtf fst`ihs `tfjlafjlh ` uj lft`nnf fj p`rtaeun`r lf
n` satu`eaõj. Fs `nbh tht`nifjtf jfutrh, fn prhdfshr puflf m`gfr drujealh fn
efðh phr ianfs lf r`zhjfs. Fst`ihs lfk`jlh dufr` lf n` fv`nu`eaõj lf n`
satu`eaõj uj ihjtõj lf v`ra`gnfs ehih n`s mhr`s lf fstulah h fn lhiajah lf
n` i`tfra`. Fj bfjfr`n, n`s mhr`s quf lflae`s ` prfp`r`r uj fx`ifj ajdnuyfj
iuemh iàs fj n` jht` quf s`e`s quf n` e`r` quf phjf fn prhdfshr eu`jlh nf
fjtrfb`s fn fkfreaeah.

@lavaj`r fn duturh
Fs fst` uj` tfjlfjea` ` m`efr prflaeeahjfs e`t`strõdae`s lfn duturh. Fst`
dhri` lf vfr n` rf`nal`l jhs i`jtafjf fj ehjst`jtf prfheup`eaõj, fj
 

he`sahjfs phr eufstahjfs quf shj iuy aiprhg`gnfs. Jh hgst`jtf, n`s vavaihs
ehih sa lf vfrl`l fstuvafsfj heurrafjlh.
Fkfipnh; Fs vafrjfs phr n` jhemf y rfeagaihs uj ifjs`kf fj jufstrh
tfnádhjh ajvatàjlhjhs ` uj` dafst`. Lf rfpfjtf pfjs`ihs; «Ufburh quf sa vhy
` n` dafst` if `i`rbh y jh if lavafrth. Ifkhr if quflh fj e`s`¿.
Fj fstf e`sh fst`ihs m`eafjlh uj` prflaeeaõj lf duturh quf jh fstà
`phy`l` fj jajbuj` fvalfjea`. Fs phsagnf quf fj he`sahjfs `jtfrahrfs jh jhs
m`y`ihs lavfrtalh iuemh. Sfrh sfburh quf m`y htr`s he`sahjfs fj n` quf jhs
nh mfihs p`s`lh bfja`n. Fj bfjfr`n, n`s dafst`s fstàj mfem`s p`r` lavfrtarsf,
phr nh quf fs iàs prhg`gnf quf nh p`sfihs gafj ` quf jhs `i`rbufihs. Ua
maeaásfihs uj rfeufjth lf thl`s n`s dafst`s h rfujahjfs ` n`s quf mfihs
`eulalh, sfbur`ifjtf jhs m`grfihs lavfrtalh fj iàs he`sahjfs lf n`s quf
jhs mfihs `gurralh.

E`t`strhdaz`eaõj
Fj fst` lasthrsaõj l`ihs uj` aiphrt`jea` iuy `nt` ` eufstahjfs quf
hgkftav`ifjtf jh tafjfj t`n pfsh. \fjlfihs iuem`s vfefs ` fx`bfr`r n`s
ehjsfeufjea`s lf n`s ehs`s h ` phjfrjhs fj n` pfhr satu`eaõj. Ehih fj fn
e`sh `jtfrahr, vavaihs fst`s e`tàstrhdfs ehih sa lf vfrl`l dufr`j rf`nfs.
Fkfipnh; \f `e`g`s lf nfv`jt`r p`r` ar ` tr`g`k`r, jh tf `pftfef j`l`
fjdrfjt`rtf `n lé` y p`r` ehnih, eu`jlh v`s ` iftfr fn e`dá fj fn iaerhhjl`s,
fn v`sh sf tf rfsg`n`. Safjs`s; «Fs uj` tr`bfla`, uj mhrrhr, sf if m` e`élh y sf
m` rhth fn v`sh lf e`dá lfn lfs`yujh¿.
Vj` e`tàstrhdf fs uj tfrrfihth h uj ajefjlah. Ua ehip`r`ihs fn
sudraiafjth quf jhs prhvhe`ré` uj` lf fst`s satu`eahjfs ehj uj v`sh rhth, fs
prhg`gnf quf fstás lf `eufrlh fj quf fn `ehjtfeaiafjth lfn lfs`yujh `pfj`s
tafjf aiphrt`jea`. Jh hgst`jtf, sa `pujtàsfihs thlh nh quf sf jhs p`s` phr n`
e`gfz` lur`jtf uj lé` fjtfrh, sfbur`ifjtf fjehjtr`ré`ihs iuemésaihs
fkfipnhs lf fstf taph lf lasthrsahjfs. Fs iuy ehiûj y phlré`ihs phjfr
 

iuemhs htrhs fkfipnhs.

Ftaquft`iafjth
Fstf taph lf lasthrsaõj ehjsastf fj utanaz`r ftaquft`s p`r` e`nadae`r ehjluet`s
prhpa`s h `kfj`s. Fj he`sahjfs rflueaihs thl` jufstr` rf`nal`l h n` lf htrhs `
uj `lkftavh. \hi`ihs ehih g`rfihs lhs h trfs satu`eahjfs y n`s
bfjfr`naz`ihs g`sàjlhjhs fj fstf `lkftavh.
Fkfipnh; @n s`nar lf uj fx`ifj lf i`tfiàtae`s tf m`s lfk`lh saj rfsphjlfr
uj` prfbujt` y pafjs`s; «Jh mf s`galh rfshnvfr fn prhgnfi`, shy uj aigáean¿.
Ua guse`ihs fj fn laeeahj`rah n` p`n`gr` aigáean, vfràs quf n` lfdajaeaõj jh
tafjf j`l` quf vfr ehj sfr aje`p`z lf rfshnvfr uj prhgnfi` lf i`tfiàtae`s.
Fn jh m`gfr s`galh rfshnvfr fn prhgnfi` sfbur`ifjtf tfjlrà iàs quf vfr ehj
n` d`nt` lf fstulah h ehj nhs jfrvahs quf ehj n` aigfeanal`l. Srfst` `tfjeaõj `
fst`s ftaquft`s, pufs jhs m`efj iuemésaih l`ðh y jhs bfjfr`j uj sudraiafjth
ajkustadae`lh. @sé pufs, fs lf vat`n aiphrt`jea` lfstfrr`r fstf taph lf `lkftavhs
lf jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths.

Fn «lfgfré`s¿
Erffjea`s shgrf eõih tfjlré` quf sfr uj` satu`eaõj h uj` pfrshj`. N`
e`r`etfréstae` prajeap`n lf fstf sfsbh fs su rabalfz. Fspfr`ihs rf`nal`lfs lf
pfrshj`s h satu`eahjfs quf juje` sf nnfb`j ` euipnar, phr nh quf jhs
drustr`ihs h jhs prfheup`ihs. @ vfefs fxabaihs ` nhs lfiàs h ` jhshtrhs
iasihs iuemésaih iàs lf nh quf fs fspfr`gnf.
Fkfipnh; @nbuafj pafjs`; «Lfgfré` m`gfr phlalh supfr`r n` iufrtf lf ia
i`lrf y`¿. «Lfgfré` fstula`r, ar `n baij`sah, s`nar ehj ias `iabhs, eual`r lf
ias makhs y m`efr n` ehipr` fst` t`rlf.¿ «Ia jhva` lfgfré` ehiprfjlfrif
ifkhr.¿
Eu`jlh pfjs`ihs lf fstf ihlh shihs lfi`sa`lh rébalhs. Jhs vhnvfihs
iuy lurhs ehj jhshtrhs iasihs. Jhs `uthaiphjfihs uj eratfrah lfi`sa`lh
 

`nth quf ladéeanifjtf phlfihs euipnar. Fs aipfjs`gnf quf thlhs nhs lé`s
fstfihs `n eafj phr eafj. N` val` fs iuemh iàs ehipnae`l` quf fsh. Shr fnnh
fs jfefs`rah dnfxaganaz`r jufstr` dhri` lf pfjs`r. N` rf`nal`l fs lfi`sa`lh
ehipnfk`.

Ajdfrfjea`s `rgatr`ra`s
Fj fst` lasthrsaõj s`e`ihs ehjenusahjfs p`rtafjlh lf prfias`s d`ns`s h tr`s
rf`naz`r uj r`zhj`iafjth anõbaeh.
Fkfipnh; \f `e`g`s lf nfv`jt`r, iar`s phr n` vfjt`j` y pafjs`s; «Mhy fstà
jugn`lh, sfburh quf ia lé` fs i`nh¿.
Jh fxastf jajbuj` ehjfxaõj fjtrf nhs lhs fvfjths. Jh tafjf j`l` quf vfr fn
tafiph quf m`ef ehj nh quf jhs heurr` fj jufstrh lé`. Gufjh, sé, puflf quf
jhs ihkfihs sa nnufvf y jh nnfv`ihs uj p`r`bu`s, pfrh j`l` iàs.
Ehjtaju`ifjtf m`efihs fstf taph lf ajdfrfjea`s. Wfn`eahj`ihs fvfjths quf
j`l` tafjfj quf vfr fjtrf sé y nh pfhr fs quf jhs erffihs fst` rfn`eaõj. Fstf
fs uj taph lf sugkftaval`l quf jhs m`ef iuemh l`ðh.

Nfetur` lf ifjtf
Fstf taph lf lasthrsaõj ehjsastf fj ajdfrar pfjs`iafjths, ajtfjeahjfs y
sfjtaiafjths fj nhs lfiàs saj tfjfr uj` g`sf sõnal` fj n` quf `phy`rjhs.
Iuem`s vfefs tfjlfihs ` fxtr`fr ehjenusahjfs jfb`tav`s shgrf n` rf`nal`l
ifjt`n lf nhs lfiàs.
Fst`ràs lf `eufrlh ehjiabh fj quf nffr fn pfjs`iafjth ` `nbuafj fs
i`tfra`nifjtf aiphsagnf. @ujquf nnfvfs e`s`lh ehj `nbuafj eajeufjt` `ðhs,
jh frfs e`p`z lf nffr nh quf p`s` phr su ifjtf. Lf ihlh quf fst` tfjlfjea`
lf pfjs`iafjth nnfv` ` frrhrfs iuem`s vfefs.
Fkfipnh; T`s ` lfs`yuj`r `n g`r lf n` fsquaj`. Salfs uj e`dá `n e`i`rfrh y
pafjs`s; «Ufburh quf pafjs`j quf shy alaht`¿. «Jh if m` iar`lh ` nhs hkhs,
sfburh quf jh nf e`abh gafj.¿
 

Nhs sfrfs mui`jhs jh tfjfihs phlfrfs tfnfpàtaehs, phr nh quf fs

tht`nifjtf aiphsagnf nffr n` ifjtf lf j`laf. Shr nh m`gatu`n, safiprf quf
ajtfjt`ihs `lavaj`r nh quf htr` pfrshj` fstà pfjs`jlh jhs fquavhe`ihs.
Fstf taph lf sfsbhs lf pfjs`iafjth sf l`j iuy m`gatu`nifjtf fj nhs
prhgnfi`s lf p`rfk`. N` d`nt` lf ehiujae`eaõj `n l`r phr mfemh lftfriaj`l`
dhri` lf pfjs`r nnfv` ` i`nhs fjtfjlalhs y fj ehjsfeufjea` ` iuemh
sudraiafjth.

I`xaiaz`eaõj lf nh jfb`tavh
L`r iuem` iàs aiphrt`jea` ` nhs lft`nnfs jfb`tavhs quf ` nhs phsatavhs. N`
rf`nal`l juje` fs gn`je` h jfbr`, safiprf fs bras, fs lfear, quf phr fst`léstae`
jh jhs puflf heurrar thlh nh i`nh. Shlfihs fst`r `jtf uj` satu`eaõj iuy
ladéean, pfrh safiprf fxastfj `spfeths phsatavhs. Fj fstf sfsbh l`ihs iuemh
iàs pfsh ` n`s ehs`s jfb`tav`s.
Fkfipnh; \r`s rfeagar n` jht` lf uj fx`ifj pafjs`s; «Mf s`e`lh uj 1,= fj
fn fx`ifj. Fs mhrragnf, jh sá eõih mf phlalh sfr t`j thjth lf d`nn`r uj`
prfbujt`. Ua sabh `sé lfkh n` e`rrfr`¿.
\fjfihs uj` e`p`eal`l fjhrif p`r` m`gatu`rjhs ` n`s fiheahjfs
`br`l`gnfs, iafjtr`s quf shihs iàs sfjsagnfs ` n`s ajeõihl`s. Shr fnnh
fjsfbual` jhs `ehstuigr`ihs ` nh gufjh y pfrlfihs n` pfrspfetav` lf n`
rf`nal`l l`jlh lfi`sa`l` aiphrt`jea` ` nh i`nh.
Fs aiphrt`jtf l`r n` aiphrt`jea` quf sf ifrfefj ` nhs fvfjths jfb`tavhs
quf jhs heurrfj. Iuem`s vfefs jhs hgsfsahj`ihs ehj uj àrghn y pfrlfihs n`
pfrspfetav` lfn ghsquf. M`y quf `ipna`r fn dheh y vfr jufstr` val` ehj
pfrspfetav`. Nhs prhgnfi`s shj p`rtf lf jufstrh lé` ` lé`, pfrh n` br`j
i`yhré` lf fnnhs shj dàeanfs lf shnueahj`r.
shnuea hj`r. L`r lfi`sa`l` aiphrt`jea` ` fsths
fvfjths m`ef quf jufstrh fst`lh lf àjaih g`kf y jufstr` `jsafl`l sf lasp`rf.

Iajaiaz`eaõj lf nh phsatavh
 

Bfjfr`nifjtf `ehip`ð` `n `jtfrahr. Ehjsastf fj rfst`r aiphrt`jea` ` n`s

ehs`s gufj`s quf tafjf uj` satu`eaõj lftfriaj`l`, y jhs efjtr`ihs fj n`
p`rtf i`n`.
Fkfipnh; @nbuafj pafjs` «\fjfr tr`g`kh, makhs s`nul`gnfs, uj` p`rfk`
pfrdfet` y uj` e`s` prfeahs` fs nh jhri`n, pfrh fs mhrragnf tfjfr quf tr`g`k`r
nhs sàg`lhs phr n` i`ð`j`¿. Fstf sfsbh, lf jufvh, fs iuy ehiûj y
phlré`ihs phjfr iuemhs htrhs fkfipnhs.
Ua tf dak`s fj tu lé` ` lé`, eufjt`s ehj iuemésai`s ehihlal`lfs ` n`s eu`nfs
`pfj`s l`s aiphrt`jea`. Shr fkfipnh, jhs luem`ihs thlhs nhs lé`s ehj `bu`
e`nafjtf y jh nh v`nhr`ihs. Uhn`ifjtf rf`eeahj`ihs lf dhri` phsatav`
eu`jlh phr eu`nquafr eareujst`jea` jh mfihs tfjalh `eefsh ` fstf taph nukhs.
Fs aiphrt`jtf l`r n` aiphrt`jea` quf sf ifrfefj ` nhs fvfjths phsatavhs.
Fj bfjfr`n, nhs quf mfihs j`ealh fj Heealfjtf nnfv`ihs uj` val` iuy
dàean ehip`r`l` ehj nhs sfrfs mui`jhs quf vavfj fj htr`s p`rtfs lfn iujlh.
Fs aiphrt`jtf v`nhr`r nh quf tfjfihs.

Sfjs`iafjth laehtõiaeh
Fstf taph lf lasthrsaõj ehjsastf fj uj` tfjlfjea` ` en`sadae`r n` rf`nal`l fj
gufj` h i`n`. L`r pujtu`eahjfs lf 03 h 3, pfjs`r quf thlh sf rfluef `
gn`jeh h jfbrh, saj l`rjhs eufjt` lf quf jufstr` val` fstà nnfj` lf i`taefs y
quf r`r` vfz n`s ehs`s shj t`j i`n`s h t`j gufj`s.
Fkfipnh; @nbuafj pafjs` «Ua jh `prufgh fstf fx`ifj fs quf jh v`nbh p`r`
sfr naefjea`lh¿.
N` rf`nal`l fs iuy ehipnfk` p`r` rfluearn` ` lhs hpeahjfs ehjtr`pufst`s.
Fj bfjfr`n, nhs fvfjths lf n` val` jh shj gn`jehs h jfbrhs. Uhj brasfs.
Ajenush n` satu`eaõj iàs ehipnae`l` tafjf p`rtfs phsatav`s. Q fn ehjtfxth iàs
d`vhr`gnf tafjf p`rtfs jfb`tav`s. Shr fnnh fs rfehifjl`gnf jh m`efr fstf taph
lf en`sadae`eahjfs ifjt`nfs. Ua e`fihs fj fstf sfsbh jh fst`rfihs safjlh
hgkftavhs y sudrarfihs iuemh phr fnnh.
 

Fstf taph lf pfjs`iafjths d`vhrfefj n` rabalfz ifjt`n. Jhs ladaeunt` n`

`l`pt`eaõj `n iflah lf uj ihlh iàs quf fvalfjtf. @n daj`n sa i`jtfjfihs
fstf taph lf erffjea`s, jhs v`ihs ` l`r lf gruefs ehj n` val` uj` vfz tr`s
htr`.

Sfrdfeeahjasih
Ehjsastf fj fst`gnfefr uj eratfrah iuy fnfv`lh shgrf n`s `etu`eahjfs prhpa`s
h n`s lf nhs lfiàs y thi`rnh ehih iflal` jhri`n lf `etu`eaõj. Fj he`sahjfs
jhs phjfihs ` jhshtrhs iasihs h ` nhs lfiàs hgkftavhs quf shj iuy
ladéeanfs lf ehjsfbuar y jhs drustr`ihs sa jh shihs h jh shj e`p`efs lf
`ne`jz`rnhs.
Fkfipnh; \f i`traeun`s fj n` e`rrfr` y tus pfjs`iafjths shj lfn taph «Ia
hgnab`eaõj fs s`e`r thlh i`tréeun`s lf mhjhr¿. «\fjbh quf sfr fn ifkhr, jh
puflh fst`r lftràs lf htrhs.¿
Fs dfjhifj`n tfjfr fxpfet`tav`s `nt`s y eratfrahs fxabfjtfs, pfrh saj
p`s`rjhs. \fjfihs quf lfk`r i`rbfj p`r` fn frrhr. Jh ehjtrhn`ihs fn eafj
phr eafj lf jufstrh `igafjtf y phr fnnh jh phlfihs sfjtarjhs rfsphjs`gnfs
phr eufstahjfs quf fse`p`j ` jufstrh ehjtrhn.
Fj bfjfr`n, n`s pfrshj`s lfi`sa`lh pfrdfeeahjast`s vavfj fj uj` `jsafl`l
ehjst`jtf y vfj drfeufjtfifjtf drustr`l`s sus fxpfet`tav`s `n fxabarsf
lfi`sa`lh.
Nhs mui`jhs shnfihs shgrffstai`r jufstr` e`p`eal`l lf tr`g`kh ` ehrth
pn`zh f ajdr`v`nhr`rn` ` n`rbh pn`zh. Shr fkfipnh, fs iuy dàean pfjs`r quf
sfrfihs e`p`efs lf fseragar uj e`pétunh lf uj nagrh fj uj` t`rlf, lfspuás jhs
l`ihs eufjt` lf quf fs trfifjl`ifjtf ladéean. Jh tfjlré` sfjtalh p`r`
jufstr` `l`pt`eaõj `n iflah tfjfr ehih hgkftavh fseragar t`jt`s pàbaj`s fj uj
lé`.

Uhgrfbfjfr`naz`eaõj
 

Ehjsastf fj dak`rjhs fj uj lft`nnf lf jufstr` val` y bfjfr`naz`rnh ` thlhs nhs

fsefj`rahs phsagnfs. Fs fn fdfeth ghn` lf jafvf; jhs dak`ihs fj uj`
e`r`etfréstae` jfb`tav` lf n` satu`eaõj y ifjt`nifjtf tfðaihs thl` jufstr`
rf`nal`l ehj fs` e`r`etfréstae`.
Fkfipnh; Fstf taph lf sfsbh sf i`jadafst` fj pfjs`iafjths lfn taph «If m`
lfk`lh ia jhva`, ia val` fjtfr` sf lfsihrhj`¿. «Jh mf euipnalh hgkftavhs
fj fn tr`g`kh, jh v`nbh p`r` j`l`¿ «If mf lhrialh y mf nnfb`lh t`rlf, shy uj
arrfsphjs`gnf.¿
Ehih lfeé`ihs, jufstr` val` fstà nnfj` lf i`taefs, jh thlh fs gn`jeh ja
jfbrh. Ua jhs lfk` jufstr` p`rfk`, hgva`ifjtf sfjtarfihs trastfz`, pfrh jh fs
fn daj lfn iujlh ja jufstr` val` sf lfsihrhj`. @jtfs lf ehjhefrn` ár`ihs
e`p`efs lf nnfv`r ` e`gh iuem`s `etaval`lfs y euipnar iuemhs hgkftavhs,
`mhr` t`igaáj phlrfihs.

Sfrshj`naz`eaõj
\fjlfjea` ` pfjs`r quf nhs rfsphjs`gnfs lf `nbh fj ehjerfth shihs jhshtrhs
iasihs, eu`jlh fj rf`nal`l puflf quf m`y` iuem`s e`us`s quf ajtfrvfjb`j.
N` pfrshj`naz`eaõj sufnf ehjnnfv`r fiheahjfs lf eunp` fxefsav`, phr nh quf
m`y quf tfjfr fspfea`n eual`lh fj fsth.
Fkfipnh; Ia fiprfs` quafgr` phr ladfrfjtfs ihtavhs, pfrh pafjsh quf m`
salh eunp` ié` phr jh m`gfr l`lh fn eafj phr eafj e`l` lé` fj fn tr`g`kh.
Uafiprf nhs `ehjtfeaiafjths tafjfj e`us`s iûntapnfs, phr nh quf e`rb`r ehj
thl` n` rfsphjs`ganal`l nh ûjaeh quf v` ` tr`fr fs lhnhr. \fjfihs quf sfr
ehjseafjtfs lf nh quf fj rf`nal`l ehjtrhn`ihs y nh quf fj rf`nal`l jh
ehjtrhn`ihs.
Fst`s shj n`s lasthrsahjfs lf pfjs`iafjth quf ehjsalfrh iàs ehiujfs,
pfrh puflf quf fjeufjtrfs fj ta `nbuj` dhri` p`rtaeun`r lf prhefs`r n`
ajdhri`eaõj. Jh tf prfheupfs, quf nhs p`shs p`r` ar ihladae`jlh fst`
tfjlfjea` shj nhs iasihs quf nhs lfseraths `jtfrahrifjtf.
 

Sfjs`iafjths `uthiàtaehs jfb`tavhs

Nhs pfjs`iafjths `uthiàtaehs jfb`tavhs shj uj taph lf ehbjaeahjfs quf

`p`rfefj lf dhri` sûgat` `jtf fstéiunhs ehj e`rb` fiheahj`n. Jh tafjfj phr
quá sfr fstéiunhs rf`nifjtf pfnabrhshs h trastfs, sajh quf, ehih lfeé`ihs
`jtfs, lfpfjlfràj lf n` v`nhr`eaõj sugkftav` quf m`b` lf fnnhs n` pfrshj`.
N` en`vf lf fsths pfjs`iafjths fs quf shj v`nhr`eahjfs iuy ràpal`s quf
m`ef jufstrh efrfgrh p`r` `yul`rjhs ` shgrfvavar. Sfrh, fj he`sahjfs, mfihs
`prfjlalh ` pfjs`r lf uj` i`jfr` lftfriaj`l` druth lf jufstr` fxpfrafjea`,
nh quf m`ef quf ajtfrprftfihs lftfriaj`lhs fstéiunhs lf dhri` pheh fdae`z
y, phr fjlf, `p`rfze`j fiheahjfs quf jh shj `l`pt`tav`s fj fn prhefsh. @ su

vfz
nub`rfst`s fiheahjfs
lf rfluear lasthrsahj`j
su ajtfjsal`l, iàs fny pfjs`iafjth,
drfeufjea` nh quf m`ef quf fj
lur`eaõj, sf ajerfifjtfj.
Nhs pfjs`iafjths `uthiàtaehs jfb`tavhs jh sufnfj fst`r g`s`lhs fj n`
fvalfjea`, sajh quf shj druth lfn r`zhj`iafjth fiheahj`n, phr nh quf fj
iuem`s he`sahjfs jh shj ûtanfs, sajh quf ladaeunt`j jufstr` `l`pt`eaõj.
M`ef ujhs `ðhs, nhs ihlfnhs lf tr`t`iafjth ehbjatavh-ehjluetu`nfs m`eé`j
fsdufrzhs phr ihladae`r e`l` ujh lf nhs pfjs`iafjths lasthrsahj`lhs quf
ag`j `p`rfeafjlh. Lf mfemh, fs uj` táejae` rf`nifjtf fdfetav`. Fj ia nagrh
`jtfrahr, Gufjhs lé`s, `nfbré`, lflae`g` uj p`r lf e`pétunhs ` n` ihladae`eaõj
lf fstf taph lf pfjs`iafjths. Sfrh ` lé` lf mhy, br`ea`s ` nhs `v`jefs lf n`
psaehnhbé` eafjtédae`, ehjt`ihs ehj táejae`s iàs phtfjtfs. M`st` `mhr`, nhs
psaeõnhbhs jhs efjtràg`ihs fj ihladae`r n` p`rtf lfn aefgfrb quf fstà ` n`
vast`. @mhr`, s`gfihs eõih ar larfet`ifjtf `n ehr`zõj lfn prhgnfi` p`r`
ihladae`r fn prhefsh lfslf su iasi` bájfsas, p`r` quf `sé lfkfihs lf fst`r
t`j ajdnualhs phr jufstr`s erffjea`s lasthrsahj`l`s.
Q fs quf nhs pfjs`iafjths `uthiàtaehs jfb`tavhs surbfj lf jufstr`s
erffjea`s iàs prhdujl`s. Fs lfear, lf nhs ihlhs lf vfr fn iujlh quf e`l`
ujh v`ihs ehjstruyfjlh lur`jtf thl` jufstr` val`. Shr fnnh fs jfefs`rah quf
lflaqufihs uj `p`rt`lh ` n`s erffjea`s.
 

Erffjea`s

Fj n` tfr`pa` r`eahj`n fihtav` lf Fnnas f Agàðfz, (01=3) sf l` uj pfsh

dujl`ifjt`n ` n`s erffjea`s. Lfslf fstf fjdhquf sf ajtfjt` ihladae`r `qufnn`s
erffjea`s quf shj dufjtf lf i`nfst`r fj n` pfrshj` y sustatuarn`s phr htr`s iàs
`l`pt`tav`s. Jufstr`s erffjea`s sf phlré`j lfdajar ehih `qufnnhs prhlueths
ehbjatavhs quf jhs `yul`j ` fnfbar phr jhshtrhs iasihs eafrths v`nhrfs,
prhpõsaths, ift`s, alf`nfs y nhs iáthlhs p`r` `ne`jz`rnhs.
Eafrth fs quf thlhs jhshtrhs, fj i`yhr h ifjhr iflal`, prfsfjt`ihs
erffjea`s quf puflfj fst`r lasthrsahj`l`s, h nh quf fs nh iasih, quf
prfsfjt`j fsqufi`s lasdujeahj`nfs p`r` `ne`jz`r n` dfnaeal`l.

S`r`uj`
tfjbh rfn`eahj`rnh ehjtaph
erffjea` lfn thlh nh qufthlh
«Fvat`r fst`ihs prfsfjt`jlh
i`nfst`r fj p`r`
fs n` pufrt` fn nagrh; sa yh
sfr dfnaz¿,
prhg`gnfifjtf, eu`jlh if fjeufjtrf `jsahsh h ehj iaflh, tfjlfrá ` m`efr
`qufnnh quf rfluze` ia `jsafl`l ` ehrth pn`zh. Shr nh quf, ehih lfeé`ihs fj
nhs praifrhs e`pétunhs, jhs puflf `yul`r ` rfluear n` `jsafl`l
ihifjtàjf`ifjtf, pfrh ` n`rbh pn`zh sfbuaré` suphjafjlh uj prhgnfi`.
Fj n` t`gn` sabuafjtf ihstr`ihs uj rfsuifj lf n`s erffjea`s arr`eahj`nfs
iàs ehiujfs lfs`rrhnn`l`s phr @ngfrt Fnnas y n` fxpnae`eaõj lf phr quá shj
jheav`s p`r` jufstrh gafjfst`r psaehnõbaeh.

\`gn` 2.0.  Erffjea`s arr`eahj`nfs lf @ngfrt Fnnas.

2.0. Erffjea`s

Erffjea` arr`eahj`n F xp na e`e a õj

Ufr `i`lh fs uj` Jh phlfihs hgnab`r ` j`laf ` quf jhs quafr`. Ufburh quf ` jufstrh
jfefsal`l fxtrfi` p`r` `nrflflhr m`y iuemésai` bfjtf laspufst` ` p`s`r tafiph ehj jhshtrhs, pfrh
fn sfr mui`jh. `dfrr`rjhs ` pfrshj`s quf jh jhs `i`j, nh ûjaeh quf jhs bfjfr`rà sfrà
sudraiafjth.

S`r` ehjsalfr`rif uj` Iuemhs lf jufstrhs hgkftavhs h ift`s jh lfpfjlfj shn`ifjtf lf jhshtrhs.
pfrshj` vànal` tfjbh quf M`y v`ra`gnfs quf jh ehjtrhn`ihs y uj
u j d`ethr lf `z`r aiphrt`jtf.
ehjsfbuar thlh nh quf if
prhphjbh.
 

N`s pfrshj`s quf jh E`l` ujh tafjf uj`s eareujst`jea`s vat`nfs y uj` i`jfr` lf sfr quf nf
`etû`j ehih lfgfré`j m`efj `etu`r lfn ihlh fj quf nh
n h m`ef. Ufburh quf jhshtrhs iasihs mfihs
tafjfj quf sfr mfemh l`ðh ` `nbuafj fj `nbuj` he`saõj, y phr fnnh jh tfjfihs quf sfr
ehjsalfr`l`s i`nv`l`s y ehjsalfr`lhs pfrshj`s i`nv`l`s.
lfgfj sfr e`stab`l`s.

Fs tfrragnf quf n`s ehs`s N`s ehs`s juje` sueflfj fx`et`ifjtf ehih jhs bust`ré`. @ujquf
jh suefl`j ehih if tfjb`ihs áxath fj jufstr`s ift`s, sfburh quf safiprf m`y lft`nnfs quf jh
bust`ré`. shj ehih fspfràg`ihs. @lfiàs, jh m`y j`l` i`nh fj quf dr`e`sfihs fj
`nbuj` t`rf`. Fst` fxpfrafjea` jhs m`rà iàs dufrtfs fiheahj`nifjtf sa
s`gfihs `prfjlfr lf n` satu`eaõj.

Fn i`nfst`r y n`s \fjfihs ehjtrhn shgrf jufstrh sudraiafjth y prfeas`ifjtf lf fsth v` fstf
lfsbr`ea`s fstàj nagrh. Iuem`s vfefs n`s eareujst`jea`s fxtfrj`s shj ehipnae`l`s, pfrh, `uj
prhvhe`l`s phr `sé, tfjfihs e`p`eal`l p`r` i`jfk`r jufstr`s fiheahjfs.
eareujst`jea`s fxtfrj`s y
jh tfjfihs jajbûj
ehjtrhn shgrf fnn`s.

Ua `nbh puflf sfr N` prfheup`eaõj jh `phrt` `gshnut`ifjtf j`l` phsatavh ` jufstr`s val`s.
pfnabrhsh, tfjbh quf Fst`r ehjst`jtfifjtf `jtaeap`jlh lfsbr`ea`s jhs m`rà vavar fj ehjst`jtf
sfjtarif ajquafth phr fnnh tfjsaõj.
y tfjbh quf pfjs`r fj n`
phsaganal`l lf quf heurr`.

Fs iàs dàean fvat`r n`s Ua fvat`ihs rfsphjs`ganal`lfs y fvat`ihs nhs prhgnfi`s, fsths juje` sf
rfsphjs`ganal`lfs lf n` rfshnvfràj. M`st` uj lé` fj fn quf jh jhs quflf iàs rfiflah quf
val` quf m`efrnfs drfjtf. `drhjt`rnhs.

\fjbh quf ehjt`r ehj N` jfefsal`l lf tfjfr ` `nbuafj quf pfreagaihs ehih iàs dufrtf jhs nnfv` `
`nbuafj iàs dufrtf fj n` lfpfjlfjea` fiheahj`n. Uhihs sfrfs ehipnfths e`p`efs lf bfstahj`r
quafj ehjda`r. jufstr`s val`s.

Nh quf if heurraõ fj fn Fn sfr mui`jh fs e`p`z lf `prfjlfr ehj n` fxpfrafjea`, phr nh quf, sa s`gfs
p`s`lh sfbuarà i`jfk`r tus fiheahjfs, jh shn`ifjtf phlràs `prfjlfr lf nh quf tf heurraõ,
`dfetàjlhif lur`jtf sajh quf phlràs ehjvfrtartf fj uj` pfrshj` iàs rfsastfjtf y ehj javfnfs iàs
thl` n` val`. `nths lf gafjfst`r quf nhs quf sfjté`s `jtfs lf nh quf tf heurraõ.

\fjbh quf sfjtarif iuy Vjh lfealf sa sf m`ef e`rbh lf nhs prhgnfi`s lf nhs lfiàs h jh nh m`ef.
pfrturg`lh phr nhs Sfrh, `lfiàs, n` prfheup`eaõj, ehih lfeé`ihs, jh `phrt` j`l`.
prhgnfi`s lf nhs lfiàs.

Fxastf uj` shnueaõj M`y shnueahjfs ifkhrfs quf htr`s. Sfrh iuem`s vfefs jh lasphjfihs lf
pfrdfet` p`r` e`l` ujh thl` n` ajdhri`eaõj jfefs`ra` p`r` thi`r n` ifkhr lfeasaõj fj fn ihifjth
lf nhs prhgnfi`s. Q jh `lfeu`lh. @ ifjulh fs fn tafiph fn quf jhs l` h jhs quat` n` r`zõj.
sfr e`p`z lf fjehjtr`rn` Ajtfjt`r guse`r n` shnueaõj pfrdfet` m`rà quf `n daj`n `e`gfihs phr jh m`efr
suphjf uj` e`tàstrhdf. j`l`.
 

Fn vfr`jh lfn 7302 duf uj` tfiphr`l` erétae` p`r` jufstr` enéjae`. Fj fn `ðh
7304, lfealé ihjt`r uj pfqufðh lfsp`emh lf psaehnhbé`. M`gé` ehjsfbualh
lfsvajeun`rif lf ia `jtfrahr fiprfs`, y fst`g` ` pujth lf euipnar ia sufðh
n`ghr`n lf thl` n` val`; ihjt`r uj efjtrh lf psaehnhbé`.
Lur`jtf fn praifr `ðh, p`sá lf `nquan`r uj lfsp`emh nhs vafrjfs phr n` t`rlf
fj uj efjtrh lf psaehnhbé` y` fst`gnfealh ` m`efrnh lur`jtf thl` n` sfi`j`.
N`s ehs`s if ag`j gafj, e`l` vfz tfjé` iàs p`eafjtfs y ehifjeá ` v`nhr`r n`
phsaganal`l lf m`efr erfefr ia fiprfs`.

***

Shr fsh, fj i`yh lfn 7302, lfealé `nquan`r uj pash iàs br`jlf shn`ifjtf p`r`
ié. Vj nub`r ehj lhs lfsp`emhs fj fn quf pulaásfihs fipfz`r ` dujeahj`r `
nh br`jlf. Ehih yh jh puflh lavalarif, lfealé ehn`ghr`r ehj htr` psaeõnhb`.
Maef fjtrfvast`s y `n daj`n Fnfj` Mubuft sf ujaõ ` n` d`iana` lf Fj Fquanagrah
Ifjt`n (`sé sf nn`i` jufstrh efjtrh). Fr` uj` prhdfsahj`n dhri`lésai` y ehj
iuemésai` fxpfrafjea` fj fn e`iph lf n` psaehnhbé` s`jat`ra`, ` pfs`r lf su
uvfjtul.
Fn prhgnfi` prajeap`n duf quf, kust`ifjtf ehajealafjlh ehj su
ajehrphr`eaõj `n efjtrh lf psaehnhbé`, fn dnukh lf p`eafjtfs jufvhs quf
nnfb`g`j ` n` enéjae` sf ehrtõ fj sfeh.
If m`gé` `rrafsb`lh ` `suiar uj b`sth iuemh i`yhr `nquan`jlh uj pash
fjtfrh suphjafjlh quf sfbuaré` sugafjlh fn jûifrh lf p`eafjtfs, pfrh lfslf
i`yh ` sfptafigrf Fnfj` shn`ifjtf tuvh ujh.
Fj `bhsth, ia eufjt` fst`g` e`sa ` efrh. \fjé` fn lajfrh kusth p`r` phlfr
m`efr drfjtf ` nhs b`sths lfn `nquanfr lf sfptafigrf. Ua jh nnfb`g`j p`eafjtfs
jufvhs tfjlré` quf rfjujea`r ` ia sufðh.
Shr supufsth quf fst` satu`eaõj if `bhga`g`. Q fs eafrth quf n` `jsafl`l
mazh quf if pusafr` fj i`rem` p`r` fjehjtr`r jufv`s dhri`s lf l`rjhs `
ehjhefr. Sfrh nh quf quafrh ihstr`rtf ehj fst` masthra` fs `nbh lastajth.
 

