Home Business Entertainment Games Science Shopping Words More...

Health

People

Places

Reference

Top of Form

Bottom of Form Preferences

On This Page Sci-Tech Dict. US History Mideast, N. Africa Economics WordNet Wikipedia Cite this page Search Web News Images Shopping Resources Bloggers & Webmasters Teachers Librarians Journalists Small Businesses Advertisers WikiAnswers Ask Questions Answer Questions Browse Questions Translate this Page From English to:

Set your default translation preferences. Powered by Google. urbanization On this page: urbanization Sci-Tech Dictionary

The Nature Conservancy We protect and restore the Earth's most important natural places. nature.org Home > Library > Science > Sci-Tech Dictionary urbanization (rbnzshn) (civil engineering) The state of being or becoming a community with urban characteristics. US History Companion Enviropreneurs Improving the environment through markets. Fellowships available. www.enviropreneurs.com Enviros Consulting Environment, energy, sustainability consultancy and software www.enviros.com Home > Library > Reference > American History Companion Urbanization The United States, it has been aptly remarked, was born in the country and moved to the city. Few nations have urbanized more rapidly or more extensively. Starting its history under the Constitution as a rural (95 percent) and agricultural society, the United States in Related Topics Urban Planning

the course of the nineteenth century developed a vast network of cities. By 1920 the urban population exceeded the rural. Urbanization is by definition a process whereby the number of urban dwellers increases in relation to rural dwellers. By 1970 this process had been largely completed in the United States. Although in recent decades cities have continued to receive migrants, the pattern of migration has been within an urban system--from city to city, from city to suburb, from suburb to city, as well as from foreign to American city. So much of the nineteenth-century history of the United States is associated with the western movement that one naturally wonders about the relation of urbanization to continental expansion. The two movements reinforced each other. Cities were "the spearhead of the frontier." Urban markets and marketing mechanisms gave value to agricultural land in the United States. The combination of local trade and an agricultural base enabled many cities, especially inland ones, to develop small-scale manufacturing. Much nineteenth-century American development was fueled by urban rivalry. Boosters sought to make their cities regional centers by promoting transportation improvements and often encouraging investments in cultural institutions: a museum, a theater or opera house, a college, a scientific society, a large park. Except in the case of the South under slavery, in the United States economic development and urban growth were intertwined. The result was an exceptionally dynamic economy and a dense network of cities. Unlike many developing countries in the post-World War II era, where a single overgrown metropolis dominates, in America large cities are to be found in every region, each in turn surrounded by networks of medium-sized cities. Urbanization encompasses changes in form and social character that illuminate larger changes in American social and economic history. At the time of the American Revolution all major cities were seaports. The port provided the basis of the urban economy, and it supplied a principle of order for the social and physical organization of the city. Nearly all eighteenth- century views of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia place the harbor with its ships and wharves in the foreground. This idea of the city as a port dominated urban perception until the middle of the nineteenth century. It is appropriate to call the late-eighteenth-century city a walking city. A comfortable walk represented the limits of human movement and, by implication, urban culture. Until the middle of the nineteenth century people and messages moved at the same speed. With such limits on communication, urban life was not easily managed over a territory extending more than a mile or two from the center. Within the bounds of the compact walking city, various urban activities and social classes were situated cheek by jowl. In the wharf area there was some clustering of special functions: countinghouses, warehouses, and shipping-related artisans' shops around the docks. Nearby were homes for rich merchants. But that was the extent of differentiation. There was no strictly residential district, nor was there one exclusively devoted to business. Residential segregation by class and ethnicity was limited; employees often lived in the same houses as their employers or in a rear building. But after the War of 1812 changes in the Atlantic economy and the development of internal transportation and a national market stimulated unprecedented growth. In 1790, the year of the first census, no American city had a population of 50,000 persons and only 5 had more than 10,000. In the middle decades of the nineteenth century changes in communication and transportation, especially the railroad, enhanced trade and

