Independent Info. Technology Research

Independent Information Technology Research Project
Nichole Knerr July 5, 2011
1. URLStands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is a formatted text string used by Web browsers, email clients and other software to identify a network resource on the Internet. Network resources are files that can be plain Web pages, other text documents, graphics, or programs. URL strings consist of three parts (substrings):1. network protocol2. host name or address3. file or resource location. These substrings are separated by special characters as follows: protocol, host, and location. Full URLs featuring all three substrings are called absolute URLs. In some cases such as within Web pages, URLs can contain only the one location element. These are called relative URLs. Relative URLs are used for efficiency by Web servers and a few other programs when they already know the correct URL protocol and host.
2. HTMLthe structure and layout of a Web document by using a variety of tags and attributes. The correct structure for an HTML document starts with <HTML><HEAD>(enter here what document is about)<BODY> and ends with </BODY></HTML>. All the information you'd like to include in your Web page fits in between the <BODY> and </BODY> tags. There are hundreds of other tags used to format and layout the information in a Web page. Tags are also used to specify hypertext links. These allow Web developers to direct users to other Web pages with only a click of the mouse on either an image or word(s).Short for HyperText Markup Language, the authoring language used to create documents on the World Wide Web. HTML is similar to SGML, although it is not a strict subset.
3. C++A high-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs. C++ adds object-oriented features to its predecessor, C. C++ is one of the most popular programming language for graphical applications, such as those that run in Windows and Macintosh environments.
4. AVIs(Audio Video Interleave) A multimedia container format from Microsoft that has been widely used for video playback in the Windows world. AVI was the first A/V format for Windows. Based on the RIFF format, AVI is known as a "container format" because it is used for multiple encoding methods, not just one. For example, AVI video compression methods (video codecs) include DivX, Xvid, Cinepak, Indeo, DV and Motion JPEG, as well as uncompressed RGB and YUV2. AVI audio includes compressed MP3 and Microsoft's ADPCM (MS ADPCM), as well as uncompressed PCM. AVI was one of the first digital formats to intermix small chunks of video and audio one after the other; hence, the name "interleave." See RIFF and multimedia container.
5. MPGThe distance (in miles) a vehicle can travel on one gallon of fuel. For vehicles that operate on fuels that cannot be measured in gallons (electricity, natural gas, hydrogen), the gasoline gallon equivalent is employed to give a reference point for comparison. Also Known As: mpg, MPG. Examples: Fuel economy is measured in miles per gallon.
6. TCP/IPTCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a
communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or anextranet). When you are set up with direct access to the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other computer that you may send messages to or get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP. TCP/IP is a two-layer program. The higher layer, Transmission Control Protocol, manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original message. The lower layer, Internet Protocol, handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to the right destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks this address to see where to forward the message. Even though some packets from the same message are routed differently than others, they'll be reassembled at the destination.. It uses the client/servermodel of communication in which a computer user (a client) requests and is provided a service (such as sending a Web page) by another computer (a server) in the network. TCP/IP communication is primarily point-to-point, meaning each communication is from one point (or host computer) in the network to another point or host computer. TCP/IP and the higher-level applications that use it are collectively said to be "stateless" because each client request is considered a new request unrelated to any previous one (unlike ordinary phone conversations that require a dedicated connection for the call duration). Being stateless frees network paths so that everyone can use them continuously. (Note that the TCP layer itself is not stateless as far as any