THEORY OF ELASTICITY

TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. What is TOE?

Theory of Elasticity is based on the assumption that the matter of an elastic body
is homogeneous and continuously distributed over the volume so that the smallest
element cut from the body posess the same physical properties as a body . For most part
the body is isotropic.

2. What are the assumptions made in TOE?
1. Material must be perfectly elastic
2. Molecular structure of the elastic body cannot be considered.
3. An elastic body is homogeneous.
4. Material or body is isotropic.
5. Youngs Modulus is constant for both tensile and compressive stresses.

3. Define: Stress?
The force of resistance per unit area offered by a body against deformation is
known as stress.

Mathematically stress is written as
2
/
P
N m
A


4. Define: strain?
When a body is subjected to some external force , there is some change of
dimension of the body, thus ratio of change in dimension of the body to the
original dimension is called as strain.
5. State Hookes Law?
It states that when a material is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is
proportional to the strain produced by the stress. This means the ratio of the stress
to the corresponding strain is constant within the elastic limit.

6. Define : Youngs Modulus?
Youngs Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity is defined as the ratio of the tensile
stress or compressive stress to the corresponding strain which is a constant.
This ratio is known as Youngs Modulus OR Modulus of Rigidity and is denoted
by E

7. Define: Modulus of Rigidity?
The ratio of the shear stress to the corresponding shear strain within the elastic limit is
known as Modulus of Rigidity or shear modulus and is denoted by C or G

8. Define: Bulk Modulus?
When a body is subjected to mutually perpendicular like and equal direct stresses
the ratio of the direct stress to the corresponding volumetric strain is found to be
constant for a given material, when the deformation is within a certain limit, this
ratio is known as Bulk Modulus and is denoted by K
9. Define: Poissons Ratio?

The ratio of the lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is constant for a given
material , when the material is stressed within the elastic limit, this ratio is known
as poisons ratio and is denoted by or
1
m


10. Define ; Factor of Safety?
It is defined as the ratio of the ultimate tensile stress to the working or permissible
stress.

11. Define: Flexural Rigidity?
It is the product of the Youngs modulus and Moment of Inertia.

FLEXURAL RIGIDITY = E I

12. Define: Torsional rigidity?
Torional Rigidity or stiffness of the shaft is the product of the modulus of rigidity
and the polar moment of inertia of shaft or defined as the torque required to
produce the twist of 1 rad/unit length of the shaft.

13. Define: Section Modulus?
It is defined as the ratio of the Moment of Inertia of a section about the neutral
axis to the distance of the outermost layer from the neutral axis and is denoted by
Z.
max
I
Z
y


14. Define : shear modulus?
Shear modulus is defined as the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain.
It is denoted by G.




15. Define : Polar Modulus?
It is defined as the ratio of the polar moment of inertia to the radius of the shaft. It
is also called Torsional Section modulus.
p
J
Z
R

16. Define: Moment of Inertia?
The moment of inertia of an area about an axis is the product of the area and
square of the distance of the C.G of the area from that axis and is represented by I
17. Define: Polar moment of Inertia?
Polar moment of inertia is defined as the moment of inertia of the area about an
axis perpendicular to the plane of the figure and passing through the centre of
gravity of the area and is denoted as J.
18. Define : Elasticity?
When a material retains its original position after removing the load it is named as
Elasticity and is generally the property of the virtue of certain materials.

19. Define: Elastic Limit?
Upto a certain limit the material regains its original position after the removal of
the load, after this limit elasticity is lost and plasticity occurs. That limit is called
as Elastic Limit.

20. Differentiate : TOE AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
TOE is a part of strength of materials. It specifically explains elastic properties.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS: It includes all material properties. It is not
specific explains all the properties.

21. Define: Plasticity?
When load applied causes change in dimension of the body and if change is not
retained to the original position and form when the load is removed is called
plasticity.

22. Define: Ductility?
Ductility of a material refers to the plasticity under tension or pulling metals.
Ductility allow pulling of metals like aluminium and copper to be drawn into
small wires.

23. Define: Malleability?
It is the property of the material which will allow them to be bent or permanently
distorted without rupture or fracture,
Eg: Manufacturing of sheets, forging and fabrication by bending and hammering.

