Network > It is a collection of devices that communicate with each other across a shared mediam(cables) Layered model >

it a standard to follow so it gets easy to understand Open system interconnect (osi model) 1979 & practical used atleast 20 yr -Reduces Complexity -Standardizes interfaces -Facilities modular engineering (different hardware & software supports the osi ) -ensures interoperable technology -accelerates evolution -Simplifies teaching and learning Layers of osi Model 7 Application All 6 Presentation People 5 Session Seem 4 Transport To 3 Network Need 2 Data-link Data 1 Physical Processing Each layer is resposible for specific task peer to peer comunication > Both sender & receiver should used same protocol & the same setting so that they can communicate Protocols tcp & ip are different IP- Intenet Protocol -Operates at the netowrk layer of the osi model -connection-less protocol -each packet is treated independently -hierarchical addressing -uses best-efforts devilery -no data recovery features same funtions as UDP UDP User datagram protocol -operates at transport(4) layer of then osi model -provides socket connectivity with connection limitations(message boundary since no session is established before the sending of the data.) it is broadcast or multicast base. Most of the time packet by packet conversatio n is done) -provides application with access to the network layer without the overheads of reliability mechanisms(this means it is very very fast. & with the combination o f ip which is also a connection less with the UDP it becomes the quickest conver stion in the tcp-ip world) -connectionless protocol -limited error checking -uses best-effort devilery -no data recovery features

we hav application which utilies udp like tftp or dns lookup then it always rela y on upper layer for recovery features. IP packet delivery Datagram Header protocol field > it actually wil select the protocol protocol TCP UDP ICMP EIGRP Protocol field (ports) 06 17 01 88

ICMP -Announces network problems *Destionation unreachable -Announces network congestion *source Quench _Assists in troubleshooting *Echo request and echo reply -Announces timeouts *Time to live exceeded testing with ping 1 network - gets reply 4echo messages 2 newtork connected but down - destination unreacheable 3not connected to N/w - request timeout DHCP Dynamic host control protocol Avoids duplicate Ip address which lowers networksing issues -It centralally provides ip address to host. -It is central point of dynamic configuration for all -Realloaction of ip address is possible -DORA ProcessDHCP client broadcasts -> Discover message Dhcp Server broadcasts -> Offer message Dhcp client response with -> Request Message DHCP server seals the deal with -> Acknowledgment -This address also includes clientaddress,gateway, wins server, dns server, dns node type and also voice over ip(voip) DNS Domain name system -It provides us with Name resolution -It is an integrated protocol in the tcp/ip suite -Application specified in the TCp/Ip suite -Means to translate human-readable names into IP addresses -Lits of domains names and IP addresses are distributed throughout servers on the Internet in DNS. -Dns allows used to utilies names such as FQDN of a client, Dns would actually lookup for this name and the direct correlations and mapping of this name with t

he ip address of this client makes much easily for us to navigate using native tcp/ ip tools.

Tcp/ip conversations 1)Tcp/ip suite has expand a alot from the 1960 and it is the oldest protocol. Today is supports many tools such as VOIP , Telephone , security with all based on of address. 2)on my machine im trying to access say www.cisco.com HTTP TCP ICMP IP ARP Ethernet @ Router UDP TCP ICMP IP ARP Ethernet HTTP UDP

open a browser and type www.cisco.com then what actually happens browers uses http protocol which is at layer 5 port 80 then Transport layer communicates to the transport layer which is at layer 4 . . . (resolving)MAC Address It is a permanent burnt in address that exists on network interface card(NIC) This address is unique address TCp/Ip Encapsulation it requires source and destination ip address n mac address ,identify applicatio n, identify source port n destination port Encapsulation means that the layer two protocol which in case wud be ethernet is going to frame it up and get he which is going to sent it out on wire

De-encapsulation /uncapsulation

Network Protocols EIA-232-D operates at OsI Layer 1 which is physical Rules-> Defines asynchronous serial connections(if we dealing with dail-up conne ctions. It is electronic indusries alliance standard which was formerly knowns as RS 232 and which was used with dialup connection such as moderm) (+)

HDLC operates at OSI Layer 2 which is data link Rules-> Specifies encapsulation for synchronous serial data links using bit-orie nted framing (+)High level datalink control, we see this alot on cisco devices, synchronous l ines using bit oriented framing. PPP operates at OSI Layer 2 which is data link Rules-> Provides synchronous and asynchronous point-to-point connections (+)It is a counter part of HDLC normally providing a layer 2 choices. Its supports multiple layer three protocols. Protocol multiplexcing, multi link, authentication and all kinds of extra stuff It is a more desirable layer two protocol than HDLC It is also serial base so we are interested in serial connection and wide area n etworking

ISDN operates at OSI Layer 1-3 which are physical,datalink, network. Rules-> Communications protocols that allow telephone networks to carry voice,da ta,graphics,music, and video. (+)stands for Intergrated services digital networking It provide increase speed and other enchanments ISDN is something from were Dsl came from It has a new device which allows you to terminate local line in Digital and talk directly to your pc so that we are Digital end to end TCP operates at OSI Layer 4 which is Transport Rule-> Reliable transport method for IP packets. (+)one of the choice with the ip protocol for transport It is a reliable transport which actually provides acknoweldgements B/W systems for every segments that received and this make it reliable for all my data