Ias pfjs`iafjths fr`j, fj su i`yhré`, `jtaeap`eahjfs e`t`strhdast`s fj n`s

eu`nfs if vfé` efrr`jlh fn efjtrh. Sfrh m`gé` `nbh iàs lftràs lf thlh fsth.
Shr fnnh, fipfeá ` utanaz`r n` dnfem` lfsefjlfjtf (n` vfrfihs fj fn sabuafjtf
`p`rt`lh) p`r` lfseugrar quá erffjea`s fst`g`j ajtfr`eeahj`jlh ehj fn
prhgnfi` quf tfjé` fjtrf i`jhs.
Fipfeá ` v`nhr`r quá sabjadae`ré` p`r` ié quf lf vfrl`l tuvafsf quf fem`r
fn eafrrf, y fjsfbual` nnfbõ ` ia ifjtf n` p`n`gr` dr`e`sh. Ufré` uj dr`e`sh. Ua
tuvafsf quf efrr`r if sfjtaré` n` pfrshj` iàs dr`e`s`l` lfn iujlh. @ pfs`r
lf nh arr`eahj`n lf n` erffjea`, lfealé sfbuar tar`jlh lfn manh. ¸Puá suphjlré`
p`r` ié sfr uj ehipnfth dr`e`sh8 Q lf rfpfjtf sf anuiajõ n` ghigann`. Ua shy
uj dr`e`s`lh, n` bfjtf lfk`rà lf qufrfrif; `mé tfjé` n` erffjea` arr`eahj`n
efjtr`n.
Fj ia dufrh ajtfrjh, sfjté` quf lfgé` tfjfr áxath fj `gshnut`ifjtf thlh nh
quf maeafr` p`r` sfr `nbuafj ifrfeflhr lf e`raðh.
Fst` dhri` lf ajtfrprft`r n` rf`nal`l, if m`gé` mfemh supfr`rif e`l` lé`.
If m`gé` `yul`lh ` nuem`r y ` prhspfr`r fj n` val`. Sfrh sf tr`t`g` lf `nbh
ehipnft`ifjtf lasthrsahj`lh. J`laf ag` ` lfk`r lf tfjfrif `prfeah sa jh
tfjé` áxath.
Sfrh ehj fst` satu`eaõj lf ladaeunt`l fehjõiae`, if la eufjt` lf n`s
ihtav`eahjfs ajtfrj`s quf if fst`g`j ihvafjlh. Nh eu`n mazh quf fipfz`sf

` ihladae`r fsf `spfeth lf ia val`.

E`l` vfz quf if fjdrfjth ` uj` satu`eaõj quf thp` ehj fs` erffjea`
lasthrsahj`l`, if lhy eufjt` lf quf ia rf`eeaõj fiheahj`n fs lfi`sa`lh
ajtfjs`. Fsth if `yul` ` fjtfjlfr quf fj rf`nal`l jh fs n` satu`eaõj n` quf
if `bhga`, sajh quf nh quf m`ef quf if safjt` lf fs` i`jfr` fs n` alf` lf
quf if lfkfj lf qufrfr.
Shr sufrtf, mf ehjsfbualh bfstahj`r y ihladae`r fst` erffjea` fj phehs
ifsfs lf tr`g`kh ajtfjsh. Q nh mf mfemh ehj n`s táejae`s quf tf iufstrh fj
fstf nagrh.
 

N` p`rtf gufj` lf n` masthra` fs quf, m`ea` ifla`lhs lf sfptafigrf, ` n`

ehjsunt` nnfb`rhj juifrhshs jufvhs p`eafjtfs. M`st` fn pujth lf quf, fj
laeafigrf, sf ajehrphrõ uj` jufv` ehn`ghr`lhr`, Ajás U`jths. Q ehih fn dnukh
lf p`eafjtfs jufvhs jh p`r`g` lf `uifjt`r, fj i`rzh sf ujaõ ` jhshtrhs
Uanva` Bhjzànfz. \`jth erfeaihs quf, fj sfptafigrf lfn 7301, t`j shnh uj `ðh
lfspuás lf n` e`sa g`je`rrht`, jhs iul`ihs ` uj lfsp`emh bab`jtf fj iat`l
lfn g`rrah iàs fxenusavh lf I`lral.

N` dnfem` lfsefjlfjtf

N` dnfem` lfsefjlfjtf fs uj` táejae`

t áejae` quf sf utanaz` fj psaehnhbé` p`r` `eeflfr

` jufstr`s erffjea`s ajtfrj`s. Fs `nbh `sé ehih uj lfsefjsh `n ehr`zõj lf

jufstr` pfrshj`nal`l. Jhri`nifjtf, jh shihs ehjseafjtfs lf jufstr` dhri`
lf prhefs`r n` ajdhri`eaõj. Uhnfihs l`rjhs eufjt` ehih iuemh lf quf
fst`ihs pfjs`jlh `nbh jfb`tavh, pfrh jh m`efihs uj tr`g`kh ajtfrjh p`r`
lfseugrar quá erffjea`s aipuns`j n` `p`raeaõj lfn pfjs`iafjth quf fst`ihs
tfjafjlh fj uj ihifjth lftfriaj`lh.
Ai`bajfihs quf jufstr` ifjtf fs uj br`j aefgfrb fj iat`l lfn heá`jh. N`
p`rtf vasagnf sfré`j jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths ehjseafjtfs, iafjtr`s quf n` p`rtf
quf qufl` dufr` lf jufstr` pfrefpeaõj sfré`j thl`s n`s erffjea`s quf
sustfjt`j fshs pfjs`iafjths. Fst`s erffjea`s shj druth lf n` ajtfr`eeaõj lfn
iflah ehj jufstr` e`rb` bfjátae`. Uhj fn druth lf ianfs lf `prfjlaz`kfs quf
mfihs alh `lquarafjlh.
Ehih ehifjtàg`ihs fj fn `p`rt`lh lf lasthrsahjfs ehbjatav`s, fst`s sf v`j
erf`jlh pheh ` pheh ehj fn daj lf fehjhiaz`r fn prhefs`iafjth lf
ajdhri`eaõj.
Ifla`jtf fst` táejae`, m`eaájlhjhs n`s prfbujt`s `lfeu`l`s fj fn ihifjth
`lfeu`lh, arfihs vasnuigr`jlh pheh ` pheh quá sfsbhs ehbjatavhs h
erffjea`s lasthrsahj`l`s fstàj ajdnuyfjlh fj jufstr` pfrefpeaõj lf n`
rf`nal`l. Lf fst` i`jfr` `prfjlfrfihs ` ehjhefrjhs uj pheh iàs. Shr htrh
 

n`lh, `n sfr ehjseafjtfs lf n` ajdnufjea` lf fst`s erffjea`s, fst`rfihs fj

phsaeaõj lf ehifjz`r ` thi`r lfeasahjfs lf dhri` iàs ajlfpfjlafjtf lf
jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs. Nh quf jhs m`rà iuemh iàs nagrfs.
Fs lfear, n` dnfem` lfsefjlfjtf jhs `yul` ` vasnuigr`r n` fv`nu`eaõj rf`n
quf fstà m`eafjlh jufstr` ifjtf lf uj `ehjtfeaiafjth ehjerfth. @ vfefs, n`s
fv`nu`eahjfs iàs supfrdaea`nfs shj iàs sfjeann`s lf lftfet`r, pfrh sa
fx`iaj`ihs lf uj` i`jfr` iàs ajeasav`, jhs l`rfihs eufjt` lf quá fst`ihs
pfjs`jlh fj rf`nal`l.
Eu`jlh utanaz`ihs fst` táejae` ehjsfbuaihs iuem` iàs ajdhri`eaõj shgrf
jhshtrhs iasihs. Ehih y` mfihs laemh, prahraz`r eafrt` ajdhri`eaõj jhs
puflf `yul`r ` bfstahj`r ehj iàs r`palfz eafrt`s satu`eahjfs, pfrh sa
ehjst`jtfifjtf prhefs`ihs lf i`jfr` supfrdaea`n nhs `ehjtfeaiafjths,
phlfihs e`fr fj n` tr`ip` lf erf`r eafrths sfsbhs ehbjatavhs y tfjlfjea`s lf
`etu`eaõj phr jh m`gfr prhefs`lh uj` i`yhr p`rtf lf n` ajdhri`eaõj.
a jdhri`eaõj.
S`r` nnfv`r ` e`gh n` dnfem` lfsefjlfjtf, nh praifrh quf tfjfihs quf m`efr
fs, `jtf uj` satu`eaõj h `ehjtfeaiafjth quf jhs bfjfr` uj fst`lh fiheahj`n
lftfriaj`lh, lftfjfrjhs ` hgsfrv`r quá fst`ihs pfjs`jlh. Fs lfear, `prfjlfr
` lftfet`r nhs pfjs`iafjths sfbûj surbfj. Vj` vfz lftfet`lh fn pfjs`iafjth
prai`rah, fs jfefs`rah prfbujt`rsf quá heurraré` sa fsh dufsf eafrth y quá
qufrré` lfear shgrf jhshtrhs.

Lf fst` i`jfr` fv`nu`ihs n`s ehjsfeufjea`s lf nh quf fst`ihs `jtaeap`jlh

y su rfn`eaõj ehj jhshtrhs iasihs. @sé, fn prhefs`iafjth fs iuemh iàs
prhdujlh. Shjfihs uj fkfipnh p`r` fjtfjlfr ifkhr n` táejae`.
K`vafr fs uj emaeh lf vfajtahemh `ðhs quf tr`g`k` fj uj ehnfbah ehih
prhdfshr lf i`tfiàtae`s. Nnfv` `nné tr`g`k`jlh lfslf m`ef iàs lf uj `ðh, y
lfslf fn praifr lé`, jht` `tr`eeaõj phr I`ré`, n`
n ` prhdfshr` lf iûsae`.
Lfslf m`ef `nbûj tafiph, K`vafr p`s` e`l` vfz iàs tafiph ehj fnn`, jht`
quf fnn` sf safjtf eõihl` ehj án, ehip`rtfj r`ths dufr` lfn tr`g`kh y e`l` vfz
sf safjtf iàs `tr`élh phr fnn`. Sfrh K`vafr tafjf uj prhgnfi`, e`l` vfz quf
 

pafjs` fj fxprfs`rnf ` I`ré` sus sfjtaiafjths, jht` uj `uifjth lf n`

`jsafl`l.
K`vafr hgsfrv` y vf quf e`l` vfz quf pafjs` fj lfen`r`rsf, ajifla`t`ifjtf
bfstahj` n` `jsafl`l laeaájlhsf quf nh m`rà htrh lé`. Fjsfbual` safjtf quf n`
fiheaõj lf `jsafl`l lfseafjlf. Fn praifr lé` quf sf pn`jtfõ lfen`r`rsf, sf
ai`bajõ ` sé iasih safjlh rfem`z`lh. Lfslf fjthjefs, sf phjf fxeus`s lf
thlh taph p`r` jh fxprfs`r nh quf safjtf.
Vj lé`, K`vafr sf prfbujt` quá fs nh pfhr quf phlré` p`s`r sa lf vfrl`l
I`ré` nf rfem`z`sf, y sf l` eufjt` lf quf phlré` pfrlfr nhs r`ths t`j
`br`l`gnfs quf p`s` ehj fnn`. @lfiàs, tr`g`k`r kujths phlré` ehjvfrtarsf fj
`nbh ajeõihlh.
K`vafr sabuf m`eafjlh fn fkfreaeah lf n` dnfem` m`ea` `g`kh y sf prfbujt` quá
sabjadae`ré` ehj rfspfeth ` án sfr rfem`z`lh. Fjthjefs fjtafjlf quf sf sfjtaré`
uj dr`e`s`lh, y` quf n` i`yhré` lf sus `iabhs y` tafjfj p`rfk` y án jh.
@n sfbuar fxpnhr`jlh ifla`jtf n` dnfem` lfsefjlfjtf, K`vafr sf l` eufjt`
lf quf fstà fv`nu`jlh n` satu`eaõj lf uj` i`jfr` frrõjf`, y fstà l`jlh
lfi`sa`l` aiphrt`jea` ` n`s ehjsfeufjea`s rf`nfs lf fxprfs`r nhs
sfjtaiafjths. @lfiàs, fstà shgrffstai`jlh n` prhg`ganal`l lf quf fnn` nf
lab` quf jh safjtf nh iasih, eu`jlh lf mfemh tafjf fvalfjea`s lf quf I`ré`
t`igaáj fstà eõihl` ehj su prfsfjea`. Fs fjthjefs eu`jlh sf l` eufjt` lf

quf fn pfjs`iafjth quf nf `yul` ` `nava`r n` `jsafl`l ` ehrth pn`zh, `qufn fj

fn quf sf laef ` sé iasih quf nh m`rà htrh lé`, shn`ifjtf dujeahj`rà ` ehrth
pn`zh, pufsth quf, ` n`rbh pn`zh, n` satu`eaõj sfrà n` iasi` y su dhri` lf
vfrn`, t`igaáj.
@ ehjtaju`eaõj tf ajlaeh uj` bué` p`r` quf fipafefs ` utanaz`r n` dnfem`
lfsefjlfjtf ehj fn daj lf rf`naz`r fv`nu`eahjfs iàs prhdujl`s lf n` rf`nal`l
y lf quf thifs ehjeafjea` lf quá taph lf erffjea`s fstàj ajdnuyfjlh fj n`
i`jfr` quf tafjfs lf pfreagar fn iujlh. N` en`vf fs pr`etae`r lur`jtf v`ra`s
sfi`j`s m`st` quf v`y`s ehjheafjlh eõih prhefs`s n` ajdhri`eaõj lf uj`
 

i`jfr` iàs fx`et`.

 XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX 

Fv`nu`eaõj `uthiàtae`  XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX 

¸Puá p`s`ré` sa fsth dufsf eafrth8 ¸Puá qufrré` lfear shgrf ié8

Fv`nu`eaõj fjeugafrt`  XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX 

¸Puá p`s`ré` sa fsth dufsf eafrth8 ¸Puá qufrré` lfear shgrf ié8

Fv`nu`eaõj fjeugafrt`  XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX 

 XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX  ¸Puá p`s`ré` sa fsth dufsf eafrth8 ¸Puá qufrré` lfear shgrf ié8

Fv`nu`eaõj fjeugafrt`  XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX 

Suflfs m`efr fn fkfreaeah v`ra`s vfefs, m`st` quf safjt`s quf m`s prhefs`lh
thl` n` ajdhri`eaõj lasphjagnf quf tf fstà l`jlh tu efrfgrh. @ vfefs g`st`
ehj lhs h trfs rffv`nu`eahjfs y htr`s vfefs jfefsat`ihs iàs.
S`r` quf jh tfjb`s prhgnfi`s p`r` m`efr fn fkfreaeah, utanaz`ihs fn fkfipnh
lf K`vafr.

 XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX   XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX 

 XXXXXXX 

Fv`nu`eaõj `uthiàtae` Thy ` sfr rfem`z`lh.

 XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX  ¸Puá p`s`ré` sa fsth dufsf eafrth8 ¸Puá qufrré` lfear
lfea r shgrf ié8
Fv`n
Fv`nu`
u`eeaõj
aõj fje
fjeug
ugaf
afrrt` Ua i
if
f rrfe
fem`
m`z`
z`j
j sf
sfrá uj dr
dr`e
`e`
`s`
s`lh
lh.. Ias
Ias `iab
`iabh
hs taf
tafjf
jfj
j p`r
p`rfk
fk`
` y yh
yh jh.
jh.

 XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX  ¸Puá p`s`ré` sa fsth dufsf eafrth8 ¸Puá qufrré` lfear
lfea r shgrf ié8

Fv`n
Fv`nu`
u`eeaõj
aõj fje
fjeug
ugaf
afrrt` Ua shy
shy uj dr
dr`e
`e`s
`s`l
`lh
h j`l
j`laf
af if v` ` quf
ufrrfr y if
if vvhy
hy ` qu
qufl`r
fl`r shn
hnh
h p`
p`r`
thl` n` val`.

¸Puá p`s`ré` sa fsth dufsf eafrth8 ¸Puá qufrré` lfear

lfea r shgrf ié8

Fv`nu`e
`eaõ
aõj
j fj
fjeug
ugaf
afrrt` S`r` sf
sfr df
dfnaz lfg
lfgh
h tfjf
jfrr ` `n
`nbu
buaafj qu
quf i
if
f qu
quaafr`.

Ua tf dak`s fj fn fkfipnh, tr`s m`efrsf n`s prfbujt`s fj trfs he`sahjfs, K`vafr

nnfb` m`st` uj` lf n`s erffjea`s arr`eahj`nfs quf lfseragé` Fnnas. @n thi`r
 

ehjeafjea` lf quf n` praifr` fv`nu`eaõj vafjf l`l` phr fs` erffjea`, K`vafr
puflf lfealar sa nf m`ef e`sh h jh.

Sfjs`iafjth hgkfth vs. ift`ehbjaeaõj

Ehih mfihs vasth, nhs pfjs`iafjths shj prhlueths lf jufstr` ifjtf. Fs

lfear, sfbûj fn ihlfnh @GE lfserath `jtfrahrifjtf, nh aiphrt`jtf jh fs t`jth
n` rf`nal`l hgkftav` sajh eõih n` ajtfrprft`ihs.
Fn prhgnfi` r`lae` fj quf iuem`s vfefs ehjdujlaihs jufstrhs
pfjs`iafjths ehj fst` rf`nal`l. Fs lfear, sfbûj fn ihlfnh, dusahj`ihs @
(fstéiunh) y G (pfjs`iafjth). Fstf frrhr fs dufjtf lf iuemésaih sudraiafjth,

y` quf rf`eeahj`ihs fiheahj`nifjtf ehih sa lf vfrl`l fstuvafsf

`ehjtfeafjlh nh quf fst`ihs pfjs`jlh. Q en`rh, jufstrh eufrph ajtfjt`
`yul`rjhs ` `l`pt`rjhs ` fs` satu`eaõj ai`baj`l`.
Shr fnnh, @lra`j Rfnns, fn erf`lhr lf n` tfr`pa` ift`ehbjatav`, ladfrfjea`
fjtrf fn pfjs`iafjth taph hgkfth y fn pfjs`iafjth ift`ehbjatavh. T`ihs `
phjfr fkfipnhs lf `ighs taphs lf prhefs`iafjth p`r` quf sf fjtafjl` gafj,
pfrh y` tf `lfn`jth quf jufstr` iasaõj fs ihvfrjhs lfn ihlh hgkfth m`ea`
uj` ehjeafjea` iàs ift`ehbjatav`.

Sfjs`iafjth hgkfth
Uf tr`t` lf n` dusaõj lf jufstrh pfjs`iafjth ehj n` rf`nal`l. Fs lfear, erffr
quf nh quf pfjs`ihs fs vfrl`l. \hlhs s`gfihs, fj ifjhr h i`yhr iflal`,
quf jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths shj shn`ifjtf prhlueths ifjt`nfs, pfrh t`igaáj
e`fihs fj n` tr`ip` lf `etu`r, fj iuem`s he`sahjfs y shgrf thlh fj
ihifjths fiheahj`nfs, ehih sa fsths dufsfj lf vfrl`l.
Shr fkfipnh, m`st` m`ef rfn`tav`ifjtf pheh tafiph, e`l` vfz quf sugé` `
uj `vaõj, fj `nbûj ihifjth lur`jtf fn lfspfbuf pfjs`g` `nbh lfn taph «Uf
v` ` e`fr¿, y tf `sfburh quf ia rf`eeaõj fiheahj`n fr` fx`et`ifjtf n` iasi`
quf sa fj rf`nal`l fn `vaõj fstuvafsf fj e`él` nagrf. Sfrh n` gufj` jhtaea` fs
 

quf fn pfjs`iafjth fs `gshnut`ifjtf ajlfpfjlafjtf lfn iujlh fxtfrahr.

@dhrtuj`l`ifjtf, ` pfs`r lf m`gfr pfjs`lh safiprf quf if mf ihjt`lh fj
uj `vaõj quf sf ag` ` e`fr, juje` nh m` mfemh.
Iuem`s ehrrafjtfs psfulheafjtédae`s `ghb`j phr n` aiphrt`jea` lf pfjs`r
fj phsatavh p`r` quf fn ujavfrsh sf iufv` ` tu d`vhr h p`r` `tr`fr n`s ehs`s
gufj`s pfjs`jlh fj fnn`s. Sufs gafj, v` fj ehjtr` lf thl`s n`s nfyfs lf n`
eafjea`. @ pfs`r lf nh `tr`etavh lf fst`s tfhré`s (phr nn`i`rn`s lf `nbuj`
i`jfr`), jufstr` dhri` lf pfjs`r jh tafjf n` e`p`eal`l lf ajdnuar fj fn
iujlh. @tfjeaõj, jufstr` ehjluet` sé quf nh puflf m`efr y, prhg`gnfifjtf,
i`jtfjfr uj` `etatul phsatav` `jtf n` val` jhs bfjfrf iuemhs gfjfdaeahs,
pfrh jh ehjdujl`ihs n`s ehs`s.
Shlfihs fxpnae`r iuemhs tr`sthrjhs fiheahj`nfs lfslf fn pfjs`iafjth fj
fn ihlh hgkfth. Shr fkfipnh, fj fpashlahs lfprfsavhs, n`s ehbjaeahjfs fj n`s
quf jhs ifjhsprfea`ihs h sfsb`ihs jufstr` `uthfdae`ea`, h jhs ehip`r`ihs
lf dhri` ajkust` ehj nhs lfiàs, `uifjt`j jufstrh fst`lh lf àjaih jfb`tavh,
pufs jhs erffrjhs nh quf fst`ihs pfjs`jlh.
Fj fn e`sh lf nhs tr`sthrjhs lf `jsafl`l, phr fkfipnh, fj fn tr`sthrjh
hgsfsavh ehipunsavh, n`s hgsfsahjfs tafjfj t`jth pfsh fj n` pfrshj` quf fst`
tafjf quf rf`naz`r uj ratu`n p`r` quf jh sf nnfbufj ` euipnar sus i`yhrfs
tfihrfs. Shr fkfipnh, n`v`rsf n`s i`jhs lf dhri` ehipunsav` `jtf n` alf` lf
m`gfrsf ehjt`iaj`lh phr the`r fn phih lf uj` pufrt`.
Nh iasih puflf heurrar fj fn tr`sthrjh lf pàjaeh, fj fn quf n` pfrshj`
ajtfrprft` uj` sfjs`eaõj dasahnõbae` ehih uj` fjdfrifl`l h pfnabrh y sf nnfb`
` erffr quf nf v` ` l`r, phr fkfipnh,
f kfipnh, uj `t`quf `n ehr`zõj.
Sfrh jh tfjfihs quf arjhs ` nhs fxtrfihs, jh m`ef d`nt` sudrar uj tr`sthrjh
fiheahj`n p`r` fxpfraifjt`r nh quf fs vavar fj fn ihlh hgkfth. \hlhs, fj
`nbuj` he`saõj (h fj n` i`yhré`), mfihs erfélh quf jufstr` dhri` lf vfr uj`
satu`eaõj fr` n` ehrrfet` y jhs mfihs `dfrr`lh ` fs` ajtfrprft`eaõj m`st` n`s
ûntai`s ehjsfeufjea`s, nh quf bfjfr`nifjtf jhs m` tr`élh iàs prhgnfi`s quf
 

gfjfdaeahs.

Ehjeafjea` ift`ehbjatav`
N` ehjeafjea` ift`ehbjatav` suphjf sfr ehjseafjtfs lf quf nhs pfjs`iafjths
shj shn`ifjtf prhlueths lf jufstr` ifjtf, jh rf`nal`lfs. Fst` dhri` lf vfr
n` val` jhs `yul` ` sfr iuemh iàs dnfxagnfs y ` `efpt`r nh quf heurrf saj
hphjfr rfsastfjea` (nh quf jhs `yul` ` bfstahj`r jufstrhs fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs).
N` rf`nal`l fs quf jufstr` ifjtf thi` n` ajdhri`eaõj p`r` rfprfsfjt`r fn
iujlh lf ladfrfjtfs dufjtfs. Shr uj n`lh, lf nhs sfjtalhs, t`jth nhs fxtfrjhs
ehih nhs ajtfrjhs, pfrh t`igaáj nh m`ef lf `prfjlaz`kfs quf mfihs alh
`lquarafjlh lur`jtf thl` jufstr` val` y t`igaáj, phr supufsth, fxastf uj`
eafrt` prflasphsaeaõj bfjátae` ` ajtfrprft`r n`s ehs`s lf uj` lftfriaj`l`
i`jfr`, pfrh fj jajbûj e`sh phlfihs sfr tht`nifjtf hgkftavhs. Shr fkfipnh,
jh phlfihs fseuem`r shjalhs phr fjeai` lf vfajtf ian mfreahs ja phr lfg`kh
lf vfajtf mfreahs, phr nh quf, `ujquf fxast`j vagr`eahjfs dufr` lf n`s
drfeufjea`s quf ehjsfbuaihs pfreagar, jh phlfihs tfjfrn`s fj eufjt` fj
jufstrh i`p` lfn iujlh.
Jufstr` iasaõj, fj fn e`iph ehbjatavh, fs ar lfs`rrhnn`jlh e`l` vfz iàs
uj` ehjeafjea` ift`ehbjatav`, p`r` `sé phlfr i`jfk`r jufstrhs fst`lhs
fiheahj`nfs ehj i`yhr d`eanal`l.

Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

Fj v`rahs e`pétunhs mfihs nnfv`lh ` n` pràetae` fn rfbastrh lf jufstr`s

fiheahjfs y sus ladfrfjtfs rfspufst`s. Ua m`s mfemh nhs fkfreaeahs prhpufsths,
ehjt`rfihs y` ehj uj` gufj` ehnfeeaõj lf pfjs`iafjths lf ehrtf fiheahj`n.
Nh quf quafrh quf ehjsab`ihs ehj fn fkfreaeahs lf fstf e`pétunh fs
gàsae`ifjtf nnfb`r ` ehjhefrjhs ifkhr. S`r` fnnh, uj` lf n`s ifkhrfs i`jfr`s
lf prheflfr fs `pnae`r fn fkfreaeah lf n` dnfem` lfsefjlfjtf ` e`l` ujh lf
 

jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths. Lf fst` i`jfr`, jufstr`s erffjea`s lasdujeahj`nfs

s`nlràj ` n` nuz y tfjlrfihs iuem` iàs ehjseafjea` lf eõih prhefs`ihs n`
ajdhri`eaõj.
Ufr ehjseafjtfs lf fsth jh jhs v` ` m`efr ajiujfs ` n` ajdnufjea` lf fst`s
lasthrsahjfs, pfrh jhs puflf `yul`r ` l`rjhs eufjt` lf euàjlh fst`ihs
sfsb`jlh n` ajdhri`eaõj quf rfeagaihs, lf ihlh quf phl`ihs rfbun`r ifkhr
jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs.
Shr htr` p`rtf, l`rjhs eufjt` lf n`s erffjea`s lasthrsahj`l`s quf ajdnuyfj
fj jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths jhs v` ` `yul`r ` lfs`rrhnn`r uj` i`yhr ehjeafjea`
ift`ehbjatav`. Lf fst` i`jfr` ehifjz`rfihs fn va`kf quf nnfv`rà lfn pfjs`r
fj ihlh hgkfth m`ea` uj` dhri` lf pfjs`r iuemh iàs ift`ehbjatav`.
S`r` fnnh, phlfihs `pnae`r n` dnfem` lfsefjlfjtf ` thlhs `qufnnhs
pfjs`iafjths quf mfihs alh rfbastr`jlh. Sfrh t`igaáj phlfihs ehigaj`r
fstf fkfreaeah ehj jufvhs pfjs`iafjths quf v`y`ihs lftfet`jlh.
Mf lasfð`lh uj` mhk` lf tr`g`kh p`r` quf pufl`s `pujt`r tus lasthrsahjfs
ehbjatav`s y tus erffjea`s lasdujeahj`nfs rfn`eahj`l`s ehj e`l` pfjs`iafjth.
N` puflfs ehipnft`r ehj thlhs nhs pfjs`iafjths quf quafr`s, eu`jths iàs
ifkhr. @sé fipfz`ràs ` l`rtf eufjt` lf quf e`sa safiprf shj erffjea`s lfn
iasih taph n`s quf ghaehtf`j jufstr`s val`s.
Fstf e`pétunh fstà lflae`lh `n `uthehjheaiafjth, iafjtr`s quf fn sabuafjtf
sf efjtr` iàs fj eõih lfs`etav`r n` ajdnufjea` quf tafjfj fst`s erffjea`s fj
jufstr` val`. Sfrh, pheh ` pheh, tfjfihs quf ar `lquarafjlh n`s m`ganal`lfs
jfefs`ra`s p`r` rfbun`r fiheahjfs lf uj` dhri` p`un`taj`. Shr fnnh tf
rfehiafjlh quf m`b`s e`l` fkfreaeah pheh ` pheh.

Sfjs`iafjth `u
`uthià taeh Lasthrsahjfs eeh
hbj at av `s E rf f j e a ` s l
laasdujeahj`nfs

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\f lfkh uj fkfipnh p`r` quf tf rfsuntf iàs dàean.

Sfjs`iafjth Lasthrsahjfs Erffjea`s lasdujeahj`nfs

`uthiàtaeh ehbjatav`s

«Thy ` suspfjlfr fn @jtaeap`eaõj. Fs tfrragnf quf n`s ehs`s jh suefl`j ehih if

fx`ifj. Ufrà uj` E`t`strhdaz`eaõj. bust`ré`. Fxastf uj` shnueaõj pfrdfet` p`r` e`l` ujh
e`tàstrhdf.¿ lf nhs prhgnfi`s. Q jh sfr e`p`z lf fjehjtr`rn`
suphjf uj` e`tàstrhdf.

«Ia jhva` jh ehjtfst` @jtaeap`eaõj. Ufr `i`lh fs uj` jfefsal`l fxtrfi` p`r` fn sfr
` ias ifjs`kfs. If v` E`t`strhdaz`eaõj. mui`jh. Fs tfrragnf quf n`s ehs`s jh suefl`j ehih
` lfk`r y saj fnn` jh Ajdfrfjea`s `rgatr`ra`s. if bust`ré`.
sfrá j`l`.¿ Nfetur` lf
pfjs`iafjth.

«Ua jh ehjsabh `prhg`r Sfjs`iafjth S`r` ehjsalfr`rif uj` pfrshj` vànal` tfjbh quf
n` hphsaeaõj, sfrá uj laehtõiaeh. ehjsfbuar thlh nh quf if prhphjbh.
dr`e`s`lh thl` n` Sfrdfeeahjasih.
val`.¿
 

Srfheup`eahjfs. Eu`jlh n` n`v`lhr`

ifjt`n sf phjf ` dujeahj`r

Lf prhjth fipfeá ` jht`r quf y` jh tfjé` n` jfefsal`l lf prfheup`rif.

Uhn`ifjtf hgsfrv`g` ias pfjs`iafjths saj tfjfr n` jfefsal`l lf muar lf
fnnhs. Ehiprfjlé` quf jh fr`j p`rtf lf ié. Qh fr` `qufn quf nhs hgsfrv`g`.
Fr` ehih `shi`rif ` vfr n` pfnéeun` lf ia ifjtf. Vjhs lé`s fr` uj`
ehifla` y htrhs, uj dani lf tfrrhr. Sfrh sf tr`t`g` shn`ifjtf lf fsh, lf uj`
pfnéeun`.
Ias fiheahjfs dufrhj e`l` vfz ifjhs ajtfjs`s y pheh ` pheh n` vasaõj
hseur` lfn iujlh ehifjzõ ` tr`jsdhri`rsf fj uj` iuemh iàs hptaiast`. Ua
naiat`g` nhs tafiphs quf nf lflae`g` ` n` prfheup`eaõj, vhnvé` ` sfjtarif
gafj. @prfjlé fjsfbual` ` hgsfrv`r pfjs`iafjths y lfk`rnhs fst`r, y fsh if
s`nvõ n` val`.

Wfspufst`s ehbjatav`s; ¸eõih lfk`r lf prfheup`rif8

Fj fn e`pétunh `jtfrahr mfihs mfemh uj rfp`sh bfjfr`n `n ihlh fj quf

pfreagaihs jufstrh iujlh. Jhs mfihs lflae`lh ` lfseragar n`s rfspufst`s
ehbjatav`s y lf lõjlf vafjfj t`nfs rfspufst`s. Ehih ifjeahjàg`ihs, sf
tr`t`g` lf uj e`pétunh lflae`lh `n `uthehjheaiafjth, p`r` quf fjtfjlafsfs
phr quá pfreagfs n` rf`nal`l lf n` i`jfr` fj quf nh m`efs. Fjtfjlafjlh fn
prhefsh, fst`ihs lfs`rrhnn`jlh uj` ehjeafjea` ift`ehbjatav` lf jufstr`
 

i`jfr` lf vfr fn iujlh, y` quf ehifjz`ihs ` fjtfjlfr quf jufstrhs

pfjs`iafjths jh shj rf`nal`lfs, sajh prhlueths lf jufstr` ifjtf. @n thi`r
fst` last`jea` ehj jufstr`s rfspufst`s ehbjatav`s phlfihs ehifjz`r `
eufstahj`rjhs sa lf vfrl`l nh quf pfjs`ihs ehjeufrl` ehj n` rf`nal`l.
Uhn`ifjtf `suiar quf phlfihs fst`r fquavhe`lhs jhs `yul` ` sfr iuemh
iàs dnfxagnfs.
Tfé`ihs eõih, phr eufstahjfs lf fehjhié` ehbjatav`, lf prahraz`eaõj lf
rfspufst`s jfefs`ra`s p`r` n` supfrvavfjea`, fn efrfgrh prhefs` shn`ifjtf uj`
p`rtf lf n` ajdhri`eaõj lasphjagnf. Fn dantrh quf utanaz`ihs p`r` prhefs`r n`
ajdhri`eaõj lfpfjlf fj br`j iflal` lfn `prfjlaz`kf quf m`y`ihs mfemh
lur`jtf thl` jufstr` val`. @dhrtuj`l`ifjtf, nhs sfrfs mui`jhs ehjt`ihs ehj
n` e`p`eal`l p`r` vhnvfr ` rfv`nu`r n` ajdhri`eaõj lasphjagnf p`r` `l`pt`r lf
fstf ihlh jufstr` rfspufst` fiheahj`n. Q fs quf fxastfj vé`s jfurhj`nfs quf
v`j lfslf fn sastfi` néigaeh, fje`rb`lh prajeap`nifjtf lfn prhefs`iafjth
fiheahj`n, ` n` ehrtfz` efrfgr`n, fje`rb`l` lfn prhefs`iafjth lf ehrtf iàs
r`eahj`n. Sfrh t`igaáj fxastfj, `ujquf fj ifjhr iflal`, vé`s jfurhj`nfs quf
v`j lf n` ehrtfz` `n sastfi` néigaeh. ¸Fsth quá quafrf lfear8 Sufs quf, ehih
mfihs vasth, n`s fiheahjfs prhluefj e`igahs fj n`s rfspufst`s ehbjatav`s,
pfrh t`igaáj nhs e`igahs vhnujt`rahs fj fn sastfi` ehbjatavh tafjfj
ajdnufjea` fj jufstr`s fiheahjfs. Srfeas`ifjtf shgrf fstf sustr`th dasahnõbaeh
sf `phy`j n`s táejae`s quf v`ihs ` `prfjlfr fj fstf e`pétunh.
Fj fn e`pétunh `jtfrahr, `prfjlaihs ` lftfet`r n`s fv`nu`eahjfs ehbjatav`s
quf jufstrh efrfgrh nnfv`g` ` e`gh p`r` fjtfjlfr fn phrquá lf jufstr`s
rf`eeahjfs fiheahj`nfs. @prfjlaihs t`igaáj ` utanaz`r n` dnfem` lfsefjlfjtf
p`r` vasnuigr`r quá lasthrsahjfs ehbjatav`s y erffjea`s fst`g`j dujeahj`jlh
fj uj ihifjth l`lh. Ufbur`ifjtf, sa m`s mfemh nhs fkfreaeahs quf tf
prhphjé`, tf m`gràs l`lh eufjt` lf quf n` i`yhré` lf n`s vfefs n`s
lasthrsahjfs quf `p`rfefj shj trfifjl`ifjtf p`rfeal`s. Suflf quf tf m`y`
shrprfjlalh quf tu ehiphrt`iafjth lur`jtf iuemhs `ðhs m`y` fst`lh bua`lh
 

phr fstf taph lf sfsbhs y erffjea`s. Sfrh m` nnfb`lh n` mhr` lf `prfjlfr `

`etu`r lf htr` i`jfr` p`r` rfbun`r nhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs y, `sé, ehjsfbuar
ihladae`r pheh ` pheh n`s lasthrsahjfs ehbjatav`s.
Fn praifr p`sh p`r` phlfr ihladae`r jufstr`s ajtfrprft`eahjfs jfb`tav`s fs
lftfet`r nh quf fst`ihs ajtfrprft`jlh, lf nh ehjtr`rah rfsunt` aiphsagnf
fjraqufefr jufstr` fv`nu`eaõj ehbjatav`. Fsths frrhrfs lf pfjs`iafjth
i`jtafjfj fj fn tafiph p`ut`s rébal`s lf ehiphrt`iafjth fiheahj`n, ` vfefs
fstàj t`j `rr`ab`l`s quf puflf sfr ladéean lftfet`r nhs pfjs`iafjths. S`rfef
ehih sa n` rfspufst` fiheahj`n e`rfeafsf lf rfspufst` ehbjatav`. Fsth sf lfgf
` quf mfihs mfemh fn prhefsh iuem`s vfefs y sf m`j `uthi`taz`lh ajenush
n`s rfspufst`s ehjluetu`nfs. Fst` rabalfz lf pfjs`iafjth jhs aipalf fv`nu`r
lf dhri` `lfeu`l` nh quf fstà heurrafjlh fj rf`nal`l y pfrlfihs lf vast` n`s
ladfrfjtfs ajtfrprft`eahjfs fxastfjtfs lf uj` iasi` satu`eaõj.
Fn prhgnfi` lf fst`s ajtfrprft`eahjfs jh fs quf sf`j frrõjf`s, sajh quf n`
i`yhré` lf n`s vfefs jhs naiat`j y jhs bfjfr`j br`j i`nfst`r, nh eu`n, nfkhs
lf `yul`rjhs ` fst`r `l`pt`lhs, jhs ladaeunt`j n` val`. Shr nh quf fn hgkftavh
praihrla`n lf n` rffv`nu`eaõj ehbjatav` jh fs sustatuar pfjs`iafjths
jfb`tavhs phr pfjs`iafjths phsatavhs, sajh sfr iàs dnfxagnfs y kusths ` n` mhr`
lf ajtfrprft`r n` rf`nal`l.
Vj` lf n`s en`vfs p`r` fse`p`r lf nhs eéreunhs vaeahshs lf n`s lasthrsahjfs
ehbjatav`s fs thi`r jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths jh ehih rf`nal`lfs, sajh ehih nh
quf fj rf`nal`l shj, ajtfrprft`eahjfs quf m`efihs lf n` rf`nal`l. Lf fst`
i`jfr` pfrlfràj dufrz` f ajdnufjea` fj jhshtrhs y l`ràj p`sh ` n`
dnfxaganal`l.
Shr fkfipnh, ai`béj`tf quf fstàs fj uj `vaõj ` pujth lf lfspfb`r. Uuphjtf
quf tafjfs iuemésaih iaflh ` vhn`r, y quf lfslf m`ef `ðhs fvat`s m`efrnh.
Sfrh fst` vfz jh tf qufl` iàs rfiflah quf ehbfr uj `vaõj. Jht`s eõih fn
`p`r`th fipafz` ` thi`r vfnheal`l, fn fstõi`bh sf fjehbf, jht`s n` ghe` sfe`
y nhs iûseunhs lfn eufnnh tfjshs. Fjsfbual` ehiafjz`s ` pfjs`r quf v` `
 

heurrar uj `eealfjtf y thlhs nhs p`s`kfrhs v`j ` ihrar. Nh jhri`n `jtf fst`
satu`eaõj fs quf sajt`ihs iaflh ehj iuem` ajtfjsal`l. Ua tf l`s eufjt`,
fst`ihs fv`nu`jlh n` satu`eaõj lf uj` i`jfr` fj n` eu`n m`b`ihs nh quf
m`b`ihs jufstr` masthra` tfriaj` `qué. Fjsfbual` ehiafjz`s ` guse`r sfð`nfs
p`r` ajtfjt`r tr`jquanaz`rtf, pfrh vfs quf n`s e`r`s lf n`s `z`d`t`s fstàj sfra`s.
Safjs`s quf sfburh quf s`gfj quf m`y `nbûj prhgnfi`. Iar`s phr n` vfjt`j`
y vfs quf n`s `n`s lfn `vaõj sf z`r`jlf`j, sfburh quf fs sfð`n lf quf fn `vaõj
jh fs lf n` ifkhr e`nal`l. Fseuem`s fn rubalh lf nhs ihthrfs y tf shgrfs`nt`s
`ûj iàs, fsf rualh jh puflf sfr jhri`n.
Ua tf dak`s, `n fv`nu`r lf uj` i`jfr` prai`ra` thl` n` satu`eaõj, shn`ifjtf
jhs qufl`ihs ehj lft`nnfs `asn`lhs lf n` iasi`. @lfiàs, n` `tfjeaõj sf jhs
v` ` fstéiunhs jfutrhs, ehih n` fxprfsaõj lf sfrafl`l lf n`s `z`d`t`s (quf
jhri`nifjtf fs lfgalh `n prhthehnh), ` n` dnfxaganal`l lf n`s `n`s lfn `vaõj h
`n shjalh lfn ihthr. Sfrh kuzb`ihs fsths fstéiunhs ehih pfnabrhshs y ehih
sfð`nfs quf ehjdari`j jufstrh pfhr iaflh.
Ua fj fsf ihifjth fstuvaásfihs fjtrfj`lhs p`r` rfv`nu`r n` satu`eaõj, jhs
l`ré`ihs eufjt` lf quf nhs lfiàs p`s`kfrhs fstàj tr`jquanhs, quf jh m`j
e`élh n`s iàse`r`s lf hxébfjh y quf sf tr`t` lf uj lfspfbuf `gshnut`ifjtf
jhri`n. Fn prhgnfi` fs quf tfjfihs t`jth iaflh quf fst`ihs `jtaeap`jlh
jufstr` iufrtf. Fstf pfjs`iafjth, hgva`ifjtf `naifjt` fn iaflh fj nub`r lf
rfluearnh.
Ua ehjsabuaásfihs efjtr`rjhs phr ujhs ihifjths fj jufstr` rfspar`eaõj
p`r` `jen`rjhs fj fn prfsfjtf y ehjsabuaásfihs thi`r `nbh lf last`jea` ehj
rfspfeth ` jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths, jhs l`ré`ihs eufjt` lf quf pfjs`r quf
v`ihs ` ihrar shn`ifjtf fs uj` ajtfrprft`eaõj sfsb`l` lf n` rf`nal`l, jh fs
eafrth quf v`y` ` heurrar. Ufbur`ifjtf, fst` pfrspfetav` jhs tr`jquanaz`ré`,
p`r` lfspuás l`rjhs paf ` fv`nu`r lf dhri` iàs `l`pt`tav` n` satu`eaõj.