one message is conMany Internet users are familiar with the even higher layer application protocols that use TCP/IP to get to the Internet. These include the World Wide Web's Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet (Telnet) which lets you logon to remote computers, and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). These and other protocols are often packaged together with TCP/IP as a "suite."Personal computer users with an analog phone modem connection to the Internet usually get to the Internet through the Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) or the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). These protocols encapsulate the IP packets so that they can be sent over the dial-up phone connection to an access provider's modem. Protocols related to TCP/IP include the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is used instead of TCP for special purposes. Other protocols are used by network host computers for exchanging routerinformation. These include the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP), and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). (pronounced as separate letters) Short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite of communications protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP
uses several protocols, the two main ones being TCP and IP. TCP/IP is built into the UNIX operating system and is used by the Internet, making it the de facto standard for transmitting data over networks. Even network operating systems that have their own protocols, such as Netware, also support TCP/IP.cerned. Its connection remains in place until all packets in a message have been received.).
7. Interactive Web Page. mutually or reciprocally active; 2. involving the communication or collaboration of people or things; 3. allowing or involving the exchange of information or instructions between a person and a machine, such as a computer or a television. Synonyms: responsive, reciprocal, synergistic, interactional. Antonyms: one-sided. Tips: Interactive is most often heard when discussing "interactive media," such as computers or video games. When technology is interactive, people are able to interact with it. Usage Examples: The music web site offers some unique interactive applications that enable visitors to search for music and find background information on individual artists. (responsive) The Internet is an interactive medium. (interactional) It was an interactive dialogue, with both sides contributing to the discussion. (synergistic). A good teacher creates interactive lessons that requires students to participate. (involved with input and output).
8. Static Web PageA generic term for the many different forms of electronic communication that are made possible through the use of computer technology. The term is in relation to "old" media forms, such as print newspapers and magazines, that are static representations of text and graphics. New media includes: Web sites, streaming audio and video , chat rooms , e-mail , online communities, Web advertising , DVD and CD-ROM media, virtual reality environments, integration of digital data with the telephone, such as Internet telephony ,digital cameras,mobile computing ,Use of the term new media implies that the data communication is happening between desktop and laptop computers and handhelds, such as PDAs, and the media they take data from, such as compact discs and floppy disks..
9. Browser (IE/Netscape/others)Short for Web browser, a software application used to locate and display Web pages. The two most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Firefox. Both of these are graphical browsers, which means that they can display graphics as well as text. In addition, most modern browsers can present multimedia information, including sound and video, though they require plug-ins for some formats.
10.
Object Oriented Programming-
A type of programming in which programmers define not only the data type of a data structure, but also the types of operations (functions) that can be applied to the data structure. In this way, the data structure becomes an object that includes both data and functions. In addition, programmers can create relationships between one object and another. For example, objects can inherit characteristics from other objects. One of the principal advantages of object-oriented programming techniques over procedural programming techniques is that they enable programmers to create modules that do not need to be changed when a new type of object is added. A programmer can simply create a new object that inherits many of its features from existing objects. This makes objectoriented programs easier to modify. To perform object-oriented programming, one needs an object-oriented programming language (OOPL). Java, C++ and Smalltalk are three of the more popular languages, and there are also object-oriented versions of Pascal
11.
Batch Files-
file that contains a sequence, or batch, of commands. Batch files are useful for storing sets of commands that are always executed together because you can simply enter the name of the batch file instead of entering each command individually.
In DOS systems, batch files end with a.BAT extension. For example, the following DOS batch file prints the date and time and sets the prompt to GO>: date time prompt [GO>] Whenever you boot a DOS -based computer, the system automatically executes the batch file named AUTOEXEC.BAT, if it exists. Many operating systems use the terms command file or shell script in place of batch file.
12.
Visual Basic-
Visual Basic is a programming language and development environment created by Microsoft. It is an extension of the BASIC programming language that combines BASIC functions and commands with visual controls. Visual Basic provides a graphical user interface GUI that allows the developer to drag and drop objects into the program as well as manually write program code.Visual Basic, also referred to as "VB," is designed to make software development easy and efficient, while still being powerful enough to create advanced programs. For example, the Visual Basic language is designed to be "human readable," which means the source code can be understood without requiring lots of comments. The Visual Basic program also includes features like "IntelliSense" and "Code Snippets," which automatically generate code for visual objects added by the programmer. Another feature, called "AutoCorrect," can debug the code while the program is running.Programs created with Visual Basic can be designed to run on Windows, on the Web, within Office applications, or on mobile devices. Visual Studio, the most comprehensive VB development environment, or IDE, can be used to create programs for all these mediums. Visual Studio .NET provides development tools to create programs based on the .NET framework, such as ASP.NET applications, which are often deployed on the Web. Finally, Visual Basic is available as a streamlined application that is used primarily by beginning developers and for educational purposes.
13.
Virtual Environments-
A computer-generated, three-dimensional representation of a setting in which the user of the technology perceives themselves to be and within which interaction takes place, also called virtual landscape, virtual space, virtual world.
14.
Streaming Video-
Streaming video is content sent in compressed form over the Internet and displayed by the viewer in real time. With streaming video or streaming media, a Web user does not have to wait to download a file to play it. Instead, the media is sent in a continuous stream of data and is played as it arrives. The user needs a player, which is a special program that uncompresses and sends video data to the display and audio data to speakers. A player can be either an integral part of a browser or downloaded from the software maker's Web site. Major streaming video and streaming media technologies include RealSystem G2 from RealNetwork, Microsoft Windows Media Technologies (including its NetShow Services and Theater Server), and VDO. Microsoft's approach uses the standard MPEG compressionalgorithm for video. The other approaches use proprietary algorithms. (The program that does the compression and decompression is sometimes called the codec.) Microsoft's technology offers streaming audio at up to 96 Kbps and streaming video at up to 8 Mbps (for the NetShow Theater Server). However, for most Web users, the streaming video will be limited to the data rates of the connection (for example, up to 128 Kbps with an ISDN connection). Microsoft's streaming media files are in its Advanced Streaming Format (ASF).Streaming video is usually sent from prerecorded video files, but can be distributed as part of a live broadcast "feed." In a live broadcast, the video signal is converted into a compressed digital signal and transmitted from a special Web server that is able to do multicast, sending the same file to multiple users at the same time.
15.
ISPs (Internet Service Providers)-