Ethernet is the most popular techonology it continues to evole from 10mb to 100GB original ethernet technology has has 802.3 format then IEEE took IEEE- Institude for electronic and electronical engineers they are responsible t o develop Local Area Network Wide Area Networks Optical Networks Wireless networks Encryption Feb 1980 IEEE took on plan & approved 1st 802.3 defines Carrier sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection(CSMA/CD ) it was enchaned in early 1990's and has data transmission speed of 10mbps 2nd 802.3u this was for fastethernet 100Mbps

3nd 802.3z this was for GigabyteEtherenet 1000MBps 4th and the latest 802.3ae this was for 10Gigabyteethernet 10000MBPS NO other techonology was able to manitain this big at very less cost Ethernet is Affordable The de facto standards for all local area network technologies Limited to LAN tech & not possible for WAN Tech 1st Ethernet DIX and IEEE 802.3 has few different titles -Defined original Ethernet standards CSMA/CD(multiple system cud exists on the same wire but only one can transmit at a time ) -Both use Bus topology -Half Duplex operation(But Full duplex capable) -Both define a maximum raw transmission rate of 10MBPS -Aggregate rates double when full-duplex this means im using a NIC,Cables types, Pluge into ethernet switch all are ful l duplex when all conditons are true it becomes much more scalable tech 10base2-Thin ethernet(185meters) 10mb still ,cheaper , performance same as thick E 10base5-Thick Ethernet(500meters) its stands for 10mb base band. Quite Expensive 10base-T- Twisted-pair ethernet(100m) was limited to breakdown that machines

Fast Ethernet 802.3u or 100base-T same as 10base-T, it defines a bus topology but now we use 100base TX cat 5/5e UTP(100metres) & 100base FX -mutimode fiber (400metres) It has maximum raw transmission rate of 100MBPS -aggregate rates double when full-duplex -4-bit data path at 25 MHz Gigabit Ethernet 802.3z 1000base -T Defines a bus topology -half-duplex or full-duplex operations *1000base-T -cat5e UTP (100m)it has nilone thread that runs to the unshielded p airs and take away the some cross talk and the tauation on those cables that giv es it capabiltity of 10gb speed they use some optic fiber two types short wave(260m) & long wave(10km) *1000base-SX -Multimode Fiber (260m) *1000base-LX -Single mode Fiber (10 Kilometers) -maximum raw transmission rate of 1GBPS *Aggregate rates double when Full-duplex *8-bit data path at 125MHz

10G ethernet 802.3ae 10Gbase-X -Defines bus topology -cSMA\CD Full-duplex operation only(Fiber optics up to 40km) *10Gbase-LR *10Gbase-ER *10Gbase-SR *10Gbase-LW *10Gbase-LX4 Optic fiber standards -Maximum raw transmission rate of 20Gbps(Optical fiber(OC)192) *32-bit data path at just over 350MHz CSMA-CD carrier sense multiple Access \collision Detection -The extent of the segment size for which collsions can occur is known as the co llion domain -The size of the collison domain is identified as the number of systems that can actually be affected by collision Lan Standards Ethernet UTp cabling -unshielded twisted pair cables *no shielding involved *more durable and flexible as compared to ywisted pair cables *Used in ethernet networks *comprise four pairs of wires inside a jacket with each pair twisted with a s pecific number of twists per inch *Increased rate of data tramission with the tightness of the twisting -- Unshielded Twisted Pair cables purpose Voice-only data Data upto 4MBps Data upto 10Mbps Data upto 20MBps Data upto 100Mbps Data beyond 100mbps Type of UTP cable Category 1 or telephone wire Category 2 or LocalTalk Category 3 or Ethernet Category 4 or Token ring Category 5 or Fast Ethernet Category 6 or gigabit ethernet

Ethernet standards -10base-T or Ethernet -100base-TX or Fast ethernet -1000base-t or gigabit ethernet Difference b/w cables, wires pairs in the cables, connectors and pin out require d Rj 45 connectors pinouts G/W O/W G O O/W G/W B B B/W B/W O G B/W B/W

Types of cables -10base-T and 100base-TX *Each pair of wires sends data in different directions *NICs and Switches use different pins to send and receive data *NICs send data at pins 1 and 2 *Switches send data at pins 3 and 6 Straight-through cable ->different devices Crossover cable Mac address 48bits 00.00.0c.43.2e.08 B=Broadacast, L=Local, OUI=oraganizational Unique Identifier 1st two bits are resereved for B & L & address starts with oo 1 1 22bits B L OUI Frame Structure Communicating within the Lan Unicast -->one to one Broadcast-->one to many Multicast-->one to all Base 2 numbering system Binary numbers 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Decimals >it is base on base 10 here we have 0 to 9 Binary > 1's and 2's Hexadecimals>base 16values 0 to 9 and A to F always brk it into 4bits Hexa decimal Decimal Binary 00 00 0000 0000 01 1 0000 0001 02 2 0000 0010 03 3 0000 0011 04 4 0000 0100 05 5 0000 0101 06 6 0000 0110 07 7 0000 0111 08 8 0000 1000 09 9 0000 1001 0A 10 0000 1010 0B 11 0000 1011 0C 12 0000 1100 0D 13 0000 1101 0E 14 0000 1110 0F 15 0000 1111 24bits vendor Assigned ->similar devices