urbanization, while the development of the steam engine enabled urban manufacturing to increase, drawing native migrants and foreign immigrants to the city. By 1870, 168 places had populations over 10,000, and 15 cities had populations over 100,000. For most of this city building, the gridiron supplied the basic form. Although there had been a few earlier gridiron plans (Philadelphia and New Haven in the seventeenth century, Savannah and Los Angeles in the eighteenth), the gridiron became the norm in the nineteenth century. Of major American cities, only central Boston and Lower Manhattan exemplify the irregular pattern associated with the medieval street plans of European cities. And New York in 1811 adopted a gridiron for development above Houston Street. Changes in the economy and in the scale of cities altered the organization of social life and the space within them. Ports were still important at midcentury, but cities no longer clustered so tightly about their harbors. They were becoming more extensive, partly because of the development of omnibuses and horse-drawn street railways. The separation of work and residence, dating from this period, marks a watershed in the history of urban life. With the breakdown of the traditional apprentice system, work groups increased in size and most employees became wage earners for life. They formed a working class that sought out cheap housing of their own. Employers also tended to move away from the workplace to exclusively residential areas that better sustained a developing interest in domesticity. The full specialization of urban space would be achieved only in the twentieth century, but the future had become apparent by the middle of the 1800s: the places of work and residence had become distinguished in terms of location, architecture, and social experience. The mid-nineteenth-century city was a five-story city, a crowded jumble of small buildings. A vast increase in population had occurred within tight constraints. Construction technology, as well as the lack of a safe passenger elevator or a way to get water above the fifth floor, limited the height of buildings. Adequate urban transit had to await the development of the electric streetcar in the late 1880s. The territory of the city had been slightly extended, but the increase in population was achieved mainly through unprecedented crowding. For the urban dweller in 1850 the city was a multiplicity of environments, many of them unknown and even frightening. The slum, where the "other half" lived, became a part of the urban imagination. In retrospect, however, the midcentury city was more ordered than many contemporaries recognized. Distinct commercial areas, often extensions of the waterfront in coastal or river cities, had emerged. Nearby were small manufacturing enterprises, especially those associated with the port or likely to be organized by merchant capital. Farther out, toward the fringes but near a working-class neighborhood, were a few heavy industrial enterprises. Within the commercial district lay a cluster of major financial institutions, some retail blocks (forerunners of department stores), and entertainment establishments. Not far from the center would be at least one fashionable neighborhood (Beacon Hill in Boston was typical) and a slum (like Five Points in New York). Farther away were larger bourgeois and working-class quarters. The city extended perhaps three or four miles; at the edge was a ragged and mixed-use area marked by pockets of residential, commercial, and industrial structures. After 1870, technology facilitating both vertical and horizontal movement provided the basis for a dramatic reorganization of urban form in America. The first elevator in an

office building was installed in New York's Equitable Life Assurance Building. Elevators equalized the rental value of all floors, which raised land values in city centers. Between 1870 and 1930 the tall central-city office building and business block gave both a new appearance and a new function to the central business district, as it came to be called. By the 1890s it was apparent, first in New York and later in other large cities, that dense clusters of tall buildings had created a new kind of urban skyline. The tall office building stood for a new era. Large cities--especially New York--became financial and administrative centers, directing national corporations with plants in a myriad of smaller cities. These changes in the economy, along with the new building technologies and the aesthetic visions of architects, gave birth to the skyscraper. While the city was soaring upward, it was also extending outward, producing the familiar American pattern of central business core, close-in slum and working-class residential areas, and a ring of prosperous suburbs. The advent of electric streetcars and elevated railways extended the bounds of the city to a radius of ten miles or more. The streetcars, which typically converged at the center, in effect created a funnel that established the central business district as the locale for offices, places of entertainment, government facilities, department stores, and specialty shops. This change in the physical form of cities was accompanied by changes in their social composition. Although blacks had lived in cities as early as the colonial period, after 1890 and particularly during World Wars I and II black migration to northern cities accelerated, driven by southern racism, by changes in the conditions and technology of southern agriculture, and by perceived opportunities in the North. Also in the 1890s, the volume and source of foreign immigration changed, as large numbers of migrants from eastern and southern Europe came to the United States, settling mainly in cities. Neighborhoods defined by class, race, and ethnicity became arrayed along the streetcar lines. These residential neighborhoods had their own consumer businesses and with their distinctive qualities made the social landscape something of a mosaic. Manufacturing, which had once shared central city sites with other uses, now demanded more and different space, typically along transportation corridors. The years from 1890 to 1945 were the classic years of the big city and its "downtown." It was this city that nourished the urban liberalism that was such an important component of the New Deal welfare state. The politics of the New Deal were in part a coalition of liberals in Washington and city machines, and they formed a progressive alliance. Their policies in turn enhanced urban life. Although the New Deal did not have a formal urban policy, the development of federally funded public housing programs provided significant low-income housing for cities, and the wpa employment program enabled cities to build schools, hospitals, parks, and other civic amenities. After World War II, this city unraveled. The automobile and the freeway system, the development of which was made possible by the Federal Highway Act of 1956, encouraged a new kind of decentralization that undermined the central city. Concurrently, the Federal Housing Administration, the G.I. bill, and the tax system made purchasing a home easier, opening suburban living to large numbers of the middle and working classes. The central city, with an increasingly black population, lost political and social importance in relation to the overwhelmingly white subcenters within the metropolitan region. Urban liberalism was weakened, with grave consequences for the urban poor and the urban infrastructure.

