Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
1
Design for Complexity
Massimo Menichinelli
Open
Software Hardware
Research Social Innovation
Crowdsourcing Knowledge Economy
Technology
Peer-to-Peer
Design Community
Web 2.0
Platform
Community-based
Service
Co-creation
Enabler
Local
Product
Complexity Sustainability
Business
Methodology
Activity
Self-organization
Social Network Locality Participation
Institutions
openp2pdesign.org_1.1
Massimo Menichinelli
Massimo Menichinelli
Some Rights Reserved, 2008
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
info@openp2pdesign.org
http://www.openp2pdesign.org
EN
openp2pdesign.org_1.1
in English
EN
EN
Table of Contents
Introduction 11
01 Design and Locality 13
02 Design and Community 15
03 Design, Community and Free Software / Open Source / Peer-to-Peer 17
04 Design and Complexity for Communities 21
05 Design and Complexity towards Sustainability 25
06 Open P2P Communities 31
06.01 An early definition of Open P2P Communities 31
06.02 A loose definition, between many classifications 34
06.03 An Open P2P Communities list (1.1) 37
06.04 Open P2P Communities and Participation 40
07 The activity of an Open P2P Community and Service Design 43
07.01 Activity of a community and Activity System 43
07.02 Activity and the structure of the Open Peer-to-Peer Communities 45
07.03 Open Peer-to-Peer Communities described with an Activity System 47
07.04 Activity Systems and Service Design 49
08 Open P2P Communities and the Platform 53
09 Open P2P Design: the designer as an enabler 59
10 First examples of an Open and P2P Design 63
10.01 Co-created Service Design: RED's Open Health 64
10.02 Open Design, Open Source Software and Open Hardware: Openmoko 70
10.03 Open Design and Open Hardware: VIA OpenBook 78
11 First guidelines for an Open P2P Design 85
11.01 Analysis 87
11.02 Concept 87
11.03 Parallel co-design / test / setting-up 87
11.04 Self-organization 89
12. Future development for Open P2P Design 97
12.01 Design and research directions 97
12.02 A research for a social knowledge discipline 99
Bibliography 315
EN
EN
Introduction
This short book represents a summed up and multilingual
version of my thesis, and also as an introduction to the
openp2pdesign.org website (with its 1.1 version). My research
behind openp2pdesign.org, in fact, arose from my master
degree thesis that I developed from March 2005 to April 2006,
"Reti Collaborative. Il design per una auto-organizzazione
Open Peer-to-Peer" ("Collaborative Networks. Design for an
Open Peer-to-Peer self-organization"), with prof. Ezio Manzini
as a tutor at the Politecnico di Milano, Faculty of Design. This
research started from the relationship between design and
local dimension, through design for a community, and then
design and community-based organizational forms like Free
Software, Open Source, Peer-to-Peer and Web 2.0 (or, Open
Peer-to-Peer).
This thesis has represented a huge opportunity to observe a
phenomenon as the passage of Open Source and Peer-to-Peer
organizational forms from the field of IT and ICT to a much
broader number of fields, yet when the term Web 2.0 was in
his first months of life and YouTube had not yet become
famous. Therefore I had the opportunity to know these trends
and their opportunities at their birth, but I could also start to
think and understand how we could learn from them and use
them in the Design field.
Comments:
11
EN
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/
Comments:
12
EN
Design
Locality
01 Design and Locality
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/24
In the last 7-6 years, the design community has started
approaching the locality with growing interest. For the design
community, the locality is to be intended as the whole
characteristics of the territory where the project is developed
and directed to. The territory of users and designers too: the
territory of every stakeholder. Therefore, many initiatives have
been developed in Europe and in Italy, with the purpose of
redefining a relationship that (almost) have never been: the
relationship between Design and Locality.
Comments:
13
EN
Comments:
14
Sustainability EN
Design
Community
Comments:
15
EN
http://www.sustainable-everyday.net/manzini/
2. Manzini E. (2006)
Comments:
16
EN
Free Software
Open P2P Design
Communities Community
03 Design, Community and Free Open Source
Softwarehttp://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/11
/ Open Source / Peer-to-Peer Peer-to-Peer
Why should Design learn from Free Software, Open Source
and P2P how to relate to a community?
All these cases (inspired by, derived by, prior to Free Software,
Open Source and P2P communities) can be grouped (at least
Comments:
17
EN
Comments:
18
EN
Comments:
19
EN
Comments:
20
EN
Free Software
Complexity Design
Service design
04 Design and Complexity for Open Source
Communities
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/12
Why Design should learn how to relate to Complexity?
3. Pizzocaro S. (2004)
4. Kuwabara K. (2000)
Comments:
21
EN
5. Sangiorgi D. (2004)
Comments:
22
EN
http://www.mediadigitali.polimi.it/ddd/ddd_07/numero/w_articoli/72_05_sangiorgi.pdf
Comments:
23
EN
Comments:
24
EN
Complexity Design Open P2P
Communities
05 Design and Complexity towards Sustainability
Sustainability
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/13
Modernity
Why Design should learn how to relate to Complexity to
understand Sustainability?
6. Rullani E. (2002)
Comments:
25
EN
7. Augé M. (1992)
Comments:
26
EN
Comments:
27
EN
http://www.timboucher.com/journal/2006/11/05/texas-border-watch-website/
Comments:
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/15/opinion/15robb.html?ex=128702880
0&en=c62742c466b5ed1e&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
28
EN
http://www.theonion.com/content/news/chanel_develops_durable_low_cost
http://www.nextbillion.net/blogs/2007/01/23/bop-spoofed-by-the-onion
Comments:
29
EN
Comments:
30
Open Source EN
Open P2P
Peer-to-Peer
Web 2.0 Communities
06 Openhttp://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/37
P2P Communities Crowdsourcing
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/144
Comments:
31
EN
Comments:
32
EN
Comments:
33
EN
Comments:
34
EN
Comments:
35
EN
Therefore, the main reason for the lack of Web 2.0 and
Crowdsourcing inside the thesis is mainly due for a temporal
factor. The interest towards the organizational forms and the
principles developed in the Free Software (and Open Source
and P2P) Communities was born end of the nineties.
However, we had to wait until 2003 for the first awareness of
this possibility, thanks to the Goetz’s article appeared on
Wired12. The organizational methodology of the Open Source
Communities are seen as the right infrastructure for a
knowledge economy, just as the assembly line had been for
the Fordist mass-production economy. The interest for Open
Source / Free Software / P2P organizational forms was born
therefore before the definition of Web 2.013.
Comments:
36
EN
Comments:
37
EN
Comments:
38
EN
Comments:
39
EN
http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/neighbourhood_gardener/
http://www.terramadre2006.org/
Grameen Bank http://www.grameen-info.org/
Collaborative networks that improve their local dimension
Terra Madre / Slow Food http://www.slowfood.com/
Open Heatlh
Development Gateway
BBC’s Neighbourhood Gardener
The BBC iCan/Action Network
Self-Help Groups http://www.bbc.co.uk/actionnetwork/
Honey Bee network http://www.sristi.org/honeybee.html
Kiva http://www.kiva.org/
Collaborative networks that help other communities
Sustainable Everyday Project / EMUDE
The New Earth Fund http://www.newearth.info/
mySociety http://www.mysociety.org/
The Launchpad (Young foundation)
http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/3249
Comments:
40
EN
http://www.designcouncil.info/mt/RED/health/
possible types of participation: there are three ways in which
Open P2P Communities can self-organize. They can self-
organize with:
http://www.developmentgateway.org/
_a bottom-up participation: a community gather
independently to fix a common problem (for example: Amul).
The community forms in a bottom-up way;
_a top-down participation: a (public or private) service that
allows the formation of a community and bases on it its
operation is offered. Participants operate in order to fulfill the
enterprise's/local institution's goals/work (i.e. the participants
depend from the enterprise/local institution) (for example:
YouTube). The service is offered in a top-down way, and the
participants act consequently; http://www.sustainable-everyday.net/EMUDE/
_a marketplace participation: a (public or private) service that
allows the formation of a community is offered, and the
participants gather in the community. Participants behave
independently, forming relationships between each other in
order to develop their own goals/works (i.e. they behave
independently, in a true peer-to-peer way) (for example: BBC
Action Network). The service is delivered in a top-down way,
but the participants act in a bottom-up way within it.
http://launchpad.youngfoundation.org/
The fundamental point is: who takes the initiative and looks
for persons in order to form a community? And with which
Comments:
41
EN
Comments:
42
EN
Activity Theory
Open P2P
Communities
07 The activity of an Open P2P Service Design
Community and Service Design
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/45
07.01 Activity of a community and Activity System
In order to completely understand the characteristics shared
by the Open Peer-to-Peer Communities, it is possible to use a
theory developed for the study of the human activities: the
Activity Theory. Once we understand the activities carried out
by the Open Peer-to-Peer Communities, we can understand
how they develop and behave, and the characteristics that
generate them, since they form from the development of one
or more activity. http://www.edu.helsinki.fi/activity/pages/chatanddwr/chat/
Comments:
43
EN
Comments:
44
EN
mediating artifacts
Comments:
45
EN
Comments:
46
EN
Comments:
47
EN
Comments:
48
EN
Comments:
49
EN
Comments:
50
EN
artifacts
artifacts
potentially
shared object
subject object subject
object
rules rules
community division oflabor division oflabor community
Comments:
51
EN
Comments:
52
Activity Theory EN
Platform Open P2P
Communities
08 Open P2P Communities and the Service Design
Platform
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/106
What can we “design” in a community?
We cannot think about designing the relationships and the
complexity of a community (which are the features that make
it a community). The disciplines that traditionally have been
interested in communities (architecture, urban planning, web
design) are not oriented to design the relationships but the
characteristics that, once realized, enable and support the
birth and the development of the relationships. The necessary
infrastructure for the relationships, their platform.
Comments:
53
EN
Comments:
54
EN
artifacts
subject object
Comments:
55
EN
Comments:
56
EN
Comments:
57
EN
Comments:
58
Open P2P Complexity EN
Communities Enabler
Linux
Comments:
59
EN
Comments:
60
EN
Comments:
61
EN
Comments:
62
Open Hardware Business/Service Community-based Services EN
Open Source Free Software Mobile
Service Design
examples of an Open and P2P Co-creation
10 First http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/162
Design Product Design
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/172
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/173
In order to see how an Open P2P methodology has real and
especially topical potentials for application, we can point out
some first cases of design projects based on strategies of Technology
openness and user involvement in the project and usage stage
of the product/service offered . These projects are the Open
Health project developed by the design team RED (the first in
chronological order, and even today one of the most
innovative), the Openmoko mobile and the VIA OpenBook
subnotebook. These three cases offer first reflections and
attempts of Co-created Service Design, Open Design and Open
Hardware initiatives: cases that share openness of the project
through peer-to-peer dynamics and community building.
Comments:
63
EN
http://www.designcouncil.info/RED/
10.01 Co-created Service Design: RED's Open Health
Open Health is one of the first example of P2P-inspired Design.
After a careful reflection, Hilary Cottam and Charles
Leadbeater developed this experimental project of reform of
public services within the RED design unit of the British
Design Council, which, during its lifetime, proposed new
approaches to economic and social problems through
innovative uses of design.
During its existence, RED eveloped its projects explicitly
relying on the principles developed by the movement of Open
Source software, i.e. developing concepts very rapidly and
making them questionable even outside the division.
Comments:
64
EN
Comments:
65
EN
Comments:
66
EN
Comments:
67
EN
Comments:
68
EN
Comments:
69
EN
www.designcouncil.info/mt/RED/publications/publicationscontainer/me2_story.pdf
The RED design team developed a service based on two
approaches to resolve the problem. The first concerns the
development of a set of cards (Agenda cards) that patients and
physicians use during their meetings to improve their
communication, because patients are not always able to
communicate their feelings about diabetes. The advantage of
cards is the easy and short prototyping and testing time, using
the feedback of the participants to direct the further
development of the project.
The second approach consists in a consulting service called
Me2Coach Service, where people with a long experience of
living with the disease play the role of coaches of people
affected by the problem only recently, who knows what
changes are to be undertaken but are not quite willing to act
yet. The coaches, with their long experience, provide valuable
advices outside the public health service, thus constituting a
not hierarchical service where participants are at the same
level and have the same problems: on a peer-to-peer basis.
Comments:
70
EN
http://www.openmoko.com/
http://www.guixe.com/exhibitions/2003_mtks-lisboa/index.html
Comments:
71
EN
http://www.openmoko.com/products-neo-base-00-stdkit.html
open source software that he can apply to products too, but in
substance this is not Open Design.
http://www.fic.com.tw/
The Openmoko initiative (in its first incarnation, Neo1973,
produced by FIC) is so important because the adoption of the
Open Source philosophy is not an experiment but a real
initiative. We have gone beyond the stage of inspiration and
experimentation for Open Design, to a stage where it is put
into practice by big companies too. Of course,
experimentation is not over and should be pursued further,
but now we are talking about a product that the general
public will see in stores and that is in competition with the
most expected product of the moment, the Apple iPhone.
And this referring to the freedom that this choice of opening
may give the user, just like the philosophy of the Free
Software: "If you can’t open it, you don’t own it. Our first key
unlocked the software, unleashing the community to recraft the
code. Now, we free the case and share the keys to Industrial
Design. Developers who want to re-craft the case are set free".
http://www.openmoko.com
It is by no coincidence that we can buy an advanced version,
bearing all that is needed to open and edit the phone, enabling
its hacking in order to customize and learn from it at the same
time. The distribution of the design files is therefore a logical
consequence; the files (IGES, STEP, ProE), have been published
under a Creative Commons ShareAlike license.
http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/Neo1973
Comments: http://downloads.openmoko.org/CAD/
72
EN
Comments:
73
EN
Comments:
74
EN
Comments:
75
EN
Comments:
76
EN
Comments:
77
EN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA_Technologies
10.03 Open Design and Open Hardware: VIA OpenBook
After the first example of a real Open Design mass product, we
have now another example like this, showing us how Open
Business strategies are already understood and spread now.
VIA Technologies, the world's largest independent
manufacturer of motherboard chipsets, from Taiwan,
published the CAD files of his last product: VIA OpenBook.
http://www.viaopenbook.com
Comments:
78
EN
Comments:
79
EN
Comments:
80
EN
http://www.viaopenbook.com/
Comments:
81
EN
Comments:
82
EN
Comments:
83
EN
Comments:
84
Participation Complexity EN
Open P2P Enabler
Self-organization Communities Platform
Design
11 First guidelines for an Open P2P
Methodology
Design http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/108
Social Network
Unlike a traditional, linear, design process, Open Peer-to-Peer Analysis
Design is non-linear and characterized by multiple parallell
processes because of the large number of agents and their Community
interactions. An Open Peer-to-Peer design process thus
provides the basis for developing more parallel projects, an
ecosystem of designer agents with a memetic evolution of
the projects that are more “suitable” to the community,
whose selection will lead to better results.
Comments:
85
EN
During the design process and at its end, the community will
self-organize modifying the project if necessary, as far as
possible; it is this ability to self-organize and improve the local
conditions that makes the communities alive and interesting.
Participation in this design process is open and equal, but is
also governed by two principles: self-selection and reputation,
which give place to different levels of participation in the
various design phases, according to the possession of
knowledge needed in each project phase. The different phases
of the design process, therefore, require different levels of
participation and therefore commitment and visibility of the
participants. These different levels give place to different
typical phases (similar to some phases of the community of
practice) of the life of the communities: potential, coalescing,
stable, self-organization and expansion, decline (picture 13).
Comments:
86
EN
11.01 Analysis
The project begins with an analysis of the participants, in
order to understand the existing and therefore usable
resources, limitations, critical points. Through the analysis,
the designers begin to know the participants, prefiguring
which features the community’s activity could have in the
future. The objective of this phase is to define the objectives
and the strategy on which the concept of the community’s
activity will be build. The analysis, carried out through
ethnographic investigation and social networks analysis, will
cover the platform, the characteristics of the individual
participants if possible, as well as existing activities.
11.02 Concept
Once the analysis of the participants, of their activities and
their social networks is done, a first concept of the
community’s activity (and its platform) is developed. The
designers then develop an initial version (we might say the
0.0.1 version) of the project of the activity/platform, formalized
in the community source code.
10.03 Parallel co-design / test / setting-up
Comments:
87
EN
Comments:
88
EN
11.04 Self-organization
After the first “stable version” (1.0.0) of the source code is
reached, the community will be largely formed: during the
simulation / activity new social relationships will have formed.
A stable version of the source code means that it can be
“compiled” (ie, done) and used by anyone without the
possibility of critical errors. At this stage, therefore, the
community is able to carry out the activity and self-organize
without the contribution of the designer: if his role was that
of a facilitator (enabler), now the community is able to act
successfully alone.
Comments:
89
EN
And then, what are the future opportunities and directions for
the application and study of these design guidelines?
Comments:
90
EN
Comments:
91
EN
energy and
visibility
self-organization
individual participants
Comments:
92
EN
communities networks
single communities
time
stable version
Comments:
93
EN
co-design
participation
level
analysis concept concept
design communication
none
indirect
consultative
shared
control
total
control
Comments:
94
EN
co-design
co-design / test
Comments:
95
EN
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1569514,00.html
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/press.html
Comments:
96
Bottom of the Pyramid Innovation
EN
Design Research
Design Methodology Local Services Business/Service
Comments:
97
EN
Comments:
98
EN
Comments:
99
EN
Comments:
100
EN
http://www.designcouncil.info/mt/RED/health/
With the shift from local government to governance, local
institutions are becoming facilitators of participation (of both
civil society and the economy sector). In particular, Charles
Leadbeater and Hilary Cottam23 and the Demos think-tank ,
for example, are moving in this direction.
Fields of application of this attitude and its organizational
forms are therefore wide; the attention to the “social side”
has two advantages. The first is that we work in an
environment suitable for the introduction of this attitude (for
the affinity to the participatory and collaborative dimension,
and the need to solve real unaddressed problems). The second
consists in the possibility of studying the social dimension of
an Open Peer-to-Peer project, something this context can offer
http://www.demos.co.uk/projects/participativepublicservices/overview
more than others.
There are many critical aspects in the relationship between
design and the Open Peer-to-Peer attitude that could be
studied. Here there are the most important ones:
http://www.demos.co.uk/projects/userledservicedesigninlocalauthorities/overview
How can design relate with the Open Peer-to-Peer attitude?
The Open Peer-to-Peer attitude is a recent and evolving one,
and brings with it new values and new strategies; therefore it
is necessary to study this attitude in depth, and also study
how the discipline of design can relate to it.
Comments:
101
EN
And then how the role of the designer, the design process and
the object of the project change.
