Solutions I.Definition: A. Components B. Properties C. Vocabulary II. Solubility A. Table G 1. Salts 2. Molecules III. Soluble v. Insoluble (Table F) IV.

Factors Affecting Solubilty A. Nature of reactant B. Surface Area C. Temperature D. Pressure E. Stirring V. Concentration A. Molarity B. Molality C. ppm D. % by mass E. % by volume VI. Dilutions VII. Colligative Properties A. Vapor pressure B. Conductivity C. B.P. elevation D. F.P. depression

Additional power point notes

SOLUTIONS
I.

Definition: homogeneous liquid mixture

A.

Components
1. 2.

Solute - substance being dissolved Solvent - substance that dissolves others -water is considered the "universal solvent" Why? - example: NaCl(aq)

B.

Properties
1.

Dissolved particles will not come out of solution. *exception(saturated and Supersaturated sln) Solutions are clear / transparent Ionic solutions are electrolytes, Molecular solutions are nonelectrolytes Considered a single phase

2. 3.

4.

C.

Vocabulary

1. 2. 3.

Dilute- low [solute] / solvent Concentrated- high [solute] / solvent Saturated- maximum [solute] / solvent *EQUILIBRIUM Unsaturated- non-maximum [solute] / solvent Supersaturated- excess [solute] / solvent

4. 5.

6.

Miscible- two liquids that dissolve in each other at all proportions (vinegar and water) Immiscible- two liquids that do not dissolve in one another (oil and water)

7.

II.

Solubility
A.

Definition: the maximum quantity of solute that can dissolve at a specified temperature. Table G- Solubilty Curves

B.

1.

2.

Table G questions

3.

Another Solubility Curve

III.

Soluble v Insoluble:

See Table F

IV.

Factors Affecting Solubility

A.

Nature of Solute and Solvent

1.

"Like dissolves like" Two substances with IMF's of about the same type and magnitude are likely to be very soluble in one another. Examples:
a.

POLAR (H2O) + POLAR (NH3) = soluble [hydrogen bonds dominate] NONPOLAR (C5H12) + NONPOLAR (C6H14) = soluble [VanderWaals or London Dispersion dominate] NONPOLAR (C5H12) + POLAR (H2O) = insoluble [hydrogen and VanderWaals] Low m.w. organics will dissolve in H2O if they have an hydroxyl group (-OH) or halogen attached, thus making part of the molecule polar

b.

c.

d.

2.

Polar Solvents
a. b. c.

H2 O Methanol , Ethanol, Propanol Acetic Acid

3.

Nonpolar Solvents
a. b. c. d.

Benzene (C6H6) <-- click for more info. Toluene (C6H5CH3) <-- click for more info Pentane (C5H12) Chloroform (CHCl3) <-- click for more info.

B.

Surface Area Increased surface area increases Solubility rate.

1.

When solutes are crushed it allows more solute to come into contact with solvent. Tums v. "Fast Acting Tums"

2.

C.

Temperature- dealt with above Increased temperature increases solubility of salts only, gases become less soluble.

D.

Pressure
1. 2.

Changes in pressure only affect the solubility of gases. There is a direct relationship between the pressure on a gas and it's solubilty.

a.

example: seltzer CO2(aq)

b.

Graph:

c.

Formula: S1 S2

__ = ___ P1 P2

d.

Sample Problems:
(1)

The solubility of a gas is 0.16 g/L at 104 kPa. What would it's solubility be if the pressure was changed to 288 kPa, at constant temperature? 0.44g/L How could you keep soda bubbly the longest?

(2)

E.

Stirring Stirring will increase the rate of dissolving by introducing fresh solvent to the solute.

V.

Concentration
A.

Molarity
1.

Molarity = moles solute / liter of solution

2.

Example problems:
a.

2.0 moles NaCl is dissolved in 500.0 ml DI, what is the M of the solution?

b.

9.5 grams of MgCl2 are dissolved in 2 liters of DI, what is the molarity of the solution?

c.

How many grams of KCl are required to make 200 ml's of a 0.50M solution?

d.

Preparing Solutions in the chemistry lab

B.

Molality1.

m = moles solute / kg of solvent

2.

molality is used in place of Molarity where temperature would change volume and thus [ ]. Examples:
a.

3.

