Advance Electronic Circuit

55:195 Advanced Electronic Circuits
Lecture 9-15
Switching Regulators
Material: Lecture Notes & Handouts
A. Kruger
Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009
Lecture 9-15-1
Why Study Power Supplies?
Electronic Design 01/4/10 page 33.
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-2
Why Study Power Supplies?
We will look at this
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-3
Switching Power Supplies

Primary switching power supplies Convert line (120/240 VAC) to DC Switchers, SMPS, medical switchers, etc. Efficient Small Uses smaller transformer, inexpensive compared to a non-switching power supply with the same power-handling capability Cell-phone chargers, laptop power supplies, medical equipment, etc. Secondary switching power supplies Convert DC to DC Also called DC/DC converters
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-4
Linear Power Supply

Bulky, expensive transformer
IL
Ripple voltage is
V pp
IL 2 fC
Where f is the line frequency (50/60 Hz)
Linear regulator, often dissipates significant power and need expensive heat sinks.
Thus for good pre regulation, need large C (bulky, $$$)
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-5
Switch Mode Power Supply

Ripple voltage is Chop DC at 50 kHz 1 MHz
V pp
IL 2 fC
High frequencies require small C
The rest of the circuit can tolerate significant ripple, so C can be small
Recall the universal transformer equation
Erms
2 fNaB peak 2
4.44 fNaB
High frequencies require smaller transformers

A. Kruger
Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009 Lecture 9-15-6
DC/DC Converter
Linear Regulator
Switching Regulator
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-7
Switching Regulator Topologies

VO DV I
VO
1 1 D
VI
Buck
Boost
VO
D VI 1 D
Note that the average output voltage is essentially independent from the value of L and C
Buck-Boost
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Lecture 9-15-8
Buck Converter
D
A. Kruger
tON tON tOFF
tON TS
f S tON
What factors affects efficiency?
Lecture 9-15-9
Switch Close
Switch Open
Assume output and input voltages are constant. VSAT is the voltage across the (BJT/FET) switch when closed, and VD is the voltage cross the diode when conducting. With switched closed, voltage cross the inductor is VI - Vo VSAT and the current though the inductor increases linearly. After tON, the inductor current has increased by When the switch opens, current cannot change instantaneously, voltage across inductor reverses, and cathode swings to below ground. The voltage across the inductor is Vo+VD and the current decreases linearly as the magnetic field collapses. After tOFF, the current has decreased by
iL
Vo VI Vsatt tON L Vo VD tOFF L
iL
In the steady state, the increase during tON should balance the decrease during tOFF , so that
Vo VI VSAT tON L
Vo VD tOFF L
Solving for Vo and recognizing that tON + tOFF = 1/f and that D = tON + tOFF is the duty cycle D, then
Vo
D VI VSAT
1 D VD
DVI
Note that this is independent of the load current, L, and C

Lecture 9-15-10
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Buck DC/DC Converter
Called continuous conduction mode (CCM), where the inductor current never goes to zero In the CCM, output voltage is independent of the load current
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-11
Buck Regulator: Discontinuous Mode

iL Vo VI Vsatt tON L iL Vo VD tOFF L
When load current drops, the output voltage stays constant, and iL stays the same. When the load current falls below a critical value Iomin the inductor goes to zero during a cycle. This is called discontinuous conduction mode (DCCM)
I omin
T V Vo 1 o 2L Vi
In DCCM, more energy is stored than extracted in each cycle and the output voltage rises (and some of our assumptions thus far are not valid) The controller will reduce D to keep Vo fixed
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Buck Switching Regulator

Only valid for CCM
VO
DV I
When the converter goes into DCCM, output voltage rises and controller reduced duty cycle to keep voltages fixed
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-13
Buck Ripple Voltage
Capacitor smoothes output voltage. The capacitor charge current is IL Io. The charge applied and removed during one cycle corresponds to the hatched area (remember Q = I t) The change in capacitor voltage is thus
Vo
Q C
1 1 tON C2 2
tOFF 2
IL 2
T IL 8C
Note: both IL and Vo are peak-to-peak values.