Comments:
102
EN
Comments:
103
EN
Comments:
104
EN
EN
IT
openp2pdesign.org_1.1
in Italiano
IT
IT
Indice
Introduzione 111
01 Design e Dimensione Locale 113
02 Design e Comunità 115
03 Design, Comunità e Free Software / Open Source / Peer-to-Peer 117
04 Design e Complessità per le Comunità 121
05 Design e Complessità verso la Sostenibilità 125
06 Comunità Open P2P 131
06.01 Una prima definizione di Comunità Open P2P 131
06.02 Una definizione lasca, tra tante classificazioni 134
06.03 Un primo elenco di Comunità Open P2P (1.1) 137
06.04 Comunità Open P2P e tipo di partecipazione 140
07 Attività di una Comunità Open P2P e Design dei Servizi 145
07.01 Attività di una comunità e Sistema di Attività 145
07.02 Attività e struttura delle Comunità Open P2P 147
07.03 Comunità Open Peer-to-Peer descritte da Sistemi di Attività 149
07.04 Sistemi di Attività e Design dei Servizi 151
08 Comunità Open P2P Communities e Piattaforma 155
09 Open P2P Design: il designer come facilitatore 161
10 Primi casi di un Design Open P2P 165
10.01 Design di Servizi Co-creati: il progetto Open Health di RED 166
10.02 Open Design, Open Source Software e Open Hardware: Openmoko 173
10.03 Open Design e Open Hardware: VIA OpenBook 181
11 Prime linee guida per un Open P2P Design 189
11.01 Analisi 191
11.02 Concept 191
11.03 Co-progettazione / sperimentazione / realizzazione parallele 192
11.04 Auto-organizzazione 193
12. Sviluppi futuri per Open P2P Design 201
12.01 Direzioni progettuali e di ricerca 201
12.02 Una ricerca per una disciplina sociale della conoscenza 204
Bibliografia 315
IT
IT
Introduzione
Questo breve libro rappresenta da un lato una versione
riassunta e multilingue della mia tesi, dall'altro una
introduzione al sito openp2pdesign.org (con il punto della
situazione per la sua versione 1.1).
Le mie linee di ricerca che stanno alla base di
openp2pdesign.org, infatti, derivano dalla tesi che ho
sviluppato dal marzo 2005 all'aprile 2006, "Reti Collaborative.
Il design per una auto-organizzazione Open Peer-to-Peer", con
il prof. Ezio Manzini come relatore, al Politecnico di Milano,
Facoltà del Design. Linee di ricerca che partivano dalla
relazione tra design e dimensione locale, e quindi
progettazione per un territorio, passando per progettazione
per una comunità, e infine forme organizzative comunitarie
quali Free Software, Open Source, Peer-to-Peer e Web 2.0 (o,
riassumendo, Open Peer-to-Peer).
Commenti:
111
IT
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/
Commenti:
112
IT
Design
Territorio
Commenti:
113
IT
Commenti:
114
IT
Design
Comunità
Commenti:
115
IT
http://www.sustainable-everyday.net/manzini/
2. Manzini E. (2006)
Commenti:
116
IT
Open P2P design Free Software
Communities Comunità
Commenti:
117
IT
Commenti:
118
IT
Commenti:
119
IT
Commenti:
120
IT
Free Software
Complessità Design
Design dei Servizi
04 Design e Complessità per le Open Source
Comunitàhttp://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/12
3. Pizzocaro S. (2004)
Commenti:
121
IT
4. Kuwabara K. (2000)
Commenti:
122
IT
http://www.mediadigitali.polimi.it/ddd/ddd_07/numero/w_articoli/72_05_sangiorgi.pdf
5. Sangiorgi D. (2004)
Commenti:
123
IT
Commenti:
124
IT
Complessità Design Modernità
Commenti:
125
IT
7. Augé M. (1992)
Commenti:
126
IT
Commenti:
127
IT
http://www.timboucher.com/journal/2006/11/05/texas-border-watch-website/
Commenti:
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/15/opinion/15robb.html?ex=128702880
0&en=c62742c466b5ed1e&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
128
IT
http://www.theonion.com/content/news/chanel_develops_durable_low_cost
http://www.nextbillion.net/blogs/2007/01/23/bop-spoofed-by-the-onion
Commenti:
129
IT
Commenti:
130
Open Source IT
Peer-to-Peer Web 2.0
Comunità Open P2P
Commenti:
131
IT
Commenti:
132
IT
Commenti:
133
IT
Commenti:
134
IT
Commenti:
135
IT
Commenti:
136
IT
Commenti:
137
IT
Commenti:
138
IT
139
IT
http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/neighbourhood_gardener/
http://www.designcouncil.info/mt/RED/health/
Open Heatlh
Development Gateway
BBC’s Neighbourhood Gardener
The BBC iCan/Action Network
http://www.kiva.org/ Self-Help Groups
Honey Bee network
Kiva http://www.sristi.org/honeybee.html
Reti collaborative per sostenere altre comunità
Sustainable Everyday Project / EMUDE
The New Earth Fund http://www.newearth.info/
mySociety http://www.mysociety.org/
The Launchpad (Young foundation)
http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/3249
http://launchpad.youngfoundation.org/
Commenti:
140
IT
Commenti:
141
IT
Commenti:
142
IT
Commenti:
143
IT
Commenti:
144
IT
Teoria dell'Attività
Comunità Open P2P
Commenti:
145
IT
Commenti:
146
IT
artefatti di mediazione
Commenti:
147
IT
Commenti:
148
IT
Commenti:
149
IT
Commenti:
150
IT
Commenti:
151
IT
Commenti:
152
IT
artefatti artefatti
oggetto
soggetto oggetto potenzialmente oggetto soggetto
condiviso
regole comunità divisione del lavoro divisione del lavoro comunità regole
Commenti:
153
IT
Commenti:
154
IT
Teoria dell'Attività
Piattaforma Comunità Open P2P
Commenti:
155
IT
Commenti:
156
IT
artefatti
soggetto oggetto
Commenti:
157
IT
Commenti:
158
IT
Commenti:
159
IT
Commenti:
160
Complessità IT
Comunità Open P2P
Linux Enabler/Facilitatore
Commenti:
161
IT
Commenti:
162
IT
Commenti:
163
IT
Commenti:
164
Open Hardware Business/Servizio Servizi basati su Comunità IT
Open Source Free Software
Design dei Servizi Telefonia Mobile
10 Primihttp://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/162
casi di un Design Open P2P Co-creazione
Product Design
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/172
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/173
Per vedere come le possibilità di applicazione di metodologia
Tecnologia
di progetto Open P2P siano reali e soprattutto attuali,
possiamo segnalare alcuni primi casi di progetti di design
basati su strategie di apertura e di coinvolgimento degli utenti
nelle fasi di progetto e di utilizzo del prodotto/servizio offerto.
Si tratta del progetto Open Health sviluppato dal team
progettuale RED (primo in ordine cronologico, ed ancor oggi
uno dei più innovativi), del cellulare Openmoko e del
subnotebook VIA OpenBook. Questi tre casi propongono delle
prime riflessioni e tentativi di iniziative di Co-created Service
Design (Design di Servizi Co-creati con gli utenti), Open Design
ed Open Hardware: casi che presentano quindi una apertura
del progetto attraverso dinamiche paritarie e la costruzione di
comunità.
