Indian vegetables.

We are still adding to this alphabetical list of vegetablesIf any vegetable is missing, let us know by using our contact form. Eat Your Vegetables and Be Healthy! A Artichoke - Flowery part of a plant. Used in Europe. Asparagus - flowering plant species . Only the young shoots of asparagus are eaten. It has medicinal properties that help in cleansing and healing. Aubergine - Also called eggplant in America and brinjal in india. It is a fruit of a tree. B Beans - legume plants. A variety of beans are available in different sizes, shapes and colors. French beans, runner beans. Beet / beetroot - Tubers. Bell pepper - see Capsicum. Bitter Gourd Broccoli Brussels sprouts Butternut Squash has recently grown in popularity in the United Kingdom. C Cabbage - available in green and purple varities. Capsicum - Available in red green and yellow varieties. Called Pepper in America. In India green capsicum is commonly available. Carrot - Root vegetable. orange, red, yellowish. Cauliflower - Cabbage family vegetable. Mostly the white head is eaten raw or cooked. The leaves and the stem also can be eaten. Celeriac - also known as Celery root. Can be eaten raw or cooked. It stores less starch compared to other root vegetables. Celery - Leaves, seeds, stalks are used in cooking. Negative calory food. Chard - Similar to beets. With green leaves and red stems. Used in salads. Collards - This leafy green vegetable is also known as tree-cabbage and is rich in vitamins and minerals.

Corn - Maize. North American native vegetable. Cress - small peppery sprouts Cucumbers - Traditionally used raw in salads. The cucumber grows quickly and holds lots of water. D Drumstick - Morianga. Leaves and pods are used in cooking. Very nutritious and has medicinal properties too. G Gourds - Fruit vegetable. Bitter gourd, white gourd, snake gourd, cucumbers, squashes, and melons. K Kales - variety of cabbage but the leaves do not form a head. Grows in cool climate. Kohlrabi - Kohlrabi - knolkol is a member of the turnip family and can be either purple or white. Go to the top of this alphabetical list of vegetables page L

Leek - The national vegetable of Wales. Lettuce - lots of green leaves used as a mainstay of salads. M Melons - high water content. Good for hot summers. Mushrooms - not technically a vegetable, but a far older member of the plant kingdom. Mushrooms do not use sunlight to produce energy, hence they have a completely different range of tastes than any other vegetable. O Okra - also called 'ladies fingers' or gumbo. Ethiopia and is a North African staple, is popular in Europe, Asia and America. Onions - Parsnips The sweet, starchy parsnip is a root vegetable. P Peas Peppers - These are the fruit of the Capsicum family of plants. The hotter tasting ones are usually referred to as chilies. See bell pepper. Potatoes - Everyone loves potatoes, a root vegetable.

Pumpkins - A popular gourd vegetable used in cooking. R Radish - rich in ascorbic acid (vitamin C), folic acid (foliate), and Potassium, the radish is a peppery vegetable popular in western and Asian cookery. The leaves can also be eaten in salads. Rhubarb - A plant with large leaves. Rhubarb was originally native to China but has been popular in Europe since Roman times. Rutabaga - Alternative name for Swede. Go to the top of this alphabetical list of vegetables S

Shallots - Small onions often with a more fiery bite. Spinach - large green leaves wilt easily in a pan, Spinach contains lots of healthy trace minerals including iron Snake gourd Squash - another generic name for fruits Butternut Squash has recently grown in popularity in the United Kingdom. Swede - Apparently a cross between cabbages and turnips Swedes are a low calorie root vegetable Sweet corn - a north American native plant loved throughout the world. Sweet potato - a starchy tuber. Sweet potato is often called a yam, although yams are a separate vegetable. T Tomatoes - not a vegetable, but a fruit. Tomatoes are best grown yourself . Turnips - Root vegetable. grows in cold climates. W Watercress - very peppery small salad like leaves Watermelon - Sweet tasting gourd reaches enormous size and definitely the most refreshing fruit there is. white gourd Y Yams - Sweet starchy tuber that are popular in African, Caribbean and American cookery

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CURRENTSTATUSOFVEGETABLERESEARCH IN INDIA A.S.Sidhu Punjab Agricultural UniversityBR> Punjab Agricultural UniversityRegional Research Station, BathindaPunjab, India ABSTRACT Our country has achieved self sufficiency and a good degree of stability of foodproduction. This created an urgent need for providing health security to our population by supplying nutrition through balanced diet. Vegetables form the mostimportant component of a balanced diet. We can grow variety of vegetables all theyear round. The country is the world's second largest producer of vegetables next onlyto China. However our per capita consumption is quite low.In the post partition period a good infrastructure for vegetable research has beencreated. At present vegetable research is being

carried out at four central institutes,one National Research Centre and 26 State Agricultural Universities. The All IndiaCoordinated Research Programme of the Project Directoreate of Vegetable Researchprovides facilities for multidisciplinary, area specific research on 23 vegetable cropsand provides a national grid for multilocation testing of technologies developed byvarious institrutions. As a result research on various aspects of major vegetable cropsis being undertaken in order to improve existing varieties and standardise productiontechniques. The investment in vegetable research is insignificant compared to cerealsso is the manpower deployment.Through intensive research ewer deployment.Through intensive research efforts 119 improved varieties in 16 vegetable crops havebeen released. Of these, nine are F1 hybrids, two are synthetic cauliflower varietiesand 24 varieties are resistant to different diseases and insect pests. Some of thesevarieties have already made significant impact/contribution in revolutionising theproduction of vegetables in the country. Besides developing new varieties severalagro-techniques and plant protection measures against diseases and insect pests havebeen standardised and recommended. Systematic efforts are also on to achieve self sufficienty in seed production, though the goal is quite far. Several biotic constraints