An ISP is a company that supplies Internet connectivity to home and business customers. ISPs support one or more forms of Internet access, ranging from traditional modem dial-up to DSL and cable modem broadband service to dedicated T1/T3 lines. More recently, wireless Internet service providers or WISPs have emerged that offer Internet access through wireless LAN or wireless broadband networks. In addition to basic connectivity, many ISPs also offer related Internet services like email, Web hosting and access to software tools. A few companies also offer free ISP service to those who need occasional Internet connectivity. These free offerings feature limited connect time and are often bundled with some other product or service.
16.
WWW Versus Internet-
Content vs. transport. Many people use the terms Web and Internet synonymously. In casual conversation such as "I was on the Internet" or "I was on the Web," there is no difference. However, in fact, the Web is just one of the services deployed on the Internet. Just as cargo is transported by a truck on a highway, a Web page is transported by packets on the Internet. When information is sent over the Internet, it is broken apart and packaged inside Internet Protocol packets or "IP packets." See packet switching and TCP/IP. Not Just Web Pages Every form of information travels over the Internet, including e-mail messages, newsgroup news, instant messages as well as audio, video and data files of all description. Countless client-toserver and client-to-client (peer-to-peer) applications have been and will continue to be developed using the Internet as transport between sending and receiving stations. See World Wide Web, Internet and IP.Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web (aka. the Web) interchangeably, but in fact the two terms are not synonymous. The Internet and the Web are two separate but related things. The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet. Information that travels over the Internet does so via a variety of languages known as protocols.. The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of
accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an informationsharing model that is built on top of the Internet. The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit data. Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to communicate in order to exchange business logic, use the the Web to share information. The Web also utilizes browsers, such as Internet Explorer or Firefox, to access Web documents called Web pages that are linked to each other via hyperlinks. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and video.The Web is just one of the ways that information can be disseminated over the Internet. The Internet, not the Web, is also used for e-mail, which relies on SMTP, Usenet news groups, instant messaging and FTP. So the Web is just a portion of the Internet, albeit a large portion, but the two terms are not synonymous and should not be confused. In March 1972 Ray Tomlinson wrote the first basic e-mail program. In 1976 Queen Elizabeth II sent an email. (Source: Brief Timeline of the Internet)
17.
Ethernet/Fast Ethernet-
A local-area network (LAN) architecture developed by Xerox Corporation in cooperation with DEC and Intel in 1976. Ethernet uses a bus or star topology and supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps. The Ethernet specification served as the basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard, which specifies the physical and lower software layers. Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD access method to handle simultaneous demands. It is one of the most widely implemented LAN standards.
18.
Bandwidth and SpeedWe use the U.S. English "Kbps" as the abbreviation for "thousands of
bits per second." In international English outside the U.S., the equivalent usage is "kbits s-1" or "kbits/s". Engineers use data rate rather than speed, but speed (as in "Why isn't my Web page getting here faster?") seems more meaningful for the less technically inclined. Many of us tend to think that the number of bits getting somewhere over a period of time is their speed of travel. Relative to data transmission, a related term, bandwidth or "capacity," means how wide the pipe is and how quickly the bits can be sent down the channels in the pipe. (The analogy of multiple lanes on a superhighway with cars
containing speed governors may help. One reason why digital traffic flows faster than voice traffic on the same copper line is because digital has managed to convert a one-lane or narrowband highway into a many-lane or broadband highway.) These "speeds" are aggregate speeds. That is, the data on the multiple signal channels within the carrier is usually allocated by channel for different uses or among different users. Key: "T" = T-carrier system in U.S., Canada, and Japan...."DS"= digital signal (that travels on the T-carrier or Ecarrier)..."E" = Equivalent of "T" that uses all 8 bits per channel; used in countries other than U.S. Canada, and Japan...."OC" = optical carrier (Synchronous Optical Network)...."STM" = Synchronous Transport Modules (see Synchronous DigitalHierarchy) Only the most common technologies are shown. "Physical medium" is stated generally and doesn't specify the classes or numbers of pairs of twisted pair or whether optical fiber is single-mode or multimode. The effective distance of a technology is not shown. There are published standards for many of these technologies. Some of these are indicated on pages linked to from the table.Cable modem note:The upper limit of 52 Mbps on a cable is to an ISP, not currently to an individual PC. Most of today's PCs are limited to an internal design that can accommodate no more than 10 Mbps (although the PCI bus itself carries data at a faster speed). The 52 Mbps cable channel is subdivided among individual users. Obviously, the faster the channel, the fewer channels an ISP will require and the lower the cost to support an individual user . This table shows the stated data rates for the most important end-user and backbone transmission technologies. Technology GSMmobile telephone service Speed Physical Medium Application Mobile telephone for business and personal use Mobile telephone for business and personal use Home and small business access
RF in space 9.6 to 14.4 Kbps (wireless) RF in space (wireless) twisted pair
High-Speed CircuitSwitched Data Up to 56 Kbps service (HSCSD) Regular telephone Up to 56 Kbps service (POTS)
Dedicated 56Kbps on frame relay
56 Kbps
Various
DS0 General Packet Radio System (GPRS)
64 Kbps
All
56 to 114 Kbps BRI: 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps PRI: 23 (T-1) or 30 (E1) assignable 64Kbps channels plus control channel; up to 1.544 Mbps (T-1) or 2.048 (E1) 128 Kbps
RF in space (wireless)
Business e-mail with fairly large file attachments The base signal on a channel in the set of Digital Signal levels Mobile telephone for business and personal use
ISDN
BRI: Twistedpair PRI: T-1 or E1 line
BRI: Faster home and small business access PRI: Medium and large enterprise access
IDSL
Twisted-pair
AppleTalk
230.4 Kbps
Twisted pair
Enhanced Data GSM 384 Kbps Environment (EDGE) 400 Kbps (DirecPC and others)
RF in space (wireless) RF in space (wireless)
Faster home and small business access Local area network for Apple devices; several networks can be bridged; non-Apple devices can also be connected Mobile telephone for business and personal use Faster home and small enterprise access
satellite
frame relay
Twisted-pair 56 Kbps to 1.544 or coaxial Mbps cable
DS1/T-1
1.544 Mbps
Large company backbone for LANs to ISP ISP to Internet infrastructure Twisted-pair, Large company to ISP coaxial cable, ISP to Internet or optical infrastructure
fiber Universal Mobile TelecommunicationsUp to 2 Mbps Service (UMTS) RF in space (wireless) Twisted-pair, coaxial cable, or optical fiber Twisted-pair, coaxial cable, or optical fiber Twisted-pair, coaxial cable, or optical fiber Twisted-pair, coaxial cable, or optical fiber Twisted-pair (used as a digital, broadband medium) Twisted-pair, coaxial cable, or optical fiber Coaxial cable (usually uses Ethernet); in some systems, telephone used for upstream requests 10BASE-T (twisted-pair); Mobile telephone for business and personal use (available in 2002 or later) 32-channel European equivalent of T-1
E-carrier
2.048 Mbps
T-1C (DS1C)
3.152 Mbps
Large company to ISP ISP to Internet infrastructure Second most commonly-used local area network after Ethernet Large company to ISP ISP to Internet infrastructure Home, small business, and enterprise access using existing copper lines
IBM Token Ring/802.5
4 Mbps (also 16 Mbps)
DS2/T-2
6.312 Mbps
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
512 Kbps to 8 Mbps
E-2
8.448 Mbps
Carries four multiplexed E-1 signals
cable modem
512 Kbps to 52 Mbps (see "Key and explanation" below)
Home, business, school access
Ethernet
10 Mbps
Most popular business local area network
IBM Token Ring/802.5
16 Mbps (also 4 Mbps)
E-3
34.368 Mbps
10BASE-2 or 5 (coaxial cable); 10BASE-F (optical fiber) Twisted-pair, coaxial cable, or optical fiber Twisted-pair or optical fiber
(LAN)
Second most commonly-used local area network after Ethernet Carries 16 E-l signals
DS3/T-3
44.736 Mbps
OC-1
51.84 Mbps
High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)
Up to 53 Mbps
Fast Ethernet
100 Mbps
Fiber DistributedData Interface (FDDI)
100 Mbps
T-3D (DS3D)
135 Mbps