24. Define : Toughness?
It is the property of the metal which will resist penetration, the toughness of any
material can be increased by hammering, rolling. The hardness can be increased
for steel, aluminium by heat treatment called annealing.

25. Define: Stiffness?
It is the ratio of force given to the material to the deflection caused by the force. It
is denoted by K.
w
K

26. Relaton between E and K?

2
3 1 E k
m
| `


. ,




27. Relation between E and G?


1
2 1 E G
m
| `
+

. ,
where
1
m
is poissons ratio
28. Relation between Elastic Constants?


9
3
KG
E
K G

+

29. What is Principal Plane?
The planes which pass through the point in such a manner that resultant stress
across them is totally a normal stress are known as principal planes. Here the
principal and shear stress is zero.

30. Define: Principal stress and principal plane?
The normal stress acting on a principal plane is called as the principal stress.
The planes which pass through the point in such a manner that resultant stress
across them is totally a normal stress are known as principal planes. Here the
principal and shear stress is zero.


31. What is Mohrs circle?
Mohr devised a graphical method for finding out normal and shear stress on any
interface of an element when it is subjected to two mutually perpendicular stresses
this is known as Mohrs circle.
32. Give Equilibrium equation in 3D form in Cartesian coordinate?

0
xy
x xz
X
x y z

+ + +



0
yx y yz
Y
x y z

+ + +


0
yx zy
z
Z
x y z




+ + +



33. Give the strain displacement equation.


x
u
x

,
y
v
y

,
z
w
z

34. What is Lames constant.
It is denoted by
( )( ) 1 1 2
E

+

Here - poisson ratio
E - youngs modulus

35. Give the stress strain relation

( ) ( )
1
x x y z
E
+

( ) ( )
1
y y x z
E
+

( ) ( )
1
z z x y
E
+

36. Give the stress displacement relation
2
x x
G e +
2
y y
G e +
2
z z
G e +
Here
( )( ) 1 1 2
E

+
and
x y z
e + +


37. State the stress compatibility eqn for plane stress problem.

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1
x y
X Y
x y x y

| ` | `
+ + + +


. , . ,



38. Give the stress compatibility eqn for plane strain problems.

2 2
2 2
x y
| `
+


. ,


39. State strain compatibility eqn

2 2
2
2 2
xy y
x
x y x y




+



40. Explain St.Venants Principle
a) the determination of twisted bar consists of rotation of cross
section of bar as it is incase of circular shaft.
b) Warping of cross section is same for all cross section
41.Two vertical wires of steel and other are aluminium having same length are very
cose together and hold a weight of 50N. The steel wire has a dia of 1mm and
aluminium wire1.5mm dia. Determine the forces in each wire.
To find
A
P ,
B
P
500
A B
P P +


A B


A A A A
B B B B
P l A E
P l A E

2
0.785
A
A mm
2
1.767
B
A mm

500
A A
A A B B
P P
A E A E

5 2
200 10 /
A
E N mm
5 2
80 10 /
B
E N mm


263
236
A
B
P N
P N

The given stress satisfies the equilibrium equation in the absence of body forces.


42.For a material with E=210GPa, =0.3 Find (i) Lames constant (ii) Shear
modulus (iii) Bulk modulus.
210 E Gpa 0.3
Solution:
( )( )
12
1 1 2
E
Gpa

+



( )
80.76
2 1
E
G Gpa

+


( )
17.5
3 1 2
E
K Gpa

43.What are stress invariants?

3 2
1 2 3
0 I I I +
stress invariants are
1 x y Z
I + +

2
+ +
x xy y zy x zy
zy y zy Z zx Z
I


] ] ]

] ] ]
] ] ]


3
x xy zx
xy y zy
zx zy Z
I



]
]

]
]
]


44.Explain St.Venants theorem with example.
A member is subjected to a moment in a plane at the right angle to the longitudinal
axis of the a torsional moment.
45.What is stress tensor.
stress tensor
x xy zx
ij xy y zy
zx zy Z



]
]

]
]
]

46.How many stress are required to establish the state of stress at a point.
There are six stresses
x
,
y
,
z
,
xy
,
yz
,
zx