WAN Technology Lan WAN Access 1)Workgroups Routers Branch office 2)Building backbone Switches Telecommuter 3)Campus backbone Internet Remote user, VPN etc This is all Wide area networking Serial line are WAN lines A high speed T1 , T3 line A slow speed Sattelite Need for WAN very remote office(foreign) Thousands of remote workers remote offices private line network Regional office Mobile users Home offices Business Partners main office Connect all at a less cost thats WAN technology can provide When we always use Routers & Network access Routers in WAN

Difference B/W LAN and WAN WAN Owernship Subcription to outside service provider Area Wide geographic Area

LAN Owned By Organization Single Building or small Geographic Area

Network WAN services:Data-link ISDN,frame relay, ATM, HDLC (Beside ethernet) Physical Electrical,mechanical, operational connections Types Modem cable connection Dsl Satellite technology have change but we use the same Web Internet same Ftp all because TCP /IP is same at the Network layer.

WAN technology and devices We need a router to forward packets between WAN and LAN regardless of the connectivity we will have routers at the backside of each type of connection Routers is the primary device to provide mediam traslation necessary B/W WAN and LAN tech -Routers -Modems -CDU/DSU(typically used when frame relay connection or T1 T3 line. it provides l ine coding necessary for customer equipment to actually communicate with service provider network) _WAN networking devices *ATM switches *Frame relay switches *PSTN/ISDN Switches (this is mostly inside the Cloudweb ie internet) PSTN-Pu blic switch telephone network Phisical layer EIA/TIA-232 V.35->that has a modern to dial up X.21->they provide simple services HSSI others DTC()-----------------()DCE Data Terminal Equipment user device with interface connectiong to the WAN link. Data circuit-Terminationg Equipment End of the WAN provider side of the communication facility. *DCE->it provides set Clock rate in the line(take care of cost,Signaling etc) WAN tech is the combination of DCE and DTE Data-link protocols:datalink protocol (layer 2) [_] CSU/DSU or modem

Associated upper-layer Protocol or protocols No

ATM(2) ATM(3) or any network layer(IP, vell IPX, AppleTalk, and so on) PPP Any network layer(IP, Novell IPX, AppleTalk, and so on) Any network layer(IP,Novell IPX, Any network layer(IP, Novell IPX, AppleTalk, and so on) ISDN(3)

HDLC ppleTalk, and so on) LAPF(frame relay) LAPD(ISDN 2)

LAPB(x.25 2)

x.25(3)

Link Options Dedicated-->leased lines WAN < Switched -> circuit ,Packet, Cell Switched. Dedicated- leased line:Bitstream or channedlized service (Fractional T1/E1, T1/E1, T3/E3) (+)It is the highest speed option, most controllable, lease and dont share the c onnection with anybdy else, we will own all of that bandwidth avaiable, it comes with a higher cost per month. I wil always have 1.544mbps Switched 1)Circuit switched-> PSTN,ISDN (+) This include phone company, typically not fast enough for big company. Below both provide the highest bandwidth, but control is fully with the Service provider 2)Packet Switched->X.25,frame relay,DSL (+)most popular 3)Cell Switched->ATM (+)most popular, This include phone company, typ All three are limited to bandwidth they can provide(less then they can actual cud). it may be oversubcribed(by 1.544mbps) or under 1DS0 =64kbps 24 DSOs -> DS1 or T1 1.544Mbps 672DSOs -> DS3 or T3 43.736Mbps we have option to choose in datalayer from isdn,hdlc,ppp... base on Dso, Digital signaling& frame overheads Major difference in industry standard HDLC and cisco HDLC HDLC FLAG Address control Data FCS Flag Cisco HDLC FLAG Address control Proprietary Data FCS Flag (+)Here we get only one protocol cisco HDLC allows for simultaneous multuplexing of layer 3 protocol i can run IP and IPX on my WAN network in nly a single line HDLC is by default on all cisco router unless change PPP->point to point protocol (R) [CDU/DSU] {PPP} [CDU/DSU] (R)

<--------------------------> Flag Address control Protocol data FCS Flag -Industry Standard protocol. -Features inculde authentication,link-level compression,multiple layer multipl exing and callback. -Can be either a synchronous or asynchronous connection. Multiple protocol, best encapsulation at layer 2. ppp consideration Advantages-> Simplicity, Quality, Availability Disadvantages-> Cost, Limited Flexibility Transmission protocol In real we want be able to afford it or we must use a option is cost effective.. Option1 Circuit switching-> PPP,HDLC,Layer2 # (R) z web(telephone Co) Z (R) preferably PPP to use max accesability & functionality Asynchronous serial,ISDN Layer1 #(R)z web(Telephone co)z (R) Both of this advantages of telephone network. i can use a modern or isdn type of device to make a connection Layer 1 (A) PSTN Advantages- simplicity,aviability, cost Disadvantages- Low data rates, Relatively long connection setup time for modern to synchronise (B) ISDN Getting into a fastre network wil be our Integrated Digital services -It is been implemented to increase the plain old speed of telephone system acta ully providing three DSo Channels. 2Dso channesl are used for data at 64k a pie ce and the 3th DSO is used for all framing and signaling ovehead which is requir ed for this both channel to work because im gonna have two clearn 64k channels, ISDN is going to yield upti 128k raw data transfer from using DSL, ISdn or I dsl it may even give more than 144k of data transfer. ISDN is the birth place of di gital Subcriber line and family of DSL products. ISDN is in two favours BRI(64k,64k & 16k)144k and PRI(64k each T1 or)1.544mbps a nd 2.048mbps Advantages 1)Speed -(it alot fast than standard dial-up beacuse its going to yield 128k raw transmission speed with bri and Pri 1.544mbps similar to T1) 2)Always on avaliable(large coverability with Bri) Disadvantages 1)cost-(PRI similar to T1)