ISP to Internet infrastructure Coaxial cable Smaller links within Internet infrastructure ISP to Internet infrastructure Optical fiber Smaller links within Internet infrastructure Between router hardware and WAN lines Short-range (50 feet) HSSI cable interconnection between slower LAN devices and faster WAN lines 100BASE-T (twisted pair); Workstations with 10 100BASE-T Mbps Ethernet cards (twisted pair); can plug into a Fast 100BASE-T Ethernet LAN (optical fiber) Large, wide-range LAN Optical fiber usually in a large company or a larger ISP ISP to Internet infrastructure Optical fiber Smaller links within Internet infrastructure
E-4
139.264 Mbps
OC-3/SDH
155.52 Mbps
E-5
565.148 Mbps
OC-12/STM-4
622.08 Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet
1 Gbps
OC-24 SciNet OC-48/STM-16 OC-192/STM-64 OC-256
1.244 Gbps 2.325 Gbps (15 OC-3 lines) 2.488 Gbps 10 Gbps 13.271 Gbps
Carries 4 E3 channels Up to 1,920 Optical fiber simultaneous voice conversations Large company Optical fiber backbone Internet backbone Carries 4 E4 channels Up to 7,680 Optical fiber simultaneous voice conversations Optical fiber Internet backbone Workstations/networks Optical fiber with 10/100 Mbps (and "copper" Ethernet plug into up to 100 Gigabit Ethernet meters) switches Optical fiber Internet backbone Part of the vBNS Optical fiber backbone Optical fiber Internet backbone Optical fiber Backbone Optical fiber Backbone
19.
Computer Network-
A computer with minimal memory, disk storage and processor power designed to connect to a network, especially the Internet. The idea behind network computers is that many users who are connected to a network don't need all the computer power they get from a typical personal computer. Instead, they can rely on the power of the network servers. This is really a variation on an old idea -- diskless workstations -- which are computers that contain memory and a processor but no disk storage. Instead, they rely on a server to store data. Network computers take this idea one step further by also minimizing the amount of memory and processor power required by the workstation. Network computers designed to connect to the Internet are sometimes called Internet boxes, Net PCs, and Internet appliances. One of the strongest arguments behind network computers is that they reduce the
total cost of ownership (TCO) -- not only because the machines themselves are less expensive than PCs, but also because network computers can be administered and updated from a central network server.
20.
Graphic User Interface (GUI)-
GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. See the GUI definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems. Abbreviated GUI (pronounced GOO-ee). A program interface that takes advantage of the computer's graphics capabilities to make the program easier to use. Well-designed graphical user interfaces can free the user from learning complex command languages. On the other hand, many users find that they work more effectively with a command-driven interface, especially if they already know the command language.Graphical user interfaces, such as Microsoft Windows and the one used by the Apple Macintosh, feature the following basic components: pointer : A symbol that appears on the display screen and that you move to select objects andcommands. Usually, the pointer appears as a small angled arrow. Text processing applications, however, use an I-beam pointer that is shaped like a capital I. pointing device : A device, such as a mouse or trackball, that enables you to select objects on the display screen. icons : Small pictures that represent commands, files, or windows. By moving the pointer to the icon and pressing a mouse button, you can execute a command or convert the icon into a window. You can also move the icons around the display screen as if they were real objects on your desk. desktop : The area on the display screen where icons are grouped is often referred to as the desktop because the icons are intended to represent real objects on a real desktop. windows: You can divide the screen into different areas. In each window, you can run a different program or display a different file. You can move windows around the display screen, and change their shape and size at will. menus : Most graphical user interfaces let you execute commands by selecting a choice from a menu. he first graphical user interface was designed by Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s, but it was not until the 1980s and the emergence of the Apple Macintosh that graphical user interfaces became popular. One reason for their slow acceptance was the fact that they require considerable CPU power and a high-quality monitor, which until recently were prohibitively expensive. In addition to their visual