The contemporary metropolis evokes mixed images--the glitter of massive postmodern office towers, convention and cultural centers, and shopping malls, on the one hand, and the despair of homelessness, failing schools, drug addiction, and poverty, on the other. But the starkness of such images, however painfully real, may distort what is actually happening. The large cities of the United States--especially New York, Miami, and Los Angeles--are being transformed by a new wave of immigration from Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa. They have again become immigrant cities, and they are receiving newcomers from a wider variety of homelands than ever before. Both the postmodern office towers housing multinational corporations and these new, mostly nonwhite immigrants who are building middle-class neighborhoods with distinctive cultures are creating in the late twentieth century a new kind of city in the United States-the World City. Bibliography: Christopher Tunnard and Henry Hope Reed, American Skyline (1956); David Ward, Cities and Immigrants: A Geography of Change in Nineteenth-Century America (1971); Sam Bass Warner, Jr., The Urban Wilderness: A History of the American City (1972). Author: Thomas Bender See also Architecture; Black Ghettos; Black Migration; City Government; City Planning; Housing; Immigration; Internal Migration; Public Transportation; Suburbanization; Urban Bosses and Machine Politics. Largest Cities by Population, 1700-1990 1700 City Population 1. Boston 6,700 2. New York 4,937a 3. Philadelphia 4,400b 4. --5. --6. --7. --8. --9. --10. --a. Figure from a census taken in 1698. b. Philadelphia population includes suburbs. 1790 City Population 1. New York 33,131 2. Philadelphia 28,522 3. Boston 18,320 4. Charleston 16,359 5. Baltimore 13,503 6. Northern Liberties, Pa.a 9,913 7. Salem, Mass. 7,921

8. Newport, R.I. 6,716 9. Providence, R.I. 6,380 10. Marblehead, Mass. 5,661 a. Annexed by Philadelphia in 1854. 1850 City Population 1. New York 515,547 2. Baltimore 169,054 3. Boston 136,881 4. Philadelphia 121,376 5. New Orleans 116,375 6. Cincinnati 115,435 7. Brooklyna 96,838 8. St. Louis 77,860 9. Spring Garden, Pa.b 58,894 10. Albany, N.Y. 50,763 a. Consolidated with New York in 1898. b. Annexed by Philadelphia in 1854. 1900 City Population 1. New Yorka 3,437,202 2. Chicago 1,698,575 3. Philadelphia 1,293,697 4. St. Louis 575,238 5. Boston 560,892 6. Baltimore 508,957 7. Cleveland 381,768 8. Buffalo, N.Y. 352,387 9. San Francisco 342,782 10. Cincinnati 325,902 a. Population is for New York and its boroughs, consolidated in 1898. 1950 City Population 1. New York 7,891,957 2. Chicago 3,620,962 3. Philadelphia 2,071,605 4. Los Angeles 1,970,358 5. Detroit 1,849,568 6. Baltimore 949,708 7. Cleveland 914,808 8. St. Louis 856,796 9. Washington 802,178 10. Boston 801,444