47.The following stress distribution has been determined at a point. Do these stresses
satisfy equilibrium in the absence of body forces?
2 2
2
3 3
3
3 5
6 3
0
3
x
y
Z
xy
zy
zx
x y z
y
x y z
z xy
x y

+ +

+

Equilibrium equation is


0
0
0
xy
x zx
xy y zy
zy
zx Z
x y z
x y z
x y z

+ +


+ +

+ +


6
6
1
x
xy
zx
x
x
y
y
z

0
6
1
zy
y
Z
y
y
y
z

6
0
0
xy
zx
zy
x
y
z
z

48. The strain components at a point are given by 5 6
x
xy z + ,
2
2
y
xy ,
2
2
xy
xy
Verify whether the compatibility eqn is satisfied or not at a point (1,0,-1).
the compatibility eqn is

2 2
2
2 2
xy y
x
x y x y




+



2
2
2
2
2
2
4
0
0
(1, 0, 1) 4(0) 0
xy
y
x
xy
y
x y
x
y
at
x y

the given strain components satisfies the compatibility equation at point (1, 0, -1)

49. Check whether the following state of strain is possible?

2 2
2 2
2
4
x
y
xy
x y
x y
xy

+
+

The strain compatibility eqn is
2 2
2
2 2
xy y
x
x y x y




+



,
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
2
xy
y
x
x y
x
y

4 6

The state of strain is impossible.

50. Define compatibility eqn.
If the displacement field is given then we can easily find the strain field which has
unique solution, but it strain field is given the displacement is not unique and
continous unless satisfies same condition are called compatibility equation
51.What is Airys Stress function.

2 2
4
2 2
2 1
1
v v v
v x y

| `
+


. ,

Where is the Airys stress function
The function may be
Algebraic function
Polynomial function
Trigonometric function
Complex form
Fourier form



52.Write down the Bi-harmonic eqn.

4 4 4
4 4 2 2
2 0
x y y x

+ +



4
Is the Bi-harmonic eqn.
53. How will you find the solutions of TOE problems.
1.Direct method
Stress formulation
Displacement formulation
2.Inverse method
3.Semi inverse method
54. What is inverse method
A judicious guess of the solution is made and it is checked against the
equilibrium and B.C .if all the conditions are satisfied, the solution is the correct one ,
otherwise correction are made and the revised solution is checked in the same
manner.
55. Differentiate statically determinate and statically indeterminate structure.
Statically determinate: 1.Holds good for equilibrium equations.
2.The neutral axis is perpendicular to the c/s area.
statically indeterminate: 1. Do not support equilibrium equations.
2. The neutral axis is not perpendicular to the c/s area.
56. Give the formula for finding principal stress?

3 2
1 2 3
0 I I I + Where
1 x y Z
I + +
2
+ +
x xy y zy x zy
zy y zy Z zx Z
I


] ] ]

] ] ]
] ] ]



3
x xy zx
xy y zy
zx zy Z
I



]
]

]
]
]


57. Give the formula for finding principal planes?
We know that
3 2
1 2 3
0 I I I +
Put
3
cos
3
I
r +
The obtained is
1


2 1
120 +

3 1
240 +
58. Give the suitable stress function for cantilever beam carrying point load at the free
end?

( )
2 2
0
2
x
y
xy
p
xy
I
p
l y
I

59. State the boundary conditions for finding stress distribution for cantilever beam?
1.
( )
0
xy
y c

t

2.
c
xy
c
dy p

60. State the boundary conditions for finding displacement for cantilever beam?
1. x = l y = 0 u = 0
2.x = l y = 0 v = 0
3. x = l y = 0 slope = 0

61. Sketch the displacement variation in cantilever ?
Case (a) 0
u
x

Case (b) 0
v
y

62. Give the stress function for SSB carrying UDL?
The stress function for SSB is given by

2 2 3 2 3 5 3 3 5 5 2
2
2 2 6 6 60
b d d d a
x x y y x y y + + +

63. State the boundary conditions required for finding the stress distribution of SSB?
The boundary condition are
( )
0
xy
y c

t


( )
0
y
y c

( )
y
y c
q

The boundary condition at x l t

0
0
c
xy
c
c
x
c
c
x
c
dy ql
dy
ydy

64. State the boundary conditions required for finding the displacement of SSB?
Boundary conditions
For X= 0 along y direction u = 0
For X = l y = 0 , v = 0
65. Sketch the stress variation in SSB carrying UDL ?