Commenti:
165
IT
http://www.designcouncil.info/RED/
10.01 Design di Servizi Co-creati: il progetto Open
Health di RED
Open Health è uno dei primi esempi di Design che si ispira alle
dinamiche P2P. Una attenta riflessione ha portato Hilary
Cottam e Charles Leadbeater a sviluppare questo progetto
sperimentale di riforma dei servizi pubblici, elaborato
all'interno della divisione RED del Design Council britannico,
Commenti:
166
IT
Commenti:
167
IT
Commenti:
168
IT
Commenti:
169
IT http://www.activmob.com
http://www.designcouncil.info/mt/RED/files/REDActivmobs.pdf
Commenti:
170
IT
Commenti:
171
IT
www.designcouncil.info/mt/RED/publications/publicationscontainer/me2_story.pdf
inoltre permette ai mob di auto-organizzarsi contattandosi e
vedendo i progressi personali e collettivi. I membri dei mob
compilano infatti ogni mese tre schede sul sito web per
monitorare i propri progressi, ricevendo in cambio un
punteggio e dei buoni per le attività all'interno del mob o per
la propria famiglia.
Commenti:
172
IT
Commenti:
173
IT
http://www.openmoko.com/
http://www.openmoko.org/
http://www.thinkcycle.org/
di contenuti, ma anche in un contesto di produzione di beni
fisici, di beni rivali.
Si tratta dell'associazione Openmoko, un progetto di telefono
cellulare di tipo smartphone completamente open source,
prima per quanto riguarda il suo software, ed ora anche per
quanto riguarda il suo hardware e progetto di design.
Possiamo dire che sia questo il primo, vero, prodotto di design
di massa, poiché gli esempi precedenti o non hanno
perseguito sino in fondo la filosofia Open Source, oppure
perché hanno avuto risultati limitati o, infine, perché il
contesto non era pronto per iniziative di questo tipo.
Thinkcycle, che è il primo ed il più sviluppato esempio
(almeno fino ad ora), ha rappresentato un esperimento rivolto
a mercati di nicchia; per questo anche più meritevole, perché
rivolto ad aiutare contesti svantaggiati, ma pur sempre
limitato nei risultati e nell'influenzare il mondo della
progettazione perché troppo in anticipo rispetto alla
diffusione della consapevolezza sull'Open Source all'interno
della società. L'iniziativa di Ronen Kadushin, sebbene
meritevole, rappresenta solo un esperimento solitario, senza
grande seguito e sviluppo. La proposta di Martí Guixé prende
l'Open Source solo come una metafora e cerca di adottare
alcune sue caratteristiche "collaterali", nel senso che ricerca
alcuni effetti dell'open source ma nella sostanza non è open
source. http://www.ronen-kadushin.com/Open_Design.asp
http://www.guixe.com/exhibitions/2003_mtks-lisboa/index.html
Commenti:
174
IT
http://www.openmoko.com/products-neo-base-00-stdkit.html
http://www.fic.com.tw/
L'iniziativa Openmoko (e la sua prima incarnazione, Neo1973
prodotta dalla FIC) è importante perché l'adottazione della
filosofia Open Source avviene da un prodotto che viene
presentato nel mercato e venduto: si tratta quindi non di un
esperimento ma di una reale iniziativa. Siamo passati quindi
dalla fase di ispirazione e sperimentazione dell'Open Design a
quella della messa in pratica. Certo, la sperimentazione non è
finita e va portata avanti ulteriormente, ma ora stiamo
parlando di un prodotto che il grande pubblico vedrà nei
negozi e che si trova in competizione con il prodotto più
atteso del momento, l'iPhone della Apple. E questo facendo
riferimento alla libertà che questa scelta di apertura può dare
http://www.openmoko.com
all'utente, richiamandosi alla filosofia del Free Software:
"If you can’t open it, you don’t own it. Our first key unlocked the
software, unleashing the community to recraft the code. Now, we
free the case and share the keys to Industrial Design. Developers
who want to re-craft the case are set free". http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/Neo1973
Non a caso, è in vendita anche una versione advanced
(avanzata), corredata di tutto ciò che è necessario per poter
aprire e modificare il cellulare, fare il suo hacking per poterlo
personalizzare e apprendere allo stesso tempo.
La distribuzione dei file del progetto di design non rappresenta
quindi che una logica e coerente conseguenza; i file del
progetto (IGES, STEP, ProE), sono stati pubblicati sotto licenza
Creative Commons ShareAlike. http://downloads.openmoko.org/CAD/
Commenti:
175
IT
Commenti:
176
IT
Commenti:
177
IT
Commenti:
178
IT
Commenti:
179
IT
Commenti:
180
IT
Commenti:
181
IT http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA_Technologies
http://www.viaopenbook.com/
Commenti:
182
IT
Commenti:
183
IT
Commenti:
184
IT
http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/how-open-is-vias-openbook-design/2008/06/07
Commenti:
185
IT
Commenti:
186
IT
Commenti:
187
IT
Commenti:
188
Partecipazione Enabler/Facilitatore IT
Comunità Open P2P
Auto-organizzazione Piattaforma
Metodologia
11 Prime linee guida per un Open P2P
Progettuale
Design http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/108
Complessità
A differenza della progettazione tradizionale, lineare, una
progettazione Open Peer-to-Peer è, a causa del numero Social Network
elevato di agenti e delle loro interazioni, non-lineare, aperta e Analysis
caratterizzata da più processi in svolgimento parallelo.
Un processo progettuale Open Peer-to-Peer fornisce quindi le
basi affinché si sviluppino più progetti paralleli, un Comunità
ecosistema di agenti progettisti con una evoluzione
memetica dei progetti più “adatti” alla comunità, la cui
selezione porterà ai risultati migliori.
Commenti:
189
IT
Commenti:
190
IT
11.01 Analisi
L’intervento progettuale inizia con una necessaria analisi dei
partecipanti, al fine di comprendere le risorse esistenti e
quindi utilizzabili, le limitazioni, i punti critici. Attraverso
l’analisi i designer cominciano a conoscere i partecipanti,
potendo così cominciare a prefigurare quali caratteristiche
l’attività della comunità avrà. L’obiettivo della fase di analisi è
quello di definire degli obiettivi e della strategia su cui
costruire il concept di attività per la comunità. L’analisi, svolta
attraverso indagine etnografica ed analisi delle reti sociali,
riguarderà la piattaforma, le caratteristiche dei singoli
partecipanti ove possibile, e le attività già esistenti.
11.02 Concept
Una volta terminata l’analisi dei partecipanti, delle loro
attività e della loro rete sociale, viene elaborato un primo
concept della attività (e sua piattaforma) della comunità. I
designer elaborano quindi una prima versione (si potrebbe
dire la 0.0.1) del progetto della attività-piattaforma,
formalizzato nel codice sorgente della comunità.