pertaining to non availability and erosion of germplasm and its evaluation, diseasesand insect pests, manpower, abiotic factors such as limited availability of funds,physical environmental and soil factors and seasonal problems, socio-economicfactors and limitations of infrastructure are limiting vegetable research in India. Thepriorities of research in years to come have been identified as breeding for resistanceto biotic and abiotic stresses, heterosis breeding,breeding for improvement of nutritional quality and procesing, seed technology research, development of technology for growing vegetables in protected environment, use of biotechnology,insecticidal residues and off season vegetable production etc. 1. Introduction1. Introduction India has taken a bold step towards self sufficiency in food. However, self sufficiencyin the true sense can be achieved only when each individual in the country is assuredof balanced diet. Varied agro-climatic conditions in India make it possible to grow awide variety of vegetable crops all the year round in one part of the country or another. India can claim to grow the largest number of vegetable crops compared toany other country of the world and

as many as 61 annual and 4 perennial vegetablecrops are commercially cultivated. Some of the important vegetable crops grown are: SolanaceouscropsBrinjal, tomato, chillies, sweet pepper (Capsicum).C o l e C r o p s C a b b a g e , c a u l i f l o w e r , k n o l k h o l . BulbousvegetableOnion, garlicO k r a O k r a Cucurbits Longmelon, muskmelon, snapmelon, watermelon, cucumber, pumpkin, s u m m e r squash, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, pointed gourd (parwal), ridge gourd, roundgourd, snake grourd, sponge gourd, wax gourd (ash gourd)RTD>Root vegetables Carrot, radish, turnipLeguminousvegetablesBroad bean, cluster bean, cowpea, dolichos bean, French bean, peasLeafyvegetablesAmaranthus, beet leaf, fenugreek, spinachSalad Lettuce

vegetablesPerennialvegetablesDrumstick, curry leaf, agathi, paii India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the world next only to China withan estimated production of about 50.09 million tonnes from an area of 4.5 millionhectares at an average yield of 11.3 tonnes per hectare. India shares about 12% of theworld output of vegetables from about 2.0% of croppped area in the country.Statewise area and production of vegetable crops and area and production of differentvegetable crops in india is given in Table1&2respectively. The per capita consumption in India is only about 140 gm which is far below the minimum dietryrequirement of 280 g/day/person. In the independent India, systematic efforts havebeen made to upgrade vegetable production technology. Hoe to upgrade vegetableproduction technology. However, such efforts were quite inadequate due to prioritygiven to food grain production programmes so far. Inspite of this vegetable productionIn India has steadily increased from about 28 m.tonnes during 1969-71 to its presentlevel. The demand of vegetables has been increasing fast in the urban areas with angradual rise in standard of living coupled with development of communication andtransport facilities. It therefore calls fo a major research and development effort toachieve our target (83 million tonnes) for the supply of 200 gms of vegetables per capita per day to an estimated population of 1 billion by 2000 A.D. through suitablereserch programmes. 2. Research Infrastructure 2.1 Institutions/Programmes:

Research on vegetable crops in India, was initiated by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) during 1947-48 soon after independence with thesanctioning of a nucleus Plant Introduction Scheme at the Indian AgriculturalResearch Institute (IARI), New Delhi. Simultaneously, the ICAR starrted ad-hocschemes in different states like Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra,Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The Govt. of India alsoestablished a Vegetable Breeding Station at Katrain in Kulu Valley, HimachalPradesh, during 1949. This station which was subsequently transferred to the IndianAgricultural Ressequently transferred to the Indian Agricultural Research Instituteduring 1955, has been primarily carrying out intensive research on temperatevegetables and their seed production.Systematic research on vegetables was organised with the creation of Division of Horticulture at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, during 1956-57. However, it

received a real boost with the establishment of the Indian Institute of HorticulturalResearch with a full fledged Division of Vegetable Crops at Bangalore in 1968. Aseparate Division of Vegetable Crops and Floriculture was also started at IARI, NewDelhi in 1970. In 1982, the Floriculture work was separated from the Division of Vegetable Crops which was assigned research work exclusively on Vegetable Crops.Besides IARI, IIHR and their Regional Stations at Katrain, Ranchi and Godhara, theCentral Institute of Horticulture for Northern Plains at Lucknow has also been giventhe mandate to work on Vegetaqble Crops of the region. Further, VivekanandParvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Shala, Almora, Central gricultural Research Instirtute,Port Blair and ICAR Research Complex for NEH Regtion Shillong are also carryingout some research work on Vegetable Crops to meet regional needs. Establishment of 26 Agricultural Universities in 17 States from 1960 onwards, gave further fillip toVegetable Research which is being carried by their Deptts. of Horticulture and in 9cases by separate Departments of Veand in 9 cases by separate Departments of Vegetable Crops. An All India Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Project was alsostarted by the ICAR in 1970-71 (Fourth Plan) to provide a national grid for testing of technologies developed by various research institutes and agricultural universitiesthrough inter-disciplinary multi-location research approach. The project was startedwith 7 main and ten sub-centres. Three centres were added to it during the fifth, two inthe sixth and two in the seventh plan. At present there

are 23 centres working under this project. This project was upgraded as a Project Directorate of Vegetable Researchduring the VII Plan in 1987 and is undertaking multidisciplinary, multilocationresearch at 23 regular centres besides 42 voluntary centres. The project at presentheadquartered in Varanasi (U.P.).In addition to this, a number of short term time bound and result oriented ad-hocschems on area specific problemks of selected vegetable crops are also beingsupported by the ICAR at various Central Institutes and State AgriculturalUniversities. There is also one foreign aided project on Post-harvest technology of some Fruits and Vegetables. A project on Protected Cultivation and Green Houses hasbeen decided to be implemented with USAID support. The deetails of Infrastructureavailable for vegetable research vis-a-vis other horticultural crops & field crops isgiven inTable 3Table 3 . By and large vegetable research has been carried out in India by Public Institutions.However, in recent years there has been an effort to start R & D activities by someprivate companies with foreign collaboration. Some private companies conductingresearch include M/s Indo-American Hybrid Seed Co. Bangalore; M/s Mahyco, Jalna,Maharashtra; Nath Seeds, Aurangabad. Maharashtra; Suttons & Sons, Calcutta, WestBengal; Bejo Sheetal Hybrid Seeds, Jalna, Maharashtra; Biogene; Bangalore,

Karnataka & Unicorn Group in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. 2.2 Investment in Research An idea of Budget allocation to different groups of horticultural and other importantfood crops is given inTable 4.The amount represents allocations only to ICAR programmes and is by no way exhaustive as expenditure on vegetable research byother Institutres/Agricultural Universities has not been included. The data in the tablewill show that by and large investment in vegetable research is insignificant comparedto cereals and is the fourth highest amongst horticultural crops next to fruit, tuber-crops and plantation crops and higher only to floriculture and spices. 2.3 Manpower The total manpower deployed for research on different hoticultural crops is giveninTable 5.It will be given inTable 5.It will be seen that a total of 505 persons are engaged in vegetable research of which163 are scientists the remaining being technical, administrative and supporting staff.Against this

1076 persons with 306 scientis are employed for research on fruits, 1295with 347 scientists for potato and other tuber crops and 9139 with a component of 2213 scientists for cereal crops during the VII Plan. 3. Research on vegetables The major objectives of research on vegetables in India is improving production per unit area by solving chronic problems of production through breeding high yielding,disease & pest resistant varieties, developing F1 hybrids, standardisation of agro-techniques for different agro-ecological situations, disease and insect pestmanagement and post-harvest studies with a view to reduce post-harvest losses.Twenty three vegetable namely, amaranthus, bitter kgourd, bottle gourd, brinjal,cabbaage, carrot, cauliflower, chillies, coepea, cucumbefr, Dolichos, frenchbean,garlic, Luffa, muskmelon, okra, onion, peas, pointed gourd, pumpkin, sweet pepper,tomato and watermelon have been included in the national reslearch programme onvegetable crops. The salient research achievements in vegetable research are givenbelow.

3.1 Crop Improvement i) New Varieties Released: The evaluation of indigenous and exotic germplasm intP> The evaluation of indigenous and exotic germplasm introductions, and their hybridization resulted in theselection of over 30 superior varieties of different vegetables during fiftees. Of these,varieties 'Pusa Sawani' of okra, 'Pusa Ruby' and 'Pusa Early Dwarf' of tomaton, 'PusaPurple Long' of bnrinjal and 'Booneville' of garden peas still continue to be the mainvegetable varieties due to their high yield potential and consumer's preference. As aresult of multi-disciplinary, multi-location testing of new research materials during thelast two decades, 119 improved varieties in 16 major vegetable crops have beenidentified and recommended for cultivation in various agro-climatic regions of thecountry (Table 6). These include 20 varieties of tomato, 22 of brinjal, 13 each of onion and cauliflower, 12 of garden pea, 9 of chillies, 8 of muskmelon 4 each of water melon, pumpkin & okra, 3 frenchbean (bush type) 2 of garlic and 1 each of Dolichosbean, cabbage, carrot, cowpea and capsicum.It is interesting to note that out of 119 varieties recommended by All

IndiaCoordinated vegetable Improvement Project, 52 varieties/hybrids have been releasedthrough Central Variety Release Committee for commercial cultivation in differentzones of India. Moreover, the foundation and certified seeds of these varieties arebeing produced by the National Seeds Corporation Government of India. Besides, 74varieties of differnt of India. Besides, 74 varieties of different vegetables have beenreleased by different states and their list is given inTable 7. ii) F1 Hybrids Developed: In India, even though the first report of hybrid vigour in chillies came in 1933 fromIndian Agricultural Research Institute, the first F1 hybrid of tomato and capsicum wasavailable for commercial cultivation only in 1973. Since then, there has been anincreasing interest in growing hybrids in vegetable crops among the Indian farmers.Heterosis breeding in vegetable crops in India has received serious attention only inrecent years. As a result the progress in developing and popularising hybrid varietieshas been very slow. The first F1 hybrid of tomato (Karnataka Hybrid) and capsaicum(Bharat) were released for commercial cultivation in 1973 by a private seed companyM/s IndoAmerican Hybrid Seeds followed by 28 other Hybrids in 9 vegetable crops.Of the 21 F1 hybrids in 11 vegetable crops developed so far by public researchinstitutions (Table 8).

In addition to F1 hybrids, two synthetic cauliflower varieties, namely, 'Pusa Synthetic'in and 'Pusa Early Synthetic' have also been recommended for release.The F1 hybrids developed have not been fully exploited so far due to inadequatefacilities for their seed production. At present there is an urgent need to simplif production. At present there is an urgent need to simplify the technique of hybrid seedproduction. Various genetic mechanisms like male sterility, self-incompatibility andsgnoecious sex forms need special attention to exploit them as female presents of thehybrids. Pioneer research work has been carried out in the Division of VegetableCrops, IARI, New Delhi and some female parents like self -incompatible lines incauliflower and cabbage anbd gynoecious sex forms in muskmelon and cucumber have been developed and are being utilized in heterosis breeding.Very good hybridresearch work has been carried out at Punjab Agricultural University onmuskmelon,brinjal,tomato,chilli and onion.In general, there is acute deartrh of good hybrid seeds in cauliflower, cabbnage,tomato and onion and

taking up heterosis breeding in these crops is an immediateneed.Work on hetrosis will be strengthened after the implement of NATP project.Several private seedsmen have also been marketing hybrid vegetable varieties, either directly imported and relabelled or developed by crossing exotic parents and hybridseeds produced indigenously. Some of these F1 hybrids are in tomato "Rupali","Vaishali", and "Naveen" from Bangalore, "Hybrid S15", "Hybrid S-16" and"Samirudhi" from Jalna and SG-12" and SG-9" from Calcutta; in capsicum "Bharat"from Bangalore; 'Early Bounty' and Sutquot; from Bangalore; 'Early Bounty' andSuttons Gen Gant from Calcutta; in watermelon "Madhu and Milan" from Bangalore;in cabbage "Ganesh Gole", "No. 8" and "Hirirani" from Jalna". in cucumber "Priya"from Bangalore. There are many more being offered by other seedsmen as well buttheir adoiption is comparatively slow. iii) Disease and Pest Resistant Varieties Research on breeding for disease/pest resistance has resulted in the release of twentyfour varieties. 'Pusa Sawani' variety of okra developed as resistant to yellow-vein-mosaic virus is the first example of successful disease resistance breeding in vegetablecrops in India. A list of resistant varieties of different crops released so far is giveninTable 9. 3.2 Agrotechniques

Besides the development of a number of high yielding varieties, efforts have beenmade to devbelop package of practices for getting maximum economic returns. Alarge number of agronomical practices have also been developed to grow almost allvegetable crops under varied agro-climatic conditions. Similarly several controlmeasures for protecting these crops from the attack of various diseases and insectpests have been found out. Under the All India Coordinated Research Project alone 34agronomical recommendations relating to spacing, nutritional requirements, idationsrelating to spacing, nutritional requirements, irrigation and weed control in 11vegetable crops, namely brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, chillies, muskmelon, okra,onion, peas, radish, tomato, and watermelon have been made. For chemical control of major diseases and insect-pests recommendations have been made in 11 vegetablecrops namely; bottle gourd, brinjal, cauliflower chillies, muskmelon, okra onion, peas,tomato, turnip and watermelon. Thus 55 measures against

major diseases and insect-pests have been standardised. Recommendations have also been made for increasingyield of tomato and brinjal by application of chemical growth regulators likemixatgalol and 2,4-D respectively.Technology has been developed and prefected for the production of vegetable seeds ingeneral and that for temperate vegetables in the hilly region of the country inparticular. Techniques for post-harvest management are also being developed. 3.3. Breeder Seed Production Since available of superior quality seeds is the most important single input for production of vegetable crops tremendous attention is required to be paid onstrengthening of research on seed production technology of these crops. Therefore, theefforts for research and production of Breeder's seed of these crops are beingintensified. Accordingly, production of Breederf's Seed of vegetables has beenincluded in the National Seeds Project during the Seventhded in the National SeedsProject during the Seventh Plant which is operating at elevel centres, namely; IARIKarnal (Haryana), IARI- Katrain (H.P.), IIHR Bangalore (Karnataka); PAU Ludhiana(Punjab), CSAUAT, Kanpur (U.P.), BCKVV Pedong (W.B.), MPKV Rahuri (M.S.),YSPUHF Solan (H.P.), JNKVV Jabalpur (M.P.), APAU Lam (A.P.), and TNAUCoimbatore (T.N.). About 100 tonnes of breeders seed is being produced annuallyagainst an average requirement of 36 tonnes which forms the basis of multiplicationof superior quality foundation and certified seed. Even this limited quantity of breeder seed is not being utilised properly. The largest beneficiary of the breederf seed viz.N.S.C. is presently producing only about 650 tonnes of certified seed whereas privateseed industry contributes about 2000 tonnes besides contribution of other cerftifiedstate seed agencies amount to 5001000 tonnes. Thus present quality of breedr seed

could have fulfilled. Certified seed requirement to the extent of 30% it is doing soonly to the extent of 13-15%. Recently the Govt. of India has launched a scheme onintensification of vegetable production through which funds have been put at thedisposal of central institutes and the state agricultural universities to intensifyproduction of breeders, foundation and certified seed to overcome the wide gap inseed requirement. The result of these efforts are yet to be known. The new seed policyof the Govt. of India affords enough licy of the Govt. of India affords enoughopportunity of introducing new useful genes through the import of improvedvegetable

varieties and F1 hybrid seeds. This may pave the way for utilizing thesepromising genes for developing new high yielding, disease and insectpest resistantvarieties and F1 hybrids possessing tolerance to abiotic factors. 4. Impact of vegetable research and management Development of a large number of improved varieties and wider adaptability andstandardisation of their production technologies for various agro-climatic conditionshas made it possible to produce vegetables in wider areas and has improved theprospects of their supply tremendously as follows. i) Garden pea: variety 'Arkel' has revolutionised the production of early peas in all peagrowing areas.ii) Cauliflower: variety 'Pusa Early Synthetic' has adapted to warm climatic conditions of Tamil Nadu and has made it possible to grow cauliflower commercially inthis non-traditional area.iii) Watermelon: variety 'Sugar Baby' has spread fast in entire Northern and Eastern India andhas benefitted both the growers with better remuneration and the consumerswitth better remuneration and the consumers with superior quality. Another variety 'Arka Manik' has made a dent in the Southern and South-Westernparts of the country.i v ) O k r a : variety 'Pusa Sawani' bred for resistance to yellow vein m o s a i c v i r u s p r o n e areas/seasons replaced all other local varieties from cultivation all over thecountry.v ) T o m a t o : v a r i e t y P u s a ' S e l - 1 2 0 ' h a s m a d e i t p o s s i b l e t o a c h i e v e h i g h y i e l d s o f q u a l i t y produce in root-know nematode infested soils. With the released of coldtolerant variety 'Pusa Sheetal', we can now grow tomatoes all the year round.v i ) R a d i s h : with appropriate choice of suitable varieties for specific s e a s o n s n o w w e c a n grow radish round the years.v i i ) O n i o n : U n t i l 1978, Kharif onion cultivation was only grown in M a h a r a s h t r a , Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. However, identification of varietyN-53 and ADR and development of technology for kharif onion has enabledto get two crops of onion annually in Northern India where it used to be onlya winter/spring crop.

viii) F1 Hybrids: There has been an alroere has been an alround appreciation of growing of F1hybrids in vegetable crops. Sizeable area of 20,000 ha. is estimated to becovered under tomato hybrids in Karnataka, Maharashtra & SouthernGujarat. Similarly the area under F1 hybrid of cabbage is estimated at about8,000 ha.

5. Gaps and constraints Despite a large number of varieties and hybrids developed, the productivity of vegetable crops has not improved. Varieties with longer shelf life and suitable for processing are very few. Multiple disease resistant varieties are yet to be developed.Although a lot of work on heterosis breeding in vegetable crops has been done in thecountry, yet there is acute dearth of real good hybrids in crops like tomato, cabbage,cauliflower, onion etc. Vegetable based cropping systems have not been developed sofar, which puts these crops at a disadvantage for fitting them in crop rotations.Excessive use of pesticides has created problems of pesticide residues and hence thereis a need for integrated pest and disease control.Briefly, these gaps are identified as follows:1. Insufficient germplasm in different vegetable crops and the need to augmentindigenous and exoticcollections.2. Lack of new high yielding vegetable varieties/hybrids, carrying high degree of resistance to diseases, pests, environmental stresses etc.3. Absence of basicts, environmental stresses etc.4. Absence of basic/fundamental research programmes to accelerate the work onapplied aspects.5. Lack of competent scientific manpower to manage the research programmes.6. Lack of infrastructure and fund availability for research on vegetables. 6. Future research priorities While significant progress has already been made there are still several kproblems tobe tackled. For this, the following research priorities have been identified.1) Breeding for resistance to abiotic factors viz. diseases and insect-pests such as:Tomato leaf curl virus, TMV bacterial wilt,phytopthora blight, fruit borer.B r i n j a l f r u i t a n d s h o o t b o r e r , b a c t e r i a l w i l t , l i t t l e l e a f .

Okra yellow vein mosaic and pod b o r e r C h i l l i e s v i r u s a n d p e s t c o m p l e x Onion purple blotch, stemphylium (moth and t h r i p s ) . Cucurbits downy mildew, powdery, CMV, fruit fly.Cole crops Sclerotinia, Alternaria and soft rot.P e a s P o w d e r y m i l d e w Beans Septoria, mosaic virus and bBeans Septoria, mosaic virus and
BRUCHUS

2) Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses eg. salinity, alkalinity, salt tolerance andstress environment e.g. hot set and cold set tomatoes.3) Heterosis breeding in onion, tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, cucurbits, brinjal, andcapsicum.4) Breeding for nutritional and processing qualities in vegetables like tomato, onion,peas and garlic (dehydration).5) Use of biotechnology for incorporation of resistance to disease/pests/abioticstresses.6) Intensification of research on seed production of temperate, tropical and sub-tropical vegetables and intensification of breeders seed production programme.7) Export oriented research on vegetables like onion, chillies, okra, peas, tomato,brinjal, cucumber, cauliflowr and cabbage.8) Developing efficienht cropping systems.9) Research on growing vegetables in protected environments.10) Research on off-season vegetable production and under exploited vegetables.11) Studies on insecticidal residues. REFERENCES Attavar, M., 1988. Vegetables - Hybrid Seeds Catching up. Survey of IndianAgriculture. The Hindu pp. 147-149.

Chadha, K.L. and Ramphal, 1990. Vegetable Research in India In Proceedings of Workshop held at Islamabad, Pakistan, Sept. 24-29, 1990 pp 106-ia In Proceedings of Workshop held at Islamabad, Pakistan, Sept. 24-29, 1990 pp 106-119.Chadha, K.L. Seshaderi, V.S., 1989. Vegetable Crops. Hybrid Seeds hold the key. TheHindu Suvey of Indian Agriculture, pp. 209-214.Chowdhary, B., 1978. Three decades of vegetable research. Indian Horticulture 44:38-40. Table 1. Statewise area and production of vegetable crops (ex. Potato and tuber crops) S p A 3 1 L 6 9 2 H 3 4 O 1 T r N 1 2 9 A o T d D 6 0 p 3 1 0 A 6 4 E u H 0 0 r 6 S c t a r e i o n A 0 1 d A 9 1 0 5 0 0 0 a ( p 1 e A s S 7 5 0 0 r R h ( H T O a U 2 S 1 A N d N 6 A B ) N e A 3 E s C 0 M I S ) h H 0 A

R 3 2 a 0 4 5 R 8 4 A 7

5 9 J A R 9 7 0 1 2 7 Y A N 5 5 4 4 1 8 PradeshH I M p r a d e 2 4 9 1 5 k a s h 9 3 0 0 K A 1 1 8 7 6 L A 1 4 3 Y A p r 8 5 4 4 4 1 3 7 2 0 S H T R 1 1 5 7

0 A 0 7 A 0 7 A s 0 m 0 C h J i K r A R T 0 7 0 0 H A

0 A 2 M 1 N L 5 M

Himachal 6 3 8 U 6 A 0 & 0 T R 0 A D H 0 A A

2 1 2 6 0 3 5 8 K E 1 5 2 5 4 8 4 M a d e s h 2 7 7 M A H A A 3 0 9 3 0 0

R 0

A 0

M 1 6 A 4 1 R 6 L 6 4

A 4 0 G 0 1 A 2 A 2 2 N 7 8 L 1 1

N 5 5 A 3 3 M 6 D 0 2

I 0 0 Y 0 6 3 0 0 A 0

P 0

U M E

R G H

M 2 N

I 1 A G

Z 0 A

O 0

A 4 J 2 A r 4 1 I 2 L 5 5 U 1 p 9 b 2 A 1 I 1 n 1 3 2 K P 3 H 1

2 A 1 S a 1 4 M 3 1 5 R 7 r 7 e 7 N 6 T j 8 3

5 0 B 4 H a 7 3 0 a 9 2 A 4 d 4 g 0

6 0 6 A s 6 8

6 3 3 9 9 9 0 0 N t h a 1 3 0 d 5 0 u 0 2 0 h 0 l 1 c R 0 4 o H H D h D 5 5 A 5 A Y a E 2 D N b T 2 0 7 W 3 A a S 8 0

2 0 8 0 n I 0 T

0 P 0 R

U 0 A

N J

K 0 A M

K I

n 2 1

0 e 9 a 9 n 0 A 7 a 6 2 6 i C s 0

R 5 U 5 E 7 N r A A v L 2 W D 1 S 6 D 7

I 0 T 9 T 0 A 2 N D e 0 M 7 A l H L E I 4 T 6

P 0 A 6 0 A 0 D R i

a 3

a 7 n 6 D 2 0 G 9 g 4 3 6 H 6 E 1

N 0

r 0

I A E C 1

S 3 8 R 2

H 2 P R 8

Table 2. Area and productionH1>Table2. Area and production of different vegetablecrops in india CropsArea(ha)Production(tonnes)Productivity(t/ha) A 2 6 R 3 1 S 4 . O 6 6 H 9 1 O 2 . G 7 3 T 6 7 O B 0 5 1 E 2 B I U 5 E 1 T R 3 T 6 T D 2 4 E R G O 6

U 1 6 1 1 2 3

R 6 . 1 2 9 1

2 6 0 0 1 9 6 3 B O T T L 6 9 3 9 1 4 2 . 2 1 B R I N 9 7 7 0 2 4 4 8 7

D 2 2

4 E 8 J 1 G 9 L . 4 6 O 6 U R D

2 A 0

C 1 1 4 3 2 2 1 R 1 4 9 L 2 5 1 6 S 1 B 2 5 4 2 5 V 7 6 N 1 7 6 9 1 8 6 N 2 3 2 6 2 3 1

1 7 . 2 3 4 . 2 4 1 1 9 2 . 3 0 . 8 6 2 . 4 6 5 . E A 4 7 . 8 1 8 1 8 . 2 E G E 3 1 1 . 5 3 5 5 . 3 2 8 5 . 3 3 5 3 6 . 1 2 8 1 . 9 6 9 3 2 . 2 8 0 1 8 1 .

A 6 4 7 0 0 8 4

B 3 . 8

B 1 3 3 8

A G E 1 1 3 4 5 0 6 9 0 8 C A P S I C U M 42230IGN="RIGHT"WIDTH=80>47834 2 2 . 8 3 C A R R O T 2 4 0 0 0 7 2 6 C A U L I F L O W E 8 6 3 2 3 3 9 4 8 9 7 2 C H I L L I 0 5 0 3 3 9 0 2 C O W P E A S 1 2 1 3 3 5 8 7 0 C U C U M B E R 8 8 1 0 5 6 9 0 8 D O L I C H O 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 F R E N C H N 4 2 6 8 7 8 0 G A R L I C 4 2 9 8 5 3 L E A F T A B L E S 1 1 1 8 4 0 5 8 7 3 1 1 5 8 L O N G M E L O 0 0 7 5 0 0 0 0 L U F F A 7 3 2 2 4 5 M E T H I 1 0 0 0 9 M U S K M E L O 4 8 4 6 2 5 4 1 4 5 O K R A 6 8 4 6 6 1 6 8 O N I O N 9 1 5 1 0 6 7 3 2 O T H E R

B 3 2 C 1 G 6 1 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 G 1 1 2 4 1 N 1

E 4 . R 2 O 5 4 4 1 2 3 1 7 2 O 2 5 9 6 5 2

A N S 1 6 8 6 4 5 9 4 9 0 5 2 O T H E R C O L E O P S 1 6 0 0 7 1 9 5 4 2 4 . 2 0 O T H E R U R D S 1 0 9 8 4 6 9 2 3 9 . 3 2 14.32P E A S 6 9 9 1 0 5 6 8 6 . 3 5 P U M P K I N 1 3 7 5 3 2 7 7 9 . 9 1 R A D I S H 3 4 5 8 0 2 5 2 9 . 7 7 R I D G E U R D 1 0 0 4 0 8 3 1 0 . 8 5 T O M A T O 0 2 7 9 0 3 4 4 6 . 8 5 W A T E R M E L O 1 6 1 9 4 2 0 5 8 8 4 . 7 1

Table 3: Existing facilities of research onvegetable crops F I i n a i d i r E L s t c r e c t D c r o i t u t e p s a u o r a t e p p & s o n r c r j e c t

OLSPAN=2 WIDTH=190> Directorate C c 3 2 I 5 2 E 1 e r 6 A 6 D L O S 7 r o 8 C e p O C 5 I M R L 5 2 a s M O l 7 E P S 6 R S C

Horticultural Crops F S 3 2 T 4 2 & c 2 m e 1 c c R U 6 V L O E 2 C p 2 A N 3 T D 2 1 1 U l L a I T n O U T R 1 R E t s N & 3 E E A I G S T O E T

6 A 6 B 1 P

T U B r o p s 6 F L O R I e d i c i n a l n t e r > 3 6 P L A N T r o p s A a s h e w

TABLE 4: budget FOR RESEARCH ON VEGETABLESvis-a-vis other crops (Rs. in Millions) CropsExpenditurein VII PlanAllocationfor VIII Plan C 1 3 C 4 1 E 5 E 4 3 I 9 0 D 1 A 7 4 R 5 1 L . 0 S 1 E 7 1 4 . A . . c 2 7 . L 3 6 r 2 1 7 c 1 8 o O 5 9 p I 4 C s L . S 1 E 6 r O o M p M E s R

T 2 4

O 1 8

T 0 6 U 8 4

A 8 4 I . .

L . . 7 2

8 1 T 4 0 S

9 9 S V

Horticulture Crops

FruitsF R 1 6 5 9 E T A 7 8 . 2 6 9 & t u 2 0 1 . 4 9 9 . m e d i c i 1 2 7 . 7 7 c r o p 5 4 9 . S 1 3 Technology(Fruits 6 9 . 8

B L E 0 3 . 8 1 P O T A T O b e r c r o p s 3 3 6 9 F L O R I C U L T U R E & n a l p l a n t s 2 9 . 3 0 P L A N T A T I O N s 1 9 6 . 2 7 5 9 S P I C E 3 9 . 2 5 8 . 4 0 Post-harvest & Vegetables)4 3 . 0 6 0

T h 7

O o 5

T r 5

A t .

L i 9 c 8 u l 2 t 2 u 4 r 9 e . 2 6

TABLE 5: existing MANPOWER FOR RESEARCH ONvegetable crops vis-a-vis other crops. F t s I o c E t i L a e D l n c t i r s C c I 2 A 8 2 U 7 6 B 5 3 r L O R L P c I O r C p I 6 V E T o A p L 0 Horticulture Crops T E S T s & 7 3 N O & G S E f e O r L o r i o c a 9 M p S l 1 M s E E 3 R 9 p

Food CropsCereaC e c r o p 2 2 1 3 C I A L 2 9 1 9 6 8 8 O E D S 1 1 2 4 1 9 T 1 3 O 3 3 T 1 2

F R 1 0 3 0 T A 5 0 1 6 t u b e 1 2 9 5 3 4 7 F m e d i c 8 8 P L c r o 2 3 2 Vegetables)2 2 1

U L T U R E l a n t s 1 A N T A T I O p s 1 2 0 1 Post-harvest Technology(Fruits & 1 2 2 7 1 n a l

T 4 1

O 4 2

T 6 0

A 2 7

Table 6: List of varieties released at nationallevel

Crop Varieties released through OthersCentral Variety ReleaseCommittee.

A.SOLANACEOUS CROPS1. Brinjal:a) Long Pusa Anupma, Pant Samart, ARUIC, ARU-2C,PH-4, Pusa Kranti, Pusa Azad Kranti, H-7,purple cluster,Punjab K202-9,NDB-25,PusaBarasti purple longb) Round Jamuni Gole Baingan, Arka Navneet,BB-7Pant Rituraj BWR-12,H-8, PusaHybrid-6, T-3.c) Small Aruna -Roundd) Green - Arka Kusumkar2. Peppersa) Capsicum - Kt-Ib) Chillies Andhra Jyoti, J-218, K-2, Bhagyalakshmi,Musalwadi,Pusa Jwala, LDC-206, selIX-2353. Tomatoa) Determi- HS-101, Pusa Earli Dwarf BT-1,CO3, KS-2, La-

nate Pusa Gaurav, S-12 Bonita, Punjabate Pusa Gaurav, S-12 Bonita,PunjabChhauhhara,Punjab Kesri, Sel-7.b) Indete- Arka Vikas, Pant Bahar Arka Saurabh,minate Pant T-3 Pusa Ruby, Sel-120Sioux, Pant T2.B.COLE CROPS1. Cabbage Pusa Mukta --2. Cauliflower --a) Early Early Kunwari, Pusa Early SyntheticPusa Deepali, 235-S.b) Mid - Pusa Synthetic, Improved Japanese,season Pant Shubhara Pusa Shubara.c) Late Pusa Snowball-1, Snowball-16Pusa Snowball-2Pusa Snowball-K-1.C.LUGUMINOUS CROPS1. Cowpea - Pusa Komal2. Dolichos - Deepaliwal3. French Bean VLBoni, Arka Komal -Pant Anupma.4. Pea

a) Early Arkel Jawahar Matar-4,Early December,PM-2,Mattar Agata-6,JP-4b) Mid- Jawahar Matar-I Bonneville, Lincoln,season VL-3 P-88, PRS-4, Pant Uphar.D.CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS1. Mu P-88, PRS-4, Pant Uphar.D.CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS1. Muskmelon Hara madhu, Punjab Hybrid. Arka Jeet, Arka Rajhans,Pusa Sharbati,Punjab Durgapura Madhu,Hybridsunheri M-3, Pusa Madhuras.2. Pumpkin Arka Chandan, Ambali, Arka SuryamukhiPusa Vishwas3. Watermelon Arka Manik, Sugar Baby Arka Jyoti, DurgapouraMeetha.E.BULB CROPS1. Garlic Jamuna Safed, -Agri-Found White2. Oniona) Red Agrifound Dark Red, Arka Kalyan,Arka Niketan, N-2-4-1, N-257-9-1Pusa Madhvi Punjab Selection,Punjab Red Round, Pusa Ratnar,Punjab Naroya Pusa Red,VL-3,ALR.b) White - Pusa White Flat,Pusa White RoundPB-48.F. ROOTCarrot Pusa Yamdagni --G.OTHER CROPSOrka -- P7, ParbhaniKranti, Sel-2,Sel-10 (IIHR) Table 7. List of vegetable varieties released bystate va7">Table 7. List of vegetable varietiesreleased by state variety release committee. C r o p s V a r i e t y Solanaceous Crops

a) Brinjal Annamalai, Azad B-1, Co-1, G u j a r a t Brinjal-6, Junagadh Oblong, Kalianpur Type 3, MDU-1. Punjab Neelam,SadaBahar Bangan,Punjab Moti,BH-1,BH-2b ) T o m a t o A z a d T - 2 , K a l i a n p u r A n g o o r l a t a , Kalianpur-1, NTDR-1, PKM-1, PunjabTropic,PNR-7,TH2312, TH802c ) C h i l l i e s C h a n c h a l , C o 1 , C O - 2 , D H - 7 6 - 6 , G u j a r a t Chillies, K-1, MDH-1, Pant C1,Sindhur, CH-1,Punjab Gushedar,Punjabsurkh,Punjab lal

Bulb Crops O n i o n C O - 4 , M D U - 1 , V L - P i a z e - 6 7 , C O - 3, Kalianpur Red Round, Punjab white. Root Crops R a d i s h C O - 1 , K a l i a n p u r S a f e d . Co-1, Punjab pasand. Leafy Vegetables. ables.M e t h i C o 1 N o . 1 , P u n j a b C O - 1 ,

Leguminous Crops a ) C o w p e a B i r s a S w e t a b) French Bean B i s r a P r i y a ( P o l e ) , W a t e x ( B u s h ) c) Dolichos Bean Co-8 ( b u s h ) , C o - 9 ( b u s h ) , C O - 1 0 ( b u s h ) , Kalianpur T-2 (Pole), Rajni (Pole).d ) C l u s t e r b e a n D u r g a b a h a r e ) G a r d e n p e a s A z a d P - 1 , H a r a B o n a , J M - 2 , J M - 3 , J M - 5 Madhu, Punjab-87,Mithi fali. CucurbitaceousCrops a ) A s h g o u r d C O - 2 b) Bitter gourd Kalianpura B a r a m a s i , M D H - 1 , & P i r i y a , CO-1. BG-14,C96.c ) B o t t l e g o u r d C o 1, Kalianpur Long Greend ) C u c u m b e r K a l i a n p u r G r e e n e) Muskmelon Gujarat Muskmelon-1, G u j a r a t Muskmelon-2,f ) R i d g e g o u d C O - 1 , C O - 2 , P K M - 1 , P u n j a b S a d a b a h a r . g) Summer Squash Punjab Chappan Kaddu1.h ) S n a k e g o u r d P K M - 1 , C O - 1 . i ) S p o n g e g o u r d Kalianpura Hari Chiknij ) T i n d a S 4 8 .