Srfheup`eahjfs y ruia`eahjfs
 

Fn prhgnfi`, saj fig`rbh, jh `e`g` fj n` praifr` fv`nu`eaõj quf m`efihs

lfn fstéiunh, sajh quf sf `br`v` eu`jlh fj nub`r lf ehjsalfr`r jufstrhs
pfjs`iafjths ehih prhlueths lf n` ifjtf, ehjdujlaihs nh quf fst`ihs
pfjs`jlh ehj uj` rf`nal`l.
@jtf fsf praifr fstéiunh ehbjatavh, fjsfbual` jufstr` ifjtf rf`eeahj` ehj
uj` sfraf lf pfjs`iafjths p`r` ajtfjt`r iajaiaz`r fn aip`eth fiheahj`n lf
fs` praifr` fv`nu`eaõj, pfrh fj nub`r lf tr`jquanaz`rjhs, nh quf heurrf fs
fx`et`ifjtf nh ehjtr`rah; `e`g`ihs prfheup`lhs.
Shjb`ihs uj fkfipnh p`r` vfrnh iàs en`r`ifjtf. Lab`ihs quf fst`ihs fj
n` e`i` eu`jlh jhs `ehrl`ihs lf quf `n lé` sabuafjtf tfjfihs quf `e`g`r uj
prhyfeth p`r` fn tr`g`kh. Fsf praifr rfeufrlh sfré` fn fstéiunh quf fv`nu`ihs
lf dhri` jfb`tav`. Srhg`gnfifjtf sajt`ihs quf `uifjt` n` `jsafl`l, y p`r`
ehjtr`rrfst`rn` quazà ajtfjtfihs tr`jquanaz`rjhs pfjs`jlh quf tfjfihs
tafiph lf shgr`. Sfrh, prhg`gnfifjtf, fj `nbûj pujth lf jufstrh dnukh lf
pfjs`iafjth t`igaáj pfjsfihs quf abu`n surbf uj aiprfvasth y puflf quf jh
jhs lá tafiph ` m`efr n` t`rf`. Druth lf n` `jsafl`l quf v`ihs sajtafjlh, fs
prhg`gnf quf fn ehjtfjalh lf nhs pfjs`iafjths e`l` vfz sf` iàs e`t`strhdast`,
y jufstr` `tfjeaõj sf v`y` sfsb`jlh m`ea` nhs `spfeths quf v`nhr`ihs ehih
iàs pfnabrhshs lf n` satu`eaõj. Shr fnnh, puflf quf e`l` vfz nf lfihs iàs y
iàs vufnt`s ` n` e`gfz` y jufstr` `jsafl`l, nfkhs lf ar ` ifjhs, sf v`y`
ajerfifjt`jlh.
@ br`jlfs r`sbhs, fstf sfré`, gàsae`ifjtf, fn prhefsh quf bfjfr`ré` n`
prfheup`eaõj. Q uj` lf n`s e`r`etfréstae`s lf fst` fs quf sufnf fst`r fjdhe`l`
m`ea` fn duturh, phr nh quf jhri`nifjtf fn ehjtfjalh lf nhs pfjs`iafjths
sufnfj sfr `jtaeap`eahjfs lf satu`eahjfs, fxpfet`tav`s h lfsfhs. N`s
fiheahjfs quf sufnfj fst`r aipnae`l`s fj nhs prhefshs lf prfheup`eaõj
sufnfj sfr lf `jsafl`l, ar` h iaflh, y bfjfr`nifjtf shj iuy pheh
`l`pt`tav`s. Shrquf, y` tf nh `jtaeaph, prfheup`rsf jh v`nf `gshnut`ifjtf
p`r` j`l`. Nh vfrfihs iàs `lfn`jtf.
 

Shr htrh n`lh, tfjfihs nhs prhefshs lf ruia`eaõj. Fj fstf e`sh, fn

ehjtfjalh lf nhs pfjs`iafjths sufnf tfjfr quf vfr ehj `ehjtfeaiafjths
p`s`lhs, phr nh quf nhs sfsbhs ehbjatavhs lf ifihra` ehgr`j iàs rfnfv`jea`.
Jhri`nifjtf, eu`jlh ruia`ihs shnfihs v`nhr`r uj `ehjtfeaiafjth p`s`lh
ehih jfb`tavh, uj suefsh quf `dfet` ` jufstr` `uthv`né` h ` jufstr`
`uthfstai`. Suflf sfr ajtfrjh h fxtfrjh, pfrh bfjfr`nifjtf pfreagaihs quf
jh mfihs `etu`lh lf dhri` fdae`z. Ua rfeufrl`s, ujh lf nhs fstéiunhs quf
shné`j lasp`r`r n` trastfz` fs n` pfrefpeaõj lf phe` fdae`ea`, phr nh quf, `
ladfrfjea` lf n` prfheup`eaõj, fj n` ruia`eaõj sufnf fst`r aipnae`l` fst`
fiheaõj. Jhri`nifjtf, eu`jlh ehifjz`ihs ` qufl`rjhs fjb`jem`lhs fj
fstf taph lf guenf lf pfjs`iafjths, jufstr` fiheaõj v` ajerfifjt`jlh, nh
quf m`ef quf sfsbufihs n` rf`nal`l, pufsth quf jhs efjtr`ihs fj `qufnnhs
fstéiunhs quf ehjeufrl`j ehj jufstr` fiheaõj. Fs lfear, sa fsthy trastf, if
efjtr`rá fj n`s p`rtfs jfb`tav`s lf nh quf fstá rfehrl`jlh. @lfiàs, nhs
sfsbhs lf ifihra` m`ràj quf tr`ab` ` ia ifjtf htrhs rfeufrlhs quf tfjb`j
uj` v`nfjea` fiheahj`n p`rfeal`, nh quf ajerfifjt`rà `ûj iàs n` fiheaõj, y
nhs sfsbhs lf `tfjeaõj y nhs sfsbhs ehbjatavhs prhg`gnfifjtf if fipuk`ràj `
vfr n` satu`eaõj ehih iuemh pfhr lf nh quf fj rf`nal`l fs.
Vj fkfipnh lf ruia`eaõj phlré` sfr fstf. Ai`bajfihs quf mfihs sudralh
uj` ruptur` lf p`rfk` m`ef pheh tafiph. Fs prhg`gnf quf jhs quflfihs
fjb`jem`lhs fj eu`nquafr rfeufrlh quf sf lasp`rf `n rf`naz`r eu`nquafr
`etaval`l quf `jtfs m`eé`ihs fj p`rfk`. Shlré` l`rsf fn e`sh lf fst`r
p`sf`jlh phr uj` e`nnf y rfehrl`r euàjlh nh m`eé`ihs ehj n` htr` pfrshj`. Fj
fsf ihifjth, fs prhg`gnf quf fipfefihs ` pfjs`r fj nh i`r`vannhs` quf fr`
y rfehrlfihs satu`eahjfs fj n`s quf duaihs dfnaefs. Fsth m`rà quf n` last`jea`
fiheahj`n ehj `qufnnhs ihifjths sf` t`j br`jlf quf jhs sajt`ihs `ûj iàs
trastfs. Srhg`gnfifjtf sfsb`rfihs n` rf`nal`l tfjafjlh fj eufjt` shn`ifjtf
n`s eu`nal`lfs phsatav`s lf jufstr` fxp`rfk` y lfk`rfihs dufr` lfn prhefsh
ifjt`n thl`s `qufnn`s ehs`s quf jhs bust`g`j ifjhs. Sheh ` pheh, jufstr`
 

trastfz` y jufstr` `jsafl`l aràj fj `uifjth y tfriaj`rfihs sudrafjlh saj quf

fnnh tfjb` iuemh sfjtalh. Lf jufvh, `n abu`n quf n` prfheup`eaõj, ruia`r jh
sarvf p`r` j`l`. Nh vfrfihs iàs `lfn`jtf.
Shr eufstahjfs pr`biàtae`s, fj `lfn`jtf, eu`jlh m`gnf lf prfheup`eaõj h
ruia`eaõj if fst`rá rfdarafjlh ` `ighs prhefshs, s`nvh quf ajlaquf nh
ehjtr`rah, y` quf jufstr` dhri` lf `etu`r `jtf fnnhs sfrà fx`et`ifjtf n`
iasi` fj n` i`yhré` lf nhs e`shs.

Ihlfnh ift`ehbjatavh

@lra`j Rfnns nnfv` `ðhs lfs`rrhnn`jlh uj ihlfnh ifla`jtf fn eu`n sf fxpnae`

fn i`jtfjaiafjth lf eafrths tr`sthrjhs ehih ehjsfeufjea` lf nhs prhefshs lf
ruia`eaõj y prfheup`eaõj. Fj fn ihifjth `etu`n, n` tfr`pa` ift`ehbjatav` m`
lfihstr`lh sfr fdae`z p`r` fn tr`t`iafjth lf n` i`yhré` lf nhs tr`sthrjhs lf
`jsafl`l y fst`lh lf àjaih.
Fn ihlfnh bar` fj thrjh ` n` `etav`eaõj lfn séjlrhif ehbjatavh `tfjeahj`n,
uj prhefsh fj fn quf n` `tfjeaõj lf n` pfrshj` sf dak` fj nhs pfjs`iafjths lf
ehrtf iàs fiheahj`n. \hlh ehiafjz` ehj uj fstéiunh (h ajput , ehih nh
lfjhiaj` fn `uthr), quf fs fiheahj`nifjtf rfnfv`jtf y quf jhs m`ef `tfjlfr,
e`sa lf dhri` fxenusav`, ` án. Fstf sfsbh lf `tfjeaõj, sui`lh ` nhs sfsbhs

ehbjatavhs quf
jfb`tavhs lf n` jhs dhe`naz`j
satu`eaõj, fj quf
m`efj n`s sfð`nfs lf pfnabrh
n` ajtfjsal`l lf n` hfiheaõj
fj nhs `spfeths
sf` e`l` iàs
vfz
i`yhr. Fsth prhluef jufvhs pfjs`iafjths fiheahj`nfs y i`yhr dhe`naz`eaõj
`tfjeahj`n fj fnnhs. Uf tr`t` lf uj guenf quf sf rftrh`naifjt` m`st` quf
ajtfjt`ihs, lf i`jfr` ajdruetuhs`, fnaiaj`r nhs pfjs`iafjths lf jufstr`
ifjtf. S`r`lõkae`ifjtf, ehih lfihstr`rfihs nufbh, nhs ajtfjths phr
supraiar fn pfjs`iafjth prhluefj uj `uifjth lf nhs iasihs, phr nh quf n`
prfheup`eaõj puflf prhnhjb`rsf lur`jtf iuemh tafiph.
 

Bràdaeh =.0. Ihlfnh
=.0. Ihlfnh lfn séjlrhif ehbjatavh `tfjeahj`n. G`s`lh fj Rfnns. (7336).

@lfiàs, fstf prhefsh fstà ifla`lh phr erffjea`s ift`ehbjatav`s

lasdujeahj`nfs quf vfrfihs ehj lftfjaiafjth fj fn sabuafjtf `p`rt`lh. Fst`s
erffjea`s, ehih, phr fkfipnh, pfjs`r quf prfheup`rjhs fs gfjfdaeahsh p`r`
jhshtrhs, m`efj quf uj` y htr` vfz e`ab`ihs fj n` tr`ip` lf l`rnf
lfi`sa`l`s vufnt`s ` uj mfemh fj ehjerfth.
Shjbh uj fkfipnh p`r` fjtfjlfr ifkhr fn prhefsh. M`ef uj tafiph, eu`jlh
 

ehifjeá n` `vfjtur` lf ihjt`r uj lfsp`emh lf psaehnhbé` phr ia eufjt`,

fst`g` prfheup`lh phr sa fn jfbheah dujeahj`ré` h jh. Fr`
F r` uj` áphe` ladéean, n`
fehjhié` jh fst`g` p`r` tar`r ehmftfs, m`gé` iuem` ehipftfjea` y yh jh
tfjé` fxpfrafjea` ehih fiprfjlflhr. Fj `qufnnhs lé`s, uj ajput   quf m`eé`
quf sf lasp`r`sf ia prhefsh lf prfheup`eaõj fr` iar`r n` g`jlfk` lf fjtr`l`
lf ia ehrrfh y jh vfr jajbuj` shnaeatul p`r` ehifjz`r ` m`efr tfr`pa`
ehjiabh.
Fstf fstéiunh if m`eé` fv`nu`r n` rf`nal`l lf dhri` sfsb`l` pfjs`jlh
«Ufbur`ifjtf h dujeahj`rà y tfjlrá quf vhnvfr ` tr`g`k`r phr eufjt` `kfj`¿.
Fjsfbual` ehifjz`g` ` l`rnf vufnt`s ` thlh fn tr`g`kh quf m`gé` mfemh, y
`jtaeap`g` quf tfjlré` quf efrr`r n` fiprfs`, nh quf m`eé` quf if sajtafr`
iuy ajfdae`z. Fsth ` su vfz, lfs`t`g` uj` fiheaõj lf trastfz` quf m`eé` quf
bfjfr`naz`r` ia supufst` ajfdae`ea` ` thl`s n`s àrf`s lf ia val`.
Fj phehs iajuths ehifjz`g` ` vfrnh thlh jfbrh y dantr`g` n` rf`nal`l fj
dujeaõj lf ia fst`lh fiheahj`n. Fr` trfifjl`ifjtf e`t`strhdast`, fst`g`
ehjvfjealh lf quf fn sabuafjtf ifs tfjlré` quf efrr`r, quf juje` k`iàs
phlré` vavar lf n` psaehnhbé`, quf thlh ia fjthrjh pfjs`ré` quf fr` uj
dr`e`s`lh phr m`gfr lfk`lh uj fipnfh fj htr` fiprfs` gafj p`b`lh p`r`
iftfrif fj uj` nheur`, y uj n`rbh fteátfr` lf satu`eahjfs daetaea`s quf juje`
heurrafrhj y if quat`rhj iàs lf uj` jhemf lf sufðh. Ifjhs i`n quf
ehifjeá ` `pnae`rif fn eufjth y pusf fj i`rem` n`s táejae`s jfefs`ra`s p`r`
bfstahj`r ia `jsafl`l y ia trastfz`.

Erffjea`s ift`ehbjatav`s lasdujeahj`nfs

Fj fn e`pétunh `jtfrahr, m`gnàg`ihs lf n`s erffjea`s y lf eõih fst`s ajdnuyfj

lf i`jfr` fvalfjtf fj jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths. Sufs gafj, m`y uj` sfraf lf
erffjea`s rfn`eahj`l`s ehj jufstrhs prhefshs ehbjatavhs quf m`efj quf n`s
prfheup`eahjfs sf i`jtfjb`j. Uf tr`t` lf n`s erffjea`s ift`ehbjatav`s, y m`j
salh lfserat`s phr @lra`j Rfnns y su fquaph fj fn ehjtfxth lfn lfs`rrhnnh lf
 

n` tfr`pa` ift`ehbjatav`.
N`s erffjea`s ift`ehbjatav`s puflfj sfr lf lhs taphs; phsatav`s y
jfb`tav`s. @ig`s shj abu`n lf pheh `l`pt`tav`s ` pfs`r lfn jhigrf, y` quf
i`jtafjfj fn prhefsh lf prfheup`eaõj y dhifjt`j fn séjlrhif ehbjatavh
`tfjeahj`n.
S`sfihs ` vfr e`l` uj` lf fnn`s p`r` quf sf fjtafjl` ifkhr.

Ift`ehbjaeahjfs jfb`tav`s
M`y lhs taphs lf ift`ehbjaeahjfs jfb`tav`s; erffjea`s quf pfreagfj fn
prhefsh lf prfheup`eaõj h ruia`eaõj ehih `nbh pfnabrhsh p`r` jufstr` s`nul,
y n`s quf nh lfdajfj ehih `nbh ajehjtrhn`gnf.
Fj rfdfrfjea` ` n`s praifr`s, m`y quf sfð`n`r quf, `ujquf ` j`laf nf bust`
fst`r prfheup`lhs, saipnfifjtf sf tr`t` lf uj` suefsaõj lf pfjs`iafjths quf
lasp`r`j fiheahjfs lfs`br`l`gnfs quf sf v`j sfeufjea`jlh. Fj jajbûj e`sh,
n`s prfheup`eahjfs shj `nbh pfnabrhsh. Uhj prhlueths lf jufstr` ifjtf, jh
tafjfj n` e`p`eal`l lf prhluearjhs jajbûj i`n ja désaeh ja psaehnõbaeh. Fs
lfear, phr iuemh quf jhs prfheupfihs juje` v`ihs ` vhnvfrjhs nhehs phr
fnnh, ja v`ihs ` tfjfr prhgnfi`s lf s`nul (if rfdafrh ` n` prfheup`eaõj fj sé,
sa jhs p`s`ihs n` val` ehj uj javfn lf fstrás ehjsalfr`gnf, prhg`gnfifjtf
lfs`rrhnn`rfihs prhgnfi`s `shea`lhs ` fnnh). Sfrh n` en`vf fs fjtfjlfr quf
fstf prhefsh jh fs pfnabrhsh p`r` jhshtrhs, pufs jh m`y r`zhjfs ja fvalfjea`
eafjtédae` `nbuj` p`r` erffr quf nh sf`. Lf mfemh, uj` lf n`s táejae`s quf sf
utanaz`j m`gatu`nifjtf p`r` rfluear fn javfn lf prfheup`eaõj fs prfeas`ifjtf
lflae`r uj tafiph `n lé` ` prfheup`rjhs `lrflf. Fstf fkfreaeah ehjsabuf g`k`r
n` ajtfjsal`l, n` drfeufjea` y n` lur`eaõj lf fsths prhefshs ifjt`nfs. Nh
vfrfihs iàs `lfn`jtf.
N` htr` d`iana` lf erffjea`s ift`ehbjatav`s jfb`tav`s tafjf quf vfr ehj
erffr quf n` prfheup`eaõj h n` ruia`eaõj shj ajehjtrhn`gnfs. Q y` tf `jtaeaph
quf fs `gshnut`ifjtf d`nsh. Shlfihs ehjtrhn`r fn prhefsh lf prfheup`eaõj,
 

nh quf heurrf fs quf jh tfjfihs n`s mfrr`iafjt`s p`r` m`efrnh. Sfrh, n`s
prfheup`eahjfs shj uj prhefsh ehjtrhn`lh fj fn quf jufstr` vhnujt`l fstà
aipnae`l`. Fj fstf e`pétunh tf vhy ` l`r n`s en`vfs p`r` quf `prfjl`s ` lfk`r
lf l`rnf vufnt`s ` n` e`gfz`.
S`r` quf vf`s quf fj rf`nal`l sé quf tfjfihs e`p`eal`l p`r` ehjtrhn`r
jufstr`s prfheup`eahjfs, tf vhy ` n` sabuafjtf satu`eaõj; ai`baj` quf fstàs
suialh fj uj` prfheup`eaõj. Uhn`ifjtf lflae`s tu `tfjeaõj ` sfbuar
`naifjt`jlh fstf prhefsh. Lf rfpfjtf, sufj` uj` fxpnhsaõj ` phehs iftrhs lf
ta. ¸Ufbuaré`s abu`n lf prfheup`lh phr fn tfi` `n quf `jtfs nf l`g`s vufnt`s8
¸H tu `tfjeaõj y tus pfjs`iafjths sf efjtr`ré`j fj fn jufvh fstéiunh8
Ufbur`ifjtf larabaré`ihs jufstr` `tfjeaõj m`ea` fn fstéiunh jufvh, nh quf
m`ré` quf fn javfn lf prfheup`eaõj ajaea`n sf rflukfr` ehjsalfr`gnfifjtf p`r`
prahraz`r htrh taph lf `etu`eaõj `jtf fn jufvh fstéiunh.
Lf `eufrlh, puflfs lfear quf tû jh ehjtrhn`s fn quf fxpnhtf `nbh. Q tf vhy
` «ehipr`r¿ fn `rbuifjth. Lf ihifjth, m`st` quf tf lfiufstrf quf puflfs
ehjtrhn`r fn jh prfheup`rtf. Nh v`ihs ` ar vafjlh.

Ift`ehbjaeahjfs phsatav`s
\`igaáj fxastfj erffjea`s `efre` lf quf nhs prhefshs lf prfheup`eaõj y
ruia`eaõj shj jfefs`rahs p`r` fst`r `l`pt`lhs. Fs lfear, quf prfheup`rsf fs
gfjfdaeahsh. Q n` rf`nal`l fs quf phr nh bfjfr`n jh hgtfjfihs `gshnut`ifjtf
j`l` lf fsths prhefshs. Fs iàs, eu`jlh fjtr`ihs fj fnnhs shnh ehje`tfj`ihs
pfjs`iafjths fiheahj`nfs quf bfjfr`nifjtf jhs nnfv`j ` ajerfifjt`r
fiheahjfs pheh `l`pt`tav`s.
Fxastfj erffjea`s `efre` lf n` prfheup`eaõj quf shj trfifjl`ifjtf
jfb`tav`s, t`nfs ehih «sa jh tf prfheup`s fs quf jh tf aiphrt`¿. J`l` tafjf
quf vfr n` aiphrt`jea` quf nf hthrb`ihs ` n`s ehs`s ehj nhs prhefshs
ehbjatavhs quf utanaefihs p`r` bfstahj`r jufstr`s fiheahjfs. Shr fkfipnh, `
ié if aiphrt` iuemésaih fn gafjfst`r lf ia d`iana` y ias `iabhs, pfrh jh
 

fsthy l`jlh vufnt`s ` n` e`gfz` ehjst`jtfifjtf ` n`s phsagnfs lfsbr`ea`s quf

nfs puflfj heurrar. Shr iuemh quf ajtfjtf `jtaeap`r n`s phsagnfs e`tàstrhdfs
quf pufl`j ` heurrar fj ia val`, fn prhefsh lf prfheup`eaõj jh v` ` m`efr
quf fstá prfp`r`lh p`r` fnn`s. Fs iàs, sa tf dak`s, jajbuj` fxpfet`tav` quf
m`y`s tfjalh fj tu val` sf m` nnfb`lh ` euipnar t`n y ehih fr` fj tu
ai`baj`eaõj. Suflf quf safiprf shð`sfs ehj va`k`r ` S`rés, y ` nh ifkhr nh
m`s ehjsfbualh, pfrh tf `sfburh quf S`rés jh fr` ehih nh ai`baj`g`s fj tu
e`gfz` (f ajenush ja ehih nh vfé`s fj n`s dhths).
@lfiàs, eu`jlh rf`nifjtf heurrf `nbh aiphrt`jtf, jufstr`s fiheahjfs (fj
fstf e`sh `l`pt`tav`s) sf sufnfj fje`rb`r lf quf `etufihs lf uj` dhri`
ràpal` y fdae`z. Ua pafjs`s fj fn ûntaih `ehjtfeaiafjth aiphrt`jtf lf tu val`
y rfeufrl`s eõih `etu`stf, fs iuy prhg`gnf quf nh maeafr`s lf uj` dhri`
g`st`jtf `l`pt`l` ` n`s jfefsal`lfs quf rfquarafr`j fsf ihifjth. @ujquf
ehj fn p`sh lfn tafiph m`y`s fjehjtr`lh `spfeths quf pulastf ifkhr`r,
sfbur`ifjtf `prhg`stf ehj jht`.

Ehjeafjea` ift`ehbjatav`

Jufstrh hgkftavh prajeap`n p`r` ifkhr`r jufstr` e`p`eal`l lf rfbun`r

fiheahjfs fj fn àigath ehbjatavh fs lfs`rrhnn`r uj` ehjeafjea`

ift`ehbjatav` phlfrhs`.
shn`ifjtf prhlueths Fs lfear,
lf jufstr` ifjtffjtfjlfr quf nhs S`r`
y jh rf`nal`lfs. pfjs`iafjths shj
`ne`jz`r fst`
ehjeafjea` jh g`st` ehj s`gfrnh. Fs lfear, jh jhs v`nf ehj nffr fstf pàrr`dh,
sajh quf jfefsat`ihs ar `lquarafjlh fxpfrafjea`s quf lfiufstrfj quf fsth fs
vfrl`l.
Shr fkfipnh, eu`jlh `nbuafj p`lfef uj` dhga` ` nhs pfrrhs, s`gf
pfrdfet`ifjtf quf n` i`yhré` jh shj pfnabrhshs. Nh s`gf lf uj ihlh
r`eahj`n, pfrh jh puflf fvat`r sfjtar uj iaflh ajtfjsh e`l` vfz quf uj
fstéiunh rfn`eahj`lh ehj nhs pfrrhs fstà prfsfjtf. Jfefsat` «s`gfr¿
fiheahj`nifjtf quf fsths `jai`nfs jh shj pfnabrhshs. Q fsh nh ehjsabuf
 

fjdrfjtàjlhsf ` satu`eahjfs quf tafjfj quf vfr ehj fstf `jai`n p`r`
ehiprhg`r phr sé iasih quf fj rf`nal`l jh nf m`efj jajbûj l`ðh.
Nh iasih heurrf ehj n` ehjeafjea` ift`ehbjatav`. Lfgfihs tfjfr
fxpfrafjea`s quf jhs lfiufstrfj quf phlfihs sfr fdae`efs saj prfheup`rjhs
(ift`ehbjaeahjfs phsatav`s), quf prfheup`rjhs jh suphjf uj prhgnfi` p`r`
jufstr` s`nul désae` y ifjt`n, y quf phlfihs ehjtrhn`r euàjlh jhs
prfheup`ihs y euàjlh jh (ift`ehbjaeahjfs jfb`tav`s). S`r` fnnh, tfjfihs
quf phjfr fj pràetae` n`s m`ganal`lfs quf tf vhy ` ar fjsfð`jlh ehj fn daj lf
`euiun`r fxpfrafjea`s quf tf lfiufstrfj pheh ` pheh quf fj rf`nal`l lf
j`l` v`nf prfheup`rsf, jh fs pfnabrhsh m`efrnh y puflfs ehjtrhn`rnh
pfrdfet`ifjtf.
S`r` quf tf m`b`s uj` alf`, eu`jlh lfseugré fst`s táejae`s nnfv`g` uj
tafiph g`st`jtf `dfet`lh phr uj tfi` sfjtaifjt`n. If p`s`g` fn lé` làjlhnf
vufnt`s ` n` e`gfz`, y if fjehjtr`g` trastf y jfrvahsh n` i`yhr p`rtf lfn
tafiph. Sufs gafj, duf phjfr fj pràetae` thlh nh quf v`s ` `prfjlfr y fj
phehs lé`s ehjsfbué lhiaj`r ias prfheup`eahjfs y ias ruia`eahjfs. Q, phr
supufsth, ehifjeá ` sfjtarif iuemh ifkhr. \`n fs n` phtfjea` lf fst`s
táejae`s quf eu`jlh nnfv`g` uj p`r lf sfi`j`s ehj javfnfs lf gafjfst`r `nths,
rf`naeá uj p`r lf rfths. Jh tf vhy ` ehjt`r nh quf maef phrquf aipnae` `
tfrefr`s pfrshj`s, pfrh gàsae`ifjtf prhvhquá trfs satu`eahjfs quf `jtfs if
mugafsfj e`us`lh uj i`nfst`r iàs quf sabjadae`tavh. ¸Q s`gfs quá8 Puf dua
e`p`z lf i`jtfjfr nhs javfnfs lf gafjfst`r `nths. If `dfetõ iuy pheh? laré`
quf ifjhs lf lafz iajuths `n lé` ehih iuemh. Q tf `sfburh quf yh jh tfjbh
jajbûj supfrphlfr fiheahj`n. Uhn`ifjtf pusf fj pràetae` n`s táejae`s quf
m`j lfihstr`lh sfr fdae`efs ehj fstf taph lf prhgnfi`s.
@sé quf v`ihs ` fipfz`r ` lfseugrar eõih bfstahj`r jufstr`s rfspufst`s
ehbjatav`s. T`ihs p`sh ` p`sh.

Wfprfsaõj lf pfjs`iafjths
 

Vj` lf n`s pfhrfs fstr`tfba`s quf phlfihs nnfv`r ` e`gh p`r` nagr`rjhs lf
jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths ihnfsths fs ajtfjt`r supraiarnhs lf jufstr` ifjtf.
S`r`lõkae`ifjtf, eu`jlh ajtfjt`ihs fnaiaj`r uj` ehbjaeaõj lf jufstr`
ifjtf, fn pfjs`iafjth vufnvf ` `p`rfefr ehj iàs dufrz`. Fs ehih ajtfjt`r
suifrbar uj` pfnht` lf bhi` fj fn `bu`. Ua m`efs dufrz`, quazà nh ehjsab`s
lur`jtf uj tafiph, pfrh, fj eu`jth tf lastr`ab`s, n` pfnht` sugarà p`r` l`rtf fj
thl` n` drfjtf. @sé dujeahj` fn pfjs`iafjth.
Fj nhs `ðhs hemfjt`, Rfbjfr, prhdfshr lf Ssaehnhbé` fj M`rv`rl, nnfvõ `
e`gh uj eánfgrf fxpfraifjth p`r` ehiprhg`r n` fdfetaval`l lf n` suprfsaõj
lfn pfjs`iafjth. Fn fxpfraifjth fst`g` ajspar`lh fj uj` masthra` quf ehjt`g`
\hnstha, fn n`urf`lh fserathr rush, fj n` eu`n `sfbur`g` quf, p`r` fjtr`r fj fn
eéreunh lf `iabhs lf su mfri`jh i`yhr, tfjé` quf p`s`r uj` prufg`. Nf
lfs`da`rhj ` jh nfv`jt`rsf lf uj` sann` iafjtr`s jh lfk`sf lf pfjs`r fj uj hsh
gn`jeh. Fn phgrf \hnstha sfð`n`g` quf, eu`jth iàs nh ajtfjt`g`, ehj iàs
dufrz` vfjé` n` ai`bfj lfn `jai`n.
Rfbjfr sf prhpush ehiprhg`r fipérae`ifjtf fstf mfemh, y palaõ ` uj
bruph lf `nuijhs quf lur`jtf eajeh iajuths pfjs`sfj fj nh quf quasafsfj
ifjhs fj uj hsh gn`jeh. Ua nh m`eé`j, tfjé`j quf the`r uj` e`ip`j`. @n
p`rfefr n` e`ip`j` jh lfk`g` lf shj`r lur`jtf fn fxpfraifjth.
Qh ` fstf fdfeth nh nn`ih fn «fdfeth e`jeaõj lfn vfr`jh¿, phrquf p`rfef
iuy anustr`tavh. Ai`béj`tf quf fstàs fj pnfjh `bhsth (fj fn mfiasdfrah jhrtf),
lhjlf quafr` quf fstás fj fs` áphe`, y lf rfpfjtf tf lfseugrfs t`r`rf`jlh uj`
e`jeaõj mhrragnf quf jh tf bust` j`l`. Ajtfjt`s supraiar n` e`jeaõj lf tu
ifjtf y rfpraiar n`s fiheahjfs quf tf bfjfr`, pfrh `n pheh r`th tf fjeufjtr`s
t`r`rfàjlhn` htr` vfz. Uf tr`t` lfn iasih fdfeth psaehnõbaeh. Q fs quf fn
e`iajh iàs ehrth p`r` i`jtfjfr uj pfjs`iafjth fj n` e`gfz` lur`jtf iuemh
tafiph fs ajtfjt`r fvat`rnh.
Sfrh, p`r`lõkae`ifjtf, fn sfjtalh ehiûj jhs nnfv` ` ajtfjt`r ehjtrhn`r
jufstr`s prfheup`eahjfs lf fst` dhri`. Q en`rh, praifrh fst`ihs uj r`th
 

l`jlh vufnt`s ` `nbh quf jhs prfheup`. Lur`jtf fsf tafiph, n`s fiheahjfs
v`j erfeafjlh fj ajtfjsal`l, nh quf sabjadae` quf fshs pfjs`iafjths sf v`j
`shea`jlh ` fst`s fiheahjfs. Nnfb` uj ihifjth fj fn quf fn i`nfst`r fs t`j
br`jlf quf ajtfjt`ihs fvat`r sfbuar pfjs`jlh fj fnnh. Sfrh fn fdfeth lf n`
suprfsaõj lfn pfjs`iafjth m`ef su `p`raeaõj, y jhs fjehjtr`ihs pfjs`jlh
uj` y htr` vfz fj nh quf jhs prfheup`.
@lfiàs lfn sfjtalh ehiûj, t`igaáj kufb`j fj jufstr` ehjtr` nhs ehjsfkhs
«phpun`rfs¿ quf jhs l`j n`s pfrshj`s quf jhs rhlf`j. Puf ehj thl` su gufj`
ajtfjeaõj jhs laefj ehs`s lfn taph «Jh pafjsfs fj fnnh¿.
Eu`jlh ajtfjt`ihs supraiar uj pfjs`iafjth h uj` prfheup`eaõj, nh iàs
prhg`gnf fs quf jhs heurr` nh iasih quf nf heurré` `n phgrf \hnstha, quf jhs
p`sfihs fn lé` fjtfrh ajtfjt`jlh `p`rt`r n` prfheup`eaõj lf n` e`gfz`.

