Chemistry notes

Laboratory safety rules and procedures: Rules 1) Never eat or drink while in the laboratory 2) Wear safety glasses when working with chemicals 3) Wear gloves when handling hazardous chemicals or toxic agent 4) Tie your hair if it is long 5) Keep your work area uncluttered 6) Proper disposal of chemical 7) Turn off all ignition sources and Bunsen burner when not in use 8) Never pipette anything by mouth 9) Clean up your work area before leaving 10) Wash your hands before leaving the laboratory 11) Report all accident to your teacher 12) Do not use cracked glassware 13) Avoid leaving the experiment unattended 14) Never use your bare hands to hold a heated test tube Procedures 1) If you spill a chemical, report the matter to a teacher 2) If there is a fire, roll on the floor is your clothes are burning, or use a fire extinguisher 3) If chemicals get into your eyes, immediately rinse it with eyewash 4) If you cut yourself, apply pressure 5) If you inhale vapour, leave the area immediately and tell your teacher Chemical hazard symbols

explosive

toxic

corrosive

oxidizing

radioactive

flammable

harmful

biohazardous

Chemistry notes

Apparatus Test tube---hold liquid or solid Boiling tube---use for heating Beaker---roughly measure liquid to 100cm3 Conical flask---hold liquid and can be fitted with stopper Measuring cylinder---measure the volume of liquid accurately Displacement can---measure irregular solids Retort/tripod stand---use to support apparatus Filter funnel---filter a mixture of insoluble solid in liquid Gas jar---for collecting gases Burette---dispense small amount of liquid accurately to 0.1cm3 Pipette---use to measure a volume accurately Flat bottom flask---for preparing gases where no heating is required Round bottom flask---for preparing gases where heating is required Water trough---for containing water Bell jar---for separating the condition from the outside Evaporating dish---for evaporating a liquid from a solution Crucible---for containing solid when heating Wire gauze---is placed on a tripod stand Collecting gases Types of gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Chlorine Hydrogen Hydrogen chloride Oxygen Sulphur dioxide Solubility in water Extremely soluble Slightly soluble Soluble Not soluble Very soluble Very slightly soluble Very soluble Density (compared to air) Less dense Denser Denser Less dense Denser Slightly denser Denser

3 methods of collecting gases---displacement of water, downward delivery and upward delivery Displacement of water---for insoluble gases like hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide Downward delivery---for gases that are denser than air and soluble in water like chlorine and hydrogen chloride Upward delivery---for gases that are less dense than air and soluble in water like ammonia How to dry a sample of gas?---by passing through a drying agent like sulphuric acid(except ammonia) and quick lime

Chemistry notes
Bunsen burner Part barrel collar Gas tap Air-holes jet base Type of flames Air-hole Flame Luminosity Degree of hotness Heating Function Raise the flame to a suitable height for heating Control the amount of air entering the bunsen burner Control the gas flow into the bunsen Control the air flow into the bunsen Control the flow of the gas so it is drawn in to the air-hole Support the bunsen burner Luminous flame Closed Unsteady and flickering Visible Not very hot Unsuitable Non-luminous flame Partially opened Steady Non-luminous Very hot Suitable Strike back Fully opened Steady and thin Non-luminous Very hot at collar Unsuitable and dangerous

Element, compound and mixtures Elements 1) Cannot be split into simpler substances by any means 2) Elements can be classified in to metal and non-metal 3) Metalloids are elements that behave like both metal and non-metal 4) Metal Shiny Solid at R.T.P Malleable, sonorous and ductile Usually high melting and boiling point Good conductor of heat Good conductors of electricity Non-metal Dull Usually gas or liquid at R.T.P Brittle(if solid) Usually low melting and boiling points poor conductor of heat poor conductors of electricity

5) Made up of tiny atoms 6) Most element exist as molecules---monoatomic, diatomic, triatomic and polyatomic

Chemistry notes

Compound 1) Two or more element chemically combined in a fixed ratio 2) Compound can be decomposed 3) It is call thermal decomposition Mixtures 1) They are added together without chemically bonded 2) The ratio is not fixed 3) mixture Can be separated by physical method No fixed portion There is no energy change compound Separated by chemical In a fixed proportion Usually there is an energy change

4) Alloys are mixture of metals with other elements 5) Alloy is stronger than pure metal 6) Steel>iron+carbon 7) Stainless steel>iron+nickel+carbon+chromium 8) Brass>copper+zinc 9) Bronze>copper+tin 10) Duralumin>aluminium+copper+magnesium 11) Solder>lead+tin Solutions and suspensions Solutions 1) A solution is formed when solutes are dissolved in a solvent 2) An aqueous solution is a solution which water is the solvent Suspensions 1) A suspension is a mixture in which the solute is suspended in a solvent How can we distinguish between the two?--- test on appearance, light, and filtering Appearance-solution is clear but suspension is cloudy Light-solution light to pass through but suspension does not allow light to pass through Filtering-solution does not leave a residue but suspension leave a residue when filtered