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burney@computer.org www.drburney.net
Designed and Assisted by
Hussain Saleem
hussainsaleem@uok.edu.pk
Research Methods
In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive approaches.
Research Types
Deductive Approach
Inductive Approach
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HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach. Conclusion follows logically from premises (available facts)
Waterfall
CONFIRMATION
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HYPOTHESIS
TENTATIVE HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
PATTERN
CONFIRMATION OBSERVATION
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http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/cdic-mcc/18-3/d_e.html 11
Automated Reasoning
Logic lends itself to automation. A variety of problems can be attacked by representing the problem description and relevant background information as logical axioms and treating problem instances as theorems to be proved.
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Using given knowledge and truth value help us to solve, understand real life problems.
Logical Reasoning
Probabilistic Reasoning
Bayesian Networks
Subjective
Objective
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EXAMPLE
p: All mathematicians wear glasses q: Anyone who wears glasses is an algebraist r: All mathematicians are algebraist
pq r ( ( pq) r)
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TRUTH TABLE
Truth Table for the formulae built with the Logical Operators
p T T T T F F F F
q T T F F T T F F
r T F T F T F T F
pq ~(pq) ~(pq)Vr T F T T F F F T T F T T F T T F T T F T T F T T
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If r is the conclusion, and we know that p and q are true simultaneously then r is valid statement. In real life, the statements are true or false, here statement means an atomic statement, thus statements may be simple (atomic) or component. If p, q and r are independent statements, then we need to prove: pq r
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Commitment
Ontological Commitment: What exists in the world: Language of reasoning (Formal). Epistemological Commitment What an intelligent entity believes about the fact. Believe System: True, False, Unknown, degree of believe, degree believe with ranks (known values)
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Formal Language Propositional Logic Predicate Logic Probability Theory Temporal Logic
Ontology What exists) facts Facts, objects, relations Facts with change Facts, objects, relation and time
Epistemology True/False /Unknown True/False /Unknown Degree of believe on [0,1] True/False /Unknown
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Fuzzy Logic
Facts with degree Known interval of believe value Facts with degree of believe with learning Facts, objects, relation, time & Space Known interval values with improvement in believe True/False /Unknown
ANN-FL
Spatial Logic
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Fuzzy Logic
Neural Networks
Neuro-Fuzzy Systems
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References:
William M.K. Trochim, Research Methods Knowledge Base 2006. S. M. Aqil Burney; Nadeem Mahmood, A Brief History of Mathematical Logic and Applications of Logic in CS/IT,
Karachi University Journal of Science Vol.34 (1) July 2006. PP 61-75
Syed Muhammad Aqil Burney; Tahseen Ahmed Jilani, A refined fuzzy time series model for stock market forecasting
ElsevierScience Direct, Physica-A, January 2008 (in press). www.elsevier.com/locate/physa
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