Hgsfrv`eaõj lf pfjs`iafjths

Nh quf tf prhphjbh p`r` bfstahj`r jufstr`s ehbjaeahjfs fs prfeas`ifjtf nh

ehjtr`rah. Fs lfear, jh ajtfjt`r fvat`r pfjs`r fj `nbh, sajh saipnfifjtf
hgsfrv`rnh. Sfrh m`efrnh lfslf n` last`jea` y saj ajtfjt`r ihladae`r nh quf
`p`rfef fj jufstr` ifjtf. Lf nh ehjtr`rah, sfré` uj` fvat`eaõj p`rfeal` ` n`
suprfsaõj lf pfjs`iafjths.

¸Wfeufrl`s
pfqufðhs jhs eu`jlh tf m`gn`g`
m`j fjsfð`lh lfn ihlh sfr yNnfbàg`ihs
` prfheup`rjhs. lfn ihlh m`efr8 Sufs lé`
fn praifr lfslf
lf
en`sf y jhs lfeé`j; ¸quá quafrfs sfr lf i`yhr8 Q `sé, lfslf kõvfjfs, nnfv`ihs
fjtrfj`jlh n` `jtaeap`eaõj lf satu`eahjfs ` n`rbh pn`zh.
\fjfihs iuy lfs`rrhnn`lh fn ihlh m`efr, pfrh fn ihlh sfr jhs eufst`
iuemh iàs. Jhs eufst` dhe`naz`rjhs fj fn ihifjth prfsfjtf y `g`jlhj`r fn
aipunsh lf «tfjfr¿ quf m`efr `nbh. Shr fsh tf rfehifjl`g`, fj htrh e`pétunh,
fipfz`r ehj fn fkfreaeah lf `tfjeaõj ` n` rfspar`eaõj. Shrquf n` hgsfrv`eaõj
lf pfjs`iafjths fs `nbh p`rfealh. N` fstr`tfba` quf tf vhy ` prfsfjt`r
ehjsastf saipnfifjtf fj hgsfrv`r nhs pfjs`iafjths saj ajtfjt`r ihladae`rnhs.
 

Ehih sa fstuvaásfihs vafjlh uj` pfnéeun`. Eu`jlh v`ihs `n eajf, fst`ihs

fj ihlh fspfet`lhr, y `ujquf m`y` lfeasahjfs quf thifj nhs pfrshj`kfs quf
s`gfihs quf nfs v`j ` tr`fr ehjsfeufjea`s jfb`tav`s jh phlfihs ihladae`r n`
pfnéeun`. Sufs nh quf tf prhphjbh fs thi`r n` iasi` `etatul. Ufr hgsfrv`lhr
lf pfjs`iafjths saj ajtfjt`r e`iga`r j`l`.

Fkfreaeah 0 lf hgsfrv`eaõj lf pfjs`iafjth larabalh

T`ihs ` ajtfjt`r lfihstr`r eõih eu`jlh ajtfjt`ihs `p`rt`r uj pfjs`iafjth
lf jufstr` ifjtf, fstf vufnvf ehj iàs y iàs dufrz`. S`r` fnnh, v`ihs ` m`efr
lhs fkfreaeahs.
Fj fn praifrh, quafrh quf eafrrfs nhs hkhs f ajtfjtfs jh pfjs`r fj uj hsh
gn`jeh lur`jtf eajeh iajuths, ehih fj fn fxpfraifjth lf Rfbjfr. Puafrh
quf e`l` vfz quf fn hsh gn`jeh `p`rfze` fj tu ifjtf m`b`s thlhs nhs
fsdufrzhs phsagnfs p`r` fem`rnh lf `mé. If l` abu`n n` fstr`tfba` quf utanaefs,
pfrh eájtr`tf fj jh pfjs`r fj fn hsh gn`jeh.
¸Puá m` p`s`lh8 ¸M` `p`rfealh fn hsh gn`jeh8 Jhri`nifjtf, eu`jlh
m`efihs fstf fkfreaeah, jh p`r`j lf `p`rfefr pfjs`iafjths rfn`eahj`lhs ehj
fn hsh gn`jeh. Q e`l` vfz quf nh `p`rt`ihs, ehjsfbuaihs phr ujhs sfbujlhs
quf jhs lfkf tr`jquanhs, pfrh vufnvf ehj n` iasi` dufrz`.
@mhr` v`ihs ` utanaz`r uj` fstr`tfba` lastajt`. Lur`jtf htrhs eajeh iajuths,
sa `p`rfef fn hsh gn`jeh saipnfifjtf lák`nh fst`r. Jh ajtfjtfs `p`rt`rnh lf tu
pfjs`iafjth. Suflfs hgsfrv`rnh saj ajtfr`eeahj`r ehj án, pfrh saj m`efr
fsdufrzhs p`r` fnaiaj`rnh lf n` ifjtf. Ua `p`rfefj htrhs pfjs`iafjths fstà
pfrdfeth, pfrh lfk` fst`r `n `jai`n.
¸Puá m` p`s`lh8 Jhri`nifjtf, eu`jlh utanaz`ihs fst` fstr`tfba`, fn hsh
sabuf `p`rfeafjlh, pfrh fjsfbual` jhs lastr`fihs ehj htrh pfjs`iafjth y
`p`rfef fj ifjhs he`sahjfs quf fj n` ihl`nal`l `jtfrahr.
Suflf quf m`y`s ehjsfbualh rfpraiar n` ai`bfj lfn hsh gn`jeh, pfrh,
jhri`nifjtf, sa prhnhjb`ihs fn tafiph lfn fkfreaeah, n` sfbujl` fstr`tfba` fs
 

iuemh iàs fdae`z quf n` praifr` ` n` mhr` lf lfk`r p`s`r fn pfjs`iafjth.

Fkfreaeah 7 lf hgsfrv`eaõj lf pfjs`iafjth larabalh

Fn praifr p`sh p`r` lfk`r lf prfheup`rjhs fs `prfjlfr ` hgsfrv`r
pfjs`iafjths. Nh eurahsh lf fstf prhefsh fs quf jh tfjfihs quf m`efr
`gshnut`ifjtf j`l` ehj nh quf jhs vfjb` ` n` ifjtf. Uaipnfifjtf lfk`rnh
fst`r. Jhri`nifjtf m`efihs fsdufrzhs phr ihladae`r nh quf vafjf ` jufstr`
ifjtf. Shr fnaiaj`rnh, phr e`iga`rnh, phr `rbuifjt`r ` d`vhr y fj ehjtr`. Fn
fkfreaeah quf tf prhphjbh ` ehjtaju`eaõj fs uj praifr p`sh p`r` `prfjlfr `
hgsfrv`r jufstr`s ehbjaeahjfs saj ajtfjt`r ihladae`r `gshnut`ifjtf j`l`.
@n abu`n quf eu`jlh `tfjlé`ihs ` n` rfspar`eaõj saj m`efr j`l`, fstf
fkfreaeah sf g`s` fj fn iasih prajeapah, shn`ifjtf tafjfs quf lfk`r quf fn
pfjs`iafjth v`y` thi`jlh val` prhpa` saj ajtfjt`r ajtfr`etu`r ehj án. Ehih
sa dufsfs uj ifrh hgsfrv`lhr.
Fstf sfbujlh fkfreaeah nh utanaz` @lra`j Rfnns fj su tfr`pa` ift`ehbjatav`.
Fs uj` dhri` lf fjsfð`r ` nhs p`eafjtfs ` fipfz`r ` hgsfrv`r nhs
pfjs`iafjths saj alfjtadae`rsf ehj fnnhs. N` daj`nal`l lf fsth fs quf
`prfjl`ihs quf jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths shj saipnfifjtf fsh, pfjs`iafjths,
jh rf`nal`lfs, y pheh ` pheh v`y`ihs lfs`rrhnn`jlh uj` ehjeafjea`
ift`ehbjatav` iàs dufrtf.
S`r` `prfjlfr ` m`efrnh, fj praifr nub`r, quafrh quf ai`bajfs lur`jtf uj
p`r lf iajuths ` uj `jai`n. Fnabf fn quf prfdafr`s y saipnfifjtf eafrr` nhs
hkhs y lfk` quf n` ai`bfj lfn `jai`n v`y` thi`jlh val` prhpa`. Ua sf iufvf,
lfk` quf sf iufv`, sa fstà fstàtaeh, saipnfifjtf hgsárv`nh. N` en`vf lf fsth
fs quf jh ajtfjtfs m`efr j`l` iàs quf hgsfrv`r n` ai`bfj. ¸Srfp`r`lh8
Erhjhiftr` uj p`r lf iajuths f ai`béj`tf `n `jai`n quf m`y`s fsehbalh.
¸Puá m` p`s`lh8 ¸Uf m` ihvalh8 ¸M`s ehjsfbualh pfri`jfefr fj ihlh
hgsfrv`lhr8 Jhri`nifjtf, eu`jlh jh m`efihs fsdufrzhs phr ehjtrhn`r
jufstr`s ehbjaeahjfs, fst`s sufnfj sfr lajàiae`s. Shr fkfipnh, eu`jlh maef n`
 

praifr` vfz fstf fkfreaeah, if ai`bajá ` uj tabrf (Rfnns m`ef fn fkfreaeah ehj
uj tabrf), y nh va e`iaj`r lf uj n`lh ` htrh, ghstfz`r s`e`jlh sus fjhrifs
lafjtfs y rfn`ifrsf.
Ua m`s mfemh ehrrfet`ifjtf fn fkfreaeah, m`gràs vasth quf n` hgsfrv`eaõj lf
pfjs`iafjths jh rfquafrf `pfj`s fsdufrzh, saipnfifjtf ehjsastf fj lfk`rsf
nnfv`r y pfri`jfefr fj ihlh fspfet`lhr.
Eu`jlh `p`rfef uj pfjs`iafjth `uthiàtaeh quf jhs bfjfr` uj fst`lh
fiheahj`n, m`efihs lf thlh ifjhs nh quf tf mf pflalh quf m`b`s ehj fn
`jai`n. Ajtfjt`ihs `p`rt`rnh lf jufstr` ifjtf, jhs rfvfn`ihs ehjtr` án,
`rbuifjt`ihs ` d`vhr y fj ehjtr`. Q `n daj`n nh ûjaeh quf m`efihs fs
`naifjt`r n` prfheup`eaõj. Fs lfear, nf fem`ihs nfð` `n dufbh.
¸Euàjt` `jsafl`l h trastfz` m`s sfjtalh `n hgsfrv`r tus pfjs`iafjths fj
rfdfrfjea` `n `jai`n ai`baj`lh8 Ufbur`ifjtf, jajbuj`, y` quf sf tr`t` lf uj
fstéiunh jfutrh p`r` n` i`yhré` lf jhshtrhs. Sufs ehj htrh taph lf
pfjs`iafjths v` ` heurrar pràetae`ifjtf nh iasih. Q` vfràs.

Lft`emfl iajldunjfss. Fxpnae`eaõj y pràetae`

Shlré`ihs tr`luear fn lft`emfl iajldunjfss  ehih `tfjeaõj pnfj` lf

lfs`pfbh, pfrh n` vfrl`l fs quf jh if ehjvfjef lfi`sa`lh, phr nh quf

prfdafrh
I`ttmfwsrfeurrar `n táriajh hrabaj`n lfserath phr praifr` vfz phr Rfnns y
fj 011<.
Fst` táejae` tafjf ehih daj`nal`l fn lfs`rrhnnh lf uj` ehjeafjea`
ift`ehbjatav` ehj n` ajtfjeaõj lf suspfjlfr fn prhefs`iafjth ehjseafjtf lf
n` ajdhri`eaõj (prfheup`eaõj h ruia`eaõj) y `prfjlfr ` sfp`r`rjhs lf nhs
fvfjths lf jufstr` ifjtf. Fs lfear, fjtfjlfr quf nhs pfjs`iafjths shj
saipnfs prhlueths ifjt`nfs, jh jhshtrhs iasihs.
Eu`jlh tf pflé` fj fn fkfreaeah `jtfrahr quf hgsfrv`sfs `n `jai`n, ¸fr`s tû
fn `jai`n8 ¸H fr`s fn quf hgsfrv`g` `n `jai`n8 Fx`et`ifjtf, shihs nhs quf
hgsfrv`ihs nhs pfjs`iafjths. Nh quf heurrf fs quf iuem`s vfefs jhs
 

`pfb`ihs t`jth ` fnnhs quf jhs eufst` lastajbuar fn pfjs`iafjth lf n`

rf`nal`l.

=.7. Lft`emfl iajldunjfss, g`s`lh fj Rfnns (7336).

Bràdaeh =.7. 

Fn lft`emfl iajldunjfss, t`n y ehih nh lfdajf Rfnns, fs uj fst`lh lf

ehjeafjea` lf nhs fvfjths ajtfrjhs, saj rfsphjlfr ` fnnhs ehj uj` fv`nu`eaõj
shstfjal`, ja ehj ajtfjths phr ehjtrhn`rnhs h supraiarnhs, h rfsphjlfr ` fnnhs
lf i`jfr` ehjluetu`n (`etu`jlh). Fstà fkfipnadae`lh phr fstr`tfba`s t`nfs
 

ehih lfealar jh prfheup`rsf fj rfspufst` ` uj pfjs`iafjth ajtrusavh, sajh

pfriatar quf fn pfjs`iafjth heupf su prhpah fsp`eah ifjt`n saj iàs `eeaõj h
ajtfrprft`eaõj fj fn ehjheaiafjth lf quf fs saipnfifjtf uj fvfjth fj n`
ifjtf (Rfnns, 7336).
N` en`vf lf fst` táejae` fs sfr e`p`efs lf hgsfrv`r jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths,
safjlh ehjseafjtfs lf fnnhs, fjtfjlafjlh quf shj ifrhs prhlueths lf jufstr`
ifjtf. Fj fstf fst`lh, fn prhefs`iafjth ehjefptu`n lf nhs iasihs fs ifjhr.
Fs lfear, saipnfifjtf hgsfrv`ihs nh quf jhs vafjf ` n` ifjtf, saj ajtfjt`r
prfheup`rjhs h ruia`r shgrf nh quf v` `p`rfeafjlh. @lfiàs, fn lft`emfl
iajldunjfss  t`igaáj prftfjlf quf jh rfsphjl`ihs, h quf nh m`b`ihs lf
dhri` iuy su`vf, `jtf nhs fvfjths quf `p`rfefj fj jufstr` ifjtf. @n daj`n,
nh quf ehjsfbuaihs fs uj fst`lh fj fn eu`n jhs pfreagaihs ` jhshtrhs iasihs
ehih hgsfrv`lhrfs lf jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths. Lfk`jlh quf e`l` ujh heupf
su nub`r fj n` ifjtf, pfrh saj dhe`naz`r jufstr` `tfjeaõj fj jajbujh fj
p`rtaeun`r.
Fs `nbh `sé ehih sa duásfihs `n zhh lf nhs pfjs`iafjths. Jhshtrhs mfihs
p`b`lh jufstr` fjtr`l` y fst`ihs lfn`jtf lf n` k`un` lf nhs pfjs`iafjths
jfb`tavhs. Jhs naiat`ihs ` hgsfrv`rnhs tr`s fn erast`n. Lf fst` i`jfr` jhs
sfjtaihs sfburhs, y` quf fnnhs jh jhs puflfj m`efr j`l`, y jhshtrhs
lfealaihs sa ajtfr`eeahj`ihs ehj fnnhs h jh.

Srajeap`nfs e`r`etfréstae`s lfn lft`emfl iajldunjfss

0. Ift`ehjeafjea` (fs lfear, ehjeafjea` lf pfjs`iafjths); tfjfr fj
eufjt` quf nhs pfjs`iafjths shn`ifjtf shj prhlueths lf jufstr`
ifjtf. Sfjs`r fj `nbh jh sabjadae` `gshnut`ifjtf j`l`.
7. Lfsefjtr`naz`eaõj ehbjatav` (fs lfear, ehiprfjsaõj lf nhs
pfjs`iafjths ehih fvfjths sfp`r`lhs lf nhs mfemhs, lf su v`nhr
lf rf`nal`l); sfr ehjseafjtfs lf n` ladfrfjea` fjtrf pfjs`iafjth y
rf`nal`l. Fn mfemh lf quf pafjsf fj `nbh jh tafjf j`l` quf vfr ehj
 

quf fsf pfjs`iafjth tfjb` rfn`eaõj ehj n` rf`nal`l hgkftav`.

5. Fn lfs`pfbh y fn ehjtrhn lf n` `tfjeaõj (fs lfear,
lfear, n` `tfjeaõj sabuf
safjlh dnfxagnf y jh pfri`jfef `jen`l` ` j`l`); ehjsfbuar
lfsefjtr`r n` `tfjeaõj lfn pfjs`iafjth. Jhri`nifjtf, fj nhs
prhefshs lf prfheup`eaõj sf nhe`naz` n` `tfjeaõj fj nhs
pfjs`iafjths, iafjtr`s quf ehj fn lft`emfl iajldunjfss
ehjsfbuaihs `grar jufstr` `tfjeaõj ` htrhs fstéiunhs, saj ajtfjt`r
supraiar fn pfjs`iafjth.
<. Srhefs`iafjth ehjefptu`n g`kh (fs lfear, javfnfs lf `jànasas jh
g`s`lhs fj fn sabjadae`lh h laànhbh ajtfrjh); `n jh efjtr`r jufstr`
`tfjeaõj fj fn pfjs`iafjth, nh prhefs`ihs ehj ifjhs rfeurshs
`tfjeahj`nfs, nh quf m`ef quf n`s fiheahjfs `shea`l`s `n
sabjadae`lh lf nhs pfjs`iafjths sf`j iàs nfvfs. @n jh ajtfjt`r
ajtfr`eeahj`r ehj jufstr`s ehbjaeahjfs, fst`s v`j sueflaájlhsf
pheh ` pheh y jhs pfriatfj vavar ehj iàs ajtfjsal`l fn ihifjth
prfsfjtf.
6. G`k` larfeeaõj larabal` ` hgkftavhs (fs lfear, jh sf d`eanat`j nhs
ehiphrt`iafjths y n`s ift`s larabal`s ` fvat`r h fnaiaj`r `ifj`z`s
frrõjf`s); jh sf m`efj ajtfjths phr supraiar pfjs`iafjths ja
fnaiaj`r ehbjaeahjfs quf jhs bfjfr`j fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s,
saipnfifjtf sf lfk` fst`r thlh `qufnnh quf vfjb` ` n` ehjeafjea`.
Sfrh `n jh m`gfr prhefs`iafjth prhdujlh, jhri`nifjtf n`s
fiheahjfs `shea`l`s sufnfj sfr ifjhs ajtfjs`s.
4. @ntfr`eaõj lf n`
n` ehjeafjea` lf ujh iasih
iasih (fs lfear, fxpfrafjea`
fxpfrafjea` lf
ujh iasih ehih uj hgsfrv`lhr sfp`r`lh lf pfjs`iafjths y
erffjea`s); n` en`vf fs fn lfs`rrhnnh lf n` ehjeafjea` ift`ehbjatav`,
fj n` eu`n ehiprfjlfihs quf jh shihs jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths, y
quf fsths shj saipnfifjtf prhlueths lf jufstr` ifjtf. S`s`ihs lf
alfjtadae`rjhs pnfj`ifjtf ehj fnnhs, y lf e`fr fj fn sfsbh lf n`
 

dusaõj pfjs`iafjth-rf`nal`l, ` uj` ehjeafjea` fj n` eu`n

fjtfjlfihs quf jufstrh efrfgrh saipnfifjtf rfsphjlf
ehbjatav`ifjtf ` ladfrfjtfs eareujst`jea`s p`r` `yul`rjhs `
`l`pt`rjhs ifkhr, pfrh quf fshs pfjs`iafjths last`j iuemh lf n`
rf`nal`l hgkftav`.

Ladfrfjea`s lfn lft`emfl iajldunjfss ehj n` iflat`eaõj

@lra`j Rfnns sfð`nõ fj fn 7300 `nbuj`s ladfrfjea`s ehj fn iajldunjfss
tr`laeahj`n. Fst`s shj n`s quf lfseragafrhj.
Fn lft`emfl iajldunjfss (LI);

Jh aipnae` iflat`eaõj.
Jh rfquafrf uj` pràetae` fxtfjs` y ehjtaju`.
Jh rfquafrf r`sbhs iàs `ipnahs lf n` `tfjeaõj pnfj`, ehih fn
`uifjth lf n` ehjeafjea` lfn ihifjth prfsfjtf.
N` `tfjeaõj pnfj` fj n` iflat`eaõj tafjlf ` us`r fkfreaeahs lf fjdhquf
ehrphr`n, ehih ehjefjtr`rsf fj n` rfspar`eaõj p`r` tr`fr n` `tfjeaõj
lf vufnt` `n prfsfjtf sa ujh qufl` `tr`p`lh fj nhs pfjs`iafjths. Fn
LI jh us` `jen`kfs `tfjeahj`nfs efjtr`lhs fj fn eufrph.
Fspfeédae`ifjtf, fn LI ehjeafrjf `n lfs`rrhnnh lf uj`

ift`ehjeafjea` lf pfjs`iafjths, fj nub`r lf ` n` ehjeafjea` lfn

ihifjth prfsfjtf.
\r`g`k` fspfeédae`ifjtf shgrf n` suspfjsaõj lfn prhefs`iafjth
ehjefptu`n.
\r`g`k` fspfeédae`ifjtf fj n` suspfjsaõj lfn fjdrfjt`iafjth
fjdhe`lh ` hgkftavhs.
\r`g`k` fspfeédae`ifjtf fj fn ehjefpth lf lfs`pfbh lfn sfjtalh lf
ujh iasih ehj rfspfeth ` nhs dfjõifjhs ifjt`nfs.

Nh quf tfjfihs quf fjtfjlfr lf thlh fsth fs quf phlfihs fipfz`r `

 

`pnae`r fn lft`emfl iajldunjfss  lfslf `mhr` iasih. Uhnh sf tr`t` lf uj`

jufv` i`jfr` lf `etu`r `jtf tus pfjs`iafjths. Fst` i`jfr` lf `etu`r,
p`r`lõkae`ifjtf, aipnae` uj` `etatul lf hgsfrv`eaõj. Nh quf fj e`pétunhs
`jtfrahrfs nn`iàg`ihs ihlh sfr.
N`s prfheup`eahjfs y n`s ruia`eahjfs shj ehih trfjfs. Sraifrh `p`rfef n`
nhehihthr`; sf tr`t` lfn pfjs`iafjth `uthiàtaeh quf `p`rfef fj jufstr`
ifjtf. Fs uj prhefsh `uthiàtaeh fj fn eu`n jh phlfihs m`efr j`l` phr
fvat`rnh. Fs iàs, sa ajtfjt`ihs rfpraiar fsf pfjs`iafjth, ehih y` mfihs
vasth, `p`rfefrà ehj iàs dufrz`.
du frz`.
Lfspuás fstàj nhs v`bhjfs lfn trfj; sfré`j thlhs nhs fsdufrzhs ifjt`nfs quf
m`efihs p`r` ihladae`r fn pfjs`iafjth. Fs lfear, n` p`rtf vhnujt`ra` lf n`
prfheup`eaõj. Fj fstf `spfeth sé quf phlfihs m`efr `nbh p`r` ihladae`r
jufstr`s ehbjaeahjfs. Q n` en`vf fs prfeas`ifjtf `pnae`r fn lft`emfl
iajldunjfss ` n` nhehihthr` lf n` prfheup`eaõj.
Shjb`ihs uj fkfipnh p`r` anustr`rnh. Ua tf `eufrl`s, `jtfrahrifjtf tf
ehjt`g` quf, `n prajeapah lf ia `vfjtur` p`r` ihjt`r uj b`gajftf lf
psaehnhbé` fj I`lral, fn ifrh mfemh lf vfr ia g`jlfk` lf fjtr`l` lf ehrrfh
v`eé` m`eé` quf if iftafr` lf nnfjh fj fn prhefsh lf prfheup`eaõj. Eu`jlh
vfé` quf jh tfjé` pftaeahjfs, pfjs`g`; «Ufbur`ifjtf jh dujeahj`rà y tfjlrá
quf vhnvfr ` tr`g`k`r phr eufjt` `kfj`¿, y fsth if m`eé` l`rnf ian y uj`
vufnt`s `n tfi`, m`st` nnfb`r ` ehjvfrtarsf fj uj prhgnfi` fiheahj`n.
Sufs gafj, `jtf n` iasi` satu`eaõj, `mhr`, `ujquf if vufnv` ` `p`rfefr fn
iasih pfjs`iafjth, fj nub`r lf fjtr`r fj án y l`rnf vufnt`s, if naiath `
hgsfrv`rnh. Q` jh prhefsh fn pfjs`iafjth lf uj ihlh prhdujlh, sajh quf
saipnfifjtf nh hgsfrvh ehih sa dufsfj uj`s nftr`s pajt`l`s fj uj` paz`rr` fj
uj alahi` quf jh ehiprfjlh. Uhnh fs tajt` gn`je` shgrf dhjlh jfbrh. M`y
vfefs quf lf dhri` fsphjtàjf` sf sueflfj htrhs pfjs`iafjths
(prhg`gnfifjtf phrquf fstáj ehjlaeahj`lhs `n `jtfrahr lfspuás lf m`gfrnf
l`lh t`jt`s vufnt`s), pfrh nfs `pnaeh fn iasih prajeapah. Q` ja saquafr` if
 

suphjf uj i`nfst`r fstf tfi`, y` quf mf ehiprhg`lh quf n` rf`nal`l fs

ajlfpfjlafjtf lf ias pfjs`iafjths y fjtafjlh quf shn`ifjtf shj prhlueths
lf ia ifjtf ajtfjt`jlh quf if `l`ptf nh ifkhr phsagnf ` ia iflah. Lfspuás
lf thlh, fs eafrth quf jh quafrh vhnvfr ` tr`g`k`r phr eufjt` `kfj`,
saipnfifjtf ia efrfgrh if nh rfeufrl` lf vfz fj eu`jlh.
@mhr` vhy ` prfsfjt`rtf htrh fkfipnh lf eõih if m` `yul`lh fst` táejae`.
Fst` vfz fn fsefj`rah fs uj fjthrjh iuemh ifjhs d`iana`r p`r` ié. Fj
jhvafigrf lfn 7301 tuvf n` br`j sufrtf lf phlfr va`k`r ` Efjtrh`iárae` p`r`
aip`rtar lhs ehjdfrfjea`s. \fjé` n` `bfjl` rfpnft` lf fvfjths y if the`g`
va`k`r fj `uthgûs lf i`lrub`l` lf U`j Khsá lf L`val, fj S`j`ià, ` Ehst`
Wae`. Fn e`sh fs quf fn ûjaeh `safjth quf pulf fjehjtr`r fr` fj uj `uthgûs
jheturjh. \fjé` quf ehbfrnh ` n`s eajeh lf n` i`ð`j` fj iat`l lf uj`
e`rrftfr`.
N` vfrl`l fs quf fspfr`r fj iat`l lf n` j`l`, lf i`lrub`l` y ` ian
oanõiftrhs lf ia e`s` if bfjfr`g` eafrt` `jsafl`l. Fj ia ifjtf `p`rfeé`j
pfjs`iafjths vajeun`lhs ` thlh taph lf satu`eahjfs e`t`strõdae`s quf if
phlé`j heurrar. Sfrh yh `pnae`g` n` hgsfrv`eaõj lf pfjs`iafjths p`r` jh
fipfhr`r ia fst`lh fiheahj`n.
@ n`s eu`trh lf n` i`ð`j` shjõ fn lfspfrt`lhr, if dua ` n` luem` y
fiprfjlé ia e`iajh ` paf m`st` n` p`r`l` lfn `uthgûs. Lur`jtf nhs quajef
iajuths quf lur`g` fn tr`yfeth, n`s eareujst`jea`s jh `yul`rhj ` quf ia
`jsafl`l lasiajuyfsf.
Jh p`r`g`j lf p`s`r ehemfs, y thlhs if m`eé`j ràd`b`s lf nuefs. Qh jh
fjtfjlé` j`l`. Sfrh nh pfhr duf quf ujh lf fnnhs `iajhrõ n` i`rem` y if
sabuaõ lur`jtf ujhs iajuths. Jh sá euàjth tafiph tr`jseurraõ, pfrh rfeufrlh
quf fn ehr`zõj sf if s`né` phr n` ghe`. If e`igaá lf `efr`, pfrh fn ehemf
pfri`jfeaõ `nné. Jht`g` nhs sfjtalhs `bulaz`lhs, tfjé` fn iaflh ` dnhr lf pafn,
y fst`g` prfp`r`lh p`r` s`nar ehrrafjlh fj eu`jth fseuem`sf h vafsf `nbh
fxtr`ðh. Shr dhrtuj`, ` nhs phehs iajuths fn `uthiõvan `efnfrõ y sf pfrlaõ fj
 

fn mhrazhjtf.
Ufbué ia e`iajh m`st` n` p`r`l` lf `uthgûs, y n` ehs` fipfhrõ. Fst`g` fj
uj nub`r iuy hseurh, fj uj` e`rrftfr` phr n` quf tr`jsat`g`j phehs ehemfs. Q
nh pfhr lf thlh fs quf m`gé` v`ra`s pfrshj`s luriafjlh fj n` p`r`l`, y
jajbuj` tfjé` pajt` lf fst`r fspfr`jlh fn `uthgûs.
If sfjtá ehj eual`lh p`r` jh lfspfrt`r ` j`laf y iará fn rfnhk. D`nt`g`j
vfajtf iajuths p`r` quf nnfb`sf fn `uthgûs. Uf if maeafrhj ftfrjhs. S`r`rhj
uj p`r lf ehemfs iàs ehj n` iasi` `etatul lfn quf m`gé` fst`lh sabuaájlhif,
pfrh lf jufvh, ` nhs phehs iajuths, sf i`rem`g`j. (@ lé` lf mhy sabh saj
fjtfjlfr fstf ehiphrt`iafjth).
Nnfbõ n` mhr` ` n` quf supufst`ifjtf nnfb`g` fn `uthgûs, y j`l`. S`s`rhj
lafz iajuths, y j`l`. If fipfeá ` prfheup`r lf vfrl`l. @n lé` sabuafjtf
tfjé` quf fst`r fj U`j Khsá, Ehst` Wae`, p`r` l`r uj` ehjdfrfjea` `jtf eafjths
lf pfrshj`s, y ia e`gfz` sf fje`rb`g` lf i`jl`rif thlh taph lf
pfjs`iafjths e`t`strõdaehs fj nhs eu`nfs jh nnfb`g` ` tafiph h if
lfseu`rtaz`g`j.
Nhs iajuths sabuafrhj p`s`jlh. Q `nné jh nnfb`g` jajbûj `uthgûs. S`r`
ehnih, ia tfnádhjh sf quflõ saj ehgfrtur` y jh phlé` nn`i`r ` n` ehip`ðé` lf
`uthgusfs p`r` prfbujt`r.
Fj nub`r lf lfk`rif nnfv`r phr n` prfheup`eaõj y e`fr fj n` lfsfspfr`eaõj,
hgsfrvá fshs pfjs`iafjths ehj `yul` lfn lft`emfl iajldunjfss y if pusf `
guse`r uj` shnueaõj ` n` satu`eaõj. @ phehs iftrhs, m`gé` uj rfst`ur`jtf lf
uj` e`lfj` `ifrae`j` lf ehial` ràpal`. Jhri`nifjtf sufnfj tfjfr wada
br`tuath p`r` nhs enafjtfs pfrh, hgva`ifjtf, ` fs` mhr` fst`g` efrr`lh. If
`efrquá y, `jtf ia shrprfs`, ia tfnádhjh ehjsabuaõ ehjfet`rsf ` n` rfl. If
pusf ` guse`r ajdhri`eaõj shgrf eõih nnfb`r ` Ehst` Wae` phr htr`s vé`s.
Nnfb`ré` uj`s mhr`s iàs t`rlf, pfrh sfré` sudaeafjtf. If rfn`ká
rfn `ká uj pheh.
Thnvé ` n` p`r`l` lfn `uthgûs, m`gé` p`s`lh mhr` y ifla` lfslf quf m`gé`
nnfb`lh. Ias fspfr`jz`s lf quf if rfehbafsf `nbuafj fst`g`j g`kh iéjaihs,
 

pfrh y` m`gé` lfk`lh fn mhtfn, y fst`g` `i`jfeafjlh, `sé quf jh tfjé` j`l`
ifkhr quf m`efr quf sfbuar `nné uj r`th iàs, phr sa `e`sh. Uf lfspfrtõ fn ûjaeh
saj mhb`r quf qufl`g`, if lah nhs gufjhs lé`s y sf duf l`jlh tuighs ehj su
ghtfnn` lf wmasoy fj n` i`jh. Q` fst`g` shnh y, lf rfpfjtf, ¡fj fn mhrazhjtf
`p`rfeaõ fn `uthgûs! Nh `jfelõtaeh fs quf rf`nifjtf nnfb`g` ` su mhr`, y` quf
fj S`j`ià fs uj` mhr` iàs quf fj Ehst` Wae`. Qh m`gé` mfemh i`n nhs
eàneunhs (lf fsth if fjtfrá lfspuás).
Sfrh dék`tf eõih uj` satu`eaõj, quf p`r` iuemésai` bfjtf fs ehtala`j`, yh
n` fipfeá ` ajtfrprft`r lf dhri` jfb`tav`, sa gafj fs eafrth quf ia `jsafl`l y
ia iaflh if `yul`rhj ` rfshnvfr nhs phsagnfs prhgnfi`s, `ujquf `n daj`n
thlh quflõ fj uj` ifr` `jáelht`. Ua if mugafsf lfk`lh nnfv`r phr nhs
pfjs`iafjths `uthiàtaehs quf `p`rfeé`j fj ia ifjtf y mugafsf sueuigalh `n
prhefsh lf prfheup`eaõj, sfbur`ifjtf if mugafsf gnhquf`lh y mugafsf
vufnth `n mhtfn, y m`gré` pfrlalh ia gannftf. Juje` k`iàs mf p`s`lh lafz mhr`s
t`j dfnaefs fj uj `uthgûs.

\afiph g`sur` lf prfheup`eaõj

Htrh lf nhs fkfreaeahs quf phlfihs m`efr p`r` lfganat`r n` `shea`eaõj fjtrf fn
praifr pfjs`iafjth `uthiàtaeh y fn prhefsh lf prfheup`eaõj fs lflae`r

tafiph ` prfheup`rjhs `lrflf. Fs lfear, sfnfeeahj`r uj` mhr` y uj nub`r

la`rah p`r` lflae`r lafz iajuths ` l`r rafjl` sufnt` ` jufstr`s
prfheup`eahjfs. Lf fst` i`jfr`, fst`rfihs l`jlh n` rfspufst` saj fn fstéiunh
quf `jtfs n` lasp`r`g`. Fs lfear, fst`rfihs lfganat`jlh n` `shea`eaõj fjtrf
`ighs prhefshs. @lfiàs, lfsehjdari`rfihs jufstr`s ift`ehbjaeahjfs
jfb`tav`s fj rfdfrfjea` ` quf prfheup`rsf fs pfnabrhsh h ajehjtrhn`gnf,
a jehjtrhn`gnf, y` quf
fxpfraifjt`rfihs n` sfjs`eaõj lf ehjtrhn y jh sudrarfihs prhgnfi`s désaehs
phr m`efr fstf fkfreaeah.
S`r` m`efr fn fkfreaeah fs aiphrt`jtf quf lflaqufs thl` tu `tfjeaõj `
prfheup`rtf. Jh fs fdfetavh sa m`y htrhs lastr`ethrfs ehih n` tfnfvasaõj h
 

iûsae`. Q t`ipheh dujeahj` sa nh m`efihs iafjtr`s fst`ihs rf`naz`jlh htr`

`etaval`l. S`r` m`efrnh ehrrfet`ifjtf, tfjfihs quf fst`r prfheup`lhs
lur`jtf lafz iajuths.
N` en`vf fs fst`gnfefr uj` mhr` `n lé` p`r` phlfr m`efrnh. Ua nnfb`lh fsf
ihifjth jh tf `eufrl`s h safjtfs quf jh jfefsat`s prfheup`rtf, ifkhr quf
ifkhr. Nh ajtfjt`ihs `n lé` sabuafjtf.
Sfrh nh rf`nifjtf fdae`z lf fstf fkfreaeah fs ehigaj`rnh ehj fn lft`emfl
iajldunjfss. Fs lfear, lur`jtf fn lé` `pnae`r n` hgsfrv`eaõj lf pfjs`iafjths y
`pn`z`r n` prfheup`eaõj ` n` mhr` quf tfjfihs fst`gnfeal` p`r` fnnh. Lf fst`
i`jfr` v`ihs lfganat`jlh n` `shea`eaõj fjtrf fn fstéiunh y fn prhefsh lf
prfheup`eaõj. H fjtrf n` nhehihthr` y nhs v`bhjfs, sa prfdafrfs n` iftàdhr`.

Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

Nh quf if bust`ré` quf maeafsfs fj fstf e`pétunh fs fipfz`r ` `etu`r lf

i`jfr` ladfrfjtf `jtf tus prhefshs lf prfheup`eaõj. S`r` fnnh, ia
rfehifjl`eaõj fs quf fipafefs ` `pnae`r fn lft`emfl iajldunjfss fn 26% lfn
tafiph, y fn 76% rfst`jtf quf n` prfheup`eaõj h n` ruia`eaõj lurfj fjtrf ujh
y lhs iajuths. @pn`z`jlh fstf prhefsh, `n ihifjth quf mfihs sfnfeeahj`lh
p`r` prfheup`rjhs `lrflf. Lf fst` i`jfr`, n` `shea`eaõj fjtrf `ighs

prhefshs sfrà e`l` vfz ifjhr, y prhjth lfseugraràs quf y` jh tafjfs

jfefsal`l lf prfheup`rtf.
Ua ehigaj`ihs fst` dhri` lf `etu`r `jtf nhs pfjs`iafjths ehj nhs
fkfreaeahs quf tf mf alh prhphjafjlh fj htrhs e`pétunhs ehih fn iajldunjfss
dhri`n f ajdhri`n, fn fkfreaeah désaeh, fn ehjt`eth shea`n y fn heah, tfjfihs
iuem`s p`pfnft`s p`r` fipfz`r ` fst`r rf`nifjtf gafj.
 

Ufjs`eahjfs ehrphr`nfs.
N`s i`raphs`s fj fn fstõi`bh
lf n`s quf thlhs m`gn`j

Jht`g` eõih fn ehr`zõj sf if s`né` phr n` ghe`. Jh phlé` lhriar, ia ghe` sf

rfsfe`g` y if fjehjtr`g` trfifjl`ifjtf ajquafth. Fj `qufnnhs lé`s tfjé` fn
eufnnh tfjsh, nhs mhigrhs if lhné`j y jht`g` uj` prfsaõj fj fn pfemh. Fr`
ehih sa mugafsf ajbfralh natrhs lf e`dá, pfrh fj rf`nal`l shn`ifjtf m`gé`
gfgalh `bu`. @pfj`s phlé` lfse`js`r, if nfv`jt`g` mhr`s `jtfs lf quf
shj`sf fn lfspfrt`lhr y eu`jlh nnfb`g` fn ihifjth lf arif ` n` e`i`, ia
eufrph sf jfb`g` ` lfs`etav`rsf.
Sheh ` pheh `prfjlé ` `efpt`r y ` thnfr`r quf ia eufrph fstuvafsf `etav`lh.
Q eu`jth iàs if `gré` ` ias sfjs`eahjfs ehrphr`nfs iàs if lfs`etav`g`.
Eu`jlh lfká lf fvat`r fst`r `etav`lh, fipfeá ` lfs`etav`rif.

Wfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s

Ehih nnfv`ihs vafjlh lfslf fn ajaeah lfn nagrh, n`s fiheahjfs ehjst`j lf
trfs sastfi`s lf rfspufst`. Fj fstf e`pétunh v`ihs ` vfr ehj prhdujlal`l fn
sastfi` lf rfspufst` dasahnõbaeh. Fn sastfi` jfrvahsh mui`jh m`
fvhnueahj`lh lur`jtf iannhjfs lf `ðhs m`st` sfr ehih fs fj n` `etu`nal`l.
Jufstr`s fiheahjfs, `p`rtf lf prhluear e`igahs fj jufstr` dhri` lf pfreagar
 

fn iujlh y `ntfr`r jufstr` dhri` lf `etu`r, t`igaáj ihladae`j jufstr`

dasahnhbé` p`r` d`eanat`r fn prhefsh lf `l`pt`eaõj `n iflah.
Eu`jlh m`gn`ihs lf ifjtf y eufrph, m`efihs uj` lastajeaõj pur`ifjtf
`e`láiae` p`r` phlfr ehiprfjlfr ifkhr n` psaehnhbé` mui`j`. Sfrh
sfbur`ifjtf lfjtrh lf ujhs eu`jths `ðhs, eu`jlh n` eafjea` m`y` phlalh
`v`jz`r nh sudaeafjtf ehih p`r` ehiprfjlfr fn dujeahj`iafjth lfn sastfi`
jfrvahsh lf uj ihlh iàs prhdujlh, y` jh tfjlrà sfjtalh m`efr fst`
lastajeaõj. Q fs quf, ehih v`ihs ` vfr, jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs tafjfj
n` e`p`eal`l lf prhluear e`igahs fj jufstr` dasahnhbé`, y vaefvfrs`.
Ai`baj` quf fstàs fj iat`l lf n` sfnv` y fseuem`s uj rualh lftràs lf uj
`rgusth. Lf rfpfjtf, uj tabrf s`nt` lf fjtrf n`s r`i`s y sf larabf ehrrafjlh
m`ea` ta. N` fiheaõj lf iaflh tf m`rà rfspar`r iàs ràpalh, `efnfr`rà tu
ehr`zõj p`r` lastraguar fn hxébfjh ` nhs iûseunhs, fsths sf tfjs`ràj, lfk`ràs
lf m`efr n` labfstaõj p`r` larabar thlhs nhs rfeurshs fjfrbátaehs ` tus pafrj`s y
ehifjz`ràs ` sul`r. \hl`s fst`s rfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s tf `yul`ràj ` ajtfjt`r
fse`p`r lfn lfprfl`lhr.
Ehih y` s`gfihs, jh m`y fiheahjfs i`n`s. \hl`s tafjfj uj` dujeaõj
en`r` y fst` safiprf jhs larabf p`r` quf jhs `l`ptfihs nh ifkhr phsagnf `
jufstrh iflah. Fj fn e`sh lfn fkfipnh `jtfrahr, fn iaflh jhs `yul`ré` `
ihladae`r jufstr` dasahnhbé` p`r` fse`p`r lfn `jai`n.
Sfrh jh m`ef d`nt` quf fn fstéiunh sf` `nbh fxtfrjh ehih uj tabrf. Fn ifrh
mfemh lf pfjs`r fj `nbh quf pfreagaihs ehih `ifj`z`jtf puflf m`efr quf
sajt`ihs iaflh, y fsth ` su vfz lasp`r`r jufstr`s rfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s. Shr
fkfipnh, sa pfjs`ihs fj uj` rfujaõj lf tr`g`kh quf tfjfihs pfjlafjtf,
phlfihs jht`r eõih jufstrhs iûseunhs sf tfjs`j h sfjtar eõih jufstrh
ehr`zõj sf `efnfr` `n ai`baj`rjhs ` jufstrh kfdf ehj e`r` lf phehs `iabhs.
Shr supufsth, fn iaflh jh fs n` ûjae` fiheaõj quf ihladae` jufstr`
dasahnhbé`. \`igaáj nh m`efj n`s lfiàs. Nh quf heurrf fs quf fj fn iaflh fs
fspfea`nifjtf fvalfjtf. Sfrh, phr fkfipnh, sa jhs `ehrl`ihs lf uj
 

`ehjtfeaiafjth trastf, fs prhg`gnf quf jufstr`s bnàjlun`s n`erai`nfs sf

phjb`j ` dujeahj`r y nnhrfihs.

Uastfi` saipàtaeh vs. sastfi` p`r`saipàtaeh

Fn sastfi` jfrvahsh `utõjhih (UJ@) fs p`rtf lfn sastfi` jfrvahsh. Uu

dujeaõj prajeap`n fs n` lf ehjtrhn`r y rfbun`r fn dujeahj`iafjth lf nhs
õrb`jhs ajtfrjhs. Fs p`rtf lfn sastfi` jfrvahsh pfradáraeh y fstà ehipufsth
phr fn sastfi` jfrvahsh `utõjhih saipàtaeh y fn sastfi` jfrvahsh `utõjhih
p`r`saipàtaeh.
Fstf sastfi` ehjtrhn`, fjtrf htr`s ehs`s, n` prfsaõj s`jbuéjf`, nhs n`talhs lfn
ehr`zõj y n` drfeufjea` rfspar`thra`, n` tfipfr`tur` ehrphr`n, nhs prhefshs lf
labfstaõj, fn ift`ghnasih, fn fquanagrah lf `bu` y fnfetrhnaths (ehih shlah y
e`neah), n` prhlueeaõj lf dnualhs ehrphr`nfs (s`nav`, sulhr y nàbrai`s), n`
iaeeaõj, n` lfdfe`eaõj y n` rfspufst` sfxu`n.
Ehih lfeé`ihs, n` i`yhré` lf nhs õrb`jhs fstàj ehjtrhn`lhs phr fn sastfi`
saipàtaeh y fn sastfi` p`r`saipàtaeh. E`l` ujh lf fnnhs sf fje`rb` lf
prhluear fdfeths hpufsths, iuem`s vfefs fj fn iasih õrb`jh. Shr fkfipnh,
eu`jlh fstà `etav`lh fn UJ@ saipàtaeh sf fnfv` n` drfeufjea` e`rlé`e`,
iafjtr`s quf eu`jlh fstà `etav`lh fn UJ@ p`r`saipàtaeh, fst` lasiajuyf.

Fn sastfi` jfrvahsh `utõjhih fs fn fje`rb`lh lf i`jtfjfr fn fquanagrah fj

nhs õrb`jhs ajtfrjhs y, phr fjlf, tafjf uj` dujeaõj lfst`e`l` fj n` rfbun`eaõj
lf jufstrh eufrph. Fs fn fje`rb`lh lf ihlun`r jufstr`s rfspufst`s
ajvhnujt`ra`s, phr nh quf jufstr`s rf`eeahjfs fiheahj`nfs `dfet`j
larfet`ifjtf `n àigath dasahnõbaeh fj fstf pujth.

Uastfi` jfrvahsh `utõjhih saipàtaeh

Fn sastfi` jfrvahsh `utõjhih saipàtaeh sf lasp`r` eu`jlh `p`rfefj
fiheahjfs lf `jsafl`l, iaflh, ar` h lfsprfeah. Uu dujeaõj jh fs htr` quf
 prfp`r`rjhs p`r` `t`e`r h muar. Shr fnnh, eu`jlh fstf sastfi` sf `etav`, sugf n`

t`s` e`rlé`e`, n` t`s` rfspar`thra` y sf tfjs`j nhs iûseunhs, fjtrf htr`s

rfspufst`s
`uifjt` fn désae`s. Mhrihj`nifjtf,
ift`ghnasih, sf nagfr`
fn méb`lh nagfr` `lrfj`naj`
bnuehs` y jhr`lrfj`naj`,
` n` s`jbrf, sul`ihs y sf
rfluef n` `etaval`l fj sastfi`s quf fj uj ihifjth lf `t`quf h mual` tafjfj
ifjhs aiphrt`jea`, ehih shj fn sastfi` labfstavh h fn rfj`n.
Ua tf dak`s, fn eufrph fs uj` iàquaj` pfrdfet`. Jufstr` `etav`eaõj fiheahj`n
ihladae` thl` jufstr` dasahnhbé` p`r` l`r uj` rfspufst` fdaeafjtf. Jhs `yul` `
shgrfvavar. Uhihs fn druth lf iannhjfs lf `ðhs lf fvhnueaõj.

Uastfi` jfrvahsh `utõjhih p`r`saipàtaeh

Fn UJ@ p`r`saipàtaeh fstà `etav`lh eu`jlh fst`ihs lfse`js`jlh. Qh nh
nn`ih fn «ihlh shdà¿ e`raðhs`ifjtf. Eu`jlh sf fjeufjtr` `etav`lh, n` t`s`
e`rlé`e` sf rfluef, rfspar`ihs iàs nfjt`ifjtf, jufstrhs iûseunhs fstàj
rfn`k`lhs, fte.
@lfiàs, fn eufrph sf fje`rb` lf m`efr n` labfstaõj. N` t`s` ift`gõnae` e`f
fj ehip`r`eaõj ` eu`jlh tfjfihs fn UJ@ saipàtaeh `etav`lh. Nhs raðhjfs
m`efj su dujeaõj prajeap`n y fn eufrph sf rfbun`.
Fj n` sabuafjtf t`gn` phlfihs vfr nhs fdfeths lfn sastfi` jfrvahsh
`utõjhih saipàtaeh y p`r`saipàtaeh fj ladfrfjtfs õrb`jhs.

\`gn` 1.0.  Uastfi` jfrvahsh `utõjhih. Iyfrs (7336).

1.0. Uastfi`

UJ@ saipàtaeh U J @ p`r ` sa ipà t ae h

N`s pupan`s sf lan`t`j Hkhs N`s pupan`s sf ehjtr`fj

Lasiajuyf U`nav`eaõj @uifjt`

\r`jspar` Safn Uf sfe`

@uifjt` Wfspar`eaõj Lasiajuyf

Uf `efnfr` Ehr`zõj Uf r`nfjtaz`

Uf ajmagf Labfstaõj Uf `etav`

 

Uferft`j mhrihj`s lfn Bnàjlun`s Lasiajuyf n` sferfeaõj lf mhrihj`s lfn

fstrás supr`rrfj`nfs fstrás

\hnfr`jea` ` n`s rfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s

Fj iuem`s he`sahjfs, fn fstéiunh quf lasp`r` jufstr`s fiheahjfs pheh

`l`pt`tav`s fs uj` rfspufst` dasahnõbae`. Fs lfear, phlfihs rf`eeahj`r
fiheahj`nifjtf ` uj` sfjs`eaõj désae`. Ehih vfé`ihs fj e`pétunhs
`jtfrahrfs, sf tr`t` lf uj` fiheaõj sfeujl`ra`. Fs lfear, uj` rf`eeaõj
fiheahj`n `jtf uj` fiheaõj h uj` rfspufst` fiheahj`n prai`ra`. Shr
fkfipnh, fs iuy tépaeh rf`eeahj`r ehj iaflh eu`jlh jht`ihs quf fn ehr`zõj
n`tf dufrtf h lfpras`. Ajtfrprft`ihs n` sfjs`eaõj ehih `nbh pfnabrhsh.
Sfjs`ihs quf jhs puflf l`r uj ajd`rth h quf fst`ihs fjdfrihs y jufstrh
eufrph rf`eeahj` ehj iaflh. Ehih y` mfihs vasth, fn iaflh jhs fipuk` `
fse`p`r, pfrh fn prhgnfi` fs quf jh phlfihs muar lf jhshtrhs iasihs ja lf
jufstrhs n`talhs lfn ehr`zõj, y fsf iaflh ` n`s sfjs`eahjfs désae`s m`rà quf n`
drfeufjea` e`rlé`e` sf `efnfrf `ûj iàs y ehjdarif jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths
jfb`tavhs lf quf sf tr`t` lf uj séjthi` lf fjdfrifl`l.
N` en`vf jh fs ajtfjt`r fvat`r jufstr`s rfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s, sajh thnfr`r
e`l` vfz r`jbhs iàs `ipnahs lf `etav`eaõj dasahnõbae`. Fs lfear, sfr e`p`efs
lf hgsfrv`r saj rf`eeahj`r fiheahj`nifjtf `jtf javfnfs lf `etav`eaõj e`l`

vfz iàs `nths. Shr supufsth, jh m`ef d`nt` quf sf`ihs e`p`efs lf `bu`jt`r fn
ehr`zõj ` lhseafjt`s vfajtf puns`eahjfs phr iajuth, y` quf prhg`gnfifjtf sa
`ne`jz`ihs t`nfs puns`eahjfs quazà fstfihs `jtf `nbûj prhgnfi` iálaeh.
Sfrh sé ehjvafjf sfr e`p`efs lf `grarjhs ` n` fxpfrafjea` lf jht`rjhs
`etav`lhs y jh ajtfjt`r fse`p`r lf fst` sfjs`eaõj.
Wf`eeahj`r ehj iaflh `jtf sfjs`eahjfs dasahnõbae`s fs fn prajeap`n prhefsh
quf i`jtafjf fn tr`sthrjh lf pàjaeh ehj y saj `bhr`dhga`. Fs lfear, nhs
`t`qufs lf `jsafl`l sf l`j phr uj` i`n` ajtfrprft`eaõj lf `nbuj` sfjs`eaõj
désae`. Jhri`nifjtf, nhs iaflhs iàs ehiujfs fj fstf prhgnfi` shj n`
phsaganal`l lf sudrar uj `eealfjtf e`rlahv`seun`r, vhnvfrjhs nhehs h pfrlfr fn
 

ehjtrhn, `mhb`rjhs h sudrar uj lfsi`yh. \hlhs fnnhs shj iaflhs ajdujl`lhs

`jtf
N`nhs séjthi`sm`
psaehnhbé` désaehs lf n` `jsafl`l.
lfihstr`lh quf, `p`rtf lf n`s pfrshj`s quf p`lfefj uj
tr`sthrjh lf `jsafl`l, n`s pfrshj`s ehj prhgnfi`s lf fst`lh lf àjaih
t`igaáj sf gfjfdaea`j lf `lquarar thnfr`jea` ` n`s rfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s.
Fj n`s ehjsunt`s lf psaehnhbé` fsth sf m`ef ifla`jtf n` fxphsaeaõj
ajtfrhefptav`, quf gàsae`ifjtf ehjsastf fj `yul`r `n p`eafjtf ` `etav`rsf
dasahnõbae`ifjtf p`r` quf ehiprufgf quf jh p`s` j`l`.
Ufré` iuy arrfsphjs`gnf phr ia p`rtf rfehifjl`rtf `nbujh lf nhs
fkfreaeahs, y` quf e`l` pfrshj` fs uj iujlh, y e`l` ujh tafjf su prhpa`
thnfr`jea` ` rfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s. Shr fkfipnh, uj` pfrshj` puflf sfjtar
iaflh `n jht`r jhvfjt` puns`eahjfs phr iajuth, y htr`s pfrshj`s puflfj
sfjtarnh eu`jlh rfg`s`j n` g`rrfr` lf n`s eafjth vfajtf. @lfiàs, `nbujhs lf
nhs prheflaiafjths ajerfifjt`j n` tfjsaõj `rtfra`n, phr nh quf, fj e`shs lf
shspfem` lf prhgnfi`s `shea`lhs `n sastfi` eareun`thrah, sf rfquafrf uj
emfqufh iálaeh prfvah p`r` `sfbur`rsf lf quf jh sf ehrrfj rafsbhs phr
ajerfifjt`r n` `etaval`l lfn sastfi` saipàtaeh.
Jh hgst`jtf, `ujquf jh phl`ihs prhvhe`r fst` `etav`eaõj, nh quf sé
phlfihs fs ihladae`r jufstr` pfrefpeaõj lf jufstrhs séjthi`s dasahnõbaehs.
S`r` fnnh, vhy ` lfseragartf nhs séjthi`s iàs ehiujfs, y fxpnae`rtf phr quá
n`s ajtfrprft`eahjfs jfb`tav`s iàs drfeufjtfs lf fsths séjthi`s shj frrõjf`s.
@lfiàs, sa `pnae`ihs fn iajldunjfss  ` jufstr`s sfjs`eahjfs désae`s,
t`igaáj hgtfjlrfihs gfjfdaeahs, y` quf, fj nub`r lf ajtfjt`r
ajt fjt`r fse`p`r lf fnn`s,
n`s hgsfrv`rfihs saj ajtfjt`r ihladae`rn`s, nh quf jhs `yul`rà ` `efpt`rn`s y
thnfr`rn`s. Q `sé e`l` vfz tfjlrfihs uj` e`p`eal`l lf `bu`jtf i`yhr `
jufstr`s sfjs`eahjfs désae`s.

I`najtfrprft`eaõj lf séjthi`s dasahnõbaehs

N`s sfjs`eahjfs désae`s `shea`l`s ` jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs shj

 

ehipnft`ifjtf jhri`nfs. Fn prhgnfi` vafjf eu`jlh ajtfrprft`ihs fst`s

sfjs`eahjfs ehih jfb`tav`s

e`p`efs lf sfjtarn`s h pfnabrhs`s.
saj kuzb`rn`s Ehih mfihs
ehih jfb`tav`s. vasth,fjn`praifr
S`r` fnnh, en`vf fs sfr
nub`r,
jfefsat`ihs ehjhefr nhs séjthi`s iàs ehiujfs quf ajtfrprft`ihs lf dhri`
frrõjf`.
S`r` lfseragar nhs iàs aiphrt`jtfs, v`ihs ` thi`r ehih bué` nhs séjthi`s
iàs ehiujfs lf nhs `t`qufs lf `jsafl`l. Gàsae`ifjtf phrquf shj fn fxtrfih
p`thnõbaeh lf `nbh quf jhs heurrf ` thlhs. Mf sfnfeeahj`lh nhs quf fstàj
rfn`eahj`lhs ehj sfjs`eahjfs désae`s quf `p`rfefj fj fn LUI-AT, fn i`ju`n
lf tr`sthrjhs ifjt`nfs lf e`gfefr` lf nhs psaeõnhbhs y psaqua`tr`s.

Ihnfsta` h lhnhr thràeaeh; eu`jlh fst`ihs jfrvahshs, sfjtaihs

iaflh, h fst`ihs iuy fjd`l`lhs, phlfihs sfjtar ihnfsta`s fj fn
pfemh h ajenush lhnhr thràeaeh. Shlfihs e`fr fj fn frrhr lf pfjs`r
quf sf tr`t` lf uj ajd`rth. Sfrh jhri`nifjtf jh tafjf j`l` quf vfr
ehj fnnh. Uaipnfifjtf shj nhs iûseunhs lfn pfemh ehjtr`élhs. Ua
rfeufrl`s, eu`jlh tfjfihs fn UJ@ saipàtaeh `etav`lh, `uifjt` n`
tfjsaõj iuseun`r. @lfiàs, shnfihs rfspar`r iàs ràpalh y lf i`jfr`
ifjhs prhdujl`, phr nh quf nhs iûseunhs fje`rb`lhs lf ihvfr
jufstr` e`k` thràeae` fstàj iàs tfjsahj`lhs, nh quf puflf prhvhe`r n`

sfjs`eaõj lf prfsaõj f ajenush lf lhnhr lf pfemh.

I`rfh h sfjs`eaõj lf lfsi`yh; eu`jlh tfjfihs `etav`lh fn UJ@
saipàtaeh, n` t`s` rfspar`thra` fs iàs fnfv`l`, nh quf m`ef quf
tfjb`ihs iàs hxébfjh fj s`jbrf. Fsth jhs puflf prhvhe`r uj`
sfjs`eaõj lf i`rfh. Nh puflfs ehiprhg`r phr ta iasih rfspar`jlh
ràpalh lur`jtf ujhs eu`jths sfbujlhs. Tfràs eõih fjsfbual` jht`s
sfjs`eaõj lf i`rfh f ajfst`ganal`l. Vj` i`n` ajtfrprft`eaõj lf fstf
séjthi` puflf nnfv`rjhs ` pfjs`r quf jhs v`ihs ` lfsi`y`r. Sfrh n`
vfrl`l fs quf n` rfspufst` lf lfsi`yh sf prhluef eu`jlh jh nnfb`
 

sudaeafjtf hxébfjh `n efrfgrh, fj fstf e`sh nh quf fstà heurrafjlh fs

nh ehjtr`rah. Fs
fxpfraifjt`r eafrth quf
lfsi`yhs, m`ysf`nbujhs
pfrh p`eafjtfs
tr`t` lf quf sé nnfb`j
uj dfjõifjh nn`i`lh`
séjehpf v`shv`b`n? fsth nf heurrf ` uj phrefjt`kf iuy pfqufðh lf
pfrshj`s. @ujquf fj prhgnfi`s lf dhga` ` n` s`jbrf h `n l`ðh fs `nbh
iàs ehiûj.

Iaflh ` ihrar; fn iaflh ` ihrar sf prhluef phr uj`

i`najtfrprft`eaõj lf nhs séjthi`s. Bfjfr`nifjtf sueflf phrquf
pfjs`ihs quf v`ihs ` sudrar uj ajd`rth h uj aetus. Sfrh n` rf`nal`l fs
quf n` `jsafl`l h fn iaflh, fj sé, jh shj pfnabrhshs. Uhj shn`ifjtf
fiheahjfs, y su dujeaõj fs kust`ifjtf n` ehjtr`ra`, jhs `yul`j `
shgrfvavar. @lfiàs, sa tf dak`s, eu`jlh tfjfihs uj ajd`rth e`rlé`eh nh
quf jhs ajyfet`j fj s`jbrf fs `lrfj`naj`, kust`ifjtf nh quf prhluef
jufstrh eufrph eu`jlh fst`ihs `etav`lhs fiheahj`nifjtf. Nh quf
quafrf lfear quf jh sfrà t`j i`n`.

Iaflh ` pfrlfr fn ehjtrhn; fstf séjthi` fs lf ehrtf iàs ehbjatavh,

`ujquf t`igaáj sf sufnf prhluear eu`jlh fst`ihs iuy `etav`lhs.
Jhs sfjtaihs t`j r`rhs quf erffihs quf fsth fs séjthi` lf uj`
fjdfrifl`l ifjt`n. Ajtfrprft`ihs jufstrh fst`lh ehih pfnabrhsh y
`jtaeap`ihs quf phlfihs m`efr l`ðh ` jufstrhs sfrfs qufralhs h `
jhshtrhs iasihs phrquf phlfihs pfrlfr fn ehjtrhn. \r`jquanh, n`
vfrl`l fs quf fs aiphsagnf pfrlfr fn ehjtrhn phr fst`r `etav`lhs
fiheahj`nifjtf. Ufràs pfrdfet`ifjtf e`p`z lf lastajbuar fn gafj y
lfn i`n `ujquf safjt`s iaflh h `jsafl`l. Jh v`s ` pfrlfr fn ehjtrhn.

Ufjs`eaõj lf `sdaxa`; sf prhluef phr n` lan`t`eaõj lf nhs grhjquahs

punihj`rfs. @n jfefsat`r hxébfjh p`r` l`r uj` rfspufst` ràpal`,
jufstr` t`s` rfspar`thra` sf `efnfr` y `euiun`ihs iàs hxébfjh fj
s`jbrf. S`r`lõkae`ifjtf, fst` `euiun`eaõj puflf m`efrjhs pfjs`r
 

quf jh nnfb` sudaeafjtf `arf ` jufstrhs punihjfs, y phlfihs erffr quf

jhs fst`ihs
prhgnfi` `sdaxa`jlh,
fs quf pfrhqufjhs
sa pfjs`ihs jhsheurrf kusthm`rfihs
`sdaxa`ihs nh ehjtr`rah. Fn
fsdufrzhs
phr rfspar`r iàs prhdujl`ifjtf, nh quf m`rà quf `euiunfihs `ûj
iàs hxébfjh fj s`jbrf, y fnnh ` su vfz m`rà quf fn ehr`zõj tfjb` quf
ghigf`r iàs ràpalh p`r` lastraguarnh. @n daj`n jhs fst`rfihs
`etav`jlh iàs saj s`gfrnh.

Jàusf`s y i`nfst`r fsthi`e`n; ehih vfé`ihs, eu`jlh fstà `etav`lh

fn UJ@ saipàtaeh n` `etaval`l lfn sastfi` labfstavh fs iàs g`k`, pufs
nhs rfeurshs fjfrbátaehs sf fjdhe`j fj htr`s dujeahjfs quf jhs puflfj
`yul`r ` shgrfvavar. Shr fnnh, eu`jlh nnfv`ihs tafiph iàs `jsahshs,
ar`seagnfs h ehj iaflh, phlfihs fxpfraifjt`r lhnhr lf fstõi`bh. Fj
`nbujhs e`shs phlfihs ajenush tfjfr la`rrf` h vhiat`r. Sfrh nh
jhri`n fs nnfb`r ` jh fst`r t`j `etav`lhs, nh m`gatu`n puflf sfr quf
jhtfihs n`s nn`i`l`s «i`raphs`s fj fn fstõi`bh¿.

Fjtuifeaiafjth u mhriabufh fj i`jhs, pafs h e`r`; lfgalh ` n`

tfjsaõj iuseun`r y ` n` `euiun`eaõj lf s`jbrf fj lftfriaj`l`s zhj`s
lfn eufrph p`r` ehjsfbuar l`r uj` rfspufst` `l`pt`tav`, phlfihs
sfjtar fjtuifeaiafjth, mhriabufh h ajenush tfignhrfs fj `nbuj`
p`rtf lfn eufrph. Fs uj` rfspufst` tht`nifjtf jhri`n, fn prhgnfi` fs
i`najtfrprft`rn` y nnfb`r ` erffr quf sf tr`t` lf uj aetus h `nbûj sabjh
lf fjdfrifl`l, nh quf jhs m`rà sfjtar uj` fiheaõj sfeujl`ra` lf
iaflh quf jhs `etav`rà `ûj iàs.

S`npat`eahjfs, drfeufjea` e`rlé`e` ràpal` h n`talhs e`rlé`ehs dufrtfs;

eu`jlh fstà `etav`lh fn UJ@ saipàtaeh fs ehjfx`ifjtf jhri`n quf
jufstrh ehr`zõj sf `efnfrf y ghigfá s`jbrf iàs dufrtf. @n daj y `n
e`gh, tfjfihs quf ajtfjt`r lastraguar ` jufstrhs iûseunhs thlh fn
 hxébfjh quf fst`ihs rfspar`jlh. @ujquf bfjfr`nifjtf ajtfrprft`ihs

fst` sfjs`eaõj ehih `nbh pfnabrhsh phrquf erffihs quf phlfihs

sudrar uj ajd`rth e`rlé`eh.

Uulhr`eaõj, fse`nhdréh h shdhehs; jufstrh eufrph, eu`jlh fn UJ@
saipàtaeh sf `etav`, sf prfp`r` p`r` nuem`r h p`r` muar. Shr fnnh,
jufstr`s bnàjlun`s sulhrép`r`s sfbrfb`j sulhr p`r` rfdrabfr`r jufstrh
eufrph. Jhri`nifjtf, eu`jlh l`ihs uj` rfspufst` quf aipnae` uj
fsdufrzh, ja saquafr` jht`ihs quf fst`ihs sul`jlh, pfrh sa fst`ihs
`etav`lhs fiheahj`nifjtf y p`r`lhs, phlfihs fxpfraifjt`r n`
sfjs`eaõj lf sulhr dréh h lf e`nhr. Jh m`y prhgnfi` fj fnnh, nh i`nh
fs ajtfrprft`r fst`s sfjs`eahjfs ehih uj sabjh lf fjdfrifl`l.

Ehih vfs, phlfihs fxpfraifjt`r iuem`s sfjs`eahjfs désae`s eu`jlh

fst`ihs `etav`lhs fiheahj`nifjtf, jajbuj` lf fnn`s, lf phr sé, fs pfnabrhs`.
Fn prhgnfi` rfsalf fj n` ajtfrprft`eaõj h kuaeah quf m`efihs lf n`s iasi`s.
Fs lfear, fn prhgnfi`, lf jufvh, jh fs n`
n ` fiheaõj prai`ra` quf sajt`ihs, sajh
quf vafjf eu`jlh fn ehiphjfjtf dasahnõbaeh lf fst` p`s` ` ehjvfrtarsf fj fn
fstéiunh lf uj` fiheaõj sfeujl`ra`. Fj fstf e`sh, sfbur`ifjtf n` fiheaõj
sfeujl`ra` jh fs `l`pt`tav`.

Fse`jfh ehrphr`n

Uabuafjlh n` néjf` lf tr`g`kh quf tf prhphjbh fj fn nagrh, v`ihs ` pr`etae`r

iajldunjfss  hgsfrv`jlh jufstr`s sfjs`eahjfs ehrphr`nfs. Lf mfemh, y` nh
maeaihs fj htrh e`pétunh, eu`jlh `tfjlé`ihs ` jufstr` rfspar`eaõj (quf
t`igaáj fs uj` rfspufst` dasahnõbae`).
Fj fstf e`sh, fn fstéiunh `n quf v`ihs ` prfst`r `tfjeaõj ajtfjt`jlh jh
uzb`r fs thlh jufstrh eufrph. Sfrh jh lf i`jfr` bnhg`n, sajh quf arfihs
larabafjlh jufstr` `tfjeaõj ` e`l` uj` lf sus p`rtfs.
S`r` fnnh, ia rfehifjl`eaõj fs quf br`gfs fj `ulah fn tfxth quf tf
 prhphjbh ` ehjtaju`eaõj p`r` phlfr m`efrnh e`l` lé`. \`igaáj puflfs

`prfjlfr eõih sf m`ef y rf`naz`r fn fkfreaeah ifjt`nifjtf. Ehih tû prfdafr`s.

Fstf fs fn tfxth;
@lhpt` uj` phstur` eõihl`.  Suflfs sfjt`rtf ehj n` fsp`nl` rfet` h gafj
puflfs tuig`rtf. M`z thlhs nhs ihvaiafjths quf tfjb`s quf m`efr p`r` fst`r
eõihlh. Taban` quf n` rhp` jh tf `praftf ja tf
t f rhef.

M`z uj` rfspar`eaõj prhdujl`. \hi` `arf. Uuánt`nh p`us`l`ifjtf. Tufnvf

` thi`r `arf. Q vufnvf ` shnt`rnh pheh ` pheh, ehih sa shpn`sfs phr uj
uj`` p`kat`.
Wfpatf phr ûntai` vfz fstf prhefsh. \hi` `arf y fxpûns`nh pheh ` pheh.

Ehjeájtr`tf fj nhs lflhs lf nhs pafs.  Shj thl` tu `tfjeaõj fj n`s

sfjs`eahjfs quf pfreagfs. Jh ajtfjtfs ihladae`rn`s, saipnfifjtf `eápt`n`s t`n
ehih shj.

@mhr` thi` ehjeafjea` lf n`s pn`jt`s lf tus pafs.  Uugf m`st` nhs thgannhs
tfjafjlh ehjeafjea` pnfj` lf eõih tu `tfjeaõj sf iufvf. Ua tf lastr`fs ehj
`nbûj pfjs`iafjth h `nbûj shjalh lfn fxtfrahr, saipnfifjtf vufnvf ` prfst`r
`tfjeaõj ` tus thgannhs. Uaj rfprhem`rtf j`l`.

\hi` ehjeafjea` lf n` p`rtf lf n` pafrj` quf v` lfslf nhs thgannhs m`st`

n`s rhlann`s.  Srfst` `tfjeaõj ` eõih fstàj tus iûseunhs. Jh ajtfjtfs
ihladae`rnhs, saipnfifjtf pfri`jfef ehih hgsfrv`lhr fxtfrjh.
Iufvf tu `tfjeaõj ` n` p`rtf lf nhs iusnhs, lfslf tus rhlann`s m`st` tus
ajbnfs.  Jh kuzbufs nh quf tf fstà heurrafjlh, saipnfifjtf eájtr`tf fj
`efpt`rnh t`n y ehih fs.

Srfst` `tfjeaõj ` tu `glhifj. Lfslf tu eajtur` m`st` fn eufnnh. Jht` eõih

sf iufvf ehj n` rfspar`eaõj. Vj` vfz iàs, jh ajtfjtfs ihladae`r j`l`, jh
uzbufs tus sfjs`eahjfs, `tafjlf ` thlh nh quf heurrf fj fst` p`rtf lfn eufrph.
Hgsfrv` nhs iûseunhs quf sf tfjs`j e`l` vfz quf thi`s `arf y eõih sf
 

rfn`k`j eu`jlh nh fxpuns`s.

Hgsfrv` `mhr` tus gr`zhs. Lfslf n` pujt` lf nhs lflhs m`st` nhs mhigrhs.
Uuiárbftf fj n`s sfjs`eahjfs quf `p`rfefj. Suflf sfr quf jh safjt`s j`l`,
fstà gafj. Jh p`s` j`l`.

\hi` ehjeafjea` lf n` supfrdaeaf lf n` pafn quf fstà fj ehjt`eth ehj tu

rhp`. \hi` ehjeafjea` lf n`s p`rtfs quf tafjfs `phy`l`s fj n` supfrdaeaf fj
n` quf tf fjeufjtrfs. Uafjtf fn pfsh lf tu eufrph.

Uá ehjseafjtf `mhr` lf tu e`gfz`.  Lfslf fn eufnnh ` n` ehrhjann`. \hi`

ehjeafjea` lf nhs iûseunhs lf tu e`r`. Jh nhs kuzbufs, `eápt`nhs. \hi`
ehjeafjea` lf tu ghe`, ifkann`s, pàrp`lhs, drfjtf y hrfk`s.
Suflfs pfri`jfefr fj fstf fst`lh fn tafiph quf jfefsatfs.   Ua lfealfs
tfriaj`r, pheh ` pheh vf ihvafjlh n`s fxtrfial`lfs, praifrh nhs lflhs,
lfspuás n`s i`jhs y nhs pafs. Tf `grafjlh pheh ` pheh nhs hkhs y l`tf eufjt`
lf nh e`ni`l` quf fstà tu ifjtf.

Fxpfrafjea` fiheahj`n dasahnõbae` saj kuzb`r

Jhri`nifjtf, n`s rfspufst`s lf `etav`eaõj dasahnõbae` shj ajeõihl`s lf

sfjtar. @ j`laf nf bust` jht`r fn ehr`zõj `efnfr`lh h tfjsaõj fj nhs iûseunhs.
Fj he`sahjfs, eu`jlh fj nub`r lf ajehihlal`l nh quf sfjtaihs fs iaflh,
phlfihs nnfb`r ` tfjfr uj `t`quf lf pàjaeh h `jsafl`l.
Nhs prhbr`i`s lf tr`t`iafjth ehj fvalfjea` eafjtédae` p`r` fstf tr`sthrjh
ajenuyfj n` fxphsaeaõj ajtfrhefptav`, quf jh fs iàs quf prhvhe`r n`s
sfjs`eahjfs tfial`s p`r` ehiprhg`r quf jh heurrf j`l` phr fst`r `etav`lhs.
Ehih tf ehifjt`g` `jtfs, sfré` arrfsphjs`gnf phr ia p`rtf prhphjfrtf `pnae`r
fst`s táejae`s, y` quf jfefsat`ihs lasfð`rn`s lfpfjlafjlh lf n` thnfr`jea`
fiheahj`n lf e`l` pfrshj`. Sfrh m`y `nbh quf sé tf puflh rfehifjl`r.
 

