COMMON PHARMACOLOGIC DRUGS

Brand Name
Zyloprim

Generic Name
Allopurinol

Drug Classification
Anti-gout agent, antihyperuricemic, xanthine oxidase inhibitor H2 receptor antagonist

Indication
Gout or hyperuricemia

Mechanism of Action
Inhibits the action of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. Blocks the action of histamine (a natural chemical that stimulates the stomach cells to produce acid) on stomach cells, thus reducing stomach acid production. Amoxicillin- exerts a bactericidal action against many strains of Gram positive and Gram-negative organisms. Clavulanic acid inactivates beta- lactamase enzymes produced by penicillinresistant strains, thus, making it susceptible to amoxicillin. Displaces plasminogen from fibrin resulting in inhibition of fibrinolysis; it also inhibits the proteolytic activity of plasmin. Stabilizes neuronal membranes and limits seizure activity by either increasing efflux or decreasing influx of sodium ions across cell membranes in the motor cortex during generation of nerve impulses. Blocks the binding of angiotensin II to receptor sites in smooth muscle and the adrenal gland, inhibiting the vasoconstricting effect of Angiotensin II. Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by acting on beta-adrenergic receptors. Also relaxes uterine muscle. Works by interfering with the formation of proteins in the invading bacteria, thereby preventing their growth and multiplication. Inhibits microbial protein synthesis Produces bronchodilation by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle through beta-2 receptor stimulation. Antagonizes action of acetylcholine on bronchial smooth muscle in lungs, causing bronchodilation Inhibits movement of calcium ions across cell membrane in systemic and coronary vascular smooth muscle Blocks beta receptors, primarily affecting cardiovascular system (decreases heart rate, decreases contractility, decreases BP) and lungs promotes bronchospasm. Increases the neurotransmission levels by increasing the synthesis and production speed of dopamine in the striatum, acting then as dopaminergic agonist through the inhibition of tyrosine hydroxilase. Ampicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall mucopeptide synthesis. Sulbactam inhibits plasmid-medicated betalactamase enzymes commonly found in microorganisms resistant to ampicillin. Decreases inflammation, mainly by stabilizing leukocyte lysosomal membranes; suppresses immune response; stimulates bone marrow; and influences protein, fat, and carbonate metabolism. It relaxes vascular smooth muscle resulting in vasodilatation. The predominant action is the dilatation of the veins, which leads to a reduction of the venous return

Zantac

Ranitidine hydrochloride

Duodenal ulcer, benign ulcer, GERD;

Amoclav/ Coamoxiclav

amoxicillin Clavulanic acid

Antibacterial

infections caused by amoxicillin resistant organisms producing beta-lactamases sensitive to clavulanic acid Traumatic injuries, bleeding

Hemostan

Tranexamic Acid

Hemostatic Antifibrinolytic/ Coagulant Anticonvulsants

Tegretol

Carbamazepine

Seizure

Diovan

Valsartan Irbesartan

Antihypertensive, angiotensin II receptor antagonist Bronchodilator/ Sympathomimetric Antibiotic/Macrolide

HPN

Bricanyl Ansimar Klaricid

Terbutaline Sulfate Doxofylline Clarithromycin

Bronchospasms/ Asthma; preterm labor infectious respiratory tract, skin and skin structure bronchospasms

Ventolin

Albuterol sulfate (Salbutamol)

Bronchodilator

Norvasc

Amlodipine besylate

Calcium channel blocker Beta-adregenic blocker

Hypertension, angina, myocardial ischemia Hypertension, Ischemic heart disease CVD,

Betaloc

Metoprolol Tartrate Atenolol

Somazine

Citicoline

CNS stimulants, Tyrosine hydroxilase inhibitor

Unasyn

Ampicillin sodium/Sulbactam sodium

Antibiotic/penicillin

Infection

Decilone

Dexamethasone

Corticosteroid Hormones

Inflammatory & allergic conditions

Imdur durule

Isosorbide-5mononitrate

Anti-Anginal Drugs

Prophylactic treatment of angina pectoris

PREPARED BY ALFREDO LIM, RN, MAN

Adalat Other Calcium Channel Blocker: Plendil

Nifedipine Felodipine

Anti-Anginal Drugs, Calcium Antagonists, Calcium Channel Blocker; Antihypertensive agent.

Stable angina pectoris, HPN.

Plasil

Metoclopramide

Anti-emetic

Nausea and Vomiting (Chemoinduced emesis, etc.) Respiratory problems; Cough

Fluimucil Other mucolytic: Pontef

Acetylcysteine Ambroxol

Mucolytic

Serc

Betahistine Dihydrochloride

Antiemetics & Antivertigo Drugs

Vertigo, tinnitus and or hearing loss

Other Antiemetic and Vertigo: Vertilate

Betahistine Mesylate

Iselpin

Sucralfate (Aluminum Hydroxide/ Suphated Sucrose)

Antiulcer

Chronic gastritis; Ulcer

Dilantin Catapres

Phenytoin Clonidine

Anti-arrythmic agent , Anti-convulsant, Anti-epileptic agent, Anti-hypertensive; ALPHA ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

Seizure hypertension

Humamet/ Diamicron

Metformin Hydrochloride/ Chlorpropamide

Antidiabetic; Sulfonylurea; OHA

Non- insulin dependent/ Type 2 DM

Calpol Biogesic

Paracetamol

analgesics, antipyretics

Fever; headache; body pains

and a consequent reduction in the load on the heart. It also dilates the systemic arteries and large coronary arteries. The net effect when administering isosorbide-5mononitrate is therefore a reduced workload of the heart and an improved oxygen supply/demand balance in the myocardium. Calcium antagonists reduce the transmembranal influx of calