EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)

WHO Model List (revised March 2007)

WHOModelList(revisedMarch2007)
ExplanatoryNotes
Thecorelistpresentsalistofminimummedicineneedsforabasichealthcaresystem,listingthe
mostefficacious,safeandcosteffectivemedicinesforpriorityconditions.Priorityconditionsare
selectedonthebasisofcurrentandestimatedfuturepublichealthrelevance,andpotentialforsafe
andcosteffectivetreatment.
Thecomplementarylistpresentsessentialmedicinesforprioritydiseases,forwhichspecialized
diagnosticormonitoringfacilities,and/orspecialistmedicalcare,and/orspecialisttrainingare
needed.Incaseofdoubtmedicinesmayalsobelistedascomplementaryonthebasisofconsistent
highercostsorlessattractivecosteffectivenessinavarietyofsettings.
Thesquareboxsymbol()isprimarilyintendedtoindicatesimilarclinicalperformancewithina
pharmacologicalclass.Thelistedmedicineshouldbetheexampleoftheclassforwhichthereisthe
bestevidenceforeffectivenessandsafety.Insomecases,thismaybethefirstmedicinethatis
licensedformarketing;inotherinstances,subsequentlylicensedcompoundsmaybesaferormore
effective.Wherethereisnodifferenceintermsofefficacyandsafetydata,thelistedmedicine
shouldbetheonethatisgenerallyavailableatthelowestprice,basedoninternationaldrugprice
informationsources.
Therapeuticequivalenceisonlyindicatedonthebasisofreviewsofefficacyandsafetyandwhen
consistentwithWHOclinicalguidelines.Nationallistsshouldnotuseasimilarsymbolandshould
bespecificintheirfinalselection,whichwoulddependonlocalavailabilityandprice.Medicines
arelistedinalphabeticalorder,withinsections.
ThepresenceofanentryontheEssentialMedicinesListcarriesnoassuranceastopharmaceutical
quality.Itistheresponsibilityofeachlocalregulatoryauthoritytoensurethateachbrandisof
appropriatepharmaceuticalquality(includingstability)andthat,whenrelevant,differentbrands
areinterchangeable.
Entriesofthetypeoralliquidareintendedtopermitanysolution,suspensionorotherformof
liquid.Granulesforreconstitutionasanoralliquidmaysubstitutefororalliquids,andtypically
carrybenefitsintheformofbetterstabilityandlowertransportcosts.Ifmorethanonetypeoforal
liquidisavailableonthesamemarket(e.g.solution,suspension,granulesforreconstitution),they
maybeinterchangedandinsuchcasesshouldbebioequivalent.Itispreferablethatoralliquidsdo
notcontainsugarandsolutionsforchildrendonotcontainalcohol.
Entriesofthetypetabletareintendedtoallowvariousformsofimmediatereleasetabletsuchas
uncoated,filmcoated,crushable,chewable,dispersibleetc.Entericcoating,ontheotherhand,
modifiesdrugrelease,andentericcoatedproductsareamodifiedreleasedosageform.Crushable,
chewableanddispersibletabletsmaybeeasiertoadministertopaediatricpopulationsandtothe
elderly.

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1. ANAESTHETICS
1.1 General anaesthetics and oxygen
halothane

Inhalation.

ketamine

Injection:50mg(ashydrochloride)/mlin10mlvial.

nitrousoxide

Inhalation.

oxygen

Inhalation(medicinalgas).

thiopental

Powderforinjection:0.5g;1.0g(sodiumsalt)inampoule.

1.2 Local anaesthetics

Injection:0.25%;0.5%(hydrochloride)invial.
bupivacaine

Injectionforspinalanaesthesia:0.5%(hydrochloride)in
4mlampouletobemixedwith7.5%glucosesolution.
Injection:1%;2%(hydrochloride)invial.

lidocaine

Injectionforspinalanaesthesia:5%(hydrochloride)in
2mlampouletobemixedwith7.5%glucosesolution.
Topicalforms:24%(hydrochloride).
Dentalcartridge:2%(hydrochloride)+epinephrine1:80000.

lidocaine+epinephrine(adrenaline)
Injection:1%;2%(hydrochloride)+epinephrine1:200000invial.
ComplementaryList
Injection:30mg(hydrochloride)/mlin1mlampoule
ephedrine
(Foruseinspinalanaesthesiaduringdelivery,topreventhypotension).
1.3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures
atropine
diazepam

Injection:1mg(sulfate)in1mlampoule.
Injection:5mg/mlin2mlampoule.
Tablet:5mg.

morphine

Injection:10mg(sulfateorhydrochloride)in1mlampoule.

promethazine

Oralliquid:5mg(hydrochloride)/5ml.

2. ANALGESICS, ANTIPYRETICS, NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

MEDICINES (NSAIMs), MEDICINES USED TO TREAT GOUT AND DISEASE
MODIFYING AGENTS IN RHEUMATOID DISORDERS (DMARDs)
2.1 Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)
acetylsalicylicacid
ibuprofen

Tablet:100500mg.
Suppository:50150mg.
Tablet:200mg;400mg.

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WHO Model List (revised March 2007)
Tablet:100500mg.
Suppository:100mg.
paracetamol*

Oralliquid:125mg/5ml.
*Notrecommendedforantiinflammatoryuseduetolackof
provenbenefittothateffect.

2.2 Opioid analgesics

codeine

Tablet:30mg(phosphate).
Injection:10mg(morphinehydrochlorideormorphinesulfate)
in1mlampoule.
Tablet:10mg(morphinesulfate).

morphine

Tablet(prolongedrelease):10mg;30mg;60mg(morphine
sulfate).
Oralliquid:10mg(morphinehydrochlorideormorphine
sulfate)/5ml.

2.3 Medicines used to treat gout

allopurinol

Tablet:100mg.

2.4 Disease modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders (DMARDs)

chloroquine

Tablet:100mg;150mg(asphosphateorsulfate).

ComplementaryList
azathioprine

Tablet:50mg.

methotrexate

Tablet:2.5mg(assodiumsalt).

penicillamine

Capsuleortablet:250mg.

sulfasalazine

Tablet:500mg.

3. ANTIALLERGICS AND MEDICINES USED IN ANAPHYLAXIS

chlorphenamine

Injection:10mg(hydrogenmaleate)in1mlampoule.
Tablet:4mg(hydrogenmaleate).

dexamethasone

Injection:4mgdexamethasonephosphate(asdisodiumsalt)in
1mlampoule.

epinephrine(adrenaline)

Injection:1mg(ashydrochlorideorhydrogentartrate)in
1mlampoule.

hydrocortisone

Powderforinjection:100mg(assodiumsuccinate)invial.
Tablet:5mg;25mg

prednisolone*

*Thereisnoevidenceforcompleteclinicalsimilaritybetween
prednisoloneanddexamethasoneathighdoses.

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4. ANTIDOTES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES USED IN POISONINGS
4.1 Non-specific
charcoal,activated

Powder.

4.2 Specific
acetylcysteine

Injection:200mg/mlin10mlampoule.

atropine

Injection:1mg(sulfate)in1mlampoule.

calciumgluconate

Injection:100mg/mlin10mlampoule.

deferoxamine

Powderforinjection:500mg(mesilate)invial.

dimercaprol

Injectioninoil:50mg/mlin2mlampoule.

DLmethionine

Tablet:250mg.

methylthioniniumchloride(methylene
blue)

Injection:10mg/mlin10mlampoule.

naloxone

Injection:400micrograms(hydrochloride)in1mlampoule.

penicillamine

Capsuleortablet:250mg.

potassiumferrichexacyanoferrate(II)
2H20(Prussianblue)

Powderfororaladministration.

sodiumcalciumedetate

Injection:200mg/mlin5mlampoule.

sodiumnitrite

Injection:30mg/mlin10mlampoule.

sodiumthiosulfate

Injection:250mg/mlin50mlampoule.

5. ANTICONVULSANTS/ANTIEPILEPTICS
Tablet(chewable):100mg;200mg.
carbamazepine

Tablet(scored):100mg;200mg.
Oralliquid:100mg/5ml.

diazepam

Injection:5mg/mlin2mlampoule(intravenousorrectal).
Injection:500mg/mlin2mlampoule;500mg/mlin
10mlampoule.

magnesiumsulfate*
*Foruseineclampsiaandseverepreeclampsiaandnotforother
convulsantdisorders.
Injection:200mg/ml(phenobarbitalsodium).
phenobarbital

Tablet:15100mg(phenobarbital).
Oralliquid:15mg/5ml(phenobarbital)or5ml(phenobarbital
sodium).