Ua m`s sfbualh n`s ajstrueeahjfs lfn nagrh, m`gràs fipfz`lh ` pr`etae`r

fkfreaeah désaeh. Eu`jlh

ehn`tfr`n jufstrh sastfi` m`efihs
jfrvahsh lfphrtf,
`utõjhihfst`ihs `etav`jlh
saipàtaeh. lf i`jfr`
Fs lfear, eu`jlh
ehrrfihs, m`efihs pfs`s h pr`etae`ihs `rtfs i`rea`nfs, jufstrh ehr`zõj sf
`efnfr`, jufstrhs iûseunhs sf tfjs`j y sul`ihs. Fsth fs ehjsfeufjea` lf n`
`etav`eaõj lf laemh sastfi`. Shr fnnh, p`r` fxphjfrtf ` tus sfjs`eahjfs lf
`etav`eaõj dasahnõbae`s, jh tafjfs j`l` iàs quf sfbuar pr`etae`jlh lfphrtf.
Lfpfjlafjlh lf tu fl`l y tu ehjlaeaõj désae`, thnfr`ràs javfnfs iàs `nths h
iàs g`khs lf `etav`eaõj.
Vj` pràetae` rfehifjl`gnf fs quf e`l` vfz quf tfriajfs lf fkfreat`rtf,
m`b`s uj fse`jfh ehrphr`n y hgsfrvfs n`s lastajt`s p`rtfs lfn eufrph lfslf fn
ihifjth prfsfjtf, ehih fn quf tf mf rfehifjl`lh `jtfs, pfrh saj lfk`r lf
m`efr tu val` ehtala`j`. Uhn`ifjtf larabf tu `tfjeaõj ` `qufnn`s sfjs`eahjfs
quf fxpfraifjtfs ajtfjt`jlh jh kuzb`rn`s ehih gufj`s h i`n`s? shnh
hgsárv`n`s saj ajtfjt`r ihladae`r j`l`.
Eu`jlh v`y`s ehbafjlh pràetae` ehj fn fkfreaeah quf tf prhphjbh, e`l` vfz
sfràs iàs e`p`z lf lfk`r ` uj n`lh nhs kuaeahs shgrf n`s sfjs`eahjfs désae`s. Ua
quafrfs, puflfs `yul`rtf lf n` táejae` lf hgsfrv`eaõj lf pfjs`iafjths quf
prhphjé`ihs fj fn e`pétunh `jtfrahr. Uhn`ifjtf tafjfs quf larabar tu `tfjeaõj
m`ea` n`s sfjs`eahjfs désae`s y, eu`jlh tf lastr`ab`s ehj `nbûj pfjs`iafjth,
saipnfifjtf hgsárv`nh, saj prfst`rnf lfi`sa`l` `tfjeaõj (pfrh saj e`fr fj n`
fvat`eaõj lfn pfjs`iafjth), lfspuás rflarabf tu `tfjeaõj ` n`s sfjs`eahjfs
désae`s.
Lf fst` i`jfr`, fst`ràs sfp`r`jlh n` sfjs`eaõj désae` lfn kuaeah ehbjatavh
rfn`eahj`lh ehj n` iasi`. M`efr fsth tf fjtrfj`rà p`r` lfspuás m`efr nh
prhpah eu`jlh fstás ajtfjt`jlh rfbun`r uj fst`lh
f st`lh fiheahj`n.

¸Eõih ihladae`r ia fst`lh dasahnõbaeh y fiheahj`n

fj lhs iajuths8
 

Fj sfptafigrf lfn 7301 tuvf fn fjhrif mhjhr lf sfr ehjdfrfjea`jtf fj uj

fvfjth \FLx.
prfstabahs`s Dufuj
y shj fj`utájtaeh
Saj`i`r,aehjh
@rbfjtaj`. N`s em`rn`s
fj fn iujlh lf n`s\FLx shj rf`nifjtf
ehjdfrfjea`s, phr nh
quf n` rfsphjs`ganal`l quf sfjté` shgrf ias mhigrhs fr` fjhrif.
Sfrh, `lfiàs, tfjé` nub`r uj fjs`yh trfs sfi`j`s `jtfs lfn lé` lfn fvfjth,
phr nh quf if p`sá e`sa uj ifs va`k`jlh shnh phr @rbfjtaj`. Jh phlé` d`nn`r,
m`gé` lfk`lh fn tr`g`kh fj n` ehjsunt` lf psaehnhbé` p`r` i`rem`rif `nné, y
`lfiàs fr` fn ûjaeh fxtr`jkfrh fj fn fvfjth. Q p`r` ehnih fr` fn ûntaih
phjfjtf.
Fs eafrth quf m`gé` fjs`y`lh iuemésaih y if sfjté` iuy prfp`r`lh, pfrh
jh qufré` quf nhs jfrvahs lfn lé` if kub`sfj uj` i`n` p`s`l`. @sé quf rfeurré
` uj` táejae` iuy jhvflhs` y quf s`gé` quf l`g` rfsunt`lhs ajerfégnfs. Uf
tr`t` lf `lhpt`r uj` phstur` lf phlfr.
@iiy Eully, uj` prfstabahs` psaeõnhb` shea`n, y su fquaph sf fjeufjtr`j
fj n` v`jbu`rla` lf n` ajvfstab`eaõj ehj fstf taph lf táejae`s. @n p`rfefr, `n
`lhpt`r uj` phstur` lf phlfr (phr fkfipnh, nhs gr`zhs fj k`rr` ehj n`s i`jhs
`phy`l`s fj n` eajtur`, ehih sa dufsfs Uupfri`j), sf rfluef fn ehrtashn fj
s`jbrf (n` mhrihj` lfn fstrás) y `uifjt` n` tfsthstfrhj`, nh quf m`ef quf jhs
sajt`ihs ehj i`yhr ehjda`jz` y jhs `vfjturfihs ` thi`r i`yhrfs rafsbhs
(E`rjfy, Eully y Q`p, 7303).
Ehih y` s`gfihs, fst`s rfspufst`s sf rftrh`naifjt`j fjtrf sé, phr nh quf, `n
ihladae`r jufstr` phstur`, fn efrfgrh fjtafjlf quf fst`ihs sfburhs y rfg`k` n`
ajtfjsal`l fiheahj`n.
@sé quf pr`etaquá n` phsaeaõj lf phlfr lur`jtf v`rahs iajuths m`st` quf
nnfbõ fn ihifjth lf s`nar ` fsefj`. Q kurh quf, eu`jlh if fst`g`j
prfsfjt`jlh, jh sfjté` ja uj àpaef lf `jsafl`l. Ufjté` fudhra`, `sé quf mf lf
rfehjhefr, p`r` jh e`fr fj n` d`ns` ihlfsta`, quf if s`naõ iuemh ifkhr lf nh
quf fspfr`g`. (Fn vélfh fstà fj Qhu\ugf, `sé quf puflfs kuzb`r phr ta
iasih).
 

Sfrh eual`lh, abu`n quf n`s phstur`s lf phlfr `yul`j ` ifkhr`r n`

ehjda`jz`
puflf tfjfrfjfnjhshtrhs iasihs, @sé
fdfeth ehjtr`rah. `lhpt`r
quf, uj` phstur`
sa tafjfs quf ehrphr`n lf `suiasaõj
fjdrfjt`rtf uj rfth
aiphrt`jtf, `ð`lf uj` phstur` lf ehjda`jz` ` thlh nh quf y` s`gfs p`r`
bfstahj`r fiheahjfs.
Nh quf jhs laef n` fvalfjea` eafjtédae` fs quf i`jtfjfr uj p`r lf iajuths
fstf taph lf phstur`s fs sudaeafjtf p`r` e`iga`r n`s sfjs`eahjfs ehrphr`nfs.
Shjfrnh fj pràetae` fs iuy dàean. Uhn`ifjtf tafjfs quf rfeurrar ` fstf trueh
eu`jlh tf thquf fjdrfjt`rtf ` uj` satu`eaõj ladéean.

Fkfreaeah pràetaeh

Suflfs fipfz`r ` `ntfrj`r fn fkfreaeah lf iajldunjfss dhri`n lf `tfjeaõj ` n`

rfspar`eaõj ehj fn fse`jfh ehrphr`n. Lf fst` i`jfr` fst`ràs `ipna`jlh tu
fjtrfj`iafjth fj iajldunjfss. Shr uj` p`rtf, sfbuaràs lfs`rrhnn`jlh tu
e`p`eal`l p`r` efjtr`rtf fj fn prfsfjtf, y phr htr` p`rtf, aràs lfs`rrhnn`jlh tu
thnfr`jea` ` `tfjlfr ` lftfriaj`lhs fstéiunhs dasahnõbaehs quf puflf quf tf
bfjfrfj fiheahjfs lfs`br`l`gnfs.
@lfiàs, ehih tf ehifjt`g` `jtfrahrifjtf, e`l` vfz quf `e`gfs lf m`efr
fkfreaeah désaeh puflfs m`efr uj rfp`sh `tfjeahj`n phr `qufnn`s sfjs`eahjfs

quf jhtfs ehj iàs ajtfjsal`l. Uafiprf ajtfjt`jlh hgsfrv`r n`s rf`eeahjfs lf
tu eufrph `jen`lh fj fn ihifjth prfsfjtf f ajtfjt`jlh jh kuzb`rn`s ehih
gufj`s h i`n`s. Lf fst` i`jfr` thnfr`ràs e`l` vfz ifkhr ladfrfjtfs javfnfs
lf `etav`eaõj fiheahj`n.
Shr supufsth, sa tafjfs `nbûj rfth ` n` vast`, ajtfjt` lflae`r phr nh ifjhs
lhs iajuths ` `lhpt`r uj` phsaeaõj lf phlfr. Fst` fs uj` i`jfr` lf
ihladae`r ràpal`ifjtf jufstrh fst`lh fiheahj`n.
 

03

Ehjluet`s y fvat`eaõj fiheahj`n.

Nh quf m`efihs jhs ehjstruyf
h jhs lfstruyf

Shr uj n`lh, ia eufrph if pflé` fvat`r ` thl` ehst` eõih if sfjté`. Ua if

lfk`g` nnfv`r, `e`g`g` e`yfjlh e`l` lé` fj fn iasih eéreunh vaeahsh? sa
tr`t`g` lf `bu`jt`r, n` trastfz` y n` `jsafl`l sf `b`rr`g`j ` ia pfemh ehj
dufrz`. Jh fjehjtr`g` i`jfr` lf fse`p`r ` ias fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs. M`st`
quf, lf prhjth, ehiprfjlé quf jh tfjé` quf muar lf fnnhs, quf shn`ifjtf if
fst`g`j `yul`jlh. Fjehjtrá n` i`jfr` lf `grarif fj e`j`n ` fnnhs y, lf
prhjth, fn sudraiafjth sf fipfzõ ` lashnvfr. Ufbué` lhnafjlh, pfrh y` jh if
m`eé` sudrar, lf rfpfjtf lfkõ lf sfr `nbh i`nh p`r` saipnfifjtf sfr.
Lfká lf rf`eeahj`r `jtf n`s fiheahjfs. Uhn`ifjtf n`s hgsfrv`g`. Iar`g`
ias pfjs`iafjths, ias sfjs`eahjfs ehrphr`nfs y nhs aipunshs p`r` `etu`r y, `n
daj`n, lfealé` jh m`efr j`l`. Sheh ` pheh fipfeá ` e`iga`r eõih if sfjté` y
vhnvé ` vfr n` nuz.

Wfspufst`s ehjluetu`nfs

\hl`s n`s fiheahjfs prhluefj e`igahs fj jufstrh hrb`jasih ehj uj

hgkftavh; quf `etufihs lf uj` i`jfr` õptai` p`r` fst`r `l`pt`lhs ` jufstrh
iflah. Fn rfpfrthrah ehjluetu`n lfn sfr mui`jh fs iuy raeh, y br`ea`s `
 

jufstrh prhlabahsh efrfgrh mfihs salh e`p`efs lf i`jl`r ehmftfs `n fsp`eah

h phjfr rfiflahsastfi`
Sfrh jufstrh ` fjdfrifl`lfs
fiheahj`nquf
fs m`ef
druthujhs phehslf`ðhs
lf ianfs `ðhsfr`j
lf ihrt`nfs.
fvhnueaõj, nh
eu`n nh ehjvafrtf fj uj` iàquaj` trfifjl`ifjtf phlfrhs` quf fkfref uj`
ajdnufjea` grut`n fj jufstr` dhri` lf ehiphrt`rjhs. N` i`yhré` lf n`s
lfeasahjfs quf thi`ihs fj fn lé` ` lé`, `ujquf jh nh sfp`ihs, tafjfj uj
ehiphjfjtf fiheahj`n iuy i`re`lh. Erffihs quf lfealaihs nagrfifjtf,
pfrh n` jfurheafjea` e`l` lé` m`ef jufvhs lfseugraiafjths quf ehjtr`laefj
fst` `dari`eaõj. S`rfef quf fst`ihs iuy ajdnufjea`lhs phr n` i`jfr` fj n`
quf jhs sfjtaihs. Shr fkfipnh, eu`jlh vht`ihs fj uj`s fnfeeahjfs, `ujquf
erf`ihs quf nh m`efihs lf dhri` r`eahj`n, n` rf`nal`l fs quf n` i`yhré` lf
jhshtrhs lfphsat`ihs jufstr` ehjda`jz` fj fn e`jlal`th quf jhs bfjfr`
fiheahjfs `br`l`gnfs. H phr nh ifjhs fj fn quf jhs bfjfr` ifjhs
fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s.
Lfslf fn saipnf mfemh lf ehipr`r uj` e`iasft` ` n` fnfeeaõj lf jufstr`
p`rfk` tafjfj uj ehiphjfjtf fiheahj`n trfifjlh, phr nh quf nh praifrh quf
lfgfihs m`efr p`r` rfbun`r jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs fs ehiprfjlfr quf
su ajdnufjea` fs `ntésai`. Vj` vfz `efpt`lh fsth, phlfihs bfstahj`r jufstr`
`etu`eaõj p`r` quf n` ajtfjsal`l, n` drfeufjea` y n` lur`eaõj lf jufstrhs
fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs ifjhs `l`pt`tavhs sf`j ifjhrfs.
If bust` iuemh uj` iftàdhr` m`gatu`n fj n` quf sf utanaz`j n`s jufv`s
tfejhnhbé`s p`r` fxpnae`r fn ehiphrt`iafjth mui`jh. Fn  Mhih s`pafjs,
ehih nhs lfiàs sfrfs vavhs, shihs uj ehjkujth lf `nbhratihs. Fs lfear,
rfsphjlfihs `jtf eafrths fstéiunhs ehj jufstr` prhbr`i`eaõj ajtfrj` p`r`
l`r uj` rfspufst` `jtf fsths. Shr fkfipnh, e`l` vfz quf ajtrhluzeh uj`
ihjfl` fj uj` iàquaj` fxpfjlflhr` lf gfgal`s, fn `nbhratih lfn `p`r`th
fjtafjlf quf, sa fn prfeah fs ehrrfeth y punsh fn ghtõj @, tafjf quf lfk`r e`fr
n` gfgal` `ni`efj`l` fj fsf ehip`rtaifjth. Nh iasih heurrf ehj nhs sfrfs
mui`jhs; sa pfreagaihs uj fstéiunh quf erffihs quf puflf suphjfr uj
 

pfnabrh, jufstrh eufrph rfsphjlf ehj uj` ehjluet` lf nuem` h mual`.

Fn prhefsh
rf`nal`l sfré`
fs quf sf sfjeannh
ehipnae`lfiuemh.
fjtfjlfr
Shrsa fkfipnh,
n` val` dufsf `sé lf saipnf.
sa pfreagaihs Sfrh n`
uj fstéiunh
ehih uj pfnabrh quf puflf phjfr fj rafsbh jufstr` supfrvavfjea`, pfrh
t`igaáj puflf phjfr fj rafsbh n` supfrvavfjea` lf uj sfr qufralh,
sfbur`ifjtf jufstr` `etu`eaõj sf ehipnaquf. Fn efrfgrh nnfv`rà ` e`gh uj`
thi` lf lfeasahjfs fj n` eu`n ajdnuaràj v`ra`gnfs `igafjt`nfs, bfjátae`s y lf
`prfjlaz`kf. Ehih vfjaihs sfð`n`jlh lur`jtf thlh fn nagrh, n` e`p`eal`l lf
rfbun`r fiheahjfs y n` ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n ajtfjt`j quf ifkhrfihs fst`
thi` lf lfeasahjfs p`r` phlfr tfjfr fj eufjt` thl` n` ajdhri`eaõj rfnfv`jtf
p`r` jufstr` `l`pt`eaõj.

Ehjluet`s aipuns`l`s phr n` fiheaõj

Ehih y` s`gfs, n`s fiheahjfs sf ehiphjfj lf trfs sastfi`s lf rfspufst`.

Vjh lf fnnhs fs fn sastfi` lf rfspufst` ehjluetu`n. Jufstrh eufrph rf`eeahj`
`jtf nhs `ehjtfeaiafjths p`r` ajtfjt`r `l`pt`rsf ehj n` i`yhr fdae`ea` phsagnf
`n iflah. S`r` fnnh, jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs jhs aipuns`j ` `etu`r lf
lftfriaj`l` i`jfr` `jtf eafrths `ehjtfeaiafjths.
Lfpfjlafjlh lf n` fiheaõj quf fstfihs fxpfraifjt`jlh, n` ehjluet`
aipuns`l` phr n` fiheaõj sfrà uj` u htr`. Shr fkfipnh, eu`jlh jhs sfjtaihs
eunp`gnfs, fxpfraifjt`ihs fn aipunsh lf rfp`r`r fn l`ðh rf`naz`lh? eu`jlh
sfjtaihs iaflh, tfjfihs lfsfhs lf fvat`r h fse`p`r lf `qufnnh quf jhs
`tfrrhraz`, y eu`jlh fst`ihs trastfs, jufstrh eufrph jhs palf g`k`r fn ratih y
fst`r iàs rfdnfxavhs.
Ehih vfé`ihs `n prajeapah lfn nagrh, n`s fiheahjfs tafjfj trfs dujeahjfs
prajeap`nfs. Vj` dujeaõj `l`pt`tav`, quf jhs `yul` ` shgrfvavar y fst`r
`l`pt`lhs ` jufstrh iflah? uj` dujeaõj ihtav`eahj`n, quf jhs l` fn aipunsh
jfefs`rah p`r` nnfv`r ` e`gh laem` `l`pt`eaõj? y uj` dujeaõj shea`n, quf jhs
 `yul` ` ehiujae`rjhs ehj jufstrhs sfifk`jtfs. Fj fn e`sh lfn sastfi` lf

rfspufst` ehjluetu`n, shj fspfea`nifjtf fvalfjtfs fst`s trfs dujeahjfs. Sfrh

ehih lfeé`ihs,
jhs aipuns`rà lfpfjlafjlh
` l`r lf n` fiheaõj quf sajt`ihs, jufstrh eufrph
uj` u htr` rfspufst`.
Fj n` sabuafjtf t`gn` sf iufstr`j n`s dujeahjfs lf n`s ehjluet`s aipuns`l`s
phr n`s fiheahjfs tépae`s lf e`l` ihl`nal`l fiheahj`n.

\`gn` 03.0. Dujeaõj
03.0. Dujeaõj `l`pt`tav` lf n`s fiheahjfs.

Fiheaõj
Fiheaõj Dujeahjf
Dujeahjfss lf n`s ehjlue
ehjluet`s
t`s aipuns`
aipuns`l`s
l`s phr
phr n` fiheaõj
fiheaõj

@nfbré
@nfbré`
` Bfjfr`
Bfjfr`rr `eta
`etatulf
tulfss phsatav
phsatav`s
`s m`ea`
m`ea` nhs htrh
htrhss y fst`gnfef
fst`gnfefrr ehhpfr`e
ehhpfr`eaõj
aõj (Asfj
(Asfj,, L`ug
L`ugi`j
i`j y
Jhwaeoa, 01=2)? dhifjt`r n`s rfn`eahjfs ajtfrpfrshj`nfs (Az`rl, 0110)? fxpfraifjt`r
f xpfraifjt`r
sfjs`eahjfs lf vabhrhsal`l, ehipftfjea`, tr`sefjlfjea` y nagfrt`l (If`lhws, 0126)?
d`vhrfefr prhefshs ehbjatavhs y lf `prfjlaz`kf, eurahsal`l y dnfxaganal`l ifjt`n (N`jbslhrd,
Az`rl, W`ya`s y Mfigrff, 01=5).

\rastfz`
\rastfz` Ehmfsahj`r
Ehmfsahj`rjhs
jhs ehj
ehj htr`s
htr`s pfrshj`s?
pfrshj`s? ehiujae`rjhs
ehiujae`rjhs ehj nhs lfiàs,
lfiàs, nhnh quf puflf bfjfr`
bfjfr`rr
`yul` ` htr`s pfrshj`s? `p`eabu`r rf`eeahjfs lf `brfsaõj phr p`rtf lf htrhs bfjfr`r fip`té`
h ehiphrt`iafjths `ntruast`s. Lasiajuar fn ratih lf `etaval`l y v`nhr`r htrhs `spfeths lf n`
val` ` nhs quf `jtfs lf n` párlal` lfn `ehjtfeaiafjth quf l` hrabfj ` n` trastfz` jh sf nfs
prfst`g` `tfjeaõj (Az`rl, 0110).

Ar
Ar`
` Ihva
Ihvanaz
naz`r
`r rf
rfeur
eursh
shss p`r
p`r`
` fkf
fkfeut
eut`r
`r ehjlu
ehjluet`
et`ss lf
lf `t`
`t`qu
quf
f h lfd
lfdfj
fjs`
s` y fna
fnaia
iaj`
j`rr nnhs
hs hgst
hgstàe
àeunh
unhss quf
quf
aipalfj n` ehjsfeueaõj lf nhs hgkftavhs lfsf`lhs y bfjfr`j drustr`eaõj. Ua gafj n` ar` jh
safiprf ehjenuyf fj `brfsaõj.

Iaflh
Iaflh @yul`r
@yul`r ` fse`
fse`p`r
p`r h ` fva
fvat`r
t`r nhs fstéiu
fstéiunhs
nhs quf pfreag
pfreagaihs
aihs ehi
ehih
h pfna
pfnabrh
brhshs.
shs.

@seh
@seh Fvat`r
Fvat`r n` ajbfst
ajbfst`
` lf `na
`naifj
ifjths
ths pht
phtfje
fjea`n
a`nifjt
ifjtf
f pfnabr
pfnabrhsh
hshss p`r`
p`r` jufstr
jufstr`
` s`
s`nul
nul h f
fj
j i`n
i`n fst`lh
fst`lh y
phtfjea`r màgaths lf val` s`nul`gnfs (Wffvf W`vfj y Gfshr`, 011<).
Uhrprfs`
Uhrprfs` D`eanat`r
D`eanat`r n` rfspufst`
rfspufst` fiheahj`
fiheahj`nn phstfrahr.
phstfrahr. Lf fst`
fst` i`jfr` fn
fn hrb`ja
hrb`jasih
sih sf efjtr`
efjtr` fj
rfsphjlfr `lfeu`l`ifjtf ` nh quf fn `igafjtf lfi`jl` lf án.

Bfjfr`nifjtf, eu`jlh n` ehjluet` euipnf ehj n` dujeaõj gahnõbae`,

fxpfraifjt`ihs uj` rflueeaõj lf n` ajtfjsal`l lf n` fiheaõj. Fs lfear, sa
phr fkfipnh sfjtaihs iaflh lf uj lfprfl`lhr y ehjsfbuaihs fse`p`r lf án,
fn iaflh lfs`p`rfefrà eu`jlh nh pfrl`ihs lf vast`.
Sfrh, ehih vfjaihs laeafjlh, jufstr` sheafl`l m` e`iga`lh iuemh lfslf
 quf fn sfr mui`jh m`gatfj n` d`z lf n` tafrr`. Q n`s fiheahjfs, iuem`s vfefs,

sf lasp`r`j phrquf fv`nu`ihs i`n n` rf`nal`l. Sfrh nh pfhr fs quf, fj

he`sahjfs, fj nub`r lf fjtfjlfr quf fsths fst`lhs shj saipnfifjtf d`nshs

phsatavhs quf phlfihs rfbun`r, e`fihs fj fn eéreunh vaeahsh lf n` fvat`eaõj
fiheahj`n.

Fvat`eaõj fiheahj`n

Fvat`r fiheahjfs fj bfjfr`n safiprf jhs v` ` nnfv`r ` ajerfifjt`r fn

i`nfst`r. N`s fiheahjfs shj ajdhri`eaõj quf jhs i`jl` jufstrh efrfgrh
p`r` quf `etufihs lf i`jfr` ehipftfjtf. Fs eafrth quf iuem`s vfefs
jufstrh `nbhratih jh fstà nh sudaeafjtfifjtf `l`pt`lh `n iujlh fj fn quf
vavaihs y sfjtaihs fiheahjfs quf jh jhs `phrt`j j`l`. Sfrh ajtfjt`r
fvat`rn`s nh quf m`rà, nfkhs lf n` nõbae`, fs quf fst`s sf ajerfifjtfj. Nhs
fsdufrzhs phr ajtfjt`r jh sfjtar trastfz`, jh sfjtar `jsafl`l h jh fst`r
fjd`l`lhs jhs ehjluearàj ` uj eéreunh vaeahsh fj fn eu`n sfjtarfihs fst`s
fiheahjfs lf i`jfr` iàs ajtfjs`, iàs drfeufjtf y iàs lur`lfr`.
Fj n` i`yhré` lf ihlfnhs quf fxastfj p`r` fxpnae`r nhs tr`sthrjhs lf
`jsafl`l y lf fst`lh lf àjaih, m`y uj ehiphjfjtf lf fvat`eaõj fiheahj`n
quf m`ef quf fn tr`sthrjh sf i`jtfjb` fj fn tafiph. Shr fkfipnh, n`s dhga`s sf
i`jtafjfj phrquf n` pfrshj` quf n`s sudrf m`ef ajtfjths phr jh fxpfraifjt`r
`jsafl`l h iaflh. Fs lfear, fvat` satu`eahjfs fj n`s quf pufl` `p`rfefr fn
fstéiunh tfialh, h sa fstà prfsfjtf, ajtfjt` fse`p`r lf n` satu`eaõj nh `jtfs
phsagnf. Fn tr`t`iafjth psaehnõbaeh lf fnfeeaõj p`r` fsths prhgnfi`s,
prfeas`ifjtf v` fj n` néjf` ehjtr`ra`. Fs lfear, n` fxphsaeaõj ` fstéiunhs
dõgaehs prftfjlf quf lfkfihs lf sfjtar `jsafl`l `jtf satu`eahjfs h fnfifjths
quf, fj sé, jh shj pfnabrhshs. Shr iflah lf n` fxphsaeaõj, jufstrh efrfgrh
ehiprufg` quf fdfetav`ifjtf jh m`y j`l` quf tfifr, phr nh quf ` n`rbh
pn`zh y tr`s v`ra`s fxphsaeahjfs, lfk` lf rfsphjlfr lf fst` i`jfr`.
Shr fnnh, lfgfihs tfjfr fj n` e`gfz` quf sfbuar ajtfjt`jlh fvat`r sfjtarjhs
 lf n` i`jfr` quf nh m`efihs nh quf m`rà sfrà pfrpftu`r f ajenush ajerfifjt`r

fn i`nfst`r `shea`lh ` lftfriaj`l`s satu`eahjfs. N` en`vf fs `prfjlfr `

rfsphjlfr lf htr` i`jfr` `jtf jufstr`s fiheahjfs. Fj lfdajatav`, ` vfr fsths

fst`lhs ehih ifr` ajdhri`eaõj quf jhs l` jufstrh eufrph y `etu`r lf n`
dhri` iàs ajtfnabfjtf, tfjafjlh fj eufjt` jufstr`s fiheahjfs y jufstr`
r`zõj.
Ai`baj` quf tfjbh uj iaflh iuy `rr`ab`lh ` fxprfs`r fj pûgnaeh ias
hpajahjfs. E`l` vfz quf surbf n` phsaganal`l lf m`efrnh, ia eufrph rf`eeahj`
ehj uj` fiheaõj lf iaflh. Ia dhri` lf pfjs`r sf vufnvf iuemh iàs
e`t`strhdast` fj fst`s satu`eahjfs, y nnfbh ` pfjs`r quf, sa i`jadafsth nh quf
hpajh, ias sfrfs qufralhs if l`ràj n` fsp`nl`. Désae`ifjtf fxpfraifjth
prfsaõj fj fn pfemh, sf `efnfr` ia ehr`zõj y jhth tfjsaõj iuseun`r. Fstf
i`nfst`r m`ef quf ajtfjtf fvat`r ` thl` ehst` fn fxprfs`r ias hpajahjfs fj
pûgnaeh, y n` ehjluet` quf prhg`gnfifjtf if pal` fn eufrph sf` n` lf
pfri`jfefr e`nn`lh. Lf fst` i`jfr` fvat`rá sfjtarif ehih if safjth fj fsf
ihifjth. Sfrh fn prhgnfi` fs quf fj `nbûj ihifjth lf ia masthra` tfjlrá
quf l`r ia hpajaõj fj pûgnaeh, phr nh quf sfbur`ifjtf fn iaflh vhnvfrà `
`p`rfefr y if ehjlfj`rà ` vavar fj uj eéreunh vaeahsh lf iaflh y fvat`eaõj.
Fn prhgnfi` lf lfk`rif nnfv`r phr fn iaflh jh fs shn`ifjtf fn i`nfst`r
i` nfst`r quf
sfjtará e`l` vfz quf sf if pal` quf if fxprfsf fj pûgnaeh, sajh n` e`jtal`l
lf hphrtujal`lfs quf pfrlfrá phr fvat`r sfjtar fs` fiheaõj. @lfiàs, e`l`
vfz tfjlfrá ` bfjfr`naz`r iàs ia rfspufst`, phr nh quf `n prajeapah puflf quf
shn`ifjtf fvatf ihstr`r ia hpajaõj ehj pfrshj`s quf jh ehjhzeh, pfrh sa
sabh `etu`jlh lf fs` i`jfr`, `e`g`rá fvat`jlh hpaj`r fj n` i`yhré` lf n`s
satu`eahjfs.

\aphs lf fvat`eaõj fiheahj`n

Shlfihs fvat`r jufstr`s fiheahjfs fj lastajths pn`jhs. Ehih y` s`gfihs,

n`s fiheahjfs tafjfj uj trapnf sastfi` lf rfspufst`, fn ehbjatavh, fn
 dasahnõbaeh y fn ehjluetu`n. Nhs taphs lf fvat`eaõj quf phlfihs m`efr fstàj

rfn`eahj`lhs ehj fsths trfs pn`jhs.

Fvat`eaõj ehbjatav`
Ehih y` vaihs fj fn e`pétunh ehrrfsphjlafjtf ` n`s rfspufst`s ehbjatav`s, nhs
ajtfjths phr `p`rt`r uj pfjs`iafjth lf n` e`gfz` ehjnnfv`j n` `p`raeaõj lfn
iasih lf dhri` iàs ajtfjs`, iàs drfeufjtf y iàs lur`lfr`.
Nhs pfjs`iafjths ehj e`rb` fiheahj`n sufnfj `p`rfefr ehj i`yhr
drfeufjea` fj jufstr` ifjtf, y fn sfjtalh ehiûj jhs fipuk` ` `p`rt`rnhs sa
ehjnnfv`j i`nfst`r `shea`lh. Sfrh y` mfihs vasth quf fst` tàetae` fs iuy
pheh fdae`z ` n`rbh pn`zh, phr nh quf ajtfjt`r jh pfjs`r fj lftfriaj`l`s ehs`s
` nh ûjaeh quf jhs nnfv`rà sfrà ` fst`r thlh fn lé` ehj fnnh fj n` e`gfz`. Ua
rfeufrl`s fn fxpfraifjth lf Rfbjfr ehj fn hsh gn`jeh, quf tf prhpusf quf
fxpfraifjt`r`s phr ta iasih, fjtfjlfràs phr quá n` fvat`eaõj ehbjatav` jh fs
fdae`z.
Shr fkfipnh, ai`baj` quf lfjtrh lf uj`s sfi`j`s tfjbh quf fjdrfjt`rif `
uj fx`ifj lf hphsaeaõj. Uf tr`t` lf uj fvfjth iuy aiphrt`jtf p`r` ié, y`
quf nnfvh tafiph lflaeàjlhif fj eufrph y `ni` ` fstula`r p`r` ehjsfbuar fn
tr`g`kh lf ias sufðhs.
Fs prhg`gnf quf ` iflal` quf sf `efrquf n` dfem`, e`l` vfz `p`rfze`j iàs
pfjs`iafjths rfn`eahj`lhs ehj fn fx`ifj fj ia ehjeafjea`. Ua fj nub`r lf
fjtfjlfr quf shj druth lf n` `jsafl`l quf safjth `n rfspfeth, y quf nh quf if
fstà ajlae`jlh fn efrfgrh fs quf if efjtrf fj `lquarar nhs rfeurshs jfefs`rahs
p`r` m`efr drfjtf ` fst` satu`eaõj lf n` ifkhr i`jfr` phsagnf, ajtfjth fvat`r fn
i`nfst`r `p`rt`jlh fn pfjs`iafjth lf ia e`gfz`, sfbur`ifjtf e`frá fj uj
guenf lf prfheup`eaõj ehjst`jtf. Q fsth, fj nub`r lf `yul`rif ` fstula`r,
prhg`gnfifjtf if ladaeuntf fjhrififjtf n` t`rf` y suphjb` uj màjlae`p
aiphrt`jtf ` n` mhr` lf m`efr uj gufj fx`ifj.

Fvat`eaõj dasahnõbae`
 

Htrh taph lf fvat`eaõj fs n` rfn`eahj`l` ehj n`s rfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s.

Jhri`nifjtf, ehih y` mfihs vasth, sfjtarjhs iuy `etav`lhs suphjf eafrth

br`lh lf ajehihlal`l, lf ihlh quf tfjlfihs ` fse`p`r lf fs`s sfjs`eahjfs.
Lfslf uj pujth lf vast` fvhnutavh, tafjf sfjtalh quf ajtfjtfihs fse`p`r lf
fnn`s, y` quf, eu`jlh vavé`ihs m`ef eafjth eajeufjt` ian `ðhs, fst`r t`j
`etav`lh aipnae`g` uj pfnabrh rf`n lf iufrtf, phr nh quf fse`p`r lf fst`
`etav`eaõj suphjé` phjfrsf ` s`nvh.
Sfrh, en`rh, fj fn iujlh `etu`n lasphjfihs lf `t`khs quéiaehs p`r` fvat`r
jufstr`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs dasahnõbae`s. Fs fn e`sh lf eafrt`s lrhb`s h
eafrths dàri`ehs quf jhs puflfj `yul`r ` fst`r iàs tr`jquanhs ` ehrth pn`zh,
pfrh quf ` n`rbh pn`zh jhs fipuk`j, lf jufvh, ` uj eéreunh vaeahsh lf
fvat`eaõj fiheahj`n.
Vj gufj fkfipnh lf fstf taph lf fvat`eahjfs fs fn sabuafjtf. Ai`baj` quf
tfjbh uj iaflh iuy `rr`ab`lh ` m`gn`r ehj pfrshj`s quf if p`rfefj
`tr`etav`s. E`l` vfz quf tfjbh n` hphrtujal`l lf m`efrnh, rfeurrh `n ehjsuih
lf `nehmhn. Srhg`gnfifjtf, fst` lrhb` if `yulf ` ehrth pn`zh ` vfjefr nhs
jfrvahs, pfrh ` n`rbh pn`zh jh if `yul`rà ` ifkhr`r ias m`ganal`lfs shea`nfs,
sajh quf bfjfr`rà uj` lfpfjlfjea` lf n` sust`jea` p`r` phlfr `efre`rif `
pfrshj`s quf if p`rfefj `tr`etav`s.
Fj n` iasi` néjf`, eafrths psaehdàri`ehs, fj fspfea`n nhs `jsahnétaehs,
suphjfj uj` p`rtf lfn prhgnfi` fj eafrths tr`sthrjhs, shgrf thlh fj nhs lf
`jsafl`l. @ vfefs, fn p`eafjtf hgtafjf uj` rfn`k`eaõj ajst`jtàjf` eu`jlh thi`
uj dàri`eh p`r` n` `jsafl`l `jtf uj` satu`eaõj lftfriaj`l`. Nfkhs lf supfr`r
fst` satu`eaõj, nh quf m`ef fn dàri`eh fs quf sf pfrpftûf n` rfspufst`
fiheahj`n ` n`rbh pn`zh, pufs sa fn p`eafjtf ajtfjt` `drhjt`rsf ` n` satu`eaõj
saj fn dàri`eh, sfbur`ifjtf n` ajtfjsal`l fiheahj`n sfrà iuy `nt`. @lfiàs,
sa ehjsabuf supfr`r n` satu`eaõj ehj `yul` lfn dàri`eh, prhg`gnfifjtf
`traguarà su áxath ` n` p`stann`. Fsth suphjf uj prhgnfi` iuy br`vf fj n`
rfeupfr`eaõj lfn tr`sthrjh lf pàjaeh ehj `bhr`dhga`, y` quf, jhri`nifjtf,
 

eu`jlh m`y eafrt` fvhnueaõj fj fn tr`sthrjh, nhs p`eafjtfs m`j `prfjlalh `

nnfv`r safiprf fjeai` uj tr`jquanaz`jtf phr sa n` `jsafl`l m`ef su `p`raeaõj.