Commenti:
191
IT
Commenti:
192
IT
11.04 Auto-organizzazione
Raggiunta la prima “versione stabile” del codice sorgente
dell’attività, la 1.0.0, la comunità sarà quindi in gran parte
formata: durante la simulazione/svolgimento dell’attività si
saranno formate alcune relazioni sociali, che vanno a
sommarsi a quelle preesistenti. Una versione stabile del codice
sorgente significa che questo può essere “compilato” (ossia,
svolto) e utilizzato da chiunque senza possibilità di errori
critici. In questa fase quindi la comunità è in grado di svolgere
l’attività ed auto-organizzarsi senza l’apporto dei designer: se
il loro ruolo era quello di facilitatori (enabler), ora la comunità
è in grado di agire con successo da sola.
Commenti:
193
IT
Commenti:
194
IT
Commenti:
195
IT
energia e
visibilità
coalizzazione stabile
auto-organizzazione
singoli partecipanti
Commenti:
196
IT
reti di comunità
singole comunità
tempo
versione stabile
Commenti:
197
IT
co-design
livello di
partecipazione
analisi elaborazione comunicazione
del concept del concept
nessuna
partecipazione
partecipazione
indiretta
consultazione
controllo
condiviso
pieno
controllo
Commenti:
198
IT
co-design
auto-organizzazione
co-design/test
Commenti:
199
IT
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1569514,00.html
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/press.html
Commenti:
200
Bottom of the Pyramid IT
Innovazione Design Research
Metodologia Progettuale Servizi Locali Business/Servizio
Commenti:
201
IT
Commenti:
202
IT
Commenti:
203
IT
Commenti:
204
IT
http://www.demos.co.uk/projects/userledservicedesigninlocalauthorities/overview
Commenti:
205
IT
Commenti:
206
IT
Commenti:
207
IT
Commenti:
208
IT
IT
ES
openp2pdesign.org_1.1
en Castellano
ES
ES
Indice
Introducción 213
01 Diseño y Localidad 217
02 Diseño y Comunidad 219
03 Diseño, Comunidad y Free Software / Open Source / Peer-to-Peer 221
04 Diseño y Complejidad para las Comunidades 225
05 Diseño y Complejidad hacia la Sostenibilidad 229
06 Comunidades Open P2P 235
06.01 Una primera definición de Comunidad Open P2P 235
06.02 Una definición laxa, entre muchas clasificaciones 238
06.03 Un primero elenco de Comunidades Open P2P (1.1) 242
06.04 Comunidades Open P2P y tipos de participación 245
07 La Actividad de una Comunidad Open P2P y el Diseño de Servicios 249
07.01 Actividad de una comunidad y Sistema de Actividad 249
07.02 Actividad y la estructura de las Comunidades Open P2P 252
07.03 Comunidades Open P2P descritas a través de un Sistema de Actividad 254
07.04 Sistemas de Actividad y Diseño de Servicios 254
08 Comunidades Open P2P y Plataforma 259
09 Open P2P Design: el diseñador como facilitador 265
10 Primeros casos de un Diseño Open P2P 269
10.01 Diseño de Servicios Co-creados: Open Health de RED 270
10.02 Open Design, Open Source Software y Open Hardware: Openmoko 278
10.03 Open Design, Open Hardware: VIA OpenBook 286
11 Primeras indicaciones para un Diseño Open P2P 293
11.01 Análisis 295
11.02 Concept 295
11.03 Co-diseño / prueba / creación en paralelo 296
11.04 Auto-organización 297
12. Desarrollo futuro para Open P2P Design 305
12.01 Direcciones de diseño y de investigación 305
12.02 Una búsqueda para una disciplina social del conocimiento 308
Bibliografía 315
ES
ES
Introducción
Este pequeño libro es, por un lado, un resumen y una versión
multilingüe de mi tesis, mientras tanto por otro lado es una
introducción al sitio openp2pdesign.org (con la situación de
su versión 1.1). De hecho, mis líneas de investigación detrás de
openp2pdesign.org, derivan de la tesis que he desarrollado a
partir de Marzo de 2005 hasta Abril de 2006, "Reti
Collaborative. Il design per una auto-organizzazione Open
Peer-to-Peer" ("Redes Colaborativas. El diseño para una auto-
organización Open Peer-to-Peer"), con el Prof. Ezio Manzini
como tutor en el Politecnico di Milano, Facultad de Diseño.
Líneas de investigación que nacian de la relación entre el
diseño y la dimensión local y, a continuación, el diseño de un
territorio, a través del diseño de una comunidad, y con formas
de organización comunitaria parecida a las del Software Libre,
Open Source, Peer-to-Peer y de la Web 2.0 (o, resumiendo ,
Open Peer-to-Peer).
Comentarios:
ES
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/
Comentarios:
ES
Diseño
Localidad
01 Diseño y Localidad
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/24
En los ultimos años (desde el 2000), el mundo del diseño ha
empezado a interesarse de la dimensión local, entendida
como el conjunto de las características del territorio a que se a
que se dirige el proyecto y donde nace el proyecto. El territorio
de los usuarios y de los diseñadores: más en general, el
territorio de todos los stakeholder.
Muchas iniciativas han nacido entonces en Italia y en Europa,
con el objetivo de ridefinir una relación que nunca ha existido
(o casi): la relación entre Diseño y Dimensión Local. Nacido
desde las exigencias del pensamiento y de la acción económica
moderna, el Diseño sigue también su recorridos: como que
estas se estan interesando de manera creciente a la dimensión
local (también para enfrentarse con más exito a la
globalización), también al Diseño se pide que ecuentre
soluciones (y/o nuevos productos y servicios) a problemas
locales.
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
Sostenibilidad ES
Diseño
Comunidad
02 Diseñohttp://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/10
y Comunidad
¿Porqué el Diseño se interesa ahora de comunidades y
entonces de participación para mejorar la dimensión local
hacía la sostenibilidad? ¿La comunidad del Diseño no se ha ya
enfrentado con los temas de la sostenibilidad?