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Buck Ripple Voltage

ESR
Vo
Q C
1 1 tON C2 2
tOFF 2
IL 2
T IL 8C
However, the capacitor has an ESR, that also contributes to the ripple voltage. The voltage across the ESR is
vESR
ESR
iC v ESR j Vo
Note that the voltage is not in phase with the voltage across the capacitor: Vr
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-15
Buck Capacitor Selection

ESR
Vo
Q C
1 1 tON C2 2
tOFF 2
Vr
IL 2
T IL 8C
v ESR j Vo
vESR
ESR
iC
Both capacitance and ESR contribute to ripple voltage.

Capacitor dissipates (ESR) I 2C(rms) and must be able to handle this Capacitor must be able to handle ripple current IL
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Good capacitor must can cost $$$

Lecture 9-15-16
Buck Coil Selection
wL
1 2 LiL 2
VO (1 VO / VI ) f S iL
Suggested Design Equation
iL
0.2I L
Continuous Mode Discontinuous Mode
Lecture 9-15-17
Coil must handle IP without saturating the core.

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Efficiency
If all the components are lossless: ESR = 0 VD = 0 ESL = 0 Switch resistance = 0 Then the buck DC/DC converter can provide 100% conversion
Po Po Pdiss
Po Vo I o
Pdiss
PSW
PD
Pcoil
Pcap
Pcontroller
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-18
Efficiency
Po Po Pdiss
Po Vo I o
PD
VD I F ( avg )
f s VR I F tRR
Pdiss
PD VSAT I SW
PSW
PD
Pcoil
Pcap
Pcontroller
2 ESR I C (rms )
2 vSW iSW t SW
Pcap Pcoil Rcoil
Conduction loss Switching loss

2 I L ( rms )
Pcore ( f )
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-19
Buck Coil Selection
wL
1 2 LiL 2
VO (1 VO / VI ) f S iL
Suggested Design Equation
iL
A. Kruger
0.2I L
Continuous Mode Discontinuous Mode
Lecture 9-15-20
Coil Selection
Coil must carry some rms current IL to feed the load Coil must handle IP without saturating the core.
IL
IO
Buck
Boost
IL
VO IO VI
IL
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VO I O Buck-boost VI
Discontinuous Mode
Lecture 9-15-21
Switching Regulator: Controller
Both Pulse Frequency Modulation and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) can be used for control. Most commercial ICs use PWM control with fs between 10 kHz and 1 MHz Two-types of control: voltage and current-mode control
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-22
Voltage Mode PWM Control
Comparator
Sawtooth generator running at fS
Voltage Mode Control
Waveforms
Question: what type of feedback? How does it affect the output resistance?
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Voltage Mode PWM Control
Comparator
Sawtooth generator running at fS
Voltage Mode Control
Waveforms
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-24
Error Amplifier in CCM Voltage Control

Assume changes in output voltage is much slower than fs
Equivalent for buck converter operating in CCM with voltage control Model as a linear system
Will analyze later

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Gated Oscillator Converter

Uncommitted op-amp
Switch Reference Comparator Oscillator, fixed duty cycle
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Lecture 9-15-26
Comparator with hysteresis ~ 10 mV Non-linear element non-linear feedback More stable feedback, more efficient converter
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Can be uses to terminate switch cycle prematurely
Comparator with hysteresis ~ 10 mV
Very low supply current oscillator switched only when needed, when FB drops below reference
Adaptive base drive to make sure switch is not overdriven improve efficiency Hysteresis ensures loop stability without complex compensation networks D Duty cycle optimized for circuits where Vin and Vout differ by factor D
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LT1173 DC/DC Converter

100 A in standby mode Uncommitted op-amp 1 A internal switch
Step-up or step down
Supply 2.0 30 V
Switch frequency ~ 24 kHz, duty cycle ~ 50%
Comparator with ~ 5 mV hysteresis

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50% Duty cycle
Lecture 9-15-29
Wiring as a buck regulator
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Lecture 9-15-30
VI
Vo C
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Lecture 9-15-31
VI
L R2
Vo C
R1
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Lecture 9-15-32
VI
L R2
Vo C
R1
Choose either R2 or R1, solve for other one. Choose a value > 50K
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VI
L R2
Vo C
R1
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VI C1
L R2
Vo C
R1
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VI C2
L1
C1
L R2
Vo C
R1
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VI C2
L1
C1
L R2
Vo C
C = Low ESR
D = Schottky L = No saturation
R1
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-37
VI C2
L1
C1
Wiring as a boost regulator
D R2
Vo C
C = Low ESR
D = Schottky L = No saturation
R1
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-38
VI C2
L1
C1
D R2
Vo C
R1
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-39
Increasing Output Drive VI
What if this switch can not handle the peak and rms currents?
L R2
Vo
R1
Buck Regulator
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Increasing Output Drive, Take 1 VI

