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03 - Relaciones Hídricas Parte 2
03 - Relaciones Hídricas Parte 2
Plantas 2. Agua se
mueve a través
de la planta Flujo de masas: agua en arrollos,
tubos,mangueras, columna de agua del
xilema (1, 2)
ψw =
-0.3 MPa 1. Agua se
mueve del
suelo a la raíz
Donde: Radio 40
ΔP = gradiente de presión hidráulica μm Radio 20
Presión del Presión
μm
η = viscosidad del agua 4 x area
agua atmosférica
municipal
l = longitud de los capilares requerida
N = número de capilares Radio 10 μm
16 x area Cuando se abre la llave,
r = radio de los capilares Cada bloque conduce requerida
el mismo flujo La resistencia la la resistencia disminuye y
El flujo aumenta con el radio a la determina la posición del el flujo aumenta
cuarta potencia. Así tubos más grifo
anchos conducen mas agua Adapted from Tyree, M.T., Davis, S.D., and Cochard, H. (1994). Biophysical perspectives of xylem
evolution: Is there a tradeoff of hydraulic efficiency for vulnerability to dysfunction. IAWA 15: 335-360. Tyree, M.T. (1997). The Cohesion-Tension theory of sap ascent: current controversies. J. Exp. Bot. 48: 1753-1765.
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
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Tambien se puede
considerar la
conductancia individual La anatomía del Xilema
de ramas y hojas afecta el flujo, al afectar la
resistencia
Tyree, M.T. (1997). The Cohesion-Tension theory of sap ascent: current controversies. J. Exp. Bot. 48: 1753-1765 by permission of Oxford University Press. Image: Decagon Services
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
El flujo de agua está gobernado por la Resumen: El movimiento del agua está
conductancia de tres segmentos gobernado por las leyes de la física
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
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© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
Arena
Limo
Arcilla
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
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Disminución del tamaño de partícula Adapted from Kramer, P.J., and Boyer, J.S. (1995). Water
Relations of Plants and Soils. Academic Press. San Diego.
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
Contenido
de agua:
Porcentaje del
control 100% 16% 4% 2%
Ψw (MPa) -0.03 -0.20 -0.81 -1.60
Arquitectura de la raiz Conductancia es
En la medida en que el agua (longitud de las raíces, afectada por la
escacea, los recursos son ramificaciones, ángulos) anatomía y
traslocados especialmente a la raíz afectan y son afectados por el morfología de la raíz
agua
Hsiao, T.C. and Xu, L.K. (2000). Sensitivity of growth of roots versus leaves to water stress: biophysical analysis and relation to water transport. J. Exp.Bot. 51: 1595-1616, by permission of Oxford Steudle, E. (2000). Water uptake by roots: effects of water deficit. J. Exp. Bot. 51: 1531-1542; Frensch, J. and Steudle, E. (1989). Axial and radial hydraulic resistance to roots of maize (Zea
University Press Sharp, R.E., Silk, W.K. and Hsiao, T.C. (1988). Growth of the maize primary root at low water potentials: I. Spatial distribution of expansive growth. Plant Physiol. 87: 50-57. mays L.). Plant Physiol. 91: 719-726. Weaver, J.E. (1925). Investigations on the root habits of plants. Am. J. Bot. 12: 502-509 with permission from Botanical Society of America.
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
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Weaver, J.E. (1925). Investigations on the root habits of plants. Am. J. Bot. 12: 502-509; Hoogenboom, G., Huck, M.G. and Peterson, C.M. (1987). Root growth rate of soybean as affected by drought stress. Agron. J. 79: 607-614. Adapted from Steudle, E. and Peterson, C.A. (1998). How does water get through roots? J. Exp. Bot. 49: 775-788.
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
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Na+
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
Reprinted from Höfte, H. (2010). Plant cell biology: How to pattern a wall. Curr. Biol. 20: R450-R452 with permission from Elsevier.
Weng, J.-K. and Chapple, C. (2010). The origin and evolution of lignin biosynthesis. New Phytol. 187: 273-285.
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
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Elemento
traqueario
maduro
Célula del
procambium
Elongación
Deposición Degradación
de pared de vacuolas y
secundaria organelos
Nieminen, K.M., Kauppinen, L. and Helariutta, Y. (2004). A weed for wood? Arabidopsis as a genetic model for xylem development. Plant Physiol. 135: 653-659. Reprinted from Roberts, K., and McCann, M.C. (2000). Xylogenesis: the birth of a corpse. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 3: 517-522 with permission from Elsevier
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
Adapted from Spicer, R. and Groover, A. (2010). Evolution of development of vascular cambia and secondary growth. New Phytol. 186: 577-592; Photo credit MPF. Yosemite Research Library, National Parks Service; Jim Bahn
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
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© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
Las traqueidas y los vasos son muy El xilema es una “tubería vulnerable”,
diferentes en tamaño sujeta a embolismo
Las traqueidas de las coníferas
son significativamente más
cortas y delgadas (pero con algo
de sobrelapamiento en el ancho) La habilidad de mover
que los vasos de las agua hacia arriba
angiospermas depende de la
continuidad de la
Ley de Poiseuille: El flujo columna de agua
de un fluido a través de un
tubo se incrementa a la Aire puede entrar a un
cuarta potencia del radio conducto y expandirse
(Flujo ∝ r4)
para formar un bloqueo
aire-vapor que rompe la
Qué otros factores columna de agua, una
afectan la condición conocida
conductividad como embolismo
hidráulica?