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Injection:50mg/mlin5mlvial(sodiumsalt).
Capsule:25mg;50mg;100mg(sodiumsalt).
Tablet:25mg;50mg;100mg(sodiumsalt).
phenytoin

Tablet(chewable):50mg.
Oralliquid:2530mg/5ml.*
*Thepresenceofboth25mg/5mland30mg/5mlstrengthson
thesamemarketwouldcauseconfusioninprescribingand
dispensingandshouldbeavoided.
Tablet(crushable):100mg.

valproicacid

Tablet(entericcoated):200mg;500mg(sodiumvalproate).
Oralliquid:200mg/5ml.

ComplementaryList
Capsule:250mg.
ethosuximide
Oralliquid:250mg/5ml.

6. ANTI-INFECTIVE MEDICINES
6.1 Anthelminthics
6.1.1 Intestinal anthelminthics
albendazole

Tablet(chewable):400mg.

levamisole

Tablet:50mg;150mg(ashydrochloride).

mebendazole

Tablet(chewable):100mg;500mg.
Tablet(chewable):500mg.

niclosamide*
*Niclosamideislistedforusewhenpraziquanteltreatmentfails.
praziquantel

Tablet:150mg;600mg.
Tablet(chewable):250mg(asembonate).

pyrantel
Oralliquid:50mg(asembonate)/ml.
6.1.2 Antifilarials
ivermectin

Tablet(scored):3mg;6mg.

ComplementaryList
diethylcarbamazine

Tablet:50mg;100mg(dihydrogencitrate).

suraminsodium

Powderforinjection:1ginvial.

6.1.3 Antischistosomals and antitrematode medicine

praziquantel

Tablet:600mg.

triclabendazole

Tablet:250mg.

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ComplementaryList

Capsule:250mg.

oxamniquine*

Oralliquid:250mg/5ml.
*Oxamniquineislistedforusewhenpraziquanteltreatmentfails.

6.2 Antibacterials
6.2.1 Beta Lactam medicines
Capsuleortablet:250mg;500mg(anhydrous).
amoxicillin
Powderfororalliquid:125mg(anhydrous)/5ml.
amoxicillin+clavulanicacid

Tablet:500mg+125mg.

ampicillin

Powderforinjection:500mg;1g(assodiumsalt)invial.

benzathinebenzylpenicillin

Powderforinjection:1.44gbenzylpenicillin(=2.4millionIU)in
5mlvial.

benzylpenicillin

Powderforinjection:600mg(=1millionIU);3g(=5millionIU)
(sodiumorpotassiumsalt)invial.
Powderforinjection:1g(assodiumsalt)invial.

cefazolin*
*Forsurgicalprophylaxis.
Capsule:400mg.
cefixime*

*Onlylistedforsingledosetreatmentofuncomplicatedano
genitalgonorrhoea.
Powderforinjection:500mg(assodiumsalt)invial.

cloxacillin

Capsule:500mg;1g(assodiumsalt).
Powderfororalliquid:125mg(assodiumsalt)/5ml.
Powderfororalliquid:250mg(aspotassiumsalt)/5ml.

phenoxymethylpenicillin
Tablet:250mg(aspotassiumsalt).
procainebenzylpenicillin

Powderforinjection:1g(=1millionIU);3g(=3millionIU)in
vial.

ComplementaryList
ceftazidime

Powderforinjection:250mg(aspentahydrate)invial.

ceftriaxone

Powderforinjection:250mg,1g(assodiumsalt)invial.
Powderforinjection:250mg(asmonohydrate)+250mg(assodium
salt);500mg(asmonohydrate)+500mg(assodiumsalt)invial.

imipenem*+cilastatin*
*Onlylistedforthetreatmentoflifethreateninghospitalbased
infectionduetosuspectedorprovenmultidrugresistantinfection.

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6.2.2 Other antibacterials
Capsule:250mgor500mg.
azithromycin*

Oralliquid:200mg/5ml.
*OnlylistedforsingledosetreatmentofgenitalC.trachomatis
andoftrachoma.
Capsule:250mg.

chloramphenicol

Oilysuspensionforinjection:0.5g(assodiumsuccinate)/mlin
2mlampoule.
Oralliquid:150mg(aspalmitate)/5ml.
Powderforinjection:1g(sodiumsuccinate)invial.

ciprofloxacin*

Tablet:250mg(ashydrochloride).
*Finalselectiondependsonindicationforuse.
Capsuleortablet:100mg(hydrochloride).

doxycycline*
*Finalselectiondependsonindicationforuse.
Capsuleortablet:250mg(asstearateorethylsuccinate).
erythromycin

Powderforinjection:500mg(aslactobionate)invial.
Powderfororalliquid:125mg(asstearateorethylsuccinate).

gentamicin*

Injection:10mg;40mg(assulfate)/mlin2mlvial.
*Finalselectiondependsonindicationforuse.
Injection:500mgin100mlvial.

metronidazole

Tablet:200500mg.
Suppository:500mg;1g.
Oralliquid:200mg(asbenzoate)/5ml.

nitrofurantoin

Tablet:100mg.

spectinomycin

Powderforinjection:2g(ashydrochloride)invial.
Injection:80mg+16mg/mlin5mland10mlampoules.

sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim

Tablet:100mg+20mg;400mg+80mg.
Oralliquid:200mg+40mg/5ml.

trimethoprim

Tablet:100mg;200mg.

ComplementaryList
Injection:150mg(asphosphate)/ml.
clindamycin
Capsule:150mg.
Injection:250mg(sodiumsalt)in4mlampoule.
sulfadiazine
Tablet:500mg.
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vancomycin

Powderforinjection:250mg(ashydrochloride)invial.

6.2.3 Antileprosy medicines

Medicinesusedinthetreatmentofleprosyshouldneverbeusedexceptincombination.Combination
therapyisessentialtopreventtheemergenceofdrugresistance.Colourcodedblisterpacks(MDTblister
packs)containingstandardtwomedicine(paucibacillaryleprosy)orthreemedicine(multibacillary
leprosy)combinationsforadultandchildhoodleprosyshouldbeused.MDTblisterpackscanbesupplied
freeofchargethroughWHO.
clofazimine

Capsule:50mg;100mg.

dapsone

Tablet:25mg;50mg;100mg.

rifampicin

Capsuleortablet:150mg;300mg.

6.2.4 Antituberculosis medicines

ethambutol

Tablet:100400mg(hydrochloride).
Tablet:100300mg.

isoniazid
Tablet(scored):50mg.
isoniazid+ethambutol

Tablet:150mg+400mg.
Tablet:400mg.

pyrazinamide

Tablet(dispersible):150mg.
Tablet(scored):150mg.

rifampicin

Capsuleortablet:150mg;300mg.
Tablet:
60mg+30mg;150mg+75mg;300mg+150mg.

rifampicin+isoniazid
60mg+60mg(Forintermittentusethreetimesweekly).
150mg+150mg(Forintermittentusethreetimesweekly).
rifampicin+isoniazid+ethambutol

Tablet:150mg+75mg+275mg.
Tablet:

rifampicin+isoniazid+pyrazinamide

60mg+30mg+150mg;150mg+75mg+400mg.
150mg+150mg+500mg(Forintermittentusethreetimes
weekly).

rifampicin+isoniazid+pyrazinamide
Tablet:150mg+75mg+400mg+275mg.
+ethambutol
streptomycin

Powderforinjection:1g(assulfate)invial.

ComplementaryList
Reservesecondlinedrugsforthetreatmentofmultidrugresistanttuberculosis(MDRTB)shouldbeused
inspecializedcentresadheringtoWHOstandardsforTBcontrol.
amikacin

Powderforinjection:1000mginvial.

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Granules:4ginsachet.
paminosalicylicacid
Tablet:500mg.
capreomycin

Powderforinjection:1000mginvial.

cycloserine

Capsuleortablet:250mg.

ethionamide

Tablet:125mg;250mg.

kanamycin

Powderforinjection:1000mginvial.
Tablet:200mg;400mg.

ofloxacin*

*Levofloxacinmaybeanalternativebasedonavailabilityand
programmeconsiderations.