Comentarios:
ES
http://www.sustainable-everyday.net/manzini/
Comentarios:
Peer-to-Peer ES
Free Software
Diseño
Comunidades Open P2P
Comunidad
03 Diseño, Comunidad y Free Software Open Source
/ Open Source / Peer-to-Peer
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/11
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Free Software
Complejidad Diseño
Diseño de Servicios
04 Diseño y Complejidad para las Open Source
Comunidades
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/12
3. Pizzocaro S. (2004)
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Complejidad Diseño Modernidad
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/15/opinion/15robb.html?ex=128702880
0&en=c62742c466b5ed1e&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
ES
http://www.nextbillion.net/blogs/2007/01/23/bop-spoofed-by-the-onion
podrían conducir a un aumento de la contaminación y de la
brecha entre ricos y pobres (representando un futuro no muy
agradable). O podríamos utilizarlas para difundir actividades
sostenibles desde el punto de vista social, económico y
natural. http://www.theonion.com/content/news/chanel_develops_durable_low_cost
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Peer-to-Peer Web 2.0
Open Source
Comunidades Open P2P
06 Comunidades Open P2P
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/37
Crowdsourcing
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/144
06.01 Una primera definición de Comunidad Open
P2P
Antes que pasemos a la parte metodológica y a las
conclusiones, sería útil decir algo más sobre esos casos que
han sido definidos Comunidades Open P2P. La metodología
que se propone, de hecho, ha sido desarrollada en
consideración de algunos casos existentes, y de las
herramientas y las teorías de diseño más útiles.
Por lo tanto, busqué aquellos casos de comunidades con
formas de organización basadas en la colaboración, que
pueden construir redes colaborativas largas y cortas,
alcanzando un número potencialmente alto de participantes
con un papel activo importante. Seguramento, esta seguía
siendo una definición demasiado vaga, por lo tanto empezé a
buscar aquellos casos que fueron inspirados por el fenómeno
del software Free Software / Open Source / P2P, como ya
entonces (al principio de 2005) se se creía que había
desarrollado formas y principios de una organización que se
podría adoptar en otros campos con éxito8.
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
13. Por ejemplo, Thinkcycle naciò nel marzo 2000, 4 años antes de
la definición de Web 2.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
http://www.pledgebank.com/
PledgeBank
Meetup http://www.meetup.com/
Smart Mobs http://www.smartmobs.com
Redes colaborativas para producir informaciones y
conocimiento
http://www.indymedia.org/
Indymedia
http://www.globalideasbank.org/
The Global Ideas Bank
Ohmynews
http://english.ohmynews.com/
Kuro5hin http://www.kuro5hin.org/
Slashdot http://slashdot.org/
OpenLaw http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/
Wikipedia http://wikipedia.org/
Connexions http://cnx.org/
Silver Stringers http://stringers.media.mit.edu/
NASA Mars Clickworkers http://clickworkers.arc.nasa.gov/
Distributed Proofreaders http://www.pgdp.net/c/
SETI@Home http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/
Grid.org http://www.grid.org/
Comentarios:
ES
http://www.cambia.org/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/neighbourhood_gardener/
BBC’s Neighbourhood Gardener
The BBC iCan/Action http://www.bbc.co.uk/actionnetwork/
Self-Help Groups http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/3249
Honey Bee network http://www.sristi.org/honeybee.html
Kiva http://www.kiva.org/
Redes colaborativas para ayudar otras comunidades
Sustainable Everyday Project / EMUDE
The New Earth Fund http://www.sustainable-everyday.net/EMUDE/
http://www.newearth.info/
mySociety
The Launchpad (Young foundation)
http://www.mysociety.org/
http://launchpad.youngfoundation.org/
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Teoria de la Actividad
Comunidades Open P2P
07 La actividad de una Comunidad Diseño de Servicios
Open P2P y el Diseño de Servicios
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/45
07.01 Actividad de una comunidad y Sistema de
Actividad http://www.edu.helsinki.fi/activity/pages/chatanddwr/chat/
Para entender totalmente las características compartidas por
las Comunidades Open Peer-to-Peer, es posible utilizar una
teoría desarrollada para el estudio de las actividades humanas:
la Teoría de la Actividad (Activity Theory). Una vez que
entendamos las actividades realizadas por las Comunidades
Open Peer-to-Peer, podemos entender cómo funcionan y las
características que las generan, como que se forman en el
desarrollo de una o más actividades.
La Teoría de la Actividad acentúa la naturaleza situada de la
acción humana, evidenciando que los objetivos y el desarrollo
de la acción, dentro de la dirección general de la actividad,
están construidos y negociados continuamente según las
condiciones locales . La mediación social que se encuentra en
la base de la actividad se traduce en un proceso continuo de
aprender y de la creación de conocimiento.
http://www.edu.helsinki.fi/activity/pages/chatanddwr/activitysystem/
En la Teoría de la Actividad, el Sistema de Actividad (Activity
System) representa la unidad de análisis para el estudio del
comportamiento humano, que nos lleva a una “mapa
conceptual” que evidencia los lugares principales alrededor de
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
artefactos
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
artefactos artefactos
objeto
sujeto objeto potencialmente objeto sujeto
compartido
leyes comunidad división del trabajo división del trabajo comunidad leyes
Comentarios:
ES
Teoria de la Actividad
Plataforma
Comunidades Open P2P
Comentarios:
ES
Pero como cambia el papel del diseñador, una vez que entre
en una màs grande comunidad del proyecto?
Comentarios:
ES
artefactos
sujeto objeto
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
Comunidades Complejidad ES
Open P2P Enabler/Facilitador
Linux
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
Open Hardware Negocio/Servicio Móvil ES
Open Source Free Software Servicios basados en Comunidades
Diseño de Servicios Diseño Industrial
10 Primeros casos de un diseño Open
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/162
Co-creacción
P2P http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/172 Tecnología
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/173
Para ver cómo las posibilidades de aplicación de una
metodología de diseño Open P2P sean reales y sobre todo de
actualidad, podemos señalar algunos primeros casos de diseño
de proyectos basados en estrategias de apertura y
participación de los usuarios en las etapas del diseño y de uso
el producto/servicio que se ofrece. Se trata del proyecto Open
Health desarrollado por el equipo de diseño RED (el primer
caso en orden cronológico, y aún hoy en día uno de los más
innovadores), del móvil Openmoko y del subnotebook VIA
OpenBook. Estos tres casos ofrecen reflexiones de los primeros
intentos en iniciativas de Co-Created Service Design (Co-
creación de Servicios con los usuarios), Open Design (Diseño
Abierto) y de Open Hardware (Hardware Abierto): casos que
han abierto el proyecto a través de dinámicas de par a par y
con la construcción de comunidades.
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
http://www.designcouncil.info/RED/
servicios públicos producido en la División de Diseño llamada
RED, del Design Council británico, que se llevó a proponer
nuevos enfoques para los problemas económicos y sociales
mediante el uso innovador de las herramientas de diseño.
Durante su existencia, RED ha desarrollado sus proyectos
apoyándose explícitamente en los principios propios del
movimiento de desarrollo de software Open Source,
desarrollando rápidamente ideas de proyecto y haciendolas
cuestionable incluso afuera de la división.