1990 City Populationa 1. New York 7,322,564 2. Los Angeles 3,485,398 3. Chicago 2,783,726 4. Houston 1,630,553 5. Philadelphia 1,585,577 6. San Diego 1,110,549 7. Detroit 1,027,974 8. Dallas 1,006,877 9. Phoenix 1,006,877 10. San Antonio 935,933 a. Preliminary census figures. Mideast & N. Africa Encyclopedia

Urban Icons Free access to Urban History multi- media companion on Urban Icons journals.cambridge.org/urbanicons How to Quit Smoking Self treatment to quit smoking more than 80% of Helpful Results www.smettere.com/eng Home > Library > Reference > Mideast & N. Africa Encyclopedia Urbanization The growth of cities and the social and physical transformations arising from this phenomenon. The Middle East is home to the world's first cities as well as some of its most notable ones. The first cities, which developed in southern Mesopotamia (now in Iraq) about 3500 B.C.E., had small populations by modern standards - not exceeding about 20,000 inhabitants. By 3000 B.C.E. cities also grew along the Nile in Egypt. From these early centers, urban life spread throughout the world. Until about 1800 most of the great cities such as Babylon, Alexandria, Ctesiphon, Constantinople (now Istanbul), Baghdad, and Cairo could grow large because they had access to water transport and income from an imperial tax base. Industry and trade were the main sources of income for smaller cities, including Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, Carthage, Tabriz, Palmyra, and Mecca. The development of some cities was heavily influenced by their religious significance; these include Jerusalem, Karbala, Mash-had, Mecca, Medina, and Qom. The proportion of the total population living in cities in what became known as the Middle East seldom exceeded 15 percent before the nineteenth century. New factors contributed to the growth of cities after 1800, including modern transportation, new trade patterns, and European penetration. Following World War I and the fall of the Ottoman Empire, nationalist regimes were established, first in Iran and

Turkey, later in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria. These focused development inward. East of Libya, the capitals of the large countries are all inland (Ankara, Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad, Riyadh, Sana, Tehran) and since their development policies were statist, these cities expanded. After World War II, rail and road networks that centered on the capitals were extended, facilitating migration to them. At the same time, rapid rural population growth and the mechanization of agriculture, largely implemented after 1945, pushed farmers from the land. Millions of people in the region moved to cities in search of jobs, education, and other services. Israel was established in 1948 after a period of conflict, and its urban growth - mainly Tel Aviv and Haifa - was fueled by an influx of Jewish immigrants. Palestinians left or were expelled by Israeli forces in 1948, swelling cities in neighboring countries including Lebanon (Tyre, Sidon, and Beirut), Jordan (Amman), and Kuwait, as well as the territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Oil boomtowns (Abadan, Abu Dhabi, Dhahran, Kuwait City) grew rapidly for short periods, but they never became as large as the major political and commercial centers. In the larger countries (Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Morocco, Turkey) close to 50 percent of the population was urban by the mid-1990s. In some of the smaller countries (Israel, Lebanon, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates) the proportion is as high as 90 percent. Bibliography Blake, G. H., and Lawless, R. I., eds. The Changing MiddleEastern City. New York: Barnes & Noble; London: Croom Helm, 1980. Bonine, Michael, ed. Population, Poverty, and Politics in MiddleEast Cities. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997. Brown, L. Carl, ed. From Madina to Metropolis: Heritage andChange in the Near Eastern City. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1973. Saqqaf, Abdulaziz Y., ed. The Middle East City: Ancient Traditions Confront a Modern World. New York: Paragon House, 1987. Economics Dictionary Addiscombe Environmental Multi-Disciplinary Noise and Environmental Consultancy www.aecl.co.uk Land Degradation Journal Articles on Erosion to Conservation Browse the Full Articles Online www.InterScience.Wiley.com/Journal Home > Library > Business > Economics Dictionary urbanization The process by which cities grow or by which societies become more urban. WordNet Wastewater Treatment Modeling, Analysis & Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Processes www.intelligen.com