6.3 Antifungal medicines

Vaginalcream:1%;10%.
clotrimazole
Vaginaltablet:100mg;500mg.
Injection:2mg/mlinvial.
fluconazole

Capsule:50mg.
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml.

griseofulvin

Capsuleortablet:125mg;250mg.
Lozenge:100000IU.

nystatin

Pessary:100000IU.
Tablet:100000IU;500000IU.

ComplementaryList
amphotericinB

Powderforinjection:50mginvial.
Capsule:250mg.

flucytosine
Infusion:2.5gin250ml.
potassiumiodide

Saturatedsolution.

6.4 Antiviral medicines

6.4.1 Antiherpes medicines
aciclovir

Powderforinjection:250mg(assodiumsalt)invial.
Tablet:200mg.

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6.4.2 Antiretrovirals
Basedoncurrentevidenceandexperienceofuse,medicinesinthefollowingthreeclassesofantiretrovirals
areincludedasessentialmedicinesfortreatmentandpreventionofHIV(preventionofmothertochild
transmissionandpostexposureprophylaxis).TheCommitteeemphasizestheimportanceofusingthese
productsinaccordancewithglobalandnationalguidelines.TheCommitteerecommendsandendorses
theuseoffixeddosecombinationsandthedevelopmentofappropriatenewfixeddosecombinations,
includingmodifieddosageforms,nonrefrigeratedproductsandpaediatricdosageformswithassured
pharmaceuticalquality.
6.4.2.1 Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Tablet:300mg(assulfate).
abacavir(ABC)
Oralliquid:100mg(assulfate)/5ml.
Capsule(unbufferedentericcoated):125mg;200mg;250mg;
400mg.
didanosine(ddI)

Tablet(bufferedchewable,dispersible):25mg;50mg;100mg;
150mg;200mg.
Bufferedpowderfororalliquid:100mg;167mg;250mgpackets.
Capsule:200mg.
Oralliquid:10mg/ml.

emtricitabine(FTC)*

*3TCisanacceptablealternativetoFTC,basedonknowledgeof
thepharmacology,theresistancepatternsandclinicaltrialsof
antiretrovirals.
Tablet:150mg.

lamivudine(3TC)
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml.
Capsule:15mg;20mg;30mg;40mg.*
stavudine(d4T)

*TheCommitteeexpectsthisdosageformtobereviewedfor
possibledeletionatthenextmeeting.
Powderfororalliquid:5mg/5ml.

tenofovir

Capsule:300mg(tenofovirdisoproxilfumarateequivalentto245
mgtenofovirdisoproxil).
SolutionforIVinfusioninjection:10mg/mlin20mlvial.
Capsule:100mg;250mg.

zidovudine(ZDVorAZT)
Tablet:300mg.
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml.
6.4.2.2 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Capsule:50mg;100mg;200mg.
efavirenz(EFVorEFZ)

Tablet:600mg.
Oralliquid:150mg/5ml.

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Tablet:200mg.
nevirapine(NVP)
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml.
6.4.2.3 Protease inhibitors
Selectionofproteaseinhibitor(s)fromtheModelListwillneedtobedeterminedbyeachcountryafter
considerationofinternationalandnationaltreatmentguidelinesandexperience.Ritonavirisrecommended
foruseincombinationasapharmacologicalbooster,andnotasanantiretroviralinitsownright.

ThissectionwillbereviewedbytheCommitteeasapriorityatitsnextmeeting.Itisexpectedthat
applicationforaheatstabletabletformulationcontaining200/50mglopinavir+ritonavirwillbesubmitted
forthenextmeeting.
Capsule:200mg;333mg;400mg(assulfate).
indinavir(IDV)
Capsule:133.3mg+33.3mg.
lopinavir+ritonavir(LPV/r)
Oralliquid:400mg+100mg/5ml.
Oralpowder:50mg/g.
nelfinavir(NFV)
Tablet:250mg(asmesilate).
Oralsoliddosageform:100mg.
ritonavir
Oralliquid:400mg/5ml.
saquinavir(SQV)

Capsule:200mg.

FIXED-DOSE COMBINATIONS
efavirenz+emtricitabine*+tenofovir

Tablet:600mg+200mg+300mg.
*3TCisanacceptablealternativetoFTC,basedonknowledgeof
thepharmacology,theresistancepatternsandclinicaltrialsof
antiretrovirals.

emtricitabine*+tenofovir

Tablet:200mg+300mg.
*3TCisanacceptablealternativetoFTC,basedonknowledgeof
thepharmacology,theresistancepatternsandclinicaltrialsof
antiretrovirals.

stavudine+lamivudine+nevirapine

Tablet:30mg+150mg+200mg.

zidovudine+lamivudine

Tablet:300mg+150mg.

zidovudine+lamivudine+
nevirapine

Tablet:300mg+150mg+200mg.

6.4.3 Other antivirals

ribavirin

Injectionforintravenousadministration:1000mgand800mgin
10mlphosphatebuffersolution.
Oralsoliddosageforms:200mg;400mg;600mg.

6.5 Antiprotozoal medicines

6.5.1 Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines
diloxanide

Tablet:500mg(furoate).
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Injection:500mgin100mlvial.
metronidazole

Oralliquid:200mg(asbenzoate)/5ml.
Tablet:200500mg.

6.5.2 Antileishmaniasis medicines

meglumineantimoniate

Injection,30%,equivalenttoapproximately8.1%antimonyin
5mlampoule.

paromomycin

Solutionforintramuscularinjection:750mg/2ml(assulfate).

ComplementaryList
amphotericinB

Powderforinjection:50mginvial.

pentamidine

Powderforinjection:200mg;300mg(isetionate)invial.

6.5.3 Antimalarial medicines

6.5.3.1 For curative treatment
MedicinesforthetreatmentofP.falciparummalariacasesshouldbeusedincombination.Thelistcurrently
recommendscombinationsaccordingtotreatmentguidelines.TheCommitteerecognizesthatnotallof
theseFDCsexistandencouragestheirdevelopmentandrigoroustesting.TheCommitteealsoencourages
developmentandtestingofrectaldosageformulations.
Tablet:153mgor200mg(ashydrochloride).
amodiaquine*

*Tobeused(a)incombinationwithartesunate50mgOR
(b)maybeusedaloneforthetreatmentofP.vivax,P.ovaleand
P.malariaeinfections.
Oilyinjection:80mg/mlin1mlampoule.

artemether
Foruseinthemanagementofseveremalaria.
Tablet:20mg+120mg.
artemether+lumefantrine*

artesunate*

*Notrecommendedinthefirsttrimesterofpregnancyorin
childrenbelow5kg.
Injection:ampoules,containing60mganhydrousartesunicacid
withaseparateampouleof5%sodiumbicarbonatesolution.
Foruseinthemanagementofseveremalaria.

Tablet:50mg.
*Tobeusedincombinationwitheitheramodiaquine,mefloquine
orsulfadoxine+pyrimethamine.
Tablet:100mg;150mg(asphosphateorsulfate).

chloroquine
Oralliquid:50mg(asphosphateorsulfate)/5ml.
Capsule:100mg(ashydrochloride).
doxycycline*

Tablet(dispersible):100mg(asmonohydrate).
*Foruseonlyincombinationwithquinine.

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Tablet:250mg(ashydrochloride).
mefloquine*
*Tobeusedincombinationwithartesunate50mg.
Tablet:7.5mg;15mg(asdiphosphate)
primaquine*

*OnlyforusetoachieveradicalcureofP.vivaxandP.ovale
infections,givenfor14days.
Injection:300mgquininehydrochloride/mlin2mlampoule.

quinine*

Tablet:300mg(quininesulfate)or300mg(quininebisulfate).
*Foruseonlyinthemanagementofseveremalaria,andshouldbe
usedincombinationwithdoxycycline.
Tablet:500mg+25mg.

sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine*
*Onlyincombinationwithartesunate50mg.
6.5.3.2 For prophylaxis
Tablet:150mg(asphosphateorsulfate).
chloroquine*

Oralliquid:50mg(asphosphateorsulfate)/5ml.
*ForuseonlyincentralAmericanregions,foruseforP.vivax.

doxycycline

Capsuleortablet:100mg(hydrochloride).

mefloquine

Tablet:250mg(ashydrochloride).
Tablet:100mg(hydrochloride).

proguanil*
*Foruseonlyincombinationwithchloroquine.
6.5.4 Anti-pneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines
pyrimethamine

Tablet:25mg.

sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim

Injection:80mg+16mg/mlin5mlampoule;
80mg+16mg/mlin10mlampoule.