2)limited to geographical(Pri) Packet switching(video) whenever thr is virtual circuit{cloud} there are always many ways of packet swi tching from source & destination. Normally ways are pre defined. WAN with x.25(a type of packet switching) now a days it has been disappered & used nly for satellite connection. It is bir th place of popular technology we used today frame relay SVC-Switched virtual circuit It is dial up ,cost is charge of the usuage done,it is connected when need, O n demand type of connection PVC-Permanent virtual circuit continous connection no matter what...expect when the service provider goes do wn, charge is fixed mothly fee, always connection Frame Realy The main reason it has become so popular is because his ability to go very long distances & increased speed from X.25 X.25 went long distances in the noisly condition because of its build in error c orrection. Frame relay can have much speed per curcuit go much longer distance w ith a much clearer signal, so many have choisen to move to frame relay as their primary techonolgy Frame relay works outside the cloud ie between the DCE or frame relay switch and DTE which is your router its works normally through CSU/DSU unit which does pro vide any change in responsibilty when they actually swicth from our DTE to DCE Frame relay has a always on connection more over it is very easy to setup and ma intain Frame relay works Routers are always DTE in a normal environment & in between its has DCE in the c loud DCE will connect the end which is DLCI(data link connection identifier) it is a local number , it wil only identify what the local number is at each side .. it dont matter how the large clould is but all depends on the service provider to m ake all the adjustments from dlci to dlci DTE In (R)----------[DCE]-[DCE] DLCI out 157 [DCE]-[DCE]-----------(R)DTE Cloud DLCI 743 cloud wud be able to route any packet inbound from dlci157 to outbound dlci743 it dont matter how the large clould is but all depends on the service provider t o make all the adjustments from dlci to dlci. it very much as a phone line from your phone to other phone when we dial othr nu mbers is the exact same concept How much number ours is the large few digits of 10digit number ...initial digit contains area code and the prefix which places you in the right switch, so once is reach the right switch then i will have the local number this would the data to ship out from that router and connection to be made

Cell switching with ATM If we compare ATM with frame relay it has very much similarity we utilies the sa me sort of switch which provide us with the virtual circuit connectivity it stil l use NNI(network to network interface) to cummunicate b/w the switches but it d oes not use the sort of DLCI instead it uses virtual circuit identifier which is very similar to a dlci number but it is design particually for the ATM cell ATM will be much smaller than the standard packet mtu infact they are only 53 by te fixed length cells the beauty of having such a samll cell with the large cell is i dont have worry about the padding to fill the packet itself this means the ATM is an excellent t echnology for service level access for example voice services or real time servi ces they are neceassary and we cant have alot of frame to be droped. it is very important that we are able to filled a packet or cell with data and not have too much of padding which can cause too much dealy on the network .so For delay sen se type of application such as VOIP ATM is an excellent solution. DSL based on ATM the Digital subcriber line There are wide variety of DSL implme ntation asymentical DSL,ADSL which is one of most popular techonlogy we have IDS L, VDSL, HDSL. IT has many option in DSL . DSL is itself a ATM backend techonolo gy were the service cloud is (videos) we must we aleast 18000 feet away to get t he appropiate speed with dsl Internet corporate network Central office xDSL Asymmetric Dsl symmetric Dsl Thr are several service type such as Asymmetric Dsl Download speed in MB Upload speed can be in KB Symmetric DSl Download and upload speed is equal connection like VDSL very high speed DSL have symmetric DSL capabilties Advantages -speed -Simultaneous voice and data trasmission -Incremental additions -alwasy-on availability -backward compatibility with analog phones Disadvantages -limited availability -local phone company requirements -security risks (VIDEO)

Cable-Based WANswer we take advantage of cable moderm and a cable company to provide high speed access.

Cable connectivity would not be straight Wide area networking from end to end bu t mostly connect to the global internet then i wil make some sort of connection from back end small office or branch office using VPN to make a connection to my coroperate office then make this connection secure they are a very good choice as they provide excellent speed for organisation that require teleworker,home worker to have hight speed connect ion back to the office It supporets iptelephony which can allow u to have office in your house and feel like u are at the office all of the time because cable moderm have high rate speed then the ISDN or DSL. we can also see some productivity increase over ISDN or in some cases DSL depending upon the tec hnology cable moderm can take advantages of global internet which means we can utilise V PN,Voice levle techonology such as IP telephony and wil have capability to have real time video The internet could be a very secure and very productive median if the right tech onology is used to access it WE should alawys think in terms of -Availability of the internet -Availability of the connection to the internet -speed of the connection -means to apply security to the connection we should also keep a note if we using internet that we should provide as much s ecurity as possible because internet is so widely used we dont want our business level data intercepted by the wrong person so when using the internet we should always see to it that the security is at the front at the game.