Fn ifjs`kf quf nf fst`ihs l`jlh `n efrfgrh fs quf jufstr` fiheaõj lf
`jsafl`l h iaflh fs ajlfsf`gnf y pfnabrhs`, y quf fs iuy pfrkulaea`n p`r`
jhshtrhs sfjtarjhs lf fs` i`jfr`. Shr nh quf, p`r`lõkae`ifjtf, `jtf nhs
praifrhs séjthi`s rf`eeahj`rfihs ehj iaflh `n iaflh. Ua mfihs `prfjlalh `
utanaz`r n` fvat`eaõj quéiae` lf n` fiheaõj, jh tfjlrfihs iàs rfeurshs p`r`
`drhjt`r n` `etav`eaõj fiheahj`n quf thi`r n` p`stann`.
Fstf eéreunh vaeahsh m`rà quf e`l` vfz sf`ihs iàs lfpfjlafjtfs lf nhs
tr`jquanaz`jtfs p`r` ehjsfbuar nnfv`r uj` val` jhri`n.

Fvat`eaõj ehjluetu`n
Uf tr`t` lf n` fvat`eaõj iàs fvalfjtf, y` quf fs hgsfrv`gnf phr htr`s pfrshj`s.
Fj fstf e`sh, n` pfrshj` fvat` satu`eahjfs h fstéiunhs quf nf bfjfr`j
fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s h quf jh lfsf` fxpfraifjt`r. Fj fn e`sh lf tr`t`rsf lf
fiheahjfs quf jhs `yul`j ` `l`pt`rjhs, fvat`r n`s satu`eahjfs h nhs fstéiunhs
quf n`s bfjfr`j jhs `yul`rà ` fst`r ifkhr `l`pt`lhs ` jufstrh iflah, pfrh fj
fn e`sh lf tr`t`rsf lf fiheahjfs pheh `l`pt`tav`s, suphjlrà uj màjlae`p fj
jufstr` val`.
Vj fkfipnh lf fvat`eaõj ehjluetu`n `l`pt`tav` phlré` sfr tr`t`r lf
`nfk`rjhs lf nub`rfs `nths h pfnabrhshs. Fj fstf e`sh, fn iaflh jhs `yul` `
pfri`jfefr s`jhs y s`nvhs fj nub`rfs sfburhs. Fst` fiheaõj m`rà quf
fvatfihs `efre`rjhs lfi`sa`lh ` uj` ehrjas` saj g`r`jlann` h ` uj `e`jtan`lh.
Shr nh quf, fj fstf e`sh, jh tfjlrfihs quf rf`naz`r jajbûj taph lf `etaval`l
lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n, y` quf fn iaflh fs `l`pt`tavh.
Fn prhgnfi` vafjf eu`jlh n`s satu`eahjfs h nhs fstéiunhs quf fvat`ihs
suphjfj uj` ladaeunt`l p`r` jufstr` `l`pt`eaõj. Shr fkfipnh, ai`bajfihs
quf jhs l` iuemh iaflh h iuem` vfrbþfjz` m`gn`r ehj pfrshj`s ehj n`s quf
jh tfjfihs ehjda`jz`. Ua fvat`ihs ` thl` ehst` satu`eahjfs fj n`s eu`nfs
 

phlfihs vfrjhs hgnab`lhs ` m`efrnh, jufstr` val` shea`n sudrarà uj rfvás

aiphrt`jtf. Fj he`sahjfs puflf sfr t`j br`vf quf jh jhs pfriat` tfjfr p`rfk`
h `iabhs h quf n`s rfn`eahjfs ehj fnnhs jh sf`j thlh nh s`tasd`ethra`s quf jhs
bust`ré`. Fj fstf e`sh, sé quf sfré` rfehifjl`gnf phjfr fj i`rem` thl`s n`s
fstr`tfba`s lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n quf fst`ihs fxpnae`jlh p`r` phlfr, pheh
` pheh, ar supfr`jlh jufstrhs iaflhs ehj fn daj lf tfjfr uj` val` shea`n
`l`pt`l`.
Jhri`nifjtf, eu`jlh jhs fxphjfihs ` satu`eahjfs h fstéiunhs quf jhs
bfjfr`j fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s y n`s bfstahj`ihs ehj fdae`ea`, n` rf`eeaõj
fiheahj`n lf jufstrh eufrph `jtf fstéiunhs y satu`eahjfs saian`rfs v` safjlh
ifjhr.
Shr fkfipnh, fj p`eafjtfs ehj `t`qufs lf pàjaeh y `bhr`dhga`, fn iaflh
prajeap`n fs sudrar uj `t`quf lf `jsafl`l. Fstf iaflh sf v` bfjfr`naz`jlh `
e`l` vfz iàs satu`eahjfs phrquf n`s pfrshj`s tafjlfj ` fvat`rn`s. N`s iàs
ehiujfs shj ehjluear, ihjt`rsf fj `sefjshrfs, va`k`r fj tr`sphrtf pûgnaeh h
ar ` nub`rfs iuy ehjeurralhs. Ehjdhrif ehjsabufj bfstahj`r nhs `t`qufs lf
`jsafl`l, fn tr`t`iafjth lfgf ar larabalh ` supfr`r nhs fstéiunhs h n`s
satu`eahjfs quf nnfv`j fvat`jlh lur`jtf eafrth tafiph. Shr supufsth jh sf
lfgf m`efr lf dhri` `grupt`, sajh quf sf fst`gnfef uj` kfr`rqué` lf
satu`eahjfs tfial`s y sf ehiafjz` phr `qufnn`s quf bfjfr`j ifjhs iaflh.
Ehjdhrif `v`jz` fn tr`t`iafjth, fn p`eafjtf v` supfr`jlh e`l` vfz iàs
satu`eahjfs m`st` nnfb`r ` jh fvat`r fstéiunhs ja satu`eahjfs phr iaflh `
p`lfefr uj `t`quf lf `jsafl`l.

Ehjluet`s lf sfbural`l
N`s ehjluet`s lf sfbural`l shj pfqufðhs ratu`nfs quf sufnf phjfr fj i`rem`
n` pfrshj` y quf suphjfj uj` fvat`eaõj. Fsth `yul` ` rfluear n` fiheaõj `
ehrth pn`zh, pfrh i`jtafjfj n` rfspufst` ` n`rbh pn`zh.
Suflfj sfr iuy sutanfs, ehih, phr fkfipnh, nnfv`r uj `jsahnétaeh safiprf
 

fjeai`. Fn ifrh mfemh lf m`efrnh, m`ef quf n` pfrshj` sf safjt` iàs sfbur`.

Sfrh sf tr`t` lf uj pfjs`iafjth supfrstaeahsh, y` quf fj rf`nal`l fn

`jsahnétaeh bu`rl`lh fj uj ghnsannh jh tafjf fdfeths quéiaehs. Suflfj p`s`r
`ðhs saj quf n` pfrshj` nnfbuf ` p`lfefr uj `t`quf lf `jsafl`l, pfrh sabuf
ehj fn `jsahnétaeh fjeai` y juje` s`nf saj án. Fn prhgnfi` nnfb` fn lé` fj fn
quf tafjf quf fjdrfjt`rsf ` uj` satu`eaõj y jh nnfv` n` p`stann` fjeai`. Fs
prhg`gnf quf `p`rfze` n` `jsafl`l.
Q fs quf fn prhgnfi` lf n`s ehjluet`s lf sfbural`l fs quf jhs m`efj sfjtar
ehjtrhn shgrf n` satu`eaõj lf i`jfr` `rtadaea`n. Fsth jhs aipalf fxpfraifjt`r
n` satu`eaõj lf uj` i`jfr` s`j` y fjtfjlfr quf shihs jhshtrhs quafjfs
phlfihs fjdrfjt`rjhs ` fnn`. Eu`jlh nnfv`ihs ` e`gh ehjluet`s lf
sfbural`l, n` `tragueaõj quf m`efihs lfn áxath `n fjdrfjt`rjhs ` n` satu`eaõj
fs fxtfrj` fj nub`r lf ajtfrj`. Fs lfear, sa tfjfihs uj tr`sthrjh lf pàjaeh ehj
`bhr`dhga` y ehjsfbuaihs thi`r fn tr`jsphrtf pûgnaeh ehj n` p`stann` fj fn
ghnsannh, prhg`gnfifjtf erf`ihs quf nh mfihs ehjsfbualh supfr`r phrquf
tfjé`ihs uj rfeursh `n quf phlé`ihs rfeurrar sa `p`rfeé` n` `jsafl`l.
Fj d`sfs tfipr`j`s lfn tr`t`iafjth lf fstf prhgnfi`, jhs puflf sfr lf
`yul` pfriatar ` n` pfrshj` quf `lhptf ehjluet`s lf sfbural`l, pfrh pheh `
pheh nh rfehifjl`gnf fs ar ehrtàjlhn`s. Uaj fig`rbh, m`y fvalfjea`s lf quf
n`s ehjluet`s lf sfbural`l suphjfj uj `drhjt`iafjth p`rea`n lfn fstéiunh
quf bfjfr` fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s, nh quf aipnae` uj i`jtfjaiafjth lfn
prhgnfi` ` n`rbh pn`zh.

@prfjlfihs lf jufstr`s rf`eeahjfs `jtf jufstr`s fiheahjfs

Ehih vfé`ihs fj htrh e`pétunh, jufstrh efrfgrh sf v` ihladae`jlh ehj n`

fxpfrafjea` y phlfihs `prfjlfr ` rf`eeahj`r fiheahj`nifjtf `jtf ladfrfjtfs
fstéiunhs. Fn prhgnfi` sf prfsfjt` eu`jlh e`fihs fj eéreunhs vaeahshs lf
fvat`eaõj fiheahj`n, pufs `prfjlfihs ` sfbuar `drhjt`jlh jufstrhs fst`lhs
 fiheahj`nfs ` tr`vás lf n` fvat`eaõj.

E`l` vfz quf e`fihs fj n` fvat`eaõj, n` `shea`eaõj jfurhj`n sf v` m`eafjlh

iàs dufrtf, y fn prhefsh fs iàs `uthiàtaeh. Shr fsh `nbuj`s vfefs

fxpfraifjt`ihs uj` hnf`l` lf fiheaõj saj m`gfr phlalh lftfet`r n`s
rfspufst`s ehbjatav`s `shea`l`s. Fj he`sahjfs, fs t`j dufrtf n` `shea`eaõj, quf
n` saipnf `p`raeaõj lfn fstéiunh m`ef quf fiat`ihs uj` ehjluet` lf uj`
i`jfr` e`sa `uthiàtae`.
N` gufj` jhtaea` fs quf, pfsf ` quf nnfvfihs iuemhs `ðhs `etu`jlh lf uj`
i`jfr` lftfriaj`l` `jtf eafrths fstéiunhs, phlfihs ihladae`r jufstr` dhri`
lf rfsphjlfr. N`s táejae`s quf tf mf alh ihstr`jlh lur`jtf thlh fn nagrh sf
efjtr`j prfeas`ifjtf fj fstf ehiftalh.
Lfeé` @ngfrt Fajstfaj quf m`efr safiprf nh iasih y fspfr`r rfsunt`lhs
lastajths fs lf alaht`s. Sufs, prfeas`ifjtf, ehj fs` dr`sf fj n` i`jh, tfjfihs
quf fipfz`r ` `etu`r lf uj` i`jfr` ladfrfjtf sa qufrfihs quf jufstr`s
rf`eeahjfs fiheahj`nfs sf`j lastajt`s.
Lf pfqufðh dua uj jaðh ehj uj` ajd`jea` dfnaz fj n` i`yhré` lf n`s
satu`eahjfs. Sfrh `j`naz`jlh ia p`s`lh, if la eufjt` lf quf tuvf iuem`s
fxpfrafjea`s lf rfem`zh y quf phr fnnh if ehjvfrté fj `nbuafj rf`nifjtf
téialh.
Fr` uj emaeh ehj ujhs oanhs lf iàs y, `lfiàs, lfgalh ` quf fn fsi`ntf lf
ias lafjtfs lf nfemf fr` `nbh iàs sfjsagnf quf fn lf htrhs jaðhs, sf if
pae`rhj thlhs. Jh m`gé` jajbûj prhgnfi` lf s`nul, pufsth quf ehj nhs `ðhs
if s`nlré`j nhs lafjtfs jufvhs, pfrh fstátae`ifjtf fr` `nbh `gfrr`jtf.
Nhs htrhs jaðhs sf gurn`g`j lf ié. Nh quf if mazh sfr iuy ajmagalh
shea`nifjtf. Sfrh fsh jh fs nh pfhr. Sheh ` pheh, ehipfjsá fs` ajsfbural`l
ajtfjt`jlh `br`l`r ` nhs lfiàs. Fsth if nnfvõ ` tfjfr iuemhs `iabhs ehj fn
tafiph, pfrh phquath ` pheh dua dhrt`nfeafjlh n` erffjea` lf quf tfjé` quf
m`efrnh thlh pfrdfeth y tfjfr áxath fj e`l` àrf` lf ia val` p`r`
p `r` sfr `efpt`lh.
Fj htrh e`pétunh y` tf ehjtá eõih nnfbuá ` fs` ehjenusaõj, y tf fjsfðá n`
táejae` p`r` m`efrnh (n` dnfem` lfsefjlfjtf). Sfrh fn e`sh fs quf ia
 

fst`ganal`l fiheahj`n ehifjzõ ` lfpfjlfr lf nh quf nhs lfiàs pfjs`r`j lf

ié. Iàs gafj, lf nh

n h quf yh erfé` quf htrhs pfjs`g`j lf ié.
Fst` dhri` lf rf`eeahj`r, if duf ehjvartafjlh fj `nbuafj iuy ajsfburh lf
sé iasih, quf e`iga`g` lf hpajaõj fj dujeaõj lf nh quf nhs htrhs
htr hs quasafr`j.
Lf jh m`gfr ihladae`lh ia dhri` lf `etu`r fj fst`s satu`eahjfs, juje`
mugafsf ihladae`lh ias erffjea`s ajtfrj`s y mugafsf vavalh uj` val` `kfj` fj
nub`r lf lasfð`r n` ié` prhpa`.
Sfrh n` bfst`eaõj lf fs` erffjea` t`j lasthrsahj`l` jh tuvh nub`r lf n`
jhemf ` n` i`ð`j`. Dua `prfjlafjlh quf fn ehipn`efr ` nhs lfiàs `nava`g` ia
`jsafl`l `jtf n` phsaganal`l lf jh sfr `efpt`lh, nh eu`n if mazh fipfz`r `
`etu`r lf fst` i`jfr` lf dhri` `uthiàtae`.
Lur`jtf iuemhs `ðhs fstuvf vavafjlh `sé saj tfjfr ja alf` lf nh quf heurré`
fj ia ajtfrahr. Dua erf`jlh `prfjlaz`kfs y rfdhrz`jlh alf`s lasthrsahj`l`s
p`r` phlfr `l`pt`rif `n iujlh fj fn quf if vavé`. Shrquf `n daj`n, eu`jlh
`prfjlfihs ` `etu`r lf n` iasi` i`jfr` `jtf fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs p`rfealhs,
ihladae`ihs jufstr` dhri` lf ajtfrprft`r fn iujlh.
Srhg`gnfifjtf, fj `qufn ihifjth, fst` dhri` lf `etu`r if `yulõ ` ehrth
pn`zh ` fje`k`r fj n` sheafl`l. Sfrh fn prhgnfi` fs quf vfajtf `ðhs lfspuás,
eu`jlh y` jh fst`g` bhrlh y nueé` uj` lfjt`lur` jhri`n (br`ea`s ` ias
p`lrfs phr b`st`rsf fn lajfrh fj n` hrthlhjea`), if sfbué` ehiphrt`jlh ehih
`qufn jaðh. Ufbué` tfjafjlh iaflh ` jh fje`k`r y ` jh sfr nh sudaeafjtfifjtf
gufjh.
Ai`béj`tf, uj téh mfemh y lfrfemh, ehj uj b`gajftf prhpah, ehj uj nagrh
pugnae`lh y ehj iaflh ` jh fje`k`r. Shr sufrtf, if la eufjt` ` tafiph y pusf
nhs iflahs jfefs`rahs p`r` ihladae`r ias erffjea`s juenf`rfs y phr daj thi`r
n`s rafjl`s lf ia val`, ajlfpfjlafjtfifjtf lf nh quf pafjsfj nhs lfiàs.
Lfealar `b`rr`r fn thrh phr nhs eufrjhs y `prfjlfr ` `etu`r tfjafjlh fj
eufjt` tus fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs y n` r`zõj, puflf suphjfr `n prajeapah uj
ajerfifjth lf n`s fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s. Lfspuás lf thlh mfihs `prfjlalh `
 

fvat`rn`s lur`jtf iuemh tafiph, phr nh quf jufstrh eufrph sf rfvhnvfrà. Sfrh,

pheh ` pheh, ehjdhrif v`y`s lfk`jlh lf fvat`r fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs y lfkfs

p`sh `n prhefsh lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n, fipfz`ràj ` `p`rfefr fiheahjfs
iuemh iàs su`vfs f aràs fxpfraifjt`jlh uj fst`lh lf gafjfst`r sugkftavh
quf tf nnfv`rà ` `drhjt`r tu val` lfslf htr` pfrspfetav`.
Sfrh `jtfs lf p`s`r ` n` `eeaõj, tfjfihs quf lftfet`r jufstr`s fvat`eahjfs
fiheahj`nfs y jufstr`s ehjluet`s lf sfbural`l. Nh vfihs fj fn sabuafjtf
`p`rt`lh.

Fv`nu`eaõj lf tus fvat`eahjfs fiheahj`nfs

S`r` sfr ehjseafjtfs lf jufstr`s fvat`eahjfs fiheahj`nfs lfgfihs lfs`rrhnn`r

jufstr` ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n. Fsth suphjf fst`r fj ehjt`eth ehj jhshtrhs
iasihs y fjtfjlfr nh quf jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs rfprfsfjt`j p`r`
jhshtrhs. \hlhs fvat`ihs eafrths fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs f ajtfjt`ihs
rfsastarjhs ` fxpfraifjt`r lftfriaj`lhs sfjtaiafjths. Sfrh prfeas`ifjtf fst`
rfsastfjea` fs n` quf m`ef quf fst`s fiheahjfs sf pfrpftûfj fj fn tafiph.
S`r` phlfr m`efr drfjtf ` fs` sfraf lf fstéiunhs quf jhs bfjfr`j fiheahjfs
quf tfjlfihs ` fvat`r, nh ifkhr quf phlfihs m`efr fs nnfv`r uj rfbastrh. Ua tf
l`s eufjt`, nnfvh rfehifjlàjlhtf lur`jtf thlh fn nagrh ladfrfjtfs fkfreaeahs
lf rfbastrh lf fiheahjfs, pfjs`iafjths y rfspufst`s désae`s. Suflfj sfr uj`
gufj` bué` p`r` fv`nu`r jufstr`s fvat`eahjfs fiheahj`nfs.
@lfiàs, v`ihs ` pujtu`r e`l` uj` lf n`s fvat`eahjfs lf 3 ` 033, fj
dujeaõj lfn javfn lf i`nfst`r quf suphjf p`r` jhshtrhs fxpfraifjt`r n`s
fiheahjfs `shea`l`s. Lf fst` i`jfr`, `n daj`n tfjlrfihs uj` kfr`rqué`
hrlfj`l` phr ajtfjsal`l lf ifjhr ` i`yhr. Ehj fst` kfr`rqué`, ehjt`rfihs
ehj uj` bué` prfeas` lf eõih ar `drhjt`jlh pheh ` pheh fst`s satu`eahjfs
ladéeanfs.
N` en`vf fs lfs`rrhnn`r e`l` vfz uj` thnfr`jea` i`yhr ` fst`s fiheahjfs, nh
 quf jhs `yul`rà ` supfr`rjhs e`l` lé` y erfefr iafjtr`s `drhjt`ihs fsths

rfths.

S`r` fnnh, nh praifrh quf tfjfihs quf m`efr fs sfnfeeahj`r uj gufj jûifrh
lf satu`eahjfs h fstéiunhs quf jhs bfjfr`j fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s.
Suflfs `yul`rtf lf n` sabuafjtf t`gn`.

Uatu`eaõj quf fvath Fiheaõj quf if Javfn lf ¸Puá m`bh p`r` fvat`r n`
m`gatu`nifjtf bfjfr` i`nfst`r fiheaõj8
(lf 3 ` 033)

 XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX 

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Lfspuás, ftaquft`rfihs n` fiheaõj quf jhs m`ef sfjtar e`l` uj` lf fnn`s y
nf l`rfihs uj` pujtu`eaõj sugkftav` lf 3 ` 033.
Shr ûntaih, hrlfj`rfihs nhs fstéiunhs y n`s satu`eahjfs lf ifjhr ` i`yhr
br`lh lf ajtfjsal`l fiheahj`n `shea`l`. Jh tf prfheupfs sa jh tafjfs iuy
en`rh fn hrlfj rf`n. Uaipnfifjtf fs p`r` m`efrjhs uj` alf` ` br`jlfs r`sbhs
lf eõih fipfz`r jufstrh e`iajh lf `drhjt`iafjth fiheahj`n. Vj` vfz
fipfefihs ` supfr`r satu`eahjfs, shgrf n` i`rem`, phlrfihs hrlfj`rn`s lf
jufvh p`r` rfv`nu`r n` ajtfjsal`l rf`n lf n` fiheaõj.
\f phjbh uj fkfipnh prhpah lf m`ef `nbujhs `ðhs p`r` quf pufl`s bua`rtf.
 

Uatu`eaõj quf fvath Fiheaõj quf Javfn lf ¸Puá m`bh p`r` fvat`r n` fiheaõj8
m`gatu`nifjtf if bfjfr` i`nfst`r

(lf 3`
033)

Ihjt`r fj `vaõj. @jsafl`l / 23 Ehip

hiprhg`
rhg`rr eehj
hjta
taju
ju`
`ifjt
ifjtf
f nn`
`s ee`r
`r`
`s l
lf
f nn`s
`s
iaflh `z`d`t`s p`r` vfr sa thlh v` gafj.

M`gn`r fj pûgnaeh. @jsafl`l / 43 Fva

vat`
t`rr p
prf
rfp`
p`r`
r`ri
rif
f n`
n` p
prf
rfsf
sfjt
jt`e
`eaõ
aõj
jp p`r
`r`
`
iaflh phlfr kustadae`rif sa `nbh s`nf i`n.

M`gn`r lf ias sfjtaiafjths ehj Iaflh 53 Vtanaz`r fn muihr p`r` jh `grarif.

ia p`rfk`.

Tfr ` ia fxp`rfk` ehj su p`rfk` \rastfz`, ar` y =3 Fva

vat`
t`rr nnub
ub`r
`rfs
fs fj nh
nhss q
quf
uf sá qu
quf
fppuf
uflf
lfj
j
`etu`n. `jsafl`l fst`r.

Wfshnueaõj lf ehjdnaeths. @jsafl`l 63 @etu`r ehih sa jh p`s`sf j`l`.

M`gn`r ehj `nbuafj lfsehjhealh Iaflh 13 Fvat`r n` satu`eaõj.

quf if p`rfef `tr`etavh.

Ihjt`r ia prhpa` fiprfs`. Iaflh 43 Ufbuar fj uj tr`g`kh fj fn quf if

fjeufjtrh ajs`tasdfemh.

M`efr `rtfs i`rea`nfs. Iaflh 73 Jh `pujt`rif y sfbuar laeafjlh quf nh m`rá

fj fn duturh.

\ar`rif fj p`r`e`él`s. Iaflh 033 Fvat`r n` satu`eaõj.

Whipfr uj
uj`
` rfn`
fn`ea
eaõ
õj lf p`rfk`. Iafl
Iaflh
h / eunp` 13 Ufbu
buaar fj uj
uj`
` rf
rfn`
n`eeaõ
aõj
j fj n` quf jh fsthy
thy
s`tasdfemh.

\hlhs shj fkfipnhs rf`nfs lf satu`eahjfs h fstéiunhs quf if bfjfr`g`j

uj` br`j e`rb` fiheahj`n y uj i`nfst`r `shea`lh aiphrt`jtf. \hl`s n`s
fvat`eahjfs quf m`eé` if ifté`j fj uj eéreunh vaeahsh lf ajs`tasd`eeaõj
ehjst`jtf. Fs eafrth quf ehjsfbué` jh fxpfraifjt`r n` fiheaõj `shea`l` ` n`
satu`eaõj, pfrh nhs prhefshs lf ruia`eaõj y prfheup`eaõj fj nhs quf fjtr`g`
phr jh m`efrnh tf `sfburh quf, vasths fj pfrspfetav`, jh ifrfeé`j n` pfj` p`r`
j`l`.
Fs eafrth quf, `ujquf iuem`s lf fst`s satu`eahjfs if sabufj bfjfr`jlh
fiheahjfs rfn`eahj`l`s ehj fn i`nfst`r, ia javfn lf fvat`eaõj fs iuemh
ifjhr. Suflf quf sab` fvat`jlh tar`rif fj p`r`e`él`s, pfrh fsth jh suphjf
 

uj prhgnfi` p`r` tfjfr thlhs nhs `spfeths lf ia val` s`tasdfemhs. \`igaáj

puflf quf jh if `efrquf ` thl`s n`s pfrshj`s quf if p`rfze`j `tr`etav`s (jh
m`ré` htr` ehs` fj fn lé` ` lé`), pfrh sa fn ehjtfxth nh kustadae`, `ujquf if
bfjfrf iuem` `jsafl`l, ajtfjth ehiujae`rif lf uj` i`jfr` `sfrtav`,
`suiafjlh quf fsthy jfrvahsh.
Suflf quf jfefsatfs iuem`s iàs t`gn`s p`r` rfnnfj`r thl`s tus fvat`eahjfs
fiheahj`nfs, jh p`s` j`l`, fs uj fkfreaeah quf juje` `e`g`. Uafiprf n` val`
jhs v` ` rft`r ehj satu`eahjfs jufv`s quf jhs bfjfrfj fiheahjfs ajeõihl`s,
pfrh ehjdhrif v`ihs b`j`jlh fxpfrafjea` fj fn `drhjt`iafjth lf fst`s
satu`eahjfs, e`l` vfz jhs eufst` ifjhs supfr`rn`s.
Q p`r` ehnih, jufstr` `uthfstai` y jufstrh `uthehjefpth sf vfj
gfjfdaea`lhs ehj fnnh phrquf fipfz`ihs ` vfrjhs ehih pfrshj`s quf sf
`trfvfj ` `drhjt`r n` val`. Ehifjz`ihs ` phjfr thlh nh quf fstà fj jufstr`
i`jh p`r` ehjsfbuar jufstrhs hgkftavhs, y fsth, ` n`rbh pn`zh, jhs sufnf nnfv`r
` gufj pufrth.
 

00

Wfbun`eaõj lf fiheahjfs.
@prhvfem`r e`l` lé` p`r` e`iga`rif

Q lf rfpfjtf, thlh ehgrõ sfjtalh. U`gé` pfrdfet`ifjtf eõih fjdrfjt`rif `

ias fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs p`r` vavar fj pnfjatul. M`gé` lfstfrr`lh fn

sudraiafjth lf ia val` m`eé` tafiph. Q` jh if prfheup`g` ja ajtfjt`g`
fkfrefr fn ehjtrhn shgrf ehs`s quf jh lfpfjlé`j lf ié. Fr` e`p`z lf
efjtr`rif fj nh rf`nifjtf aiphrt`jtf, y n`s i`ð`j`s, saj quf if lafsf
eufjt`, lfk`rhj lf sfr uj ajdafrjh.
If vhnvé` ` nfv`jt`r ehj m`igrf lf val`. Ufjté` quf fr` yh iasih lf uj`
i`jfr` iuemh iàs `utájtae` lf n` quf juje` nh m`gé` salh. Fr` ehih sa thl`s
n`s e`p`s lf n` efghnn` sf mugafsfj e`élh p`r` lfk`rif saj n`s prhtfeeahjfs
quf y` jh jfefsat`g`. @mhr` fr` yh.

Ihvanaz`r thlhs nhs rfeurshs

r feurshs p`r` sfr ajtfnabfjtf fiheahj`nifjtf

Nnfv`ihs y` uj n`rbh trfemh rfehrralh kujths y, n` vfrl`l, tf tfjbh quf lfear

quf sf if m` mfemh ehrth. S`rfef quf duf `yfr eu`jlh jhs prfsfjt`ihs, pfrh
m` nnfb`lh fn ihifjth lf quf tf lfkf shnh fj fn e`iajh. Q` tafjfs n`s
mfrr`iafjt`s jfefs`ra`s p`r` bfstahj`r tus fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs ehj fdae`ea`.
\rastfifjtf, jh tfjbh y` j`l` jufvh quf fjsfð`rtf.
Nh ûjaeh quf jhs d`nt` `mhr` fs quf phjb`s fj i`rem` thlhs nhs rfeurshs
 quf m`s alh `lquarafjlh lur`jtf fstf tafiph p`r` quf, lf uj` vfz, tus

fiheahjfs kufbufj ` tu d`vhr. Fs fn ihifjth lf `grarjhs ` fnn`s, lf lfk`r lf

fvat`r sfjtarjhs lf uj` i`jfr` h lf htr` p`r` p`s`r ` hgsfrv`r jufstrhs

fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs lfslf htr` pfrspfetav` quf jhs pfriat` fjtfjlfr fn
ifjs`kf heunth quf m`y fj fnn`s.
N` br`j i`yhré` lf n`s pfrshj`s juje` nnfb` `n pujth fj fn quf tû fstàs. @sé
quf praifrh lf thlh quafrh dfnaeat`rtf.
Ufbur`ifjtf jh m`y` salh uj e`iajh dàean, juje` nh fs ehj n`s ehs`s lf
fst` val` quf ifrfefj n` pfj`, pfrh `mhr` ia `ehip`ð`iafjth nnfb` `n daj`n.
\f the` ` ta phjfr thl` n` e`rjf fj fn `s`lhr p`r` rfthi`r n`s rafjl`s lf tu
val`. @sé quf v`ihs ` m`efr uj rfp`sh lf thl`s n`s mfrr`iafjt`s quf lfgfs
tfjfr fj eufjt` ` n` mhr` lf bfstahj`r tus fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs, y eõih
hrlfj`rn`s pheh ` pheh p`r` ar ifkhr`jlh tu ajtfnabfjea` fiheahj`n.

\u rutaj` lf val`

Fj fn e`pétunh ehrrfsphjlafjtf `n fst`lh lf àjaih tf fstuvf rfehifjl`jlh n`

pràetae` lf fkfreaeah désaeh, fn ajerfifjth lf n`s `etaval`lfs lf heah y
ehjt`eth shea`n. Ua if m`s mfemh e`sh, fsthy sfburésaih lf quf tus javfnfs lf
gafjfst`r sf m`j ajerfifjt`lh. Lf nh ehjtr`rah, tf nh vufnvh ` rfehifjl`r ehj
`méjeh phrquf, rf`nifjtf, eu`jlh fipfz`ihs ` ajehrphr`r fstf taph lf
`etaval`lfs ` jufstr` val` vfihs uj e`igah sust`jea`n fj jufstrh fst`lh lf
àjaih y fj n`s fiheahjfs quf fxpfraifjt`ihs ` la`rah.
Jh m`ef d`nt` quf tf m`y`s ehjvfrtalh fj uj lfphrtast` lf ánatf ja j`l` phr
fn fstanh, g`st` ehj tfjfr ujhs eu`jths iajuths ` n` sfi`j` p`r` ihvfr tu
eufrph.
\f ehjdafsh quf iuem`s i`ð`j`s if nfv`jth y jh tfjbh b`j`s lf ar `n
baij`sah ` fjtrfj`r. Sfrh tf `sfburh quf uj` vfz quf rfbunh ia fst`lh
fiheahj`n lf pfrfz` y `rr`strh ia eufrph m`st` `nné, eu`jlh if fsthy
vfjl`jlh n`s i`jhs (pr`etaeh ghxfh), sf if p`s`j thlhs nhs i`nfs. Nh ûjaeh
 quf aiphrt` fj fs` mhr` u mhr` y ifla` fs nh quf p`sf fj fs`s eu`trh p`rflfs.

Ia `tfjeaõj fstà pufst` fj fn ihifjth prfsfjtf lf uj` i`jfr` `gshnut` (sa

jh if nnfvh uj bhnpf fj n` e`r` jhri`nifjtf h fn fjtrfj`lhr if phjf ` m`efr

dnfxahjfs), y eu`jlh `e`g` n` en`sf ia fst`lh lf àjaih fs ehipnft`ifjtf
lastajth. If lhy uj` luem` y if `nfbrh iuemésaih lf m`gfr vfjealh ` n`
pfrfz`. Ia lé` e`iga` lf ruigh ehipnft`ifjtf y fj bfjfr`n nhs lé`s quf
fjtrfjh if fjeufjtrh iuemh iàs `etavh y shy iuemh iàs prhluetavh.
p rhluetavh.
Shr htr` p`rtf, ajehrphr`r `etaval`lfs lf heah ` tu lé` ` lé` fs uj` `pufst`
sfbur` p`r` ifkhr`r tu javfn lf gafjfst`r. Ua jhs phjfihs sfrahs y m`efihs
mufeh fj jufstrh mhr`rah p`r` tfjfr uj r`th p`r` jhshtrhs iasihs, fjsfbual`
fjtfjlfrfihs quf fn fsdufrzh quf jhs suphjf pn`jadae`rjhs ifrfef iuemh n`
pfj`.
Vj` p`rtf aiphrt`jtf lf n` `uthfstai` tafjf quf vfr ehj n` e`p`eal`l quf
tfjb`ihs p`r` prfia`rjhs ` jhshtrhs iasihs phr fn fsdufrzh rf`naz`lh. Q fsf
prfiah h fsf rfdufrzh tafjf quf vfr ehj n`s `etaval`lfs lf heah quf rf`naz`s
e`l` lé`. Shr fnnh, tr`s uj lé` lf lurh fsdufrzh, fs iuy gufj` alf` l`rtf uj
e`praemh. Suflf sfr shnh h fj ehip`ðé`, nh aiphrt`jtf fs quf sf`j
`etaval`lfs quf tf p`rfze`j `br`l`gnfs. Jh aiphrt` sa `n prajeapah tafjfs fn
fst`lh lf àjaih g`kh y jh frfs e`p`z lf lasdrut`rn`s. Sheh ` pheh y ehj
p`eafjea`, y` s`gfs quf lfk`rjhs nnfv`r phr fn ehrth pn`zh fj fiheahjfs
rfn`eahj`l`s ehj n` trastfz` quf jh shj `l`pt`tav`s nh ûjaeh quf m`rà sfrà
iftfrjhs fj uj eéreunh vaeahsh lf trastfz` y phe` `etaval`l. Whipf fsf
eéreunh.
Fj ia e`sh, thlhs nhs lé`s ajtfjth tfjfr tafiph p`r` ié. @ujquf tfjb` uj`
`bfjl` ehipnft`, safiprf ehjsabh lflae`r ujhs iajuths ` nh quf if bust`.
Q` sf` m`efr lfphrtf, nffr, vfr uj` pfnéeun` h uj` sfraf h efj`r ehj ias
`iabhs. Uafiprf ajtfjth lflae`r ujhs iajuths ` `etaval`lfs lf heah. Q tf
puflh lfear quf nhs lé`s quf jh tfjbh ja uj iajuth p`r` fst`r ehjiabh
iasih sf if m`efj fspfea`nifjtf lurhs. Shr fn ehjtr`rah, sa ehjsabh s`e`r uj
 r`th p`r` `nbuj` `etaval`l, n` ehs` e`iga` r`lae`nifjtf.

Shr ûntaih, tfjfr ` tus sfrfs qufralhs efre` y lasdrut`r tafiph lf e`nal`l

ehj fnnhs safiprf fs gufj` alf`. Fn `phyh shea`n pfreagalh fs uj` v`ra`gnf
quf m` lfihstr`lh sfr eruea`n p`r` fn lfs`rrhnnh fiheahj`n lf eu`nquafr
pfrshj`. Uhihs `jai`nfs shea`nfs y jfefsat`ihs lfn ehjt`eth ehj nhs lfiàs.
@lfiàs, n` dfnaeal`l tafjf iuemh quf vfr ehj ehip`rtar ihifjths y sfjtarsf
`phy`lh, phr nh quf jh if qufl` iàs rfiflah quf m`efr maje`paá fj quf
lflaqufs tafiph ` nhs tuyhs.
Shr ia p`rtf, thlhs nhs lé`s vfh ` ia d`iana` y ` ias `iabhs, h phr nh
ifjhs nh ajtfjth. If mf l`lh eufjt` lf quf, `ujquf fst`r shnh fs iuy
aiphrt`jtf p`r` ié, t`igaáj nh fs fst`r `ehip`ð`lh phr n` bfjtf quf quafrh.
Ajtfjth lasdrut`r lf fnnhs ` ifjulh, y` sf` m`eafjlh eu`nquafr `etaval`l h
thi`jlh uj e`dá. Sfrh prahrazh fn tafiph lf e`nal`l ehj fnnhs drfjtf ` htr`s
ehs`s.
Ua tafjfs fs`s trfs p`t`s, n` ifs` lfn gafjfst`r ladéeanifjtf ehkf`rà. Fs
vfrl`l quf m`y eareujst`jea`s ladéeanfs fj fst` val` quf jhs m`efj p`s`r
ihifjths lurhs. Sfrh lf jufvh, sa i`jtafjfs fsths trfs taphs lf `etaval`lfs
fj tu lé` ` lé`, sfbur`ifjtf fn e`iajh sfrà iàs dàean lf rfehrrfr.

Fn prhefsh lf bfstaõj lf fiheahjfs

Fj nhs praifrhs e`pétunhs m`gnàg`ihs lfn prhefsh lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n

fj fn eu`n m`gé` quf ehipnft`r sfas fst`lahs p`r` nnfb`r ` ihladae`r n`
ajtfjsal`l, n` drfeufjea` y n` lur`eaõj lf n`s fiheahjfs. T`ihs ` m`efr uj
rfehrralh phr fn iasih y ` alfjtadae`r quá m`ganal`lfs jfefsat`s fj e`l` ujh
lf fnnhs. Lf fst` i`jfr` tfjlràs uj` bué` p`sh ` p`sh p`r` ihladae`r tus
fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs.