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
http://www.activmob.com
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
www.designcouncil.info/mt/RED/publications/publicationscontainer/me2_story.pdf
sufren de diabetes, para que se apoyen unos a otros a través
de dinámicas peer-to-peer, y entre éstos y los médicos,
fomentando el intercambio de sus conocimientos.
Comentarios:
ES
http://www.thinkcycle.org/
Comentarios:
ES
http://www.ronen-kadushin.com/Open_Design.asp
de mercado, y por esta razón debe merecer aún más
importancia debido a que fue destinada a ayudar a los
contextos desfavorecidos, pero aún limitado en los resultados
y en la influencia en el mundo del diseño, y también porqué
estaba delante de la propagación en la sociedad de la
conciencia de las oportunidades del Open Source.
La iniciativa de Ronen Kadushin, aunque digna, representa
sólo un solitario experimento sin un amplio exíto y desarrollo.
La propuesta de Martí Guixé toma el Open Source como una
metáfora y trata de adoptar algunos de sus aspectos
colaterales, en el sentido de que busca algunos de los efectos
de la codigo abierto que puedan ser aplicables también a los
productos, pero en el fondo no es una verdadera iniciativa de
código abierto. http://www.guixe.com/exhibitions/2003_mtks-lisboa/index.html
http://www.openmoko.com/products-neo-base-00-stdkit.html
La iniciativa Openmoko (en su primera versión, Neo1973,
producido por FIC) es tan importante, porque su adopción de
la filosofía Open Source no es un experimento, sino una
verdadera iniciativa comercial. Hemos pasado entonces desde
la etapa de inspiración y experimentación para el Open Design,
a una fase en que todo eso se ponga ahora en práctica.
Por supuesto, la experimentación no ha terminado y debe
seguir, pero ahora estamos hablando de un producto que el
público en general va a ver en las tiendas y que se encuentra
en competencia con uno de los productos más esperados del
http://www.fic.com.tw/
Comentarios:
ES
http://www.openmoko.com
http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/Neo1973
momento, el iPhone de Apple. Y todo esto refierendose a la
libertad de elección de que esta apertura puede dar al usuario,
asì como viene desde la filosofía del Software Libre: "If you
can’t open it, you don’t own it. Our first key unlocked the
software, unleashing the community to recraft the code. Now, we
free the case and share the keys to Industrial Design. Developers
who want to re-craft the case are set free".
No es algo raro que haya una versión advanced (avanzada) que
se pueda comprar, que lleva todo lo necesario para abrir y
modificar el movil, lo que permite su hacking con el fin de
personalizar y aprender de él al mismo tiempo. La distribución
de los archivos de diseño, es por lo tanto, una consecuencia
lógica: los ficheros (IGES, STEP, ProE), se han publicado bajo
licencia Creative Commons ShareAlike.
http://downloads.openmoko.org/CAD/
El hecho que sea un teléfono móvil de nueva generación (un
smartphone) el primer verdadero producto de código abierto,
hace que el evento sea aún más importante, por que los
teléfonos móviles representan un enorme potencial para el
desarrollo de servicios colaborativos basados en
comunidades. Una herramienta que nos permitirá en el futuro
a explotar, mejorar y difundir con mayor facilidad la
inteligencia colectiva, ya que tendremos la capacidad de
ofrecer servicios más accesibles, a medida que más personas
tienen acceso a los teléfonos móviles y se sienten más
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
http://www.viaopenbook.com
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
Enabler/Facilitador ES
Participación
Comunidades Open P2P Plataforma
Auto-organización
Metodología de
11 Primeras indicaciones para un
Diseño
Diseño Open P2P
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/108
Complejidad
A diferencia de los procesos de diseño tradicionales, lineales,
el proceso de diseño Open Peer-to-Peer es non-lineal y se Social Network
caracteriza por múltiples procesos paralelos a causa del gran Analysis
número de agentes y de sus interacciones. Un proceso de
diseño Open Peer-to-Peer por lo tanto, proporciona la base
para el desarrollo de más proyectos paralelos, un ecosistema Comunidad
de agentes diseñadores de una evolución memética de los
proyectos que sean más “adecuados” para la comunidad, cuya
selección llevará a mejores resultados.
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
11.01 Análisis
El proyecto empieza con un análisis de los participantes, con
el fin de comprender los recursos existentes, y por lo tanto
utilizables, las limitaciones, los puntos críticos. A través de
este análisis, los diseñadores empiezan a conocer a los
participantes, así que pueden ya prefigurarse las
características que la actividad de la comunidad podría tener
en el futuro. El objetivo de esta fase consiste en definir los
objetivos y la estrategia para construir el concepto de la
actividad de la comunidad. El análisis, llevado a cabo a través
de la investigación etnográfica y el análisis de redes sociales,
se centrará en la plataforma, las características de cada uno
de los participantes, si es posible, así como las actividades ya
en curso.
11.02 Concept
Una vez que el análisis de los participantes, de sus actividades
y sus redes sociales sea realizado, se desarrolla un primer
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
11.04 Auto-organización
Después que se haya alcanzado la primera “versión estable”
(1.0.0) del código de la actividad, la comunidad serà ya
formada en gran parte: durante la simulación de la actividad
nuevas relaciones sociales se han formado y añadidas a las
que ya existían. Una versión estable del código fuente significa
que puede ser “compilado” (es decir, realizado) y utilizado por
cualquier persona sin la posibilidad de errores críticos.
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
energía y
visibilidad
auto-organización
participantes individuales
Comentarios:
ES
redes de comunidades
comunidades aisladas
tiempo
versión estable
Figura 13. Línea del tiempo de Open Peer-to-Peer Design (Fuente: Menichinelli
M. (2006))
Comentarios:
ES
co-diseño
nivel de
participación
diseño del comunicación
análisis concepto del concepto
ninguno
indirecto
consultivo
control
compartido
control
total
Comentarios:
ES
co-diseño
auto-organización
co-diseño / test
Comentarios:
ES
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1569514,00.html
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/press.html
Comentarios:
Bottom of the Pyramid Innovación
ES
Design Research
Metodología de Diseño Servicios Locales Negocios/Servicios
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
http://www.demos.co.uk/projects/participativepublicservices/overview
Comentarios:
http://www.demos.co.uk/projects/userledservicedesigninlocalauthorities/overview
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
Comentarios:
ES
ES
Bibliography / Bibliografia / Bibliografía
Sangiorgi D., (2004), Design dei servizi come design dei sistemi
di attività : la teoria dell’attività applicata alla progettazione
dei servizi, Tesi di dottorato di ricerca in Disegno Industriale,
XV ciclo
http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/watson.pdf