components, graphical user interfaces also make it easier to move data from one application to another. A true GUI includes standard formats for representing text and graphics. Because the formats are well-defined, different programs that run under a common GUI can share data. This makes it possible, for example, to copy a graph created by a spreadsheet program into a document created by a word processor.Many DOS programs include some features of GUIs, such as menus, but are not graphics based. Such interfaces are sometimes called graphical character-based user interfaces to distinguish them from true GUIs.
21.
Operating System-
Operating system ABCs An operating system, or OS, is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a computer would be useless. Operating system types As computers have progressed and developed so have the operating systems. Below is a basic list of the different operating systems and a few examples of operating systems that fall into each of the categories. Many computer operating systems will fall into more than one of the below categories. GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. See the GUI definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems. System 7.x, Windows 98, Windows CE. Multi-user A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and different times. See the multi-user definition for a complete definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of multi-user operating systems. Multiprocessing - An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. Below are some examples of multiprocessing operating systems. Multitasking - An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking operating systems. Multithreading - Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are. An Operating System is a software program or set of programs
that mediate access between physical devices (such as a keyboard, mouse, monitor, disk drive or network connection) and application programs (such as a word processor, World-Wide Web browser or electronic mail client). Some characteristics of an Operating System are: Whether multiple programs can run on it simultaneously: multi-tasking Whether it can take advantage of multiple processors: multi-processing Whether multiple users can run programs on it simultaneously: multi-user Whether it can reliably prevent application programs from directly accessing hardware devices: protected Whether it has built-in support for graphics. Whether it has built-in support for networks.
Some popular Operating System's are: Unix: multi-tasking, multi-processing, multi-user, protected, with built-in support for networking but not graphics. Windows NT: multi-tasking, multi-processing, single-user, protected, with built-in support for networking and graphics. Windows 95/98: multi-tasking, multi-processing, single-user, unprotected, with built-in support for networking and graphics. Windows 3.x: single-tasking, single-processing, single-user, unprotected, with built-in support for graphics but not networking. DOS: single-tasking, single-processing, single-user, unprotected with no built-in support for graphics or networking.
NetWare: multi-tasking, multi-processing, single-user, unprotected, with builtin support for networking but not graphics.
22.
Needs Assessment-
a systematic method of identifying the public health,health / social care needs of a population and making recommendations for changes to\meet these needs.[1] In this context need is defined as ability to benefit from a policy or service intervention. The aim of NA is to maximise appropriate effective care / policy, minimise both theprovision of ineffective care / policy and the existence of unmet need. NA provides asystematic framework for undertaking a complex and important task in an evidencebased\way. The practice of Health Needs Assessment (HNA) first became widespread in the early1990s, at the time of the introduction of the NHS internal market. HNA
was used timprove efficiency aiming to identify which cost-effective services should beprovided to meet population health needs, and which ineffective services should not. More recently with the rise of the inequalities agenda, the emphasis of HNA has shifted more towards achieving equity i.e. fair user access to health services and fair allocation of resources by providers to services. The shift to a primary-care led NHS and a local governance partnership agenda has seen Local Health Boards (LHBs) and Local Authorities given a joint statutory duty of assessing the health and social needs of their population. These are characterised as the Corporate, Comparative and Epidemiological approaches to HN.
23.
Information Technology-
In the broadest sense, information technology refers to both the hardware and software that are used to store, retrieve, and manipulate information. At the lowest level you have the servers with an operating system. Installed on these servers are things like database and web serving software. The servers are connected to each other and to users via a network infrastructure. And the users accessing these servers have their own hardware, operating system, and software tools. The development, installation, and implementation of computer systems and applications. (Electronics & Computer Science / Communications & Information) the technology of the production, storage, and communication of information using computers and microelectronics. The technology involved with the transmission and storage of information, especially the development, installation, implementation, and management of computer systems within companies, universities, and otherganizations. the branch of engineering that deals with the use of computers and telecommunications to retrieve and store and transmit information ITapplied science, engineering science, technology, engineering - the discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems; "he had trouble deciding which branch of engineering to study.
24.
Personal Computers (Windows & Macintosh)-