Sraifr fst`lah; lftfet`r n` fiheaõj

Nnfv`ihs thlh fn nagrh fjtrfj`jlh p`r` lftfet`r jufstr`s fiheahjfs y sus
 lastajths ehiphjfjtfs. Jhri`nifjtf, fj nhs praifrhs ajst`jtfs tr`s n`

`p`raeaõj lfn fstéiunh sfjtarfihs eõih n` fiheaõj ajerfifjt` su ajtfjsal`l.

Fj fstf praifr fst`lah, nh ûjaeh quf tfjfihs quf m`efr fs lftfet`r fs` sugal`.
Fs lfear, pfri`jfefr `gafrths ` sfjtar jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs.
Q` s`gfihs quf n`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs sf lavalfj fj trfs sastfi`s
ladfrfjtfs; fn ehbjatavh, fn dasahnõbaeh y fn ehjluetu`n. Lf ihlh quf n`
lftfeeaõj lfn ajaeah lf n` fiheaõj sfrà ` p`rtar lf uj` rfspufst` lf `nbujh lf
fsths sastfi`s. Jhri`nifjtf, n`s fiheahjfs ehiafjz`j ehj e`igahs
dasahnõbaehs, pfrh puflf sfr quf nnfbufihs ` lftfet`rn`s fj fn pn`jh ehbjatavh
h fj fn ehjluetu`n. Fj prajeapah jhs l` abu`n p`r` nnfb`r ` rfbun`rn`.

Ufbujlh fst`lah; `tfjeaõj ` n`s fiheahjfs

Fn sfbujlh p`sh fs prfst`r `tfjeaõj ` n`s rfspufst`s fj nhs trfs sastfi`s y `n
fstéiunh quf n`s fstà lasp`r`jlh. S`r` fnnh, nnfv`s tafiph fjtrfj`jlh n`
`tfjeaõj pnfj` `n prfsfjtf, ehj nh quf phlrfihs larabar jufstr` `tfjeaõj ` nhs
ladfrfjtfs sabjhs quf jhtfihs fj jufstrh eufrph y fj jufstr` ifjtf.
N` en`vf sfrà m`efrnh saj kuzb`r jufstr`s rfspufst`s ehih i`n`s h gufj`s.
Uaipnfifjtf, n`s `tfjlfrfihs lfslf fn `mhr`. Shlfihs efjtr`rjhs praifrh
fj nhs pfjs`iafjths, lfspuás fj n`s sfjs`eahjfs désae`s y, phr ûntaih, fj fn
aipunsh lf `etu`eaõj quf sajt`ihs. Fn hrlfj fs `nf`thrah, nh phlfihs m`efr
lf n` i`jfr` quf jhs rfsuntf iàs eõihl`.

\frefr fst`lah; ftaquft`lh lf n` fiheaõj

Lfspuás lf `tfjlfr ` jufstrhs trfs sastfi`s lf rfspufst` y `n fstéiunh quf
lasp`r` n` fiheaõj, jhs the`rà phjfrnf jhigrf ` n` fiheaõj. Q` tfjfihs
eafrt` pràetae` ftaquft`jlh fiheahjfs, pfrh ehjdhrif v`y`s pr`etae`jlh, e`l`
vfz tf sfrà iàs dàean m`efrnh.
Vj` gufj` bué` p`r` s`gfr quá fiheaõj fst`ihs sajtafjlh fs rfp`s`r n`s
sfas fiheahjfs gàsae`s f ar lfse`rt`jlh uj` phr uj` fj dujeaõj lf sa sf
 p`rfef h jh ` nh quf fst`ihs sajtafjlh. Suflf sfr quf fstfihs sajtafjlh

v`ra`s fiheahjfs ` n` vfz. Fj he`sahjfs phlfihs fst`r jfrvahshs y fjd`l`lhs

h trastfs y ehj iaflh. Lfpfjlfrà lfn ihifjth fj fn quf jhs fjehjtrfihs y

lf nhs lastajths fstéiunhs quf fstáj prfsfjtfs.

Eu`rth fst`lah; jhri`naz`eaõj lf n` fiheaõj

Lfslf ia pujth lf vast`, fstf fst`lah fs iuy aiphrt`jtf. Jh phr j`l`, sajh
phrquf fs fn quf m`gatu`nifjtf jhs s`nt`ihs. FsF s fn ihifjth lf efjtr`rjhs fj
n` rfspar`eaõj p`r` `jen`rjhs fj fn prfsfjtf y hgsfrv`r jufstr` fiheaõj lfslf
fstf pujth p`r` ehiprhg`r quf fs pfrdfet`ifjtf jhri`n quf jhs fstfihs
sajtafjlh ehih jhs sfjtaihs sa tfjfihs fj eufjt` fn fstéiunh quf m` mfemh

surbar n` fiheaõj.
Fs lfear, nh quf prftfjlf fstf fst`lah fs quf jh `p`rfze`j fiheahjfs
sfeujl`ra`s ehih ehjsfeufjea` lf uj kuaeah lf n` fiheaõj h lf `nbuj` lf n`s
rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs quf fst`ihs sajtafjlh fj fsf ihifjth. Ifla`jtf fn
iajldunjfss ehjsfbuaihs qufl`rjhs `jen`lhs fj fsf ihifjth y jh e`fr fj fn
guenf lf n`s fiheahjfs sfeujl`ra`s y n`s fvat`eahjfs fiheahj`nfs.

Puajth fst`lah; `jànasas fiheahj`n

Fj fstf quajth fst`lah, lfspuás lf m`gfr ftaquft`lh n` fiheaõj y m`gfrn`
jhri`naz`lh, y` tfjfihs ajdhri`eaõj sudaeafjtf p`r` prheflfr ` su `jànasas.
Eu`jlh s`gfihs lf quá fiheaõj sf tr`t`, phlfihs fjtfjlfr `jtf quá
fstéiunhs sufnf prfsfjt`rsf, quá rfspufst`s ehbjatav`s, dasahnõbae`s y
ehjluetu`nfs sufnfj `p`rfefr y n` dujeaõj
d ujeaõj prajeap`n lf fst` fiheaõj.
Fs fjthjefs eu`jlh fjtfjlfihs, lfpfjlafjlh lf n` dujeaõj gahnõbae` lf n`
fiheaõj fj ehjtr`stf ehj jufstr` satu`eaõj fj fn ihifjth prfsfjtf, sa n`
fiheaõj fs `l`pt`tav` h jh nh fs.
Fstf pujth fs dujl`ifjt`n p`r` phlfr nnfb`r `n ûntaih fst`lah, fj fn quf
lfealarfihs sa jhs lfk`ihs nnfv`r phr fnn` (fj fn e`sh lf sfr `l`pt`tav`) h sa
 n` rfbun`ihs (fj fn e`sh lf jh sfr `l`pt`tav`).

Ufxth fst`lah; rfbun`eaõj lf fiheahjfs

Vj` vfz quf m`y`ihs `j`naz`lh sa n` fiheaõj quf fst`ihs sajtafjlh fs
`l`pt`tav` h jh `l`pt`tav`, tfjlrfihs quf thi`r e`iajhs ladfrfjtfs.
Ua n` fiheaõj jhs `yul` ` `l`pt`rjhs, lfk`rfihs quf fst` larak` jufstr`
`etu`eaõj, y` quf fnn` iasi` jhs l`rà n` ihtav`eaõj p`r` nnfv`r ` e`gh thl`s
`qufnn`s ehjluet`s jfefs`ra`s p`r` quf jhs `l`ptfihs. Fs lfear, m`rfihs nh
quf jhs pal` fn eufrph.
Ua, phr fn ehjtr`rah, n` fiheaõj jh fs `l`pt`tav`, sfrà fn ihifjth lf
fipnf`r n`s táejae`s ehj n`s quf ehjt`ihs p`r` rfluear su drfeufjea`, su
ajtfjsal`l y su lur`eaõj. Jhri`nifjtf, n` en`vf p`r` rfbun`r fst`lhs

fiheahj`nfs pheh `l`pt`tavhs fs saipnfifjtf hgsfrv`r n` fiheaõj, n`s

rfspufst`s ehbjatav`s y jufstr`s rfspufst`s dasahnõbae`s saj lfk`rjhs nnfv`r phr
n` fiheaõj. Fs lfear, vavar fn ihifjth prfsfjtf lfealafjlh quá hpeaõj
thi`r.
Ua sfbuaihs fsths sfas p`shs p`r` rfbun`r jufstrhs fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs y nh
m`efihs lf dhri` ehjst`jtf fj fn tafiph, fst`rfihs iuy efre` lf sfr
pfrshj`s trfifjl`ifjtf ajtfnabfjtfs fiheahj`nifjtf. Q ` iflah pn`zh,
arfihs e`iga`jlh thlhs `qufnnhs `spfeths lf jhshtrhs iasihs quf nnfv`ihs
t`jths `ðhs tr`t`jlh lf ihladae`r.

@drhjt`iafjth lf satu`eahjfs ladéeanfs

Fj fn e`sh lf satu`eahjfs quf nnfv`ihs tafiph fvat`jlh ` ehjsfeufjea` lf n`s
fiheahjfs quf jhs prhvhe`j, fn prhefsh lf rfbun`eaõj fiheahj`n sfrà fn
iasih quf p`r` htr`s fiheahjfs quf `p`rfefj fj jufstrh lé` ` lé`. Sfrh ehj
uj` vfjt`k`, phlfihs pn`jadae`r eõih v`ihs ` `drhjt`rn`s.
Ua tf `eufrl`s, fj fn e`pétunh `jtfrahr rfnnfj`ihs uj rfbastrh ehj `qufnn`s
satu`eahjfs h fstéiunhs quf tr`tàg`ihs lf fvat`r h quf `drhjtàg`ihs ehj
`nbûj taph lf fvat`eaõj fiheahj`n.
 Sufs gafj, n` en`vf p`r` sfr e`l` lé` iàs nagrf lf n`s e`lfj`s lf n`s

fiheahjfs fs lfk`r lf fvat`rn`s y `drhjt`r n`s satu`eahjfs ladéeanfs ` pfemh

lfseugafrth. Sfrh p`r` fnnh phlfihs hrlfj`rn`s phr ladaeunt`l h phr

ajtfjsal`l sfbûj n`s fiheahjfs quf jhs m`efj sfjtar. Lf fst` i`jfr` jufstr`
thnfr`jea` ` n` `etav`eaõj fiheahj`n arà ajerfifjt`jlh pheh ` pheh.
N` fxphsaeaõj fs abu`n lf fdfetav` sa sf m`ef phr ajujl`eaõj (` fstéiunhs
quf bfjfr`j iuem` ajtfjsal`l fiheahj`n) h kfr`rquaz`l`. Nh quf heurrf fs
quf fn sudraiafjth lfn p`eafjtf fs ifjhr sa sf m`ef lf dhri` p`un`taj`. Ia
rfehifjl`eaõj fs quf nh m`b`s `sé, pheh ` pheh.
¸\f sufj` fn erfeaiafjth pfrshj`n8 ¸U`nar lf tu zhj` lf ehjdhrt8 Sufs jh fs
iàs quf nh quf tf fsthy ihstr`jlh fj fstf `p`rt`lh. Sfrh lf uj` i`jfr`
s`j`, saj prfsahjfs, rfbun`jlh e`l` fst`lh fiheahj`n quf sajt`ihs y yfjlh `
tu prhpah ratih.
Shsagnfifjtf m`grà satu`eahjfs quf tf eufstf iuemh supfr`r fj uj
prajeapah, jh p`s` j`l`, phlfihs ar `efreàjlhjhs e`l` vfz iàs m`st` quf
pheh ` pheh jhs fjdrfjtfihs pnfj`ifjtf ` n` satu`eaõj quf tr`t`ihs lf
fvat`r.
Shlfihs, fj nub`r lf fiatar rfspufst`s lf fvat`eaõj, tr`t`r lf fiatar
rfspufst`s lf `efre`iafjth. S`r` fnnh fn iajldunjfss  jhs puflf `yul`r
iuemh, y` quf nnfv`ihs tafiph fjtrfj`jlh p`r` prfst`r `tfjeaõj ` ladfrfjtfs
fstéiunhs saj kuzb`r? phlfihs tr`t`r lf fxphjfrjhs ` jufstr`s rfspufst`s
fiheahj`nfs ehj n` iasi` pfrspfetav`.
Lfslf fstf pujth lf vast`, phlfihs prfst`r `tfjeaõj e`l` vfz iàs `
jufstrhs pfjs`iafjths, `yulàjlhjhs lfn lft`emfl iajldunjfss, hgsfrv`r
jufstr`s rf`eeahjfs dasahnõbae`s lfslf fn ihifjth prfsfjtf, ehih m`eé`ihs
fj fn fse`jfh ehrphr`n, y saipnfifjtf `grarjhs ` sfjtar, s`gafjlh quf nh quf
fst`ihs fxpfraifjt`jlh jh fs j`l` i`nh, fs saipnfifjtf n` dhri` quf tafjf
jufstrh efrfgrh lf ehiujae`rsf ehj jhshtrhs y ehj fn iflah.
Lf thlhs ihlhs, sa `ûj sabufs pfjs`jlh quf `nbuj`s lf n`s satu`eahjfs
 rfn`eahj`l`s ehj fvat`eahjfs fiheahj`nfs quf `pujt`stf fj fn e`pétunh

`jtfrahr shj lfi`sa`lh ajtfjs`s, n`s phlfihs lfsehiphjfr fj rfths iàs

pfqufðhs. @ ehjtaju`eaõj tf lfkh uj` iufstr` lf uj p`r lf satu`eahjfs quf tf

pusf lf fkfipnh y eõih nh maef yh.

M`gn`r fj pûgnaeh

Uatu`eaõj q uf fvath m`gatu`nifjtf F ih eaõ j q uf if Javfn lf

bfjfr` i`nfst`r
(lf 3 ` 033)

M`gn`r fj pûgnaeh ehj d`iana`rfs y `iabhs (7 h 5 pfrshj`s). @jsafl`l / iaflh 03

M`gn`r fj pûgnaeh ehj d`iana`rfs y `iabhs (lf 4 ` 03 @jsafl`l / iaflh 73

pfrshj`s).

M`gn`r fj pûgnaeh `jtf lfsehjhealhs (bruphs lf 03 ` 73 @jsafl`l / iaflh 53

pfrshj`s).

M`gn`r fj pûgnaeh `jtf lfsehjhealhs (bruphs lf iàs lf 73 @jsafl`l / iaflh <6

pfrshj`s).

M`gn`r fj pûgnaeh fj iflahs lf ehiujae`eaõj. @jsafl`l / iaflh 43

Fj fn e`pétunh `jtfrahr l`g` uj` pujtu`eaõj lf 43 ` n` ajtfjsal`l lf n`

fiheaõj lf `jsafl`l y iaflh quf sfjté` eu`jlh tfjé` quf m`gn`r fj pûgnaeh.
N` satu`eaõj quf iàs `jsafl`l if phlé` bfjfr`r fr` m`gn`r fj n` tfnfvasaõj
pûgnae` `jtf ianfs lf pfrshj`s. Sfrh `jtfs lf fs` satu`eaõj m`y htr`s ifjhs

ajtfjs`s quf puflh ar supfr`jlh pheh ` pheh m`st` nnfb`r ` n` iàs ladéean. N`
en`vf fs quf jh lfihs s`nths lf iàs lf 03 pujths fjtrf satu`eaõj y satu`eaõj.
Ua tfjfihs quf rfpftar `nbuj`, jh p`s` j`l`, nh prhbr`i`ihs ` jufstrh ratih.

M`gn`r lf ias sfjtaiafjths ehj ia p`rfk`

Uatu`eaõj q uf fvath m`gatu`nifjtf F ihea õ j qu f if Javfn lf

bfjfr` i`nfst`r
(lf 3 ` 033)

M`gn`r lf nh gafj quf if nh

n h mf p`s`lh vafjlh uj` hgr` lf
@jsafl`l / iaflh 03
 tf`trh.

M`gn`r lf nh quf sfjté n` praifr` vfz quf jhs ehjheaihs. @jsafl`l / iaflh 73

M`gn`r lf eõih if safjth eu`jlh fnn` m`ef `nbh quf jh if

bust`. @jsafl`l / iaflh 53

@n abu`n quf fj fn e`sh `jtfrahr, m`gn`r lf ias sfjtaiafjths ehj ia p`rfk`

puflf tfjfr `shea`l`s lastajt`s satu`eahjfs quf if puflfj bfjfr`r fiheahjfs
ajeõihl`s. N` en`vf fs ar fjdrfjtàjlhsf ` e`l` uj` lf fnn`s fj dujeaõj lf n`
ajtfjsal`l (y ` vfefs lf n` va`ganal`l). Lf fst` i`jfr`, e`l` vfz tfjlrfihs
iàs fxpfrafjea` y pheh ` pheh jufstr`s rfspufst`s fiheahj`nfs `jtf
satu`eahjfs saian`rfs sfràj lastajt`s.

Uá tu prhpah tfr`pfut`
Q `mhr` y` sé, mfihs nnfb`lh `n daj`n. \f the` ` ta ehbfr n`s rafjl`s. Jh tfjbh
j`l` iàs quf fjsfð`rtf. Q` s`gfs nh iasih quf sá yh shgrf fiheahjfs.
Uhn`ifjtf tafjfs quf ar pr`etae`jlh `qufnn`s mfrr`iafjt`s fj n`s quf erf`s
quf thl`vé` jh frfs nh lafstrh quf jfefsat`s sfr p`r` fjdrfjt`rtf ` sfbûj quá
satu`eahjfs.
@lfiàs, ehj thlh fn ehjheaiafjth quf tafjfs y` shgrf eõih bfstahj`r
fiheahjfs, puflfs prhphjfrtf e`iga`r `qufnnhs `spfeths lf tu val` lf nhs
quf jh fstàs hrbunnhsh. Q` s`gfs quf fs uj e`iajh ladéean pfrh fn rfsunt`lh
rf`nifjtf ifrfef n` pfj`. N` rfehipfjs` fs nagfr`rtf lf n`s e`lfj`s lf n`s
fiheahjfs p`r` safiprf. Lfk`r lf sudrar phr tus fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs y m`efr
quf fsths kufbufj ` tu d`vhr.
Ehih rfsuifj, phlré`ihs lfear quf p`r` rfbun`r fst`lhs fiheahj`nfs jh
`l`pt`tavhs lfgfihs tfjfr eafrt` pfraea` fj nhs sabuafjtfs prhefshs.

E`p`eal`l p`r` lftfet`r n`s fiheahjfs y jufstr`s lastajt`s rfspufst`s.

E`p`eal`l lf ftaquft`lh y `jànasas lf n`s fiheahjfs.
E`p`eal`l lf `tfjeaõj `n ihifjth prfsfjtf.
 E`p`eal`l p`r` hgsfrv`r pfjs`iafjths saj ruia`r h prfheup`rtf.

E`p`eal`l p`r` hgsfrv`r y thnfr`r lastajths br`lhs lf `etav`eaõj

dasahnõbae` saj kuzb`r.
\õi`tf tu tafiph p`r` lfseugrar fj quá `spfeths fstàs iàs vfrlf y m`z
maje`paá fj fnnhs. Fsh sé, tf rfehiafjlh sfbuar pr`etaeàjlhnhs sfi`j`nifjtf
p`r` quf jh `g`jlhjfs fst` sfjl`. S`r` fnnh, tfjfihs quf `lhpt`r fn rhn lf
tfr`pfut`s y pn`jadae`r sfi`j` ` sfi`j` nh quf v`s ` m`efr p`r` ar ifkhr`jlh.
Sfrh fsh y` fs tu tr`g`kh, jh fn iéh.

Jh fs uj `laõs, fs uj m`st` nufbh

Fspfrh lf ehr`zõj m`gfr phlalh `yul`rtf fj fstf ladéean e`iajh lfn

`prfjlaz`kf lf n` rfbun`eaõj lf fiheahjfs y quf, pheh ` pheh, `ne`jefs tu
ifkhr vfrsaõj. Uá quf jh m` salh dàean, y quf prhg`gnfifjtf tf fjdrfjt`ràs `
satu`eahjfs quf lfs`défj tus m`ganal`lfs p`r` bfstahj`r fiheahjfs. Lfspuás
lf thlh fst`ihs vavafjlh, y vavar sabjadae` fjdrfjt`rsf ` n`s ladaeunt`lfs lfn
lé` ` lé`. Vj`s vfefs fn sfjlfrh sfrà nn`jh y dàean lf tr`jsat`r y htr`s vfefs
sfrà fipaj`lh y fxabarà quf nh lfs thlh.
Jh tf lfs`jaifs, pufs fn prfiah fs `prfjlfr ` vavar fj ehjt`eth ehj tus
fiheahjfs. @n daj y `n e`gh fs n` ûjae` i`jfr` quf tfjfihs lf fst`r
`l`pt`lhs ` jufstrh fjthrjh. Ua fj fn e`iajh tf surbf `nbuj` ladaeunt`l, if
tafjfs p`r` nh quf jfefsatfs. Fsthy lasphjagnf p`r` ta fj
www.fjfquanagrahifjt`n.jft.
www.fjfquanagrahifjt`n.jft.
Q rfatfrh ia `lvfrtfjea`. Ua vfs quf jh puflfs shnh, palf `yul`. Nhs
prhdfsahj`nfs lf n` s`nul ifjt`n fst`ihs p`r` fsh.
 

Wfdfrfjea`s

@ifrae`j Ssyema`trae @sshea`tahj (@S@). (7337).  I`ju`n La`bjõstaeh y

fst`léstaeh lf nhs tr`sthrjhs ifjt`nfs LUI-AT-\W. G`refnhj`; I`sshj.

G`ofr, U. N., Mfajraems, J., Oai, M. K., y Mhdi`jj, U. B. (7337). «\mf

Nafghwatz shea`n `jxafty se`nf `s ` sfnd-rfphrt ajstruifjt; ` prfnaiaj`ry
psyemhiftrae `j`nysas¿. Gfm`vahur rfsf`rem `jl tmfr`py, <3(4), 230-206.
Gfeo, @. \. (Fl.). (0121). Ehbjatavf tmfr`py hd lfprfssahj. Jufv` Qhro;
Buandhrl prfss.

Gfeo, @. \., Wusm, @. K., Um`w, G. D., y Fifry, B. (01=5). \fr`pa` ehbjatav`
lf n` lfprfsaõj. Gang`h; Grhuwfr.

G`lhs Nõpfz, @. (7330). «\r`t`iafjths psaehnõbaehs fdae`efs p`r` n`

`bhr`dhga`¿. Ssaehtmfi`, 05(5).

E`eahpph, K. \., Srafstfr, K. W., y Gfrjtshj, B. B. (0115). «Wulaifjt`ry

lftfriaj`jts hd `ttatulfs; AA. @ri dnfxahj `jl fxtfjsahj m`vf laddfrfjta`n
fddfets hj `ttatulfs¿. Khurj`n hd pfrshj`naty `jl shea`n psyemhnhby, 46(0),
6.

E`rjfy, L. W., Eully, @. K., y Q`p, @. K. (7303). «Shwfr phsajb; Grafd

jhjvfrg`n laspn`ys `ddfet jfurhfjlherajf nfvfns `jl raso
thnfr`jef¿. Ssyemhnhbae`n seafjef, 70(03), 0545-054=.
 Emafs`, @., E`n`ta, W., y Ufrrftta, @. (7300). «Lhfs iajldunjfss tr`ajajb

aiprhvf ehbjatavf `ganatafs8 @ systfi`tae rfvafw hd jfurhpsyemhnhbae`n

dajlajbs¿. Enajae`n psyemhnhby rfvafw, 50(5), <<1-<4<.
Ehx, G. K., Rfssfn, A., Jhrthj, B. W., Uwajshj, W. S., y Larfjdfnl, L. I.
(0116). «Sugnae`tahj trfjls aj `jxafty lashrlfrs rfsf`rem; 0113―0117.¿
Khurj`n hd @jxafty lashrlfrs, 1(4), 650-65=.

Er`sof, I. B., y G`rnhw, L. M. (7330). Enajae`n m`jlghho hd psyemhnhbae`n

lashrlfrs; @ stfp-gy-stfp trf`tifjt i`ju`n , Jufv` Qhro; \mf Buandhrl
 Srfss.

Er`sof, I. B., G`rnhw, L. M., y If`lhws, F. @. (7333).  I`stfry hd yhur

`jxafty `jl p`jae; I@S-5; \mfr`past bualf dhr `jxafty, p`jae, `jl
`bhr`pmhga`. Hxdhrl Vjavfrsaty Srfss.

Foi`j, S. (0125). «Erhss-euntur`n stulafs hd d`ea`n fxprfssahj¿.  L`rwaj `jl

d`ea`n fxprfssahj; @ efjtury hd rfsf`rem aj rfvafw, 041777(0).

Foi`j, S. (01=1). «\mf `rbuifjt `jl fvalfjef `ghut ujavfrs`ns aj d`ea`n

fxprfssahjs¿. M`jlghho hd shea`n psyemhpmysahnhby
psyemhpmysahnhby, 0<5-04<.

Foi`j, S. (0115). «D`ea`n fxprfssahj `jl fihtahj¿.  @ifrae`j psyemhnhbast ,

<=(<), 5=<.
Foi`j, S., H‑Uunnav`j, I., y I`tsuihth, L. (0110`). «Ehjdusahjs `ghut
ehjtfxt aj tmf kulbifjt hd d`ea`n fxprfssahj; @ rfpny th \mf ehjtfipt
fxprfssahj `jl tmf rfn`tavaty tmfsas¿.  Ihtav`tahj `jl fihtahj, 06(7), 041-
024.

Foi`j, S., H‑Uunnav`j, I., y I`tsuihth, L. (0110g). «Ehjtr`laetahjs aj tmf

stuly hd ehjtfipt; Rm`t‑s at `nn `ghut8 Wfpny th Wussfnn¿.  Ihtav`tahj `jl
 Fihtahj, 06(<), 715-714.
 

Fnnas, @., f Agàðfz, @. (01=3).  W`zõj y fiheaõj fj psaehtfr`pa`. Gang`h;

Lfsenáf lf Grhuwfr.
D`rg, J. @., @jlfrshj, @. O., I`ygfrb, M., Gf`j, K., IeOfhj, L., y Ufb`n, [.
T. (7303). «Iajlajb hjf‑s fihtahjs; iajldunjfss tr`ajajb `ntfrs tmf jfur`n
fxprfssahj hd s`ljfss¿. Fihtahj, 03(0), 76.

Dhx, O. E., y Emrasthdd, O. (730<). «Ift`ehbjatavf d`eanat`tahj hd sphjt`jfhus

tmhubmt prhefssfs; wmfj ift`ehbjatahj mfnps tmf w`jlfrajb iajl dajl ats
w`y¿. Fj \mf ehbjatavf jfurhseafjef hd ift`ehbjatahj  (pp. 715-501).
Gfrnéj/Mfalfngfrb; Uprajbfr.

Asfj, @. I., y L`ugi`j, O. @. (01=<). «\mf ajdnufjef hd `ddfet hj

e`tfbhraz`tahj¿. Khurj`n hd pfrshj`naty `jl shea`n psyemhnhby, <2 (4),
(4), 0734.

Asfj, @. I., L`ugi`j, O. @., y Jhwaeoa, B. S. (01=2). «Shsatavf `ddfet

d`eanat`tfs erf`tavf prhgnfi shnvajb¿. Khurj`n hd pfrshj`naty `jl shea`n
 psyemhnhby, 67(4), 0077.

Az`rl, E. F. (01=1). «\mf strueturf `jl dujetahjs hd fihtahjs; Aipnae`tahjs

dhr ehbjatahj, ihtav`tahj, `jl pfrshj`naty¿. \mf B. Ut`jnfy M`nn nfeturf
sfrafs (1).

Az`rl, E. F. (0110). \mf psyemhnhby hd fihtahjs. Jufv` Qhro; Uprajbfr

Ueafjef y Gusajfss Ifla`.

Km`, @. S., Orhipajbfr, K., y G`aif, I. K. (7332). «Iajldunjfss tr`ajajb

ihladafs sugsystfis hd `ttfjtahj¿. Ehbjatavf, @ddfetavf, y Gfm`vahr`n
 Jfurhseafjef, 2 (7),
(7), 031-001.

N`jb, S. K. (0121). «@ gah-ajdhri`tahj`n tmfhry hd fihtahj`n ai`bfry¿.

 Ssyemhpmysahnhby, 04(4), <16-607.
 

N`jbslhrd, S., Az`rl, E. F., W`ya`s, I., y Mfigrff, F. @. (01=5). «Ajtfrfst

fxprfssahj, vasu`n dax`tahj, `jl mf`rt r`tf em`jbfs aj 7-`jl =-ihjtm-hnl
ajd`jts¿. Lfvfnhpifjt`n Ssyemhnhby, 01(5), 526.

Nfvajshj, L. G., Uthnn, F. N., Oajly, U. L., Ifrry, M. N., y L`valshj, W. K.

(730<). «@ iajl yhu e`j ehujt hj; v`nal`tajb grf`tm ehujtajb `s `
gfm`vahr`n if`surf hd iajldunjfss¿. Drhjtafrs aj psyemhnhby, 6, 0737.

Nfwajshmj, S. I. (012<). «@ gfm`vahr`n `pprh`em th lfprfssahj¿.  Fssfjta`n

 p`pfrs hj lfprfssahj, 063-27.

Nutz, @., Km`, @. S., Lujjf, K. L., y U`rhj, E. L. (7306). «Ajvfstab`tajb tmf
pmfjhifjhnhbae`n i`trax hd iajldunjfss-rfn`tfl pr`etaefs drhi `
jfurhehbjatavf pfrspfetavf¿. @ifrae`j Ssyemhnhbast , 23(2), 457.

I`ros, A. I., I`t`ax-Ehns, L., Ofjwrabmt, I., E`ifrhj, W., Marsem, U., y
Bfb`, N. (7335). «Sr`bi`tae fv`nu`tahj hd ehiputfr-`alfl sfnd-mfnp dhr
`jxafty `jl lfprfssahj¿. \mf Gratasm Khurj`n hd Ssyema`try, 0=5(0), 62-46.

If`lhws, E. I. (0126). «\mf pmfjhifjhnhby hd khy, `j fiparae`n

ajvfstab`tahj¿. Ssyemhnhbae`n Wfphrts, 52 (0),
(0), 51-6<.

Iyfrs,
634 L.B. (7336).
 Ssaehnhbé`. I`lral; Flathra`n Iálae` S`j`ifrae`j`, p.

J`sgy, R., y Q`jlh, W. (01=7). «Ufnfetavf fjehlajb `jl rftrafv`n hd

`ddfetavfny v`nfjt ajdhri`tahj; \wh ehbjatavf ehjsfqufjefs hd emanlrfj‑s
ihhl st`tfs¿. Khurj`n hd Sfrshj`naty `jl Uhea`n Ssyemhnhby, <5(4), 07<<.

Jfdd, O. L. (7335). «\mf lfvfnhpifjt `jl v`nal`tahj hd ` se`nf th if`surf

sfnd-ehip`ssahj¿. Ufnd `jl alfjtaty, 7(5), 775-763.
 Jyonéĉfo, A., y Ouakpfrs, O. D. (733=). «Fddfets hd iajldunjfss-g`sfl strfss

rfluetahj ajtfrvfjtahj hj psyemhnhbae`n wfnn-gfajb `jl qu`naty hd nadf; as

ajerf`sfl iajldunjfss ajlffl tmf ifem`jasi8.¿  @jj`ns hd Gfm`vahr`n
 Iflaeajf, 56(5), 550-5<3.

Hrtjfr, E. J., Oanjfr, U. K., y [fn`zh, S. L. (7332). «Iajldunjfss iflat`tahj

`jl rfluefl fihtahj`n ajtfrdfrfjef hj ` ehbjatavf t`so.¿  Ihtav`tahj `jl
fihtahj, 50(<), 720-7=5.

Hrzfem, O. I., Um`parh, U. N., Grhwj, O. R., y IeO`y, I. (7331).

«Ajtfjsavf iajldunjfss tr`ajajb-rfn`tfl em`jbfs aj ehbjatavf `jl fihtahj`n
fxpfrafjef.¿ \mf Khurj`n hd Shsatavf Ssyemhnhby, <(5), 707-777.

Sfð`tf, R., Satta, E. \., Gftmfjehurt, K. I., y Br`ea`, W. (7334). «@bhr`dhga`

(ehj h saj pàjaeh) y ehjluet`s lf `drhjt`iafjth lfs`l`pt`tav`s. Sraifr`
p`rtf.¿ U`nul ifjt`n, 71(7), 77-71.

Wffvf, K., W`vfj, @. I. N., y Gfshr`, I. T. (011<).  Ihtav`eaõj y fiheaõj.

I`lral; IeBr`w-Mann.

Ufb`n, [. T., y \f`sl`nf, K. (730=).  Iajldunjfss-g`sfl ehbjatavf tmfr`py dhr

lfprfssahj. Jufv` Qhro; Buandhrl Sugnae`tahjs.

Ufnabi`j, I. F. (0126).  Mfnpnfssjfss; Hj lfprfssahj, lfvfnhpifjt, `jl

lf`tm. @ sfrafs hd ghhos aj psyemhnhby. Jfw Qhro, JQ; RM
Drffi`j/\aifs Ghhos/Mfjry Mhnt y Eh.

Un`btfr, M. @., Nutz, @., Brfasem`r, N. N., Dr`jeas, @. L., Jafuwfjmuas, U.,
L`vas, K. I., y L`valshj, W. K. (7332). «Ifjt`n tr`ajajb `ddfets lastragutahj
hd naiatfl gr`aj rfshurefs.¿ SNhU gahnhby, 6(4), f05=.

Uhnfr, K., Fnaefs, I., S`seu`n, K. E., I`rtéj-Gn`jeh, @., Dfnau-Uhnfr, @.,
E`rihj`, E., y Shrtfnn`, I. K. (7304). «Fddfets hd iajldunjfss tr`ajajb hj
 laddfrfjt ehiphjfjts hd aipunsavaty aj ghrlfrnajf pfrshj`naty lashrlfr;

rfsunts drhi ` panht r`jlhiazfl stuly.¿ Ghrlfrnajf pfrshj`naty lashrlfr

`jl fihtahj lysrfbun`tahj, 5(0), 0.
Uhnfr, K., T`nlfpárfz, @., Dfnau-Uhnfr, @., S`seu`n, K. E., Shrtfnn`, I. K.,
I`rtéj-Gn`jeh, @. @nvàrfz, F. y Sárfz, T. (7307). «Fddfets hd tmf
la`nfetae`n gfm`vahr`n tmfr`py-iajldunjfss ihlunf hj `ttfjtahj aj p`tafjts
watm ghrlfrnajf pfrshj`naty lashrlfr.¿ Gfm`vahur Wfsf`rem `jl \mfr`py,
63(7), 063-062.

Uajm`, W., Nhv`nnh, R. W., y S`rshjs, H. @. (0117). «E`rlahv`seun`r

laddfrfjta`tahj hd fihtahjs.¿ Ssyemhshi`tae Iflaeajf, 6<(<), <77-<56.

Utfaj, J. N., y Kfwftt, K. N. (01=4). «@ ehjefptu`n `j`nysas hd tmf if`jajb hd

jfb`tavf fihtahjs; Aipnae`tahjs dhr ` tmfhry hd lfvfnhpifjt.¿  If`surajb
fihtahjs aj ajd`jts `jl emanlrfj, 7, 75=-742.

Utfaj, J. N., y Nfvajf, N. K. (0113). «I`oajb sfjsf hut hd fihtahj; \mf

rfprfsfjt`tahj `jl usf hd bh`n-strueturfl ojhwnflbf.¿  Ssyemhnhbae`n `jl
gahnhbae`n `pprh`emfs th fihtahj, <6-25.

Utfrjg`em, N. M. (012=). \mf gfjzhla`zfpajf sthry. Aj Srhbrfss aj Lrub

 Wfsf`rem/Dhrtsemrattf lfr @rzjfaiattfndhrsemujb/Srhbrís lfs rfemfremfs
 pm`ri`efutaqufs (pp. 771-744). G`sfn; Garomìusfr Tfrn`b.

Utfrjg`em, W. @. (01=0). «Emrhjae p`aj `s ` lasf`sf fjtaty.¿ \ra`jbnf? tmf

U`jlhz khurj`n hd iflae`n seafjef , 73(0-7), 72.

\`jb, Q. Q., Mônzfn, G. O., y Shsjfr, I. A. (7306). «\mf jfurhseafjef hd

iajldunjfss iflat`tahj.¿ J`turf Wfvafws Jfurhseafjef, 04(<), 705.

Rfbjfr, L. I., Uemjfalfr, L. K., E`rtfr, U. W., y Rmatf, \. N. (01=2).

«S`r`lhxae`n fddfets hd tmhubmt supprfssahj.¿ Khurj`n hd pfrshj`naty `jl
 shea`n psyemhnhby, 65(0), 6.

Rfnns, @. (7336). «Lft`emfl iajldunjfss aj ehbjatavf tmfr`py; @

ift`ehbjatavf `j`nysas `jl tfj tfemjaqufs.¿ Khurj`n hd W`tahj`n-Fihtavf
`jl Ehbjatavf-Gfm`vahr \mfr`py, 75(<), 552-566.

Rfnns, @. (7300).  Ift`ehbjatavf tmfr`py dhr `jxafty `jl lfprfssahj. Jufv`

Qhro; Buandhrl prfss.

Rfnns, @., y I`ttmfws, B. (011<). «Ufnd-ehjseahusjfss `jl ehbjatavf d`anurfs

`s prflaethrs hd ehpajb aj strfssdun fpashlfs.¿ Ehbjatahj & Fihtahj, =(5),
721-716.