( )
y
y c
q

( )
0
y
y c

66. Verify this is airys stress function?

2
3 2
3
4 8
Fy
B y yh
| `
+ +

. ,

4
0

4
2 2
0
3
3
4 8
x
Fy
B y h
y

+ +

2
2
2
2
0
6
4
x
F
B y
y

3
2
3
3
0
0
x y
x

4
2 2
0
x y

3
3
6B
y

4
4
4
4
0
0
x
y

4 4 4
4 4 2 2
0
x y y x

+ +



Hence proved.


67. Give the expression for finding stress in plane stress and plane strain problem?
The bi-harmonic equation for plane stress problem. ( )
2 2
4
2 2
1
v v
x y

| `
+


. ,


The bi-harmonic equation for plane strain problem

2 2
4
2 2
2 1
1
v v v
v x y

| `
+


. ,




68. Write the equilibrium equation in polar coordinate?
Equilibrium equation in 3-D polar co-ordinates:
( )
1 1
0
r
r r zr
r r r z

+ + +



1 1
0
z
r r
r r z r

+ + +




1 1
0
zr z z rz
r r z r

+ + +




69. Write down the strain displacement equation ?

r
r
u
r

,
1
r
u u
r r

,
z
z
u
z

Where
z
u ,
z
u , u

be the displacement in z , , r direction

70. What is axis symmetric problem? Give example?
For axis- symmetric problems all derivatives with respect to is zero
For example
We know that equilibrium equation in polar co-ordinates

1
0
r r z
R
z r r

| `
+ + +


. ,
if the body forces is zero
0
r z
z r

| `
+

. ,


71. Write down the stress strain relation?

( ) ( )
1
x x y z
E
+

( ) ( )
1
y y x z
E
+

( ) ( )
1
z z x y
E
+

72. Define stress concentration factor?
The stress concentration factor based upon the net area of cross-section is defined
as maximum stress to the net stress.
max
th
net
k

73. Sketch the variation of stresses in a plate with a circular hole subjected to tension?









74. State the kirch problem?
Stress concentration due to a circular hole in a stressed plate is called kirsch
Problem.

75. For the stress function
2
log Ar r (where A is constant). Compute the stress
components

and
r

Solution:
2
1
log 2 A r r r
r r
| `
+

. ,
, 0

( )
2
2
1
1 2 log 2 3 2log A r r A r
r r
| `
+ + +

. ,
,
2
2
0

( )
2
2 2
1 1 1
2 log
r
A r r r
r r r r

+ +

, ( ) 1 2log
r
A r +
( )
2
2
3 2log A r
r

76. Give the expression for finding stress in polar coordinates?

2
2 2
1 1
r
r r r

+

,
2
2
r

,
1
r
r r

| `



. ,


77. What is the stress function used for wedge shaped object carrying point load at
the apex?
sin cpr
Where c is constant , found by using B.C
P is point load



78. What is the Bi-harmonic equation in polar coordinates?

2 2 2
4
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
r r r r r r r r

| `| `
+ + + +


. ,. ,


79. What is the compatibility equation in axis symmetric problem?

4 3 2
4
4 3 2 2 3
2 1 1
r r r r r r r

+ +


80. Give the relation between the Cartesian coordinate and polar coordinate?


2 2 2
4
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
r r r r r r r r

| `| `
+ + + +


. ,. ,


81. What is Boussinesque problem?




82. The displacement field at a point in polar coordinate is given by
determine the strain components at the point (2,30).
Solution:
2
sin 2
sin
r
u
r
r
u
r r

2
cos
2 cos 1
r
u
r r
u
r
r

sin 2 0.5 4 4.5
r
r
u
r
r

+ +

( )
1 2sin30 4
0.5 4sin30 2
2
r
u u
r r

+
+ +

2 2.5 0.5

+

1
6.062
r
r
r
u u u
r r r

83. What is the best solution for axis symmetric problem.
The condition for axi-symmetric problem is that, is constant .that is derivatives
with respect to is zero. 0
r r








