ME 2032 Thermodynamics of Heat Engines and Work Transfer Devices

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering University of Moratuwa Semester 4 - 2011

Some Basics
Gas power cycles are heat engines

Working fluid remains in the gaseous state throughout the cycle. Assume Ideal cycles with no internal irreversibilities and complexities.
(the actual intake of air and fuel, the actual combustion process, and the exhaust of products of combustion.)

We consider only the major parameters affecting the cycle performance.

Wnet Cycles Thermal Efficiency is given th = Qin by

(To make your life easy)

Carnot Cycle
The Carnot cycle is the most efficient heat engine that can operate between two fixed temperatures TH and TL. The Carnot cycle is described by the following four processes.

Carnot Cycle
Process 1-2 addition 2-3 3-4 rejection 4-1 compression Description Isothermal heat Isentropic expansion Isothermal heat Isentropic
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Air-Standard Assumptions
Working fluid is air, and it undergoes a thermodynamic cycle
(Air in the actual system does not undergo a cycle.)

Air continuously circulates in a closed loop and always behaves as an ideal gas. All the processes in the cycle are internally reversible. Combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition process. Exhaust process is replaces by a heat rejection process that restores the air to its initial state. Cold-air-standard assumption is air at room temperature (25oC ).

Terminology for Reciprocating Devices

Terminology for Reciprocating Devices

The compression ratio r of an engine is the ratio of the maximum volume to the minimum volume formed in the cylinder.

V max VBDC r= = V min VTDC

The mean effective pressure (MEP) is a fictitious pressure that, if it operated on the piston during the entire power stroke, would produce the same amount of net work as that produced during the actual cycle.

MEP =

Wnet wnet = Vmax Vmin vmax vmin

Classifications
Reciprocating Engines are classified as:
1. Spark-ignition (SI) engine where: The combustion of the air-fuel mixture is initiated by a spark plug. Otto Cycle is the ideal cycle for the SI Engine.

1.

Compression-ignition (CI) engine where: The air-fuel mixture is self-ignited as a result of compressing the mixture above its self-ignition temperature. Diesel Cycle is the ideal cycle for CI Engine.

Otto Cycle
Consider the automotive spark-ignition power cycle.
Processes Intake stroke Compression stroke Power (expansion) stroke Exhaust stroke Often the ignition and combustion process begins before the completion of the compression stroke. The number of crank angle degrees before the piston reaches TDC on the number one piston at which the spark occurs is called the engine timing.

Otto Cycle

Otto Cycle
The air-standard Otto cycle is the ideal cycle that approximates the spark-ignition combustion engine. Process 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-1 Description Isentropic compression Constant volume heat addition Isentropic expansion Constant volume heat rejection

The P-v and T-s diagrams are

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Otto Cycle
Thermal Efficiency of the Otto cycle:

Wnet Qnet Qin Qout Qout th = = = = 1 Qin Qin Qin Qin

Now to find Qin and Qout. Apply first law closed system to process 2-3, V = constant.

Thus, for constant specific heats,

Qnet , 23 = U 23 Qnet , 23 = Qin = mCv (T3 T2 )

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Otto Cycle
Apply first law closed system to process 4-1, V = constant.

Thus, for constant specific heats,

Qnet , 41 = U 41 Qnet , 41 = Qout = mCv (T1 T4 ) Qout = mCv (T1 T4 ) = mCv (T4 T1 )
The thermal efficiency becomes

th , Otto

Qout = 1 Qin mCv (T4 T1 ) = 1 mCv (T3 T2 )

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Otto Cycle
th , Otto
(T4 T1 ) = 1 (T3 T2 ) T1 (T4 / T1 1) = 1 T2 (T3 / T2 1)
Recall processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, so

Since V3 = V2 and V4 = V1, we see that

T2 T3 = T1 T4 or T4 T3 = T1 T2
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Otto Cycle
The Otto cycle efficiency becomes

th , Otto = 1
Since process 1-2 is isentropic,

T1 T2

where the compression ratio is r = V1/V2 and

th , Otto = 1

1 r k 1
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Otto Cycle
We see that increasing the compression ratio increases the thermal efficiency. However, there is a limit on r depending upon the fuel. Fuels under high temperature resulting from high compression ratios will prematurely ignite, causing knock.

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Otto Cycle
Example 9-1 An Otto cycle having a compression ratio of 9:1 uses air as the working fluid. Initially P1 = 95 kPa, T1 = 17oC, and V1 = 3.8 liters. During the heat addition process, 7.5 kJ of heat are added. Determine all T's, P's, th, the back work ratio, and the mean effective pressure.

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