ComplementaryList
pentamidine

Tablet:200mg;300mg.

6.5.5 Antitrypanosomal medicines

6.5.5.1 African trypanosomiasis
Medicinesforthetreatmentof1ststageAfricantrypanosomiasis
Powderforinjection:200mg(pentamidineisetionate)invial.
pentamidine*

*TobeusedforthetreatmentofTrypansomabruceigambiense
infection.

suraminsodium*

Powderforinjection:1ginvial.
*Tobeusedexclusivelyforthetreatmentoftheinitialphaseof
Trypansomabruceirhodesienseinfection.

Medicinesforthetreatmentof2ndstageAfricantrypanosomiasis
eflornithine

Injection:200mg(hydrochloride)/mlin100mlbottle.
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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
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Injection:3.6%solution,5mlampoules(180mgofactive
compound).
6.5.5.2 American tripanosomiasis
melarsoprol

benznidazole

Tablet:100mg.

nifurtimox

Tablet:30mg;120mg;250mg.

7. ANTIMIGRAINE MEDICINES
7.1 For treatment of acute attack
acetylsalicylicacid

Tablet:300500mg.

paracetamol

Tablet:300500mg.

7.2 For prophylaxis

propranolol

Tablet:20mg;40mg(hydrochloride).

8. ANTINEOPLASTIC, IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES AND MEDICINES USED IN

PALLIATIVE CARE
8.1 Immunosuppressive medicines
ComplementaryList
Powderforinjection:100mg(assodiumsalt)invial.
azathioprine
Tablet:50mg.

ciclosporin

Concentrateforinjection:50mg/mlin1mlampoulefororgan
transplantation.
Capsule:25mg.

8.2 Cytotoxic medicines

Thissectionisexpectedtobereviewedatthenextmeeting.
ComplementaryList
asparaginase

Powderforinjection:10000IUinvial.

bleomycin

Powderforinjection:15mg(assulfate)invial.
Injection:3mg/mlin10mlampoule.

calciumfolinate
Tablet:15mg.
chlorambucil

Tablet:2mg.

cisplatin

Powderforinjection:10mg;50mginvial.
Powderforinjection:500mginvial.

cyclophosphamide
Tablet:25mg.
cytarabine

Powderforinjection:100mginvial.

dacarbazine

Powderforinjection:100mginvial.

dactinomycin

Powderforinjection:500microgramsinvial.

daunorubicin

Powderforinjection:50mg(ashydrochloride).
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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
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doxorubicin

Powderforinjection:10mg;50mg(hydrochloride)invial.
Injection:20mg/mlin5mlampoule.

etoposide
Capsule:100mg.
fluorouracil

Injection:50mg/mlin5mlampoule.

mercaptopurine

Tablet:50mg.
Powderforinjection:50mg(assodiumsalt)invial.

methotrexate
Tablet:2.5mg(assodiumsalt).
procarbazine

Capsule:50mg(ashydrochloride).

vinblastine

Powderforinjection:10mg(sulfate)invial.

vincristine

Powderforinjection:1mg;5mg(sulfate)invial.

8.3 Hormones and antihormones

ComplementaryList
dexamethasone

Injection:4mgdexamethasonephosphate(asdisodiumsalt)in
1mlampoule.

hydrocortisone

Powderforinjection:100mg(assodiumsuccinate)invial.
Tablet:5mg;25mg.

prednisolone*

*Thereisnoevidenceforcompleteclinicalsimilaritybetween
prednisoloneanddexamethasoneathighdoses.

tamoxifen

Tablet:10mg;20mg(ascitrate).

8.4 Medicines used in palliative care

TheWHOExpertCommitteerecognizestheimportanceoflistingspecificmedicinesinthePalliativeCare
Section.SomemedicinescurrentlyusedinpalliativecareareincludedintherelevantsectionsoftheModel
List,accordingtotheirtherapeuticuse,e.g.analgesics.TheGuidelinesforPalliativeCarethatwere
referencedinthepreviouslistareinneedofupdate.TheCommitteeexpectsapplicationsformedicines
neededforpalliativecaretobesubmittedforthenextmeeting.

9. ANTIPARKINSONISM MEDICINES
Injection:5mg(lactate)in1mlampoule.
biperiden
Tablet:2mg(hydrochloride).
levodopa+carbidopa

Tablet:100mg+10mg;250mg+25mg.

10. MEDICINES AFFECTING THE BLOOD

10.1 Antianaemia medicines
Tablet:equivalentto60mgiron.
ferroussalt
Oralliquid:equivalentto25mgiron(assulfate)/ml.
ferroussalt+folicacid

Tabletequivalentto60mgiron+400microgramsfolicacid
(Nutritionalsupplementforuseduringpregnancy).

folicacid

Tablet:1mg;5mg.
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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
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hydroxocobalamin

Injection:1mgin1mlampoule.

10.2 Medicines affecting coagulation

heparinsodium

Injection:1000IU/ml;5000IU/ml;20,000IU/mlin1mlampoule.
Injection:10mg/mlin5mlampoule.

phytomenadione
Tablet:10mg.
protaminesulfate

Injection:10mg/mlin5mlampoule.

warfarin

Tablet:1mg;2mg;5mg(sodiumsalt).

11. BLOOD PRODUCTS AND PLASMA SUBSTITUTES

11.1 Plasma substitutes
dextran70*

Injectablesolution:6%.
*Polygeline,injectablesolution,3.5%isconsideredasequivalent.

11.2 Plasma fractions for specific use

AllplasmafractionsshouldcomplywiththeWHORequirementsfortheCollection,Processingand
QualityControlofBlood,BloodComponentsandPlasmaDerivatives(Revised1992).(WHOTechnical
ReportSeries,No.840,1994,Annex2).
ComplementaryList
humannormalimmunoglobulin
factorVIIIconcentrate
factorIXcomplex(coagulation

factors,II,VII,IX,X)concentrate

Intravenousadministration:5%,10%proteinsolution.
Intramuscularadministration:16%proteinsolution.
Dried.
Dried.

12. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINES

12.1 Antianginal medicines
atenolol

Tablet:50mg;100mg.

glyceryltrinitrate

Tablet(sublingual):500micrograms.

isosorbidedinitrate

Tablet(sublingual):5mg.

verapamil

Tablet:40mg;80mg(hydrochloride).

12.2 Antiarrhythmic medicines

ThissubsectionwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingoftheExpertCommittee.
atenolol

Tablet:50mg;100mg.
Injection:250micrograms/mlin2mlampoule.

digoxin

Tablet:62.5micrograms;250micrograms.
Oralliquid:50micrograms/ml.

epinephrine(adrenaline)

Injection:100micrograms/ml(asacidtartrateorhydrochloride)in
10mlampoule.

lidocaine

Injection:20mg(hydrochloride)/mlin5mlampoule.
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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
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Injection:2.5mg(hydrochloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
verapamil
Tablet:40mg;80mg(hydrochloride).
ComplementaryList
procainamide

Injection:100mg(hydrochloride)/mlin10mlampoule.

quinidine

Tablet:200mg(sulfate).

12.3 Antihypertensive medicines

amlodipine

Tablet:5mg.

atenolol

Tablet:50mg;100mg.

enalapril

Tablet:2.5mg.
Powderforinjection:20mg(hydrochloride)inampoule.
Tablet:25mg,50mg(hydrochloride).

hydralazine*

hydrochlorothiazide

*Hydralazineislistedforuseintheacutemanagementofsevere
pregnancyinducedhypertensiononly.Itsuseinthetreatmentof
essentialhypertensionisnotrecommendedinviewofthe
availabilityofmoreevidenceofefficacyandsafetyofother
medicines.
Tablet(scored):25mg.
Tablet:250mg.

methyldopa*

*Methyldopaislistedforuseinthemanagementofpregnancy
inducedhypertensiononly.Itsuseinthetreatmentofessential
hypertensionisnotrecommendedinviewoftheavailabilityof
moreevidenceofefficacyandsafetyofothermedicines.

ComplementaryList
sodiumnitroprusside

Powderforinfusion:50mginampoule.

12.4 Medicines used in heart failure

ThissubsectionwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingoftheExpertCommittee.
Injection:250micrograms/mlin2mlampoule.
digoxin

Tablet:62.5micrograms;250micrograms.
Oralliquid:50micrograms/ml.

enalapril
furosemide

Tablet:2.5mg.
Injection:10mg/mlin2mlampoule.
Tablet:40mg.

hydrochlorothiazide

Tablet(scored):25mg.

ComplementaryList
dopamine

Injection:40mg(hydrochloride)in5mlvial.

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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
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12.5 Antithrombotic medicines
acetylsalicylicacid

Tablet:100mg.

ComplementaryList
streptokinase

Powderforinjection:1.5millionIUinvial.

12.6 Lipid-lowering agents

simvastatin*

Tablet:5mg;10mg;20mg;40mg.
*Foruseinhighriskpatients.

13. DERMATOLOGICAL MEDICINES (topical)

13.1 Antifungal medicines
benzoicacid+salicylicacid

Ointmentorcream:6%+3%.

miconazole

Ointmentorcream:2%(nitrate).

sodiumthiosulfate

Solution:15%.

ComplementaryList
seleniumsulfide

Detergentbasedsuspension:2%.

13.2 Anti-infective medicines

methylrosaniliniumchloride

Aqueoussolution:0.5%.

(gentianviolet)

Tincture:0.5%.

neomycinsulfate+bacitracin

Ointment:5mgneomycinsulfate+250IUbacitracinzinc/g.

potassiumpermanganate

Aqueoussolution:1:10000.

silversulfadiazine

Cream:1%,in500gcontainer.

13.3 Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines

betamethasone

Ointmentorcream:0.1%(asvalerate).

calaminelotion

Lotion.

hydrocortisone

Ointmentorcream:1%(acetate).

13.4 Astringent medicines

aluminiumdiacetate

Solution:5%.

13.5 Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation

benzoylperoxide

Lotionorcream:5%.

coaltar

Solution:5%.

dithranol

Ointment:0.1%2%.

fluorouracil

Ointment:5%.

podophyllumresin

Solution:1025%.

salicylicacid

Solution:5%.

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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
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Ointmentorcream:10%.

urea

13.6 Scabicides and pediculicides

benzylbenzoate

Lotion:25%.
Cream:5%.

permethrin
Lotion:1%.

14. DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS

14.1 Ophthalmic medicines
fluorescein

Eyedrops:1%(sodiumsalt).

tropicamide

Eyedrops:0.5%.

14.2 Radiocontrast media

amidotrizoate

Injection:140420mgiodine(assodiumormegluminesalt)/mlin
20mlampoule.

bariumsulfate

Aqueoussuspension.

iohexol

Injection:140350mgiodine/mlin5ml;10ml;20mlampoule.

ComplementaryList
meglumineiotroxate

Solution:58giodinein100250ml.

15. DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS

15.1 Antiseptics
chlorhexidine

Solution:5%(digluconate)fordilution.

ethanol

Solution:70%(denatured).

polyvidoneiodine

Solution:10%.

15.2 Disinfectants
chlorinebasecompound

Powder:(0.1%availablechlorine)forsolution.

chloroxylenol

Solution:4.8%.

glutaral

Solution:2%.

16. DIURETICS
amiloride
furosemide

Tablet:5mg(hydrochloride).
Injection:10mg/mlin2mlampoule.
Tablet:40mg.

hydrochlorothiazide

Tablet(scored):25mg.

mannitol

Injectablesolution:10%;20%.

spironolactone

Tablet:25mg.

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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
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17. GASTROINTESTINAL MEDICINES
17.1 Antacids and other antiulcer medicines
Tablet:500mg.
aluminiumhydroxide
Oralliquid:320mg/5ml.
Injection:25mg/mlin2mlampoule.
ranitidine

Tablet:150mg(ashydrochloride).
Oralliquid:75mg/5ml.

magnesiumhydroxide

Oralliquid:equivalentto550mgmagnesiumoxide/10ml.

17.2 Antiemetic medicines

Injection:5mg(hydrochloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
metoclopramide
Tablet:10mg(hydrochloride).
Injection:25mg(hydrochloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
promethazine

Tablet:10mg;25mg(hydrochloride).
Oralliquid:5mg(hydrochloride)/5ml.

17.3 Anti-inflammatory medicines

Tablet:500mg.
sulfasalazine

Retentionenema.
Suppository:500mg.

ComplementaryList
Retentionenema.
hydrocortisone

Suppository:25mg(acetate).
(theonlyappliestohydrocortisoneretentionenema).

17.4 Laxatives
senna

Tablet:7.5mg(sennosides)(ortraditionaldosageforms).

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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
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17.5 Medicines used in diarrhoea
17.5.1 Oral rehydration

oralrehydrationsalts*

glucose:

sodium:

chloride:

potassium:

citrate:

osmolarity:

glucose:

sodiumchloride:

potassiumchloride:

trisodiumcitratedihydrate+:

75mEq
75mEqormmol/l
65mEqormmol/l
20mEqormmol/l
10mmol/l
245mOsm/l
13.5g/l
2.6g/l
1.5g/l
2.9g/l

+trisodiumcitratedihydratemaybereplacedbysodium
hydrogencarbonate(sodiumbicarbonate)2.5g/l.However,asthe
stabilityofthislatterformulationisverypoorundertropical
conditions,itisonlyrecommendedwhenmanufacturedfor
immediateuse.
*Incasesofcholeraahigherconcentrationofsodiummaybe
required.
17.5.2 Medicines for diarrhoea in children
Tablet:in10mgperunitdosageforms.
zincsulfate*

Oralliquid:in10mgperunitdosageforms.
*Inacutediarrhoeazincsulfateshouldbeusedasanadjunctto
oralrehydrationsalts.

17.5.3 Antidiarrhoeal (symptomatic) medicines in adults

Tablet:30mg(phosphate).
codeine*

*Theroleofthisitemhasbeenquestionedanditscontinued
inclusiononthelistwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingofthe
ExpertCommittee.

18. HORMONES, OTHER ENDOCRINE MEDICINES AND CONTRACEPTIVES

18.1 Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes
Addisonsdiseaseisararecondition;adrenalhormonesarealreadyincludedinsection3.
18.2 Androgens
ComplementaryList
testosterone

Injection:200mg(enantate)in1mlampoule.

18.3 Contraceptives
18.3.1 Oral hormonal contraceptives
ethinylestradiol+levonorgestrel

Tablet:30micrograms+150micrograms.

ethinylestradiol+norethisterone

Tablet:35micrograms+1.0mg.

levonorgestrel

Tablet:30micrograms;750micrograms(packoftwo);1.5mg.
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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
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18.3.2 Injectable hormonal contraceptives
medroxyprogesteroneacetate

Depotinjection:150mg/mlin1mlvial.

medroxyprogesteroneacetate+
estradiolcypionate

Injection:25mg+5mg.

norethisteroneenantate

Oilysolution:200mg/mlin1mlampoule.

18.3.3 Intrauterine devices

coppercontainingdevice

18.3.4 Barrier methods

condoms

diaphragms

18.3.5 Implantable contraceptives

levonorgestrelreleasingimplant

Tworodlevonorgestrelreleasingimplant,eachrodcontaining
75mgoflevonorgestrel(150mgtotal).

18.4 Estrogens
Tablet:10micrograms;50micrograms.
ethinylestradiol*

*Thepublichealthrelevanceand/orcomparativeefficacyand/or
safetyofthisitemhasbeenquestionedanditscontinuedinclusion
onthelistwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingoftheExpert
Committee.

18.5 Insulins and other antidiabetic agents

glibenclamide

Tablet:2.5mg;5mg.

insulininjection(soluble)

Injection:40IU/mlin10mlvial;100IU/mlin10mlvial.

intermediateactinginsulin

Injection:40IU/mlin10mlvial;100IU/mlin10mlvial
(ascompoundinsulinzincsuspensionorisophaneinsulin).

metformin

Tablet:500mg(hydrochloride).