Environmental Research all of the articles on NYTimes.com's Knowledge Network www.nytimes.com/college Home > Library > Reference > WordNet Note: click on a word meaning below to see its connections and related words. The noun urbanization has 2 meanings: Meaning #1: the condition of being urbanized Synonym: urbanisation Meaning #2: the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban Synonym: urbanisation Wikipedia Lao PDR Environment Study Comprehensive report on Lao's rich environment and wildlife. Read it. worldbank.org/lao World of Pollution What is the solution to all the Pollution filling the earth? www.TheRCG.org Home > Library > Reference > Wikipedia urbanization

The city of Los Angeles is an example of urbanization Urbanization is the increase over time in the population of cities in relation to the region's rural population. Urbanization is studied in terms of its effects on the ecology and economy of a region, while the discipline of Urban sociology studies political, psychological and anthropological changes to human society that occur in an urban environment. In terms of a place, urbanization means increased spatial scale and/or density of settlement and/or business and other activities in the area over time. The urbanisation typically involves the transformation of peripheral population from rural to urban,

together with the settelement of incoming migrants. Urbanisation could occur as a result of natural expansion of the existing population, however urban fertility rates tends to be lower than rural. Urbanization Today The 2005 Revision of the UN World Urbanisation Prospects report described the 20th century as witnessing "the rapid urbanization of the worlds population", as the global proportion of urban population rose dramatically from 13% (220 million) in 1900, to 29% (732 million) in 1950, to 49% (3.2 billion) in 2005. The same report projected that the figure is likely to rise to 60% (4.9 billion) by 2030.[1] Urbanization rates vary across the globe. The United States and United Kingdom have a far higher urbanization level than China, India, Swaziland or Nigeria, but a far slower annual urbanization rate, since much less of the population is living in a rural area while in the process of moving to the city. Urbanization in the United States has affected the Rocky Mountains in locations such as Jackson Hole, Wyoming, Telluride, Colorado, Taos, New Mexico, Douglas County, Colorado and Aspen, Colorado. The lake district of northern Minnesota has also been affected as has Vermont, the coast of Florida, the Birmingham-Jefferson County, AL area, and the barrier islands of North Carolina. In the United Kingdom, two major examples of new urbanization can be seen in Swindon, Wiltshire and Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. These two towns show some of the quickest growth rates in Europe. Urbanization Projections According to the UN-HABITAT 2006 Annual Report, sometime in the middle of 2007, the majority of people worldwide will be living in towns or cities, for the first time in history; this is referred to as the arrival of the "Urban Millennium". In regard to future trends, it is estimated 93% of urban growth will occur in Asia and Africa, and to a lesser extent in Latin America and the Caribbean. By 2050 over 6 billion people, two thirds of humanity, will be living in towns and cities. Economic effects The most striking immediate change accompanying urbanization is the rapid change in the prevailing character of local areas. As agriculture, more traditional local services, and small-scale industry give way to modern industry the urban and related commerce with the city drawing on the resources of an ever-widening area for its own sustenance and goods to be traded or processed into manufactures. Research in urban ecology finds that larger cities provide more specialized goods and services to the local market and surrounding areas, function as a transportation and wholesale hub for smaller places, and accumulate more capital, financial service provision, and an educated labor force, as well as often concentrating administrative functions for the area in which they lie. This relation among places of different sizes is called the urban hierarchy. As cities develop, effects can include a dramatic increase in rents, often pricing the local working class out of the market, including such functionaries as employees of the local municipalities. For example, in Eric Hobsbawm's book The age of the revolution: 1789 1848 (published 1962 and 2005) chapter 11, it was stated "Urban development in our period [17891848] was a gigantic process of class segregation, which pushed the new labouring poor into great morasses of misery outside the centres of government and