IP services for Internet Access Both the cable and DSL for internet access utilizes router for forwading packets both to and from the network Apart from routing access router performs various functions such as Assigns Ip address learns routes Translates network addresses(or NAT) Router has to route packets from both interfaces thus it required two different ip address for this two interfaces, so i need a public Ip Address which the inte rnet routers will regconise for the interface that faces the internet and a priv ate IP address that faces the local lan subnet how does packet travel inside the network from internet as he cant use the priva te id address the solution to this problem is NAT and PAT(port address translati on) before we must consider two facts a)Global IPv4 address space is running out -Isp also prefer assigning dynamic rather than static addresses b)NO difference between a number of TCP connections from different hosts and a n umber of TCP connections from the same host(as each connection is identified by combination of port number and ip address) Taking advantages of this both PAT -Translates the local PC's IP address to the access router's public IP addre ss(to route the packet in the internet the router remembers the ip address and t he TCP or UDP port number of each local PC so all the pc in subnet have the same ip address as far as the internet is concern) It is one of the option of utilizing the NAT

NAT is the broder term that refers to translation of network layer IP address wi th the translation of ports There are different varity of NAT's such as Static NAT , dynamic NAT, Overloadin g which is PAT and overlapping. Local subnet in case of NAT is refer to as a stub domain while Cable and DSL rou ter come configured with PAT we have to configure NAT on cisco enterprise router s. Thus we have lot of option in connecting WAN Now Configure a HDLC on cisco routers we first need to understand the nework we have two routers 172.16.1.1 172.16.2.1 s0/1/0 fa0/1 ----------(R1)-----------z__________(R2)----------fa0/0 s0/1/0 172.16.2.2 172.16.4.2 they connected with back to back connected link. cisco iso uses the hdlc as the default data link protocol hence HDLC doesnt requ ire any layer 1 or layer 2 configurations commands but if the router is configur ed to some other data-link protocol you can configure HDLC by using the command encapsulation HDLC next we must check the interface line status and configure the clocking rate chk both routers #show running-config interface serial0/1/0 #show interface serial0/1/0 if it shows some other encapsulation protocol then config)#interface serial0/1/0 config)#encapsulation HDLC config)#exit #show interface serial0/1/0 data-link protocol HDLC is by default encapsulation type... configure PPP encapsulation command config)#interface serial0/1/0 (on 1st router and 2nd router) config)#encapsulation ppp and it is done and to check #show running-config interface serial0/1/0 Configuring NAT we want to configure NAT to allow internal users to access internet using overlo ading step1- to define the internal and external interfaces of NAT we can unerstand that internal nework is inside interfaces and external network is outside interfaces but this saying is subjective of our bretration we want to allow internal users to acces internet but we wont have that much val id address to accomodate them If all communication with devices in the internet originate from the internal de vices you need to have a single valid public ip address or pool of valid address es

commands >enable #conf t config)#interface fastethernet0/1 config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 config-if)#ip nat inside config-if)#exit config)#interface fastethernet0/0 config-if)#ip address 10.1.6.199 255.255.252.0 config-if)#ip nat oustside config-if)#exit now define the pool of ip addresses for nat config)#ip nat pool no-overload 10.1.6.100 10.1.6.198 prefix 22 (this wil define a nat pool with name no-overload with the range of ip addresses )next specify how the address wil be mapped config)#ip nat inside source list 10 pool no-overload (this command causes the router to commad the source ip address in the packet wi th the access list reference in the command) config)#access-list 10 permit 172.16.0.0 0.0.0.254 (this wil allow access list 10 permit packet with source addressing ranging from 172.16.0.0 to 172.16.0.254) config)#exit we have successfully configured NAT to allow internal users to access internet u sing overloading. Network Interface card:1st we need a NIC for pc this is allows you to connect with the system bus of th e computer it has appropiate chipset burnt in address(bia) which is mac address that allows you to connect to an ethernet network this the first required to pc along with a some sort of device drivers and software configuration to be able t o connect your computer with a network Physical connectivity comparing media requirements requirement media maximum segment Length 100m (328 ft) connector

1)10base-T

EIA/TIA category 3 4,or 5 UTP 2pair

ISO 8877 (RJ-45)

2)100base-TX (ethernet)

EIA/TIA 100m category 5 (328 ft) UTP 2 pair

ISO 8877 (RJ-45) duplex media media interface connector (MIC) ST ISO 8877 (RJ-45)

3)100base-FX 62.5/125 400m (fiber optic) micron (1312.3 ft) multimode fiber 4)1000base-CX STP 25m (Gigabase ethernet) (82 ft) copper shielded paircable below is better then cx

5)1000base-T EIA/TIA nioleon category 5 threat UTP 4 pair 6)1000base-SX 62.5/50 short wave micron fiber optic multimode fiber

100m (328 ft) 260m (853 ft)

ISO 8877 RJ-45) -----

7)1000base-LX 9micron 3-10 km long wave single(1.86-6.2miles) fiber optic mode fiber

-----

EIA/TIA= Electronic industries alliance/ Telecommunications industry alliances ethernet cabling,telecome,fiber optic cabling etc we might have heard EIA/TIA 568A EIA/TIA 568B this both defines the colour scheme we wil used for twisted pair for unshielded twisted pair cabling.