18.6 Ovulation inducers

ComplementaryList
clomifene

Tablet:50mg(citrate).

18.7 Progestogens
Tablet:5mg.
norethisterone*

*Thepublichealthrelevanceand/orcomparativeefficacyand/or
safetyofthisitemhasbeenquestionedanditscontinuedinclusion
onthelistwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingoftheExpert
Committee.

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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
WHO Model List (revised March 2007)
ComplementaryList
Tablet:5mg.
medroxyprogesteroneacetate*

*Thepublichealthrelevanceand/orcomparativeefficacyand/or
safetyofthisitemhasbeenquestionedanditscontinuedinclusion
onthelistwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingoftheExpert
Committee.

18.8 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines

levothyroxine

Tablet:50micrograms;100micrograms(sodiumsalt).

potassiumiodide

Tablet:60mg.

propylthiouracil

Tablet:50mg.

19. IMMUNOLOGICALS
19.1 Diagnostic agents
AlltuberculinsshouldcomplywiththeWHORequirementsforTuberculins(Revised1985).WHOExpert
CommitteeonBiologicalStandardization.Thirtysixthreport.(WHOTechnicalReportSeries,No.745,
1987,Annex1).
tuberculin,purifiedproteinderivative
Injection.
(PPD)
19.2 Sera and immunoglobulins
AllplasmafractionsshouldcomplywiththeWHORequirementsfortheCollection,Processingand
QualityControlofBlood,BloodComponentsandPlasmaDerivatives(Revised1992).WHOExpert
CommitteeonBiologicalStandardization.Fortythirdreport.(WHOTechnicalReportSeries,No.840,1994,
Annex2).
antiDimmunoglobulin(human)

Injection:250microgramsinsingledosevial.

antitetanusimmunoglobulin(human) Injection:500IUinvial.
Injection.
antivenomimmunoglobulin*
*Exacttypetobedefinedlocally.
diphtheriaantitoxin

Injection:10000IU;20000IUinvial.

rabiesimmunoglobulin

Injection:150IU/mlinvial.

19.3 Vaccines
SelectionofvaccinesfromtheModelListwillneedtobedeterminedbyeachcountryafterconsiderationof
internationalrecommendations,epidemiologyandnationalpriorities.Thelistbelowdetailsthevaccines
forwhichthereiseitherarecommendationfromtheStrategicAdvisoryGroupofExpertsonImmunization
(SAGE)(http://www.who.int/immunization/sage_conclusions/en/index.html)and/oraWHOposition
paper(http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/positionpapers/en/index.html).Thissitewillbe
updatedasnewpositionpapersarepublishedandcontainsthemostrecentinformationand
recommendations.
AllvaccinesshouldcomplywiththeWHORequirementsforBiologicalSubstances.
BCGvaccine

choleravaccine

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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
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diphtheriavaccine

hepatitisAvaccine

hepatitisBvaccine

Haemophilusinfluenzaetypebvaccine

influenzavaccine

Japaneseencephalitisvaccine

measlesvaccine

meningococcalmeningitisvaccine

mumpsvaccine

pertussisvaccine

pneumococcalvaccine

poliomyelitisvaccine

rabiesvaccine

rotavirusvaccine

rubellavaccine

tetanusvaccine

typhoidvaccine

varicellavaccine

yellowfevervaccine

20. MUSCLE RELAXANTS (PERIPHERALLY-ACTING) AND CHOLINESTERASE

INHIBITORS
alcuronium

Injection:5mg(chloride)/mlin2mlampoule

neostigmine

Injection:500microgramsin1mlampoule;2.5mg(metilsulfate)
in1mlampoule.
Tablet:15mg(bromide).
Injection:50mg(chloride)/mlin2mlampoule.

suxamethonium
Powderforinjection(chloride),invial.
ComplementaryList
Injection:1mgin1mlampoule.
pyridostigmine
Tablet:60mg(bromide).
vecuronium

Powderforinjection:10mg(bromide)invial.

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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
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21. OPHTHALMOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
ThissectionwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingoftheExpertCommittee.
21.1 Anti-infective agents
aciclovir
gentamicin*

Ointment:3%W/W.
Solution(eyedrops):0.3%(sulfate).
*Finalselectiondependsonindicationforuse.

tetracycline

Eyeointment:1%(hydrochloride).

21.2 Anti-inflammatory agents

prednisolone

Solution(eyedrops):0.5%(sodiumphosphate).

21.3 Local anaesthetics

tetracaine

Solution(eyedrops):0.5%(hydrochloride).

21.4 Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines

acetazolamide

Tablet:250mg.

pilocarpine

Solution(eyedrops):2%;4%(hydrochlorideornitrate).

timolol

Solution(eyedrops):0.25%;0.5%(asmaleate).

21.5 Mydriatics
atropine

Solution(eyedrops):0.1%;0.5%,1%(sulfate).

ComplementaryList
epinephrine(adrenaline)

Solution(eyedrops):2%(ashydrochloride).

22. OXYTOCICS AND ANTIOXYTOCICS

22.1 Oxytocics
ergometrine

Injection:200micrograms(hydrogenmaleate)in1mlampoule.

oxytocin

Injection:10IUin1mlampoule.

ComplementaryList

misoprostol

Vaginaltablet:25micrograms.

mifepristone*misoprostol*

Wherepermittedunder
nationallawandwhere
culturallyacceptable.

Tablet200mgtablet200micrograms.
*Requiresclosemedicalsupervision.

22.2 Antioxytocics (tocolytics)

nifedipine

Immediatereleasecapsule:10mg.
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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
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23. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTION
ComplementaryList
intraperitonealdialysissolution(of
Parenteralsolution.
appropriatecomposition)

24. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES

24.1 Medicines used in psychotic disorders
Injection:25mg(hydrochloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
chlorpromazine

Tablet:100mg(hydrochloride).
Oralliquid:25mg(hydrochloride)/5ml.

fluphenazine
haloperidol

Injection:25mg(decanoateorenantate)in1mlampoule.
Injection:5mgin1mlampoule.
Tablet:2mg;5mg.

24.2 Medicines used in mood disorders

24.2.1 Medicines used in depressive disorders
amitriptyline

Tablet:25mg(hydrochloride).

fluoxetine

Capsuleortablet:20mg(presentashydrochloride).

24.2.2 Medicines used in bipolar disorders

carbamazepine

Tablet(scored):100mg;200mg.

lithiumcarbonate

Capsuleortablet:300mg.

valproicacid

Tablet(entericcoated):200mg;500mg(sodiumvalproate).

24.3 Medicines used in generalized anxiety and sleep disorders

diazepam

Tablet(scored):2mg;5mg.

24.4 Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders and panic attacks
clomipramine

Capsule:10mg;25mg(hydrochloride).

24.5 Medicines used in substance dependence programmes

ComplementaryList
Concentratefororalliquid:5mg/ml;10mg/ml(hydrochloride).
methadone*

Oralliquid:5mg/5ml;10mg/5ml.
*Thesquareboxisaddedtoincludebuprenorphine.Themedicines
shouldonlybeusedwithinanestablishedsupportprogramme.

25. MEDICINES ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

25.1 Antiasthmatic and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
beclometasone

Inhalation(aerosol):50microgramsperdose(dipropionate);
250micrograms(dipropionate)perdose.

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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
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epinephrine(adrenaline)

Injection:1mg(ashydrochlorideorhydrogentartrate)in
1mlampoule.

ipratropiumbromide

Inhalation(aerosol):20micrograms/metereddose.
Injection:50micrograms(assulfate)/mlin5mlampoule.
Tablet:2mg;4mg(assulfate).

salbutamol

Oralliquid:2mg/5ml.
Inhalation(aerosol):100micrograms(assulfate)perdose.
Respiratorsolutionforuseinnebulizers:5mg(assulfate)/ml.

25.2 Other medicines acting on the respiratory tract

caffeinecitrate

Injection:20mg/ml(equivalentto10mgcaffeinebase/ml).
Oralliquid:20mg/ml(equivalentto10mgcaffeinebase/ml).

26. SOLUTIONS CORRECTING WATER, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE

DISTURBANCES
26.1 Oral
oralrehydrationsalts

Seesection17.5.1.

potassiumchloride

Powderforsolution.