business and the newly specialised residential areas of the bourgeoisie. The almost universal European division into a 'good' west end and a 'poor' east end of large cities developed in this period.". This is likely due the prevailing south-west wind which carries coal smoke and other airborne pollutants downwind, making the western edges of towns preferable to the eastern ones. Changing form of urbanization Traditional urbanization exhibits a concentration of human activities and settlements around the downtown area. When the residential area shifts outward, this is called suburbanization. A number of researchers and writers suggest that suburbanization has gone so far to form new points of concentration outside the downtown. This networked, poly-centric form of concentration is considered by some an emerging pattern of urbanization. It is called variously exurbia, edge city (Garreau, 1991), network city (Batten, 1995), or postmodern city (Dear, 2000). Los Angeles is the best-known example of this type of urbanization. Planning for urbanization The construction of new towns by the Housing Development Board of Singapore, is an example of planned urbanization Urbanization can be planned or organic. Planned urbanization, ie: new town or the garden city movement, is based on an advance plan, which can be prepared for military, aesthetic, economic or urban design reasons. Unplanned (organic) cities are the oldest form of urbanization. Examples can be seen in many ancient cities; although with exploration came the collision of nations, which meant that many invaded cites took on the desired planned characteristics of their occupiers. Many ancient organic cities experienced redevelopment for military and economic purposes, new roads carved through the cities, and new parcels of land were cordoned off serving various planned purposes giving cities distinctive geometri UN agencies prefer to see urban infrastructure installed before urbanization occurs. landscape planners are responsible for landscape infrastructure (public parks, sustainable urban drainage systems, greenways etc) which can be planned before urbanization takes place, or afterward to revitalized an area and create greater livability within a region. New Urbanism New Urbanism was a movement in Urban Design which started in the late 80's. New Urbanism believes in shifting design focus from the car-centric development of suburbia and the business park, to concentrated pedestrian and transit-centric, walkable, mixed-use communities. New Urbanism is an amalgamation of old-world design patterns, merged with present day demands. It is a backlash to the age of suburban sprawl, which splintered communities, and isolated people from each other, as well as had severe environmental impacts. Concepts for New Urbanism include people and destinations into dense, vibrant communities, and decreasing dependency on vehicular transportation as the primary mode of transit. References ^ World Urbanisation Prospects: The 2005 Revision, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN External links Urbanisation worldwide - World Bank 2005 WDIs (PDF file)

City Program courses and free public lectures on urban development from Simon Fraser University The Natural History of Urbanization, by Lewis Mumford This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer) Donate to Wikimedia Green Living Find out what you and society can do to help the environment. NationalGeographic.com The Nostradamus Code World War III: 2007 - 2012 The New Book by Michael Rathford NostradamusOnline.com Testing Laboratory Air - Water - Soil - Materials Environmental-Forensic-Air Quality www.emsl.com Lab Planning University, Industry & Government Research Facilities Design www.rfd.com Urban Pacific Group Urban Infill and Mixed Use Projects Investment and Development www.urbanpacific.com Post a question to the Copyrights: Sci-Tech Dictionary definition of urbanization McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. Copyright 2003, 1994, 1989, 1984, 1978, 1976, 1974 by McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. More from Sci-Tech Dictionary US History Companion information about urbanization The Reader's Companion to American History, Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors, published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. More from US History Companion Mideast & N. Africa Encyclopedia information about urbanization Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Copyright 2004 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. More from Mideast & N. Africa Encyclopedia Economics Dictionary definition of urbanization The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Community.

Edition Edited by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., Joseph F. Kett, and James Trefil. Copyright 2002 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. More from Economics Dictionary WordNet information about urbanization WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. More from WordNet Wikipedia information about urbanization This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Urbanization". More from Wikipedia Get the FREE Answers.com IE Toolbar! Download Now More Info Add Answers to the IE7 Toolbar Search Box! Add Now! On this page: Keep Reading Also Mentioned In: urbanism urban archaeology (in archaeology) What is the definition of urbanization? Harvey Cox (literature) hand in hand (Idiom) More> People who read this also read about: What is the definition of urbanization? urbanize Westernization social Darwinism urbanization, urbanisation Related Ads History of Urbanization Environmental Effects Urban Transportation Transport and Land Use Global Development Agenda Shopping E-mailE-mail Print Link

Paul L. Knox and Linda McCarthy - Urbanization: An Introduction To Urban Geography Half.com $ 69.99

Tom Lee - The Tennessee-Virginia Tri-Cities: Urbanization In Appalachia, 1900-1950 Half.com $ 44.67 Shop Top of Form Enter a keyword ( browse )

8001590

Choose a category

Bottom of Form

Tell me about: Top of Form

Bottom of Form Home Bloggers & Webmasters Sitemap About What's new Help Advertise RSS Copyright 2007 Answers Corporation. All rights reserved. Terms of Use Privacy Policy IP Issues Disclaimer