84. Find the maximum stress of a wedge of a semi vertex angle is 30 degree carrying
concentrated load at the vertex?
We know that ,
( )
2 cos
2 sin 2
r
p
r

+

Given, 30
o

2 cos
3
3 2
r
p
r

| `
+

. ,
,
( )
2 cos
2 3 3
r
p
r

+

85. What is the condition for axis symmetric problem?
The best suitable solution for axis-symmetric problem is given as

2 2
log log A r Br r Cr D + + +
86. Explain St. Venants theory on torsion?
A simple experiment with a rectangular bar, shows that the cross-sections of the
bar do not remain plane during torsion, and that the distorsions of rectangular
elements on the surface of a bar are greatest at the middle of the sides. The correct
solution of the problem of torsion of bars by couples applied at the ends was given
by St.Venant
87. Explain Naviers theory on torsion?
Torsional problem for a circular shaft is obtained if we assume that the cross-sections
of the bar remain plane and rotate without any distortion during twist. This was
applied by Navier.

88. Explain Prandtls theory on torsion?
This method is also known as membrane analogy for analysis of torsional problem.
This analogy to torsion problem behaviour of a sketch elastic membrane subjected
to a uniform pressure. the shear stress in shaft can be calculated by following
1. The magnitude of shear stress at any point in a bar subjected to torsion is
proportional to slope of membrane ,normal to contour.
2. The tangent to contour line at any point in membrane gives direction of shear
stress. Corresponding point in twisted bar.
89. What is warping function?
Warping of the cross-sections which is the same for all cross-sections.

Warping of the cross-sections is defined by a function
( ) W= x,y
Where ( ) x,y is the warping function.

90. Give the poisson equation for torsion?
Poisson equation for torsion is given by

2 2
2 2
F
x y

+

where 2 F G
91. Draw the stress distribution for circular shafts by coulombs theory?
The shear stress distribution of circular bar is






92. Give the displacement equation on torsion?
The displacement equation on torsion is u yz , v xz

93. Give the expression for stress?
Expression for stress is
zx
y

,
yz
= -
x

94. Give the expression for torque?

General expression for torque is 2
A
T dxdy

For ellipse
2 2
2 2
a b
T G ab
a b

| `

+
. ,

95. Give the expression for resultant shear stress?
The expression for resultant shear stress is given by

2
2
grad
x y


| ` | `
+


. ,
. ,


96. Why circular shafts are preferred in torsion?
When compared to other cross-section. The stress are constant throughout also
the plane of cross-section remain plane after twist.


97. Sketch the warping lines on an elliptical cross section?








98. Write the difference between membrane theory and theory of torsion?
The membrane analogy theory uses that cross section of the twisted
bar has a uniform lateral pressure. But in case of theory of torsion. We assume
that the cross section remain plane after the application of torque.

99. What are the nonvanishing strain in the stress components for torsion problem of \
non circular section?
In equilibrium equation the vanishing terms are
x
,
y
,
z
,
xy

The vanishing terms are
yz
,
zx


100. A rectangular steel bar 25 mm wide and 38 mm depth is subjected to a torque of
450 Nm. Estimate the max. shear stress setup in the bar.

Given 450 T Nm
a = 25mm
b = 38mm
solution
max
2
( )
2
T
Depth
A



2 450
0.038
0.025 0.036
2

2
49.86 / MN m



101. A bar of equilateral angle of side 200mm is subjected to a torque of 100Nm.
Estimate the angle of twist per unit length ? Assume G = 60 KN/mm2
Solution: we know that
4
3
5
T G a

9 4
3
100 60 10 0.1
5


5
4.81 10 / rad m



102. Sketch the stress distribution for I section?










Point A has no stress
103. What is the torque equation for thin hollow section?
2 T At

i s s h e a r s t r e s s w h e r e

t is thickness
A is Area
T is Torque


104. What is the angle of twist for thin hollow section?


2
4
T ds
GA t



105. Give the torsion equation of rectangular membrane using prandtl theory?

3
3
G bt
T