26.2 Parenteral
glucose

Injectablesolution:5%;10%isotonic;50%hypertonic.

glucosewithsodiumchloride

Injectablesolution:4%glucose,0.18%sodiumchloride
(equivalenttoNa+30mmol/l,Cl30mmol/l).

potassiumchloride

Solution:11.2%in20mlampoule
(equivalenttoK+1.5mmol/ml,Cl1.5mmol/ml).

sodiumchloride

Injectablesolution:0.9%isotonic(equivalenttoNa+154mmol/l,
Cl154mmol/l.

sodiumhydrogencarbonate

sodiumlactate,compoundsolution

Injectablesolution:1.4%isotonic(equivalenttoNa+167mmol/l,
HCO3167mmol/l).
Solution:8.4%in10mlampoule(equivalenttoNa+1000mmol/l,
HCO31000mmol/l).
Injectablesolution.

26.3 Miscellaneous
waterforinjection

2ml;5ml;10mlampoules.

27. VITAMINS AND MINERALS

ascorbicacid
ergocalciferol

Tablet:50mg.
Capsuleortablet:1.25mg(50000IU).
Oralliquid:250micrograms/ml(10000IU/ml).

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EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
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Capsule:200mg.
iodine

Iodizedoil:1ml(480mgiodine);0.5ml(240mgiodine)in
ampoule(oralorinjectable);0.57ml(308mgiodine)indispenser
bottle.

nicotinamide

Tablet:50mg.

pyridoxine

Tablet:25mg(hydrochloride).
Watermiscibleinjection:100000IU(aspalmitate)in
2mlampoule.
Capsule:50000IU;100000IU;200000IU(aspalmitate).

retinol
Tablet(sugarcoated):10000IU(aspalmitate).
Oraloilysolution:100000IU(aspalmitate)/mlinmultidose
dispenser.
riboflavin

Tablet:5mg.

sodiumfluoride

Inanyappropriatetopicalformulation.

thiamine

Tablet:50mg(hydrochloride).

ComplementaryList
calciumgluconate

Injection:100mg/mlin10mlampoule.

EML 15, page - 28

EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
WHO Model List (revised March 2007)

Index
abacavir(ABC) ........................................................ 10
acetazolamide.......................................................... 25
acetylcysteine ............................................................ 4
acetylsalicylicacid ........................................ 2,14,18
aciclovir ................................................................ 9,25
albendazole................................................................ 5
alcuronium............................................................... 24
allopurinol ................................................................. 3
aluminiumdiacetate............................................... 18
aluminiumhydroxide ............................................ 20
amidotrizoate .......................................................... 19
amikacin....................................................................... 8
amiloride .................................................................. 19
amitriptyline ............................................................ 26
amlodipine............................................................... 17
amodiaquine............................................................ 12
amoxicillin ................................................................. 6
amoxicillin+clavulanicacid ................................... 6
amphotericinB....................................................... 9,12
ampicillin ................................................................... 6
antiDimmunoglobulin(human) ......................... 23
antitetanusimmunoglobulin(human)................. 23
antivenomimmunoglobulin ................................. 23
artemether................................................................ 12
artemether+lumefantrine ..................................... 12
artesunate................................................................. 12
ascorbicacid ............................................................ 27
asparaginase............................................................... 14
atenolol............................................................... 16,17
atropine ............................................................ 2,4,25
azathioprine ........................................................... 3,14
azithromycin.............................................................. 7
bacitracin.................................................................. 18
bariumsulfate ......................................................... 19
BCGvaccine............................................................. 23
beclometasone ......................................................... 26
benzathinebenzylpenicillin .................................... 6
benznidazole............................................................ 14
benzoicacid ............................................................. 18
benzoicacid+salicylicacid ................................... 18
benzoylperoxide..................................................... 18
benzylbenzoate....................................................... 19
benzylpenicillin......................................................... 6
betamethasone......................................................... 18
biperiden .................................................................. 15
bleomycin................................................................... 14
bupivacaine................................................................ 2
caffeinecitrate ......................................................... 27
calaminelotion ........................................................ 18
calciumfolinate.......................................................... 14

calciumgluconate ............................................... 4,28

capreomycin ................................................................. 9
carbamazepine..................................................... 4,26
carbidopa.................................................................. 15
cefazolin...................................................................... 6
cefixime....................................................................... 6
ceftazidime ................................................................... 6
ceftriaxone.................................................................... 6
charcoal,activated..................................................... 4
chlorambucil............................................................... 14
chloramphenicol........................................................ 7
chlorhexidine ........................................................... 19
chlorinebasecompound ........................................ 19
chloroquine .................................................... 3,12,13
chloroxylenol ........................................................... 19
chlorphenamine......................................................... 3
chlorpromazine ....................................................... 26
choleravaccine ........................................................ 23
ciclosporin.................................................................. 14
cilastatin ...................................................................... 6
ciprofloxacin .............................................................. 7
cisplatin...................................................................... 14
clavulanicacid ........................................................... 6
clindamycin ................................................................. 7
clofazimine................................................................. 8
clomifene .................................................................... 22
clomipramine........................................................... 26
clotrimazole ............................................................... 9
cloxacillin ................................................................... 6
coaltar ...................................................................... 18
codeine.................................................................. 3,21
condoms ................................................................... 22
coppercontainingdevice....................................... 22
cyclophosphamide ...................................................... 14
cycloserine.................................................................... 9
cytarabine................................................................... 14
dacarbazine ................................................................ 14
dactinomycin.............................................................. 14
dapsone ...................................................................... 8
daunorubicin.............................................................. 14
deferoxamine ............................................................. 4
dexamethasone.................................................... 3,15
dextran70................................................................. 16
diaphragms .............................................................. 22
diazepam.......................................................... 2,4,26
didanosine(ddI) ...................................................... 10
diethylcarbamazine ...................................................... 5
digoxin................................................................ 16,17
diloxanide................................................................. 11
dimercaprol................................................................ 4

EML 15, page - 29

EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
WHO Model List (revised March 2007)
diphtheriaantitoxin................................................ 23
diphtheriavaccine .................................................. 24
dithranol................................................................... 18
DLmethionine .......................................................... 4
dopamine.................................................................... 17
doxorubicin................................................................ 15
doxycycline.................................................... 7,12,13
efavirenz............................................................. 10,11
efavirenz(EFVorEFZ)........................................... 10
efavirenz+emtricitabine+tenofovir ................... 11
eflornithine .............................................................. 13
emtricitabine...................................................... 10,11
emtricitabine(FTC)................................................. 10
emtricitabine+tenofovir........................................ 11
enalapril ................................................................... 17
ephedrine...................................................................... 2
epinephrine(adrenaline) ................... 2,3,16,25,27
ergocalciferol ........................................................... 27
ergometrine.............................................................. 25
erythromycin ............................................................. 7
estradiolcypionate.................................................. 22
ethambutol................................................................. 8
ethanol...................................................................... 19
ethinylestradiol ................................................. 21,22
ethinylestradiol+levonorgestrel .......................... 21
ethinylestradiol+norethisterone.......................... 21
ethionamide.................................................................. 9
ethosuximide................................................................ 5
etoposide .................................................................... 15
factorIXcomplex(coagulationfactors,II,VII,IX,X)
concentrate............................................................ 16
factorVIIIconcentrate............................................... 16
ferroussalt ............................................................... 15
ferroussalt+folicacid ........................................... 15
fluconazole................................................................. 9
flucytosine.................................................................... 9
fluorescein................................................................ 19
fluorouracil .......................................................... 15,18
fluoxetine ................................................................. 26
fluphenazine............................................................ 26
folicacid ................................................................... 15
furosemide ......................................................... 17,19
gentamicin ........................................................... 7,25
gentianviolet ........................................................... 18
glibenclamide .......................................................... 22
glucose............................................................ 2,21,27
glutaral ..................................................................... 19
glyceryltrinitrate .................................................... 16
griseofulvin................................................................ 9
Haemophilusinfluenzaetypebvaccine .................. 24
haloperidol............................................................... 26
halothane.................................................................... 2

heparinsodium ....................................................... 16
hepatitisAvaccine.................................................. 24
hepatitisBvaccine................................................... 24
humannormalimmunoglobulin................................ 16
hydralazine .............................................................. 17
hydrochlorothiazide ......................................... 17,19
hydrocortisone......................................... 3,15,18,20
hydroxocobalamin .................................................. 16
ibuprofen.................................................................... 2
imipenem...................................................................... 6
imipenem+cilastatin................................................... 6
immunoglobulin ..................................................... 23
indinavir(IDV) ........................................................ 11
influenzavaccine..................................................... 24
insulin ....................................................................... 22
insulininjection(soluble)....................................... 22
intermediateactinginsulin.................................... 22
intraperitonealdialysissolution(ofappropriate
composition).......................................................... 26
iodine .................................................................. 19,28
iohexol ...................................................................... 19
ipratropiumbromide.............................................. 27
isoniazid ..................................................................... 8
isoniazid+ethambutol ............................................. 8
isosorbidedinitrate ................................................. 16
ivermectin .................................................................. 5
Japaneseencephalitisvaccine................................ 24
kanamycin.................................................................... 9
ketamine ..................................................................... 2
lamivudine ......................................................... 10,11
lamivudine(3TC) .................................................... 10
levamisole .................................................................. 5
levodopa................................................................... 15
levodopa+carbidopa ............................................. 15
levonorgestrel .................................................... 21,22
levonorgestrelreleasingimplant .......................... 22
levothyroxine........................................................... 23
lidocaine ............................................................... 2,16
lidocaine+epinephrine(adrenaline)...................... 2
lithiumcarbonate .................................................... 26
lopinavir ................................................................... 11
lopinavir+ritonavir(LPV/r).................................. 11
lumefantrine ............................................................ 12
magnesiumhydroxide ........................................... 20
magnesiumsulfate.................................................... 4
mannitol ................................................................... 19
measlesvaccine ....................................................... 24
mebendazole.............................................................. 5
medroxyprogesteroneacetate ......................... 22,23
medroxyprogesteroneacetate+estradiol
cypionate ............................................................. 22
mefloquine ............................................................... 13

EML 15, page - 30

EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
WHO Model List (revised March 2007)
meglumineantimoniate ......................................... 12
meglumineiotroxate .................................................. 19
melarsoprol.............................................................. 14
meningococcalmeningitisvaccine ....................... 24
mercaptopurine.......................................................... 15
metformin ................................................................ 22
methadone.................................................................. 26
methotrexate .......................................................... 3,15
methyldopa.............................................................. 17
methyleneblue.......................................................... 4
methylrosaniliniumchloride(gentianviolet) ..... 18
methylthioniniumchloride(methyleneblue)....... 4
metoclopramide ...................................................... 20
metronidazole ..................................................... 7,12
miconazole............................................................... 18
mifepristone ............................................................... 25
misoprostol ................................................................ 25
morphine................................................................ 2,3
mumpsvaccine ....................................................... 24
naloxone ..................................................................... 4
nelfinavir(NFV)...................................................... 11
neomycinsulfate ..................................................... 18
neomycinsulfate+bacitracin................................ 18
neostigmine ............................................................. 24
nevirapine ................................................................ 11
nevirapine(NVP).................................................... 11
niclosamide................................................................ 5
nicotinamide............................................................ 28
nifedipine ................................................................. 25
nifurtimox ................................................................ 14
nitrofurantoin ............................................................ 7
nitrousoxide.............................................................. 2
norethisterone ................................................... 21,22
norethisteroneenantate.......................................... 22
nystatin....................................................................... 9
ofloxacin....................................................................... 9
oralrehydrationsalts ....................................... 21,27
oxamniquine ................................................................ 6
oxygen ........................................................................ 2
oxytocin.................................................................... 25
paminosalicylicacid ................................................... 9
paracetamol ......................................................... 3,14
paromomycin .......................................................... 12
penicillamine............................................................ 3,4
pentamidine ......................................................... 12,13
permethrin ............................................................... 19
pertussisvaccine ..................................................... 24
phenobarbital ............................................................ 4
phenoxymethylpenicillin......................................... 6
phenytoin ................................................................... 5
phytomenadione ..................................................... 16
pilocarpine ............................................................... 25

pneumococcalvaccine............................................ 24
podophyllumresin ................................................. 18
poliomyelitisvaccine .............................................. 24
polyvidoneiodine ................................................... 19
potassiumchloride............................................ 21,27
potassiumferrichexacyanoferrate(II)2H20
(Prussianblue) ...................................................... 4
potassiumiodide .................................................... 9,23
potassiumpermanganate....................................... 18
praziquantel............................................................... 5
prednisolone .................................................. 3,15,25
primaquine............................................................... 13
procainamide.............................................................. 17
procainebenzylpenicillin......................................... 6
procarbazine............................................................... 15
proguanil.................................................................. 13
promethazine....................................................... 2,20
propranolol .............................................................. 14
propylthiouracil ...................................................... 23
protaminesulfate .................................................... 16
Prussianblue ............................................................. 4
pyrantel ...................................................................... 5
pyrazinamide............................................................. 8
pyridostigmine ........................................................... 24
pyridoxine ................................................................ 28
pyrimethamine .................................................. 12,13
quinidine .................................................................... 17
quinine...................................................................... 13
rabiesimmunoglobulin .......................................... 23
rabiesvaccine........................................................... 24
ranitidine .................................................................. 20
retinol........................................................................ 28
ribavirin.................................................................... 11
riboflavin .................................................................. 28
rifampicin ................................................................... 8
rifampicin+isoniazid ............................................... 8
rifampicin+isoniazid+ethambutol....................... 8
rifampicin+isoniazid+pyrazinamide .................. 8
rifampicin+isoniazid+pyrazinamide+
ethambutol ............................................................ 8
ritonavir.................................................................... 11
rotavirusvaccine ..................................................... 24
rubellavaccine......................................................... 24
salbutamol................................................................ 27
salicylicacid............................................................. 18
saquinavir(SQV)..................................................... 11
seleniumsulfide ......................................................... 18
senna ......................................................................... 20
silversulfadiazine ................................................... 18
simvastatin ............................................................... 18
sodiumcalciumedetate............................................ 4
sodiumchloride ................................................ 21,27

EML 15, page - 31

EssentialMedicines15thedition(March2007)
WHO Model List (revised March 2007)
tetracaine .................................................................. 25
tetracycline ............................................................... 25
thiamine.................................................................... 28
thiopental ................................................................... 2
timolol....................................................................... 25
triclabendazole .......................................................... 5
trimethoprim ............................................................. 7
tropicamide .............................................................. 19
tuberculin,purifiedproteinderivative(PPD)..... 23
typhoidvaccine ....................................................... 24
urea ........................................................................... 19
valproicacid......................................................... 5,26
vancomycin .................................................................. 8
varicellavaccine ...................................................... 24
vecuronium ................................................................ 24
verapamil ........................................................... 16,17
vinblastine.................................................................. 15
vincristine .................................................................. 15
warfarin .................................................................... 16
waterforinjection ................................................... 27
yellowfevervaccine ............................................... 24
zidovudine ......................................................... 10,11
zidovudine(ZDVorAZT) ..................................... 10
zidovudine+lamivudine....................................... 11
zidovudine+lamivudine+nevirapine ................ 11
zincsulfate ............................................................... 21

sodiumfluoride....................................................... 28
sodiumhydrogencarbonate ........................... 21,27
sodiumlactate ......................................................... 27
sodiumnitrite ............................................................ 4
sodiumnitroprusside ................................................. 17
sodiumthiosulfate .............................................. 4,18
sodiumvalproate ................................................ 5,26
spectinomycin ........................................................... 7
spironolactone ......................................................... 19
stavudine............................................................ 10,11
stavudine(d4T) ....................................................... 10
stavudine+lamivudine+nevirapine................... 11
streptokinase .............................................................. 18
streptomycin.............................................................. 8
sulfadiazine.................................................................. 7
sulfadoxine ........................................................ 12,13
sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine ............................... 13
sulfamethoxazole ................................................ 7,13
sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim .................... 7,13
sulfasalazine........................................................... 3,20
suraminsodium..................................................... 5,13
suxamethonium ...................................................... 24
tamoxifen ................................................................... 15
tenofovir............................................................. 10,11
testosterone ................................................................ 21
tetanusvaccine ........................................................ 24

EML 15, page - 32