k) Watermelon Durgapura Kesar. Table 8. Synthetics and F1 Hybridsidentified/released after assessment underAICVIP/PDVR C r o p Y e a r Potential H Y y b r i i e l d d i n S o M u T r . c e Realised

E g g p l a n t A r k a N a v n e e t I I H R 1 9 8 1 3 0 1 9 8 1 3 0 5 8 P u s a H y b r i d 6 I A R I 1 9 9 0 4 0 6 1 P u s a H y b r i d 5 I A R I 1 9 9 2 5 0 9 0 A R B H 2 0 1 A N K U R 1 9 9 3 7 8 1 2 6 N D B H 1 F a i z a b a d 1 9 9 3 5 9 9 3 A B H 1 A n a n d 1 9 9 3 5 3 7 6 M H B 1 0 J A L N A 1 9 9 3 6 0 1 3 7 M H B 3 9 J A L N A 1 9 9 3 5 2 1 1 6 C a p s i c u m K T 1 I A R I 1 9 9 0 24<=53>19902 4 5 0 T o m a t o F M H 2 I I H R 1 9 9 3 5 1 7 8 P u s a H y b . 2 I A R I 1 9 9 3 5 5 6 5 M T H 6 M A H Y C O 1 9 9 2 4 8 7 0 A R T H 4 A N K U R 1 9 9 2 4 9 6 6 A R T H 3 A N K U R 1 9 9 2 5 1 8 2 C a r r o t H y b 1 M A H Y C O 1 9 9 2 2 1 2 4 C a u l i f l o w e r P u s a S y n . I A R I 1 9 8 1 1 9 2 4 P u s a E a r l y s y n t h e t i c I A R I 1 9 9 0 I A R I 1 9 9 0 1 0 1 2 P u s a h y b r i d 2 I A R I 1 9 9 2 2 3 3 5 C a b b a g e N a t h - 4 0 1 A u r a n g a b a d 1 9 9 3 5 2 7 1 P u s a s y n . I A R I 1 9 9 2 3 3 5 0 S r i g a n e s h g o l

M A H Y C O 1 9 9 2 3 9 6 4 M u s k m e l o n P b . H y b r i d P A U 1 9 8 1 0 2 9 P u s a R a s r a I A R I 1 9 9 0 1 7 3 0 W a t e r m e l o n A r k a j y o t i I I H R 1 9 8 1 1 0 4 8 Bottle-gourdPusameDTH=121>Bottle-gourdP u s a m e g h d u t I A R I 1 9 7 1 1 9 2 6 P u s a M a n j a r i I A R I 1 9 7 1 1 6 2 5 Summer squashP u s a A l a n k a r I A R I 1 9 7 4 5 5 4

5 j

C s 5

u a 0

c n

u y

m o

b g

e I

r A

P R

u I

s 1

a 9 7 3 4 5

Table 9. Vegetable varieties resistant todiseases and insect pests. C r o p V a r i e t y D i s e a s e / I n s e c t P e s t S o u r c e

B r i n j a l B W R - 1 2 B a c t e r i a l W i l t (Pseudomonassolanacearum)IIHR-BangaloreP a n t R i t u r a j - d o P a n g n a g a r Pant S a m r a t B a c t e r i a l W i l t (P.solanaoearum)Phomopsis Blight(Phomopsi8s vexans)Shoot & FruitBorer & Jassids.Pantnagar Pusa PurpleCluster Bacterial Wilt(P.solanacearum)IARI,New DelhiB B 7 d o B h u b a n e s w a r Pusa Bhairav Phomopsis Blight(P.vexans)\-do-C a b b a g e S E L - 8 B l a c k R o t (Xanthomonascampestris)IARIKatrainC a u l i f l o w e r P u s a S h u b r a B l a c k R o t I A R I N e w D e l h i Pusa SnowballK-1B l a c k R o t I A R I K a t r a i n C h i l l i P u s a Jawala>ChilliP u s a J a w a l a L e a f C u r l ( C M V & PVY)IARI-NewDelhiP b . l a l - d o P A U , L u d h i a n a Cowpea Pusa komal

B a c t e r i a l B l i g h t (Xanthomonasvignicola).IARI-New DelhiMuskmelon Arka Rajhans Powery Mildew(Sphaerothicafubginea)IIHR-BangaloreP b . R a s i l a - d o P A U , L u d h i a n a

O k r a S e l - 1 0 Y . V . M . V i r u s I I H R B a n g a l o r e S e l - 2 Y . V . M . V i r u s N B P G R - N e w DelhiP - 7 , P - 8 Y . V . M . V i r u s P A U - L u d h i a n a ParbhaniKrantiY . V . M . V i r u s M A U ParbhaniP e a P R S - 4 P o w d e r y M i l d e w P a n t n a g a r P M - 2 P o w d e r y M i l d e w P a n t n a g a r J P - 4 P o w d e r y M i l d e w & Rust (Uromycesspisi)Pantnagar T o m a t o B T - 1 B a c t e r i a l W i l t B h u b a n e s w a r Pant B a h a r V a r t i c i l i u m W i l t (Verticicum sps) &Fusarium Wilt(Fusariumoxysporum).Pantnagar S E L - 1 2 0 R o o t K n o t NematodeM.incognitaM.arneria &M.javanicaIARI-New DelhiP N R 7 P N R 7 d o P A U , L u d h i a n a