190 g of CuSO4 are placed in 3500 g of water. Determine the molality. solution: Solute: 190 g CuSO4 1mole = 1.2 mole CuSO4 159.9 g Solvent: 3500 g = 3.5 kg water Molality = 1.2 moles = 0.34m 3.5 kg

b.

2.0 moles of NaCl are dissolved in 250.0 grams of DI, determine the molality. solution: m=mol/kg m= 2 moles / .25kg = 8.0 m 40. grams KBr (120g/mol) dissolved in 200. grams DI, determine the molality. solution: n = m / mw n = 40. g / (120 g/mol) n = .33 mol KBr m = mol / kg m = .33 mol / .200 kg m = 1.65 m KBr

c.

C.

parts per million- (ppm) this is used to describe solutions that are extremely dilute, say of toxic metals.

1.

One part per million (ppm) denotes one part per 1,000,000 parts, one part in 106, and a value of 1 x 106. This is equivalent to one drop of water diluted into 50 liters (roughly the fuel tank capacity of a compact car), or about thirty seconds out of a year. Example:
a.

2.

What is the [ ] in ppm if .006 g NaCl are dissolved in 500 g DI? ppm = mass solute / mass solution x 1000000 ppm = (.006 g / 500.006) x 1000000 ppm = 12 As we will see later, unless the mass of the solute is within 5 % of the mass of the solvent you can simply ignore adding it to the mass of the solution total, as it is statistically insignificant.

D.

% by mass

1.

What is the percent by mass of sugar if 15 grams are dissovled in 50 mls DI? solution: % = mass solute / mass solution x 100 % = (15 g C6H12O6 / 65 g solution) x 100 % = 23% What is the mass of NH4Br present in 70. g of a 3% solution? solution: mass = % x mass solution mass = (.03) x (70. g) mass = 2.1 g NH4Br

2.

E.

% by volume

1.

What is the % by volume if 30 ml of CH3OH is dissolved in 50 ml DI? solution: % = (volume CH3OH / volume total) x 100 % = (30 ml / 80 ml) x 100 % = 38%

VI.

Dilutions
The process of making a less [ ] solution from a more [ ] one (stock).
A.

1.

Examples:
a.

How many mls. of a 10M stock solution are needed to produce 1 liter of a 2M solution?

b.

What is the molarity of a solution if 10 ml of a 3M stock are diluted in a 500ml volumetric flask with DI?

VII.

Colligative Properties
Definition: Properties that depend on the [ ] of a solution not it's identity.
A.

Vapor Pressure1.

Increasing [ ] of a nonvolitile solute will decrease vapor pressure Increasing [ ] of a volitile solute will increase vapor pressure

2.

B.

Conductivity1.

Definition: the ability of a solution to conduct electricity (why? b/c it contains a body of mobile charge)

2.

Acids, bases and SALT solutions are ELECTROLYTES and conduct electricity in proportion to their [ ]. Only solutions

containing solutes that dissociate will conduct electricity. That is why pure water or water with molecular solutes such as NH3(aq) or C6H12O6 (aq) will NOT conduct electricity. These are known as NONELECTROLYTES.

C.

Changes in b.p. and f.p. changes

1.

B.P Elevation-

2.

F.P Depression-

3.

Both of the above temperatures will become more extreme!!!

a. b.

high goes higher

low goes lower

Why? the particles in solution interfere with the phase changes, either molecules organizing in a regular geometric pattern (freezing to a solid), or escaping into the atmosphere (boiling to become a gas).

4.

Calculation of b.p. / f.p. of a solution

a.

Kb (water) = + 0.51 oC/m Kf (water) = - 1.86 oC/m

b.

i = (# particles dissolved) 1 - molecules (covalent) NH3, C6H12O6 2 - NaCl 3 - CaCl2

c.

Examples:
(1)

What is the f.p. / b.p. of a 3.0m MgCl2 (aq) solution? Tfp = Kf m i Tfp = (1.86 oC/molal) 3.0 m 3 Tfp = 16.7 oC FP = 0 16.7 = -16.7 oC Tbp = Kb m i Tbp = (0.51 oC/molal) 3.0 m 3 Tbp = 4.5 oC BP = 100 + 4.5 = 104.5 oC At what temperature will a 5.4 molal solution of NaCl freeze? TFP = Kf m i TFP = (1.86 oC/molal) 5.4 m 2 TFP = 20.1 oC FP = 0 20.1 = -20.1 oC

(2)

(3)