Add external power transistor to make this a Darlington Transistor
L R2
Vo
R1
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-41
L R2
Vo
R1
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-42

Add external high-side switch
L R2
Vo
R1
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-43
L R2
Vo
R1
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-44
L R2
Vo
R1
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-45
Increasing Output Drive, Take 2
A application notes for a particular chip often contain a wealth of information

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Increasing Output Drive, Take 3
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Lecture 9-15-47
LT1173 DC/DC Converter
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Lecture 9-15-48

Assume changes in output voltage is much slower than fs
Equivalent for buck converter operating in CCM with voltage control Model as a linear system
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-49
What is the gain of Mod ?

Vo DVI
D
Vo vc
vc Vsm
VI Vsm
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-50

Equivalent for buck converter operating in CCM with voltage control
Assume that the switching frequency is high enough so that PWM can be regarded as a continuous process over range of (load) frequencies. One can show that the control-to-output transfer function is (this assumes RL >> ESR, normally a very good assumption)
H CO VO VC VI Vsm 1 1
2 0
j j
z 0
1 LC
1 ( ESR) C
( Rcoil
1 ESR) C L
Note that L and C in loop create a complex pole pair, and ESR creates as zero. Purpose of EA is to provide good regulation and good phase margin to ensure stability.
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-51

Purpose of EA is to provide good regulation and good phase margin to ensure stability.
H EA
With
VC VO
C2
1 (j
C1
j 5) 1
R3
j
R2
j 3 1
then
j
1
1 R4C2
1 R2C3
1 R3C3
1 R4C1
1 R2C2
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-52
Switching Regulator
H EA
VC VO
VO VC
1 (j
VI Vsm
j 5) 1
1
j
j
2 0
j 3 1
z
H CO
Overall loop gain:

A. Kruger
H EA H CO
1 (j
j 5) 1
j 3 1
j / z 1 ( / 0 )2 ( j /
)/Q
Lecture 9-15-53
Overall loop gain:
H EA H CO
1 (j
j 5) 1
j 3 1
j / z 1 ( / 0) ( j /
2
)/Q
For fast response the crossover frequency fx should be as high as possible. A common choice is fx ~ fs/5
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-54
Current-Mode Control
Pulse-by pulse current-limiting Fast transient response

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LT1070 Switching Regulator
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-56
LT1070 Switching Regulator
Boost configuration
VO 1 R2 V REF R1
Soft start: build up duty cycle
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-57
Flyback Regulator
Triple-output flyback regulator
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-58
Switched Capacitor Converters
Also called charge-pump converters Flying capacitor converters Generally used for low-power (~ 100 mA or less)
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-59

Basic Circuit Flying Capacitor
Non-overlapping switches Switch frequency 10100 kHz
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-60

Voltage Inverter
Step 1: Charge C1 to Vin
Step 2: All switches open
Step 3: Transfer charge
With proper capacitors and switches, the inversion efficiency can be close to 100%
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-61
Voltage Doubler
Reverse biased => can remove from circuit
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Lecture 9-15-62
Voltage Doubler
Note, only one set of switches are used. One can put the other set of switches to generate other voltages
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Lecture 9-15-63
TC962 Charge Pump

Oscillator
Uncommitted Zener diode
Switches
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TC962 Charge Pump

Oscillator
Uncommitted Zener diode
Switches
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TC962 Charge Pump Oscillator