Different connection Rj-11 is for telephone 2pair RJ-45 is for ethernet 4pair (video) 1000base-T GBIC (Gigabit interface convertor) (video) Fiber-optic GBICs -short wavelength (1000base-sx) -long wavelength/long haul (1000base-LX/LH) -Extended distance (1000base-ZX) 40km (video) unshielded twisted pair(UTP) colour-coded plastic insulation* twisted pair cable outer jacket RJ-45 connector -speed and throught:10 to 1000Mbps(megabit arenot mega bytes) -Average cost per node:Least expensive(ruote we can take) -Media and connector size:Small -maximim cable length:varies large majority UTP wil be approx 100m RJ-45connector and Jack UTP implementation cable 10base-T/100Base-TX Straight-through cable PIN PIN

LABEL 1 TX+ 2 TX3 RX+ 4 NC 5 NC 6 RX7 NC 8 NC EIA/TIA

LABEL TX+ TXRX+ NC NC RXNC NC T568A both side

Crossover cable EIA/TIA T568A and other side EIA/TIA T568B Loops VS Spanning Tree we must also see when we design a network is that we will always build reductanc y in our network ,the problem with the reductancy is that it creates Loop(loopin g condition can become a problem a contineous flooding) what we need is a mechan ism that will prevent the frames from actually occuring this can due to the natu re of switching techonology which is known as the spanning tree protocol.

Topologies:Physical and Logical There is diference how the which and how technology is used how the data flows difference b/w bus and token ring we should know how ethernet compare to token ring how frame relay compare to ATM or ethernet we have differences in the way techonology works Bus topology ----------simplest of all Its primary attribute is that everything connect to the central backbone it is l ike having single lane street. Bus travels in both direction up and down, stopin g for schedule stop on either side. -Every system in the bus topology receives the signals(the actual wire cable mus t be terminted from both ends to absorb that signal and thus we have a bus topol ogy) -Uses contention access method(means only one station would be accessing this ne twork at the same time, this mean there would be possibility of collisons if thr is more than one signal crossing this wire at the same time, this are some limi tation of the bus topology) -collision solutions *we have full-duplex operation *limited collision domain this solution help in best solution in bus technology we can extend bus topology into star and extended star topology Star topology \ /

--O-/ \ it is very much like a hub and spoak, All transmissions go through a central point this is advantages for organistaion who want to provide autonomy and religency f or each component outside, were if one component connection breaks dosnt affect the other component in the network like it wud in the bus topology. some time this additional cost are worth to have such additional connection in t he WAN But there is also a disadvantage that is it has a single point of failure exampl e if my hub stops functioning entire topology stop functioning Extended Star Topology it is sometime better for oragnisation which required less single point of faliu res topology \ / o \ / -o-o-o/ \ o / \ Its gonna be much more resilient than star topology because you can see we got p oints of failure for different area of the network meaning one point of failure cannot affect the entire network or topology to fail ofcourse we take out the ce ntre of our network it affects most of the devices but remaninder of the system will still be able to operate automously so it all depend upon our need whether its is a LAN, WAN. Ring Topology It was made popular by token ring but there was never begining or end in the top ology itself as we have with the bus or the star or extended star but infact dat a would pass through every single device in the single direction in the logical ring(literally going in one direction at high speed) IN most of the thing we would be token passing mechanism as such in token ring o r fddi or the system that is actually using this ring attached to the ring must hold that token to be able to transmiit then the information can be transmiited and when it reaches it destination somewer else in the ring the transmiition is riffed off and the token is passed on. this is good high speed technology becaus e signal due travel only in one direction under the ring eliminating the possibi lity of collision but again we have single point of failure. At any point we bra ke this ring we wud affectly break the system this is one of the reason the toke n ring was design and self configure its topology if we ever break in the ring s o if one device should go down so we will be able to reconfigure ourself around the ring but if we lose a major device such as token ring concentration or multi sation access unit(MAU) we have a larger issue. Dual-Ring Topology Thats the point dual-ring topology came in. One technology which was known as FD DI-fiber distributed data interface that was actually a technology that was desi gned to replace the current implementation of token ring using a dual-ring topol ogy . The idea behind the dual ring topology is that we have singnals traveling in the opposite direction around two rings say we are using innner ring for data trasmittions so the system that live in th

e inner ring are actually moving data in one direction. as we see as long as rin g stays continous and stays constistnent we have no problem what so ever but let s say we have a break in the cable right here (which is going to break the ring) because we have dual ring our data still travel to this point. This device is actually connected to both rings now we will be able to reverse our path and go this ways to the very last point where the faliure is cross over and continue tr ansmitting so we now have once again a contigusous ring that can be even used wh en there is break in the cable right here . so dual ring topology does provide m uch more religiency than the single ring. D biggest problem with this topology i s due to cost it is some what prohibited it does not provide type of expandabili ty that we need and it is limited to 200mb we can not get any faster then that a nd once ethernet exceeded 100mb we saw that FDDI fall along the way side in fav our of very high speed technology but non the less it our one of the topology op tion we have. Full-Mesh Topology we get into Wide area networking we start looking different type of technology o ne type of technology which is very common is FUll-Mesh Topology. IT is normally used we have found a compelling reason to interconnect multiple ofices or multiple locations for direct connectivity to every other location in other word s say this is the central office and we have found a compelling reason only for my central office to connect ot all the other branches but i also want each of t his branches to talk directly to every other branch without having to go back to the central office if this offices acquire to talk with the central point then i would have a star topology but because i have decided actually create connecti on between every office individually i have a full mesh topology. Now incase som ething like a frame relay this is a very popular way of doing things if there is a compelling reason to this office to talk directly to each other It is highly fault tolerant but we do have deal with lot of circuit and have to purchase this for something like frame realy to operate in this fashion so it wi l be highly expensive to implement and that is one of its drawbacks. Now that we can see we have no single point of faliure which is excellent this techonolgy i s very fault tolerant but due to thr expense sometime it is not fesible and may be somewhat cost prohibited for lot of organisations to fully implement the topo logy. Partial-Mesh Topology Thats the reason why there is hybrid were i can actually used the partial mesh t opology were i found some cases a compelling reason for certain offices to talk direcly to certain other offices but i have also found such other situation that some offices can talk to my central office i dont have to worry about them havi ng there own connection to every other office. so a partial mesh topology could actually be utilised. In this case atleast one device maintain muliple connectio n to other devices however other connection do not have to be maintain directly to other office and this would give me a trade off between my fault tolerance an d cost allowing me to implement highly reducntent network which is fesiable and cost effective for what i need to do. now a question he recieve quite often is how do this topology change in the mode rn world of wireless technology And the good news is that they dont for example we are dealing with an access point(what we are dealing with is we a dd a virtual ports to your switch networks) so if we plug an access point into t he port of a switch bascially all of those client devices they talk to wirless a ccess point or simply virtual devices on that swicth network so it really does c hange the topology it simply changes the media by which the devices are communic ating in other words they are using the mediam of electro magnetic wave they are