Sperry, J.S., Hacke, U.G. and Pittermann, J. (2006). Size and function in conifer tracheids and angiosperm vessels. Am. J. Bot. 93: 1490-1500 with permission from Botanical Society of America. ©INRA/Hervé Cochard Used with permission
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
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Torus
impermeable
Membrana de rodeado del
punteadura uniforme margo
permeable
Adapted from Jacobsen, A.L., Ewers, F.W., Pratt, R.B., Paddock, W.A. and Davis, S.D. (2005). Do xylem fibers affect vessel cavitation resistance? Plant Physiol. 139: 546-556. Choat, B., Cobb, A.R. and Jansen, S. (2008). Structure and function of bordered pits: new discoveries and impacts on whole-plant hydraulic function. New Phyt. 177: 608-626 with permission from Wiley.
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
ROOT ROOT
ψπ = -2.5 MPa ψπ = -2.5 MPa ψπ = -0.25 MPa ψπ = -2.5 MPa ψπ = -2.5 MPa ψπ = -0.25 MPa
90% de la sal del ψp = 0 MPa ψp = 0 MPa ψp = -2.3 MPa
agua marina se ψw = -2.5 MPa ψw = -2.5 MPa ψw = -2.55 MPa
filtra antes de
Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+
llegar al xilema
Endodermis
Endodermis
Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+
Seawater Root cortex Xylem Seawater Root cortex Xylem
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
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© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
En el verano
cuando la planta
En el verano, la esta transpirando
transpiración causa la presión del
tensión en la savia xilema es negativa
xilemática rellenando los (tensión)
vasos
Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University; Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org; Virtual Grape Scholander, P.F., Love, W.E., and Kanwisher, J.W. (1955). The rise of sap in tall grapevines. Plant Physiol. 30: 93 – 104.
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
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Photo credit: University of Minnesota; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State, Bugwood.org John Ruter, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
Stevens, C.L., and Russell, L. Eggert. (1945). Observations on the causes of the flow of sap in red maple. Plant Physiol. 20: 636 - 648. Milburn, J.A. and O'Malley, P.E.R. (1984). Freeze-induced sap absorption in Acer pseudoplatanus: a possible mechanism. Can. J. Bot. 62: 2101-2106. Image source: Université Laval
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
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© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
Hojas de
monocotiledoni
as con venas
paralelas en Mediciones para
dos calcular Dm
densidades
Sack, L. and Scoffoni, C. (2013). Leaf venation: structure, function, development, evolution, ecology and applications in the past, present and future. New Phytol. 198: 983-1000, with permission from Wiley. Brodribb, T.J., Feild, T.S. and Jordan, G.J. (2007). Leaf maximum photosynthetic rate and venation are linked by hydraulics. Plant Physiol. 144: 1890-1898.
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
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Heinen, R.B., Ye, Q. and Chaumont, F. (2009). Role of aquaporins in leaf physiology. J. Exp. Bot. 60: 2971-2985 by permission of Oxford University Press; Cochard, H., Venisse, J.-S., Barigah, T.S.,
Brunel, N., Herbette, S., Guilliot, A., Tyree, M.T. and Sakr, S. (2007). Putative role of aquaporins in variable hydraulic conductance of leaves in response to light. Plant Physiol. 143: 122-133.
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Como analogía, no
Stoma importa que tan rápido
uno se pare de la silla
del avión, hasta que la
puerta no se abra uno
no va para ningún Estomas abiertos – flujo
lado regulado por otros factores
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Sirichandra, C., Wasilewska, A., Vlad, F., Valon, C., and Leung, J. (2009a). The guard cell as a single-cell model towards understanding
drought tolerance and abscisic acid action. J. Exp. Bot. 60: 1439-1463. by permission of Oxford University Press.
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
Los iones que salen arrastran agua fuera Las células de guarda pierden turgencia
de la célula y se relajan, cerrando el poro
PARED INTERNA
ABIERTO H2O K+ A- H2O K+ A- CERRANDO
H2O K+ A- H2O K+ H2O
A- H2O
H2O
K+ K+ K+
A-
El agua sigue
por ósmosis H2O
H2O
H2O
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
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El movimiento de agua en la
hoja ocurre a través de tres
segmentos diferentes:
Stomata • Movimiento a través de
tejidos vasculares
• Movimiento a través de
tejidos no vasculares
En algunos pastos, • Movimiento a través de los
las células estomas
Las criptas estomáticas incrementan la subsidiarias
humedad fuera del estoma, participan en el
reduciendo el flujo cuando los estomas movimiento de las
se abren células de guarda y
hacen al poro más
eficiente
Image James Mauseth, University of Texas; Franks, P.J. and Farquhar, G.D. (2007). The Mechanical diversity of stomata and its significance in gas-exchange control. Plant Physiol. 143: 78-87.
© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists
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Weaver, J.E. (1925). Investigations on the root habits of plants. Am. J. Bot. 12: 502-509 with permission from Botanical
Society of America; Maurel, C. and Chrispeels, M.J. (2001). Aquaporins. A molecular entry into plant water relations.
Plant Physiol. 125: 135-138; McCully, M.E. (1999). Root xylem embolisms and refilling. Relation to water potentials of
soil, roots, and leaves, and osmotic potentials of root xylem sap. Plant Physiol. 119: 1001-1008
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