Charges the capacitors until V+ exceed VREF +VH/2 and the comparator trips.
Discharges the capacitors until V+ is less than VREF VH/2 and the comparator trips.
The square wave here has a frequency that depend on the charge/discharge currents and capacitor
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-66
Increases the frequency
Lowers the frequency
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-67
Can supply ones own clock here
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-68
TC962 Charge Pump
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Lecture 9-15-69
ICL7662
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-70
More Circuits
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-71
More Circuits
Increase output current capacity Noisy output
NOR gate helps synchronize switching and reduce output ripple noise
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-72
Switched Capacitor Building Block
Charge transferred each cycle Charge transferred per unit time is Rewriting
q C1 V
q T
f s C1 (V1 V 2)
I
I
(V1 V 2) (1 f s C1 )
(V1 V 2) Req
Req
1 f s C1
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-73
Implementation
The switches are commonly implemented with FETs. While SC ideas have been around for a long time, moderns IC manufacturing allows for commercially-viable implementations. The switched are not ideal and has an on resistance of a few Ohms
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-74
Performance
Thevenin equivalent
Switched-capacitor inverter
Note that the output is unregulated Output voltage is a function of the load Size & characteristics of capacitors?
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Lecture 9-15-75
Performance
RSW ~ 20
(sum of all switch resistances)
RO
RO
2( RSW 1
RSW 3 1
ESRC1 ) 2( RSW 2
RSW 4
ESRC1 )
1 f pump C1
ESRC2
RO
2 RSW
f pump C1
C1 C2
4 ESRC1 ESRC2
f osc 10 kHz RO ~ 50 5 ESR
Example
10 F,
Pump frequency, and switch resistances depend on temperature and the supply voltage.
A. Kruger
Performance
Segment A is the voltage drop across the ESR of C2 at the instant it goes from being charged by C1 (current flowing into C2) to being discharged through the load (current flowing out of C2). The magnitude of this current change is 2IO, hence the total drop is 2IO ESRC2 . Segment B is the voltage change across C2 during time t2, the half of the cycle when C2 supplies current to the load. The drop at B is IOUT t2/C2 . The peak-to-peak ripple voltage is the sum of these voltages
VRIPPLE
IO
1 2 f pumpC2
2 ESRC2
To reduce ripple, increase pump frequency, increase C2 and reduce ESR of C2. ESR of C1 is less important. The assumption is that C1 and C2 can charge/discharge during a pump cycle. If they are too big, this can contribute to the ripple as well.
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Switched-Capacitor Building Block
Assume CA and CB are initially uncharged. When the switch is thrown to (a), CA charges and attains a charge CAVi. When the switch is thrown to (b) the capacitors are in parallel with value CT = CA+CB, and charge CAVi on them, so the output voltage after the first cycle is
The charge on CB after the first cycle is When the switch is returned to (a), CA again attains a charge CAVi. When the switch is thrown to (b), the capacitors are in parallel and has a charge and output voltage after the second cycle:
One can see that the output voltage is a geometric series

or
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Switched-Capacitor Building Block
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-79
A. Kruger
Lecture 9-15-80

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55:195 Advanced Electronic Circuits

Material: Lecture Notes & Handouts

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Why Study Power Supplies?

Electronic Design 01/4/10 page 33.

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Why Study Power Supplies?

We will look at this

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Switching Power Supplies

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Linear Power Supply

Where f is the line frequency (50/60 Hz)

Thus for good pre regulation, need large C (bulky, $$$)

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Switch Mode Power Supply

High frequencies require small C

High frequencies require smaller transformers

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Switching Regulator Topologies

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

tON tON tOFF

What factors affects efficiency?

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Vo VI Vsatt tON L Vo VD tOFF L

Note that this is independent of the load current, L, and C

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Buck DC/DC Converter

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Buck Regulator: Discontinuous Mode

Buck Switching Regulator

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Buck Ripple Voltage

Note: both IL and Vo are peak-to-peak values.

Buck Ripple Voltage

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Buck Capacitor Selection

Both capacitance and ESR contribute to ripple voltage.

Good capacitor must can cost $$$

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Buck Coil Selection

Suggested Design Equation

Coil must handle IP without saturating the core.

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Pcap Pcoil Rcoil

Conduction loss Switching loss

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Buck Coil Selection

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Switching Regulator: Controller

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Voltage Mode PWM Control

Sawtooth generator running at fS

Voltage Mode Control

Voltage Mode PWM Control

Sawtooth generator running at fS

Voltage Mode Control

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Error Amplifier in CCM Voltage Control

Will analyze later

Gated Oscillator Converter

Switch Reference Comparator Oscillator, fixed duty cycle