going through the air rather then using the mediam of using UTP cables. Shared Networking:Challenges- i dont know whether or not we have travelled a large city or not but if u have you have probally exprience a high congesation n ow its interesting just as we go anywer in the world people think there high way s are the busyest and most congested high ways that exist anyway and but ofcours e thats all personal expirence it could be similar in networks that use to say o ur networks uses a share mediam multiple computers are communicating on that net work at the same time or atleast taking turns communicating on that network and what this does it cause cogestion and somethimes apperance of poor performance so one of the things that we have to deal with set ting up a the ethernet network is this share networking concept. how do we make sure that each pc gets a fair amount of time in the network how do we make sure that our mission criticals operations a pplication get there fair time of share on the network. This are the question we must be able to answer so we have to talk about this share networking component s. There are severla issues we have to deal with regardless of what the network we put in place 1)Ethernet segment length-we have to identify what the maximum length of etherne t is for every technology we use whether it is standard UTP or fiber optic cable , some sort of copper base technology we use to make our connection like 1000cx which has a limitation of 25m. we got to know what our segment lenght is. we ha ve to understand that the longer the cable gets the more the degradation of sign al wil be and harder its gonna be for us to hear the csma/cd access method .now we may choose a repeater(like a hub or a switch) to extend the cable distance. k eep in mind if we choose to put hub right in the middle of the two workstation each station with 100m of length with Utp its going to extend that cable length to 200meters . so it wil repeat that signal and provide for us a clearner signa l all the way through and of course a much greator distance. But we have to foll ow the 5-4-3 rule of the ethernet and it says that we can never have 5 segments with 4 repeaters and 3 segments populated.so its very important that 5-4-3 rule is followed when we implement ethernet internet network. Since most of our technology has been designed with the aim that we can scale ou r network to any size without worring the segment cabling we need to focus more on the which is verly important like the collision domains and the croadcast dom ains this are the things cisco really focuses on here. Our main goal with all our network design is to limit the size of the collison d omain and the broadcast domain. asume we have a hub and 50people on it and we have 50 Pc's connected it every si ngle time a person on this network send some data all other 49 systems have to examine it and they all have to compete for the segment bandwidth. Infact they a ll have to complete for the same segment for transmitting data it is the same co llision domain. now we take a switch instead which can micro segment a network we are going to a ble to reduce the size of the collison domain down to a single port ethernet is a broadcast based network it uses contension, if we sent a data pack et everybody on that wire which is in our collision domain have to examine the packet. if we have broken up our collision domain then the only thing which can pass through the collision domain is the broadcast because that should go to everybody. Everybody with in the broadcast domain got to exami ne that packet which adds to network overhead and waste the bandwidth it can was te cpu cycle on the target machines if the data packet is not destin for them. s o we have to aware of collision domain and the broadcast domains and how can we provide solutions for this. The other big thing we have to deal with is network cogestion overall. Networking cogestion can be result of collision domain size , broadcast domain size, the number of host on the network, the segment length and

the number of repetors. causes of congestionone of the biggest thing that causes congestion is just having too much host on the segment (it like putting 500people on the same wire)so we got to compete fro m the collision stand point ofcourse we going to have reduce bandwidth capabilit ies because we have so many system sharing the same media. Each protocol is going to have there different limitation using tcp/ip has diffe rent limitation than other protocol like ipx or appletalk or using any layer thr ee protocols they have different limitations. A physical limitation 0.1% of the totalnumber of output packets is going to reso lve a collision so in other words less than point 0.1% of the total packets are sent on any given wire could colli ed nomore if it was 0.2% it means we got too many collision on that wire. we got to have a different solution. this means we have too many host in that segement or we require an another look on other technology the other major problem we have with the network congestion is simply broadcasts and multicasts base traffic. -we got an acceptable level of broadcast base traffic of less than 20% of my tot al segment bandwidth. If my total segement is 100 mb,it means we can never have more than 20mb of the total segment bandwidth ever at one time being comsume by broadcast . now you will be surprise by the application are out there today. how many application are broadcast based. how many os actually still sents a tremed eous number of broadcast out on the wire. and you know what every host firm wide in between layer 3 domains has got to exa mine those packet and that could be a real problem. we start to get into routing we deal with Ruoting protocol update which could be broadcast or multicat varity some routing protocols like distance vector protoc ols can send updates as often as 30sec out of every interface for a network than hasnt change in 2 years and remain stable i still have updates sending every 30 sec's. so it is something i have to condend with different network services lik e IP services, the dhcp protocol, dns and wins all would eat my segment bandwidt h and cause network congestion.