Personal computer users with an analog phone modem connection to the Internet usually get to the Internet through the Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) or the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). These protocols encapsulate the IP packets so that they can be sent over the dial-up phone connection to an access provider's modem. A family of operating systems for personal computers. Windows dominates the personal computer world, running, by some estimates, on 90% of all personal computers. The remaining 10% are mostly Macintosh computers. Like the Macintosh operating environment, Windows provides a graphical user interface Windows 7 is an operating system for personal computers made by Microsoft that will be launched in October 2009. Windows 7 replaced Windows Vista as Microsoft's newest operating system. It was previously codenamed "Blackcomb" and "Vienna".Also Known As: WindowsExamples: Windows 7 is better than Windows Vista in terms of user friendliness, stability and functionality. (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices. This is the name of the computers that are made by Apple Computer. The first Macintosh was introduced in 1984 and was seen as a major innovation in computing ease-of-use. The Macintosh was the first personal computer to use a graphical user interface (GUI), which allowed the user to interact with the operating system by using a mouse to click and drag objects. Since 1984, Apple has continually revised and upgraded the Macintosh product line and now makes both laptop and desktop versions of the Macintosh. The Macintosh product line includes the following models: Power Mac - a high-performance desktop computer for professionals PowerBook - a high-performance laptop computer for professionals. iMac - a creatively designed consumer desktop computer iBook - a laptop computer for students and home users eMac - an all-in-one desktop computer for educators and entry-level consumers Mac mini - a super-small, fully functional computer sold without a monitor, keyboard, or mouse . Apple also makes other equipment such as displays, MP3 players, and networking hardware, but the Macintosh is the heart and soul of the company. Macintosh computers run the Macintosh operating system, creatively named the "Mac OS."
25.
High Level Language Versus Machine Language-
A programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer. Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages. In contrast, assembly languages are considered low-level because they are very close to machine languages. The main advantage of high-level languages over low-level languages is that they are easier to read, write, and maintain. Ultimately, programs written in a high-level language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter. The first high-level programming languages were designed in the 1950s. Now there are dozens of different languages, including Ada, Algol, BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, FORTRAN, LISP, Pascal, and Prolog. machine language )The lowest-level programming language (except for computers that utilize programmable microcode) Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers. While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers. Programmers, therefore, use either a high-level programming language or an assembly language. An assembly language contains the same instructions as a machine language, but the instructions and variables have names instead of being just numbers. Programs written in high-level languages are translated into assembly language or machine language by a compiler. Assembly language programs are translated into machine language by a program called an assembler. Every CPU has its own unique machine language. Programs must be rewritten or recompiled, therefore, to run on different types of computers. graphical user interfaceAbbreviated GUI (pronounced GOO-ee). A program interface that takes advantage of the computer's graphics capabilities to
make the program easier to use. Well-designed graphical user interfaces can free the user from learning complex command languages. On the other hand, many users find that they work more effectively with a command-driven interface, especially if they already know the command language.Graphical user interfaces, such as Microsoft Windows and the one used by the Apple Macintosh, feature the following basic components: pointer : A symbol that appears on the display screen and that you move to select objects and commands. Usually, the pointer appears as a small angled arrow. Text processing applications, however, use an I-beam pointer that is shaped like a capital pointing device : A device, such as a mouse or trackball, that enables you to select objects on the display screen. icons : Small pictures that represent commands, files, or windows. By moving the pointer to the icon and pressing a mouse button, you can execute a command or convert the icon into a window. You can also move the icons around the display screen as if they were real objects on your desk. desktop : The area on the display screen where icons are grouped is often referred to as the desktop because the icons are intended to represent real objects on a real desktop. windows: You can divide the screen into different areas. In each window, you can run a different program or display a different file. You can move windows around the display screen, and change their shape and size at will. menus : Most graphical user interfaces let you execute commands by selecting a choice from a menu. The first graphical user interface was designed by Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s, but it was not until the 1980s and the emergence of the Apple Macintosh that graphical user interfaces became popular. One reason for their slow acceptance was the fact that they require considerable CPU power and a high-quality monitor, which until recently were prohibitively expensive.In addition to their visual components, graphical user interfaces also make it easier to move data from one application to another. A true GUI includes standard formats for representing text and graphics. Because the formats are well-defined, different programs that run under a common GUI can share data. This makes it possible, for example, to copy a graph created by a spreadsheet program into a document created by a word processor.Many DOS programs include some features of GUIs, such as menus, but are not graphics based. Such interfaces are sometimes called graphical character-based user interfaces to distinguish them from true GUIs.

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Nichole Knerr July 5, 2011

Object Oriented Programming-

ISPs (Internet Service Providers)-

WWW Versus Internet-

RF in space 9.6 to 14.4 Kbps (wireless) RF in space (wireless) twisted pair

Dedicated 56Kbps on frame relay

DS0 General Packet Radio System (GPRS)

BRI: Twistedpair PRI: T-1 or E1 line

RF in space (wireless) RF in space (wireless)

Twisted-pair 56 Kbps to 1.544 or coaxial Mbps cable

IBM Token Ring/802.5

4 Mbps (also 16 Mbps)

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

512 Kbps to 8 Mbps

Carries four multiplexed E-1 signals

512 Kbps to 52 Mbps (see "Key and explanation" below)

Home, business, school access

Most popular business local area network

IBM Token Ring/802.5

16 Mbps (also 4 Mbps)

High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)

Fiber DistributedData Interface (FDDI)

OC-24 SciNet OC-48/STM-16 OC-192/STM-64 OC-256

Graphic User Interface (GUI)-

Personal Computers (Windows & Macintosh)-

High Level Language Versus Machine Language-

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