Subnet Mask -Identifies the division of the network portion and host portion of an IP addre ss. -Used in conjunction with the source and destination address to make routing dec isions *All hosts in a given network scheme will always use the exact same subnet mask to provide accurate routing *Known as classful subnetting -Same subnet mask is always evaluated against the source and destination IP. -Without an accurate subnet mask, broadcast or ARP strms can occur *have an accurate subnet mask for every host on the network

-two different types of masks *Default mask is the number of -*Using the default mask only -*will not have any more than *customs mask can be defined to Reserve addresses

bits that are reserved by the address class accommodates a single segment one subnet capability accommodate many network segments.

Routers functions cisco has two brands of routers as it acquired Linksys org Routers are designed for small office, home office or Provide the consumer level access so that they can support also avialabe in the market are wireless routers , firewalls and access point cisco have many routers 2800 series 800 to crs1 to 12000 series ...how big, expensive the router is they provide the same function that is seperate physical networks -Routers reduces the size of broadcast domain (switch is designed to flood the broadcast base traffic to all ports however a r outers jobs is to stop or filter the broadcast packets) broadcast packets are originated at layer 3 of the osi layer which is the same layer at which routers functions at in the osi model. -used to segment and connect the networks together which wil reduce the size of the broadcast domain this can leviate some congestion on the network -Note that routers serves an important function in a multisegment network becaus e hosts are going to actually send packets to the router which wud transfer this b/w physical networks.

IP 1. 2. 3.

packets Routers receives frame Routers de-capsulates frame and sees it is an ip packet Routers checks to see if the packets stays here or goes to the next hop (If the packet needs to be forwarded, it consults the routing table) 4. If packets stays, router uses ARP; if packet goes, it uses MAC of next hop 5. Outgoing interfaces encapsulates the packet for correct media and sends it out. Routing Tables -Directly connected *Routers is directly attached to the network -Static routing *Entered manually by a system administrator -Dynamic routing *learned by exchange of routing information *convergence occurs when all routing tables become -Default route *Statically or dynamically learned *used when no explicit route to network is known

synchronized

Routing Metrics inside the network we are going to have different speeds Routers must be able to read the Bandwidth, Delay, hop count, it should also calculate the cost based on any of t his factors then pass the information to other routers routers use the lowest cost path which is less metric to reach the destination Thr is only one metrics for static route so it is hop count in most situation and when we used dynamic routing protocol i have more option such as ability to calculate the bandwidht, delay, hope count, cost Distance-vector protocol -It will pass periodic copy of entire routing table to all neighbors routers(usu ally in a broadcast format but some time also in multicast format), which accumu lates distance vectors -Distance-vector routing protocol wil calculate the cost & metric based purely u pon a hop count factor in alomost every case in some cases tho it just based on the vector distance which both the distance ()& the direction -Now a distance vector routing protocol does not always used hop count but simpl y way understands its functionality, infact a path from one side A to the other side B indicates we must go across the multiple routers -multiple hops is actually the distance and it must travel in this direction to get there -Distance vector routing protocol periodically pass routing table copies to ther e neighbor(updates) so if a routes goes down in between or a router resolves in a change in the network the route wil still be automatically propagated to any r outer who is still online. This means network can known unavailable or available through a backup route if reductancy is build in the network. -but the really big the problem with distance vector routing protocol is infact there primary attribute. -distance vector routing protocol passes peridic copy of the routing table updat es to all neighbour routers via broadcast. some of this protocol sents updates as fast as 30sec interval and a calculation of distance is not always the best calculation specially from the stands point o f the lower end distance vector routing protocols.

Link-state Protocols After intial synchromization of routers a link state routing protocol passes upd ates whether small or event-triggered between neighbour . this means if nothing changes and everything is stable im not going to talk to u very often -we wil still use the helo packet to verrify u are still thr but belong that we are not going to change updates. we are only going to exchange updates when there some significant occurs on the network and when we do so we are building the shortest path first tree.this depi kes databse how the networks looks like from the local routers perspective. The local router wud take this information and used the spf or the shortest path first algorithm to generates routes which wil be placed into the routing table like anyother routing protocol based upon this tree. -the main feature of the link state routing protocol is decision or the adjustme nts can be made on the fly if the router is no longer available because the enti re network is known inside the shortest path first tree. It is possible for the router to use a backup route as soon as the network status changes

- Link state routing protocols such as OSPF wil provide this functions for a rou ter, OSPF has been for very long time so as the ISIS or intermediate system to i ntermediate system protocol both of link state protocol provide the same functio n to your enterprise network. And if we are looking out for the distance vector routing protocol RIP is primal ry distance vector routing protocol which we can use. Cisco provides another routing protocol which is EIGRP which is a hybrid between the OSPF and ISIS and actually has the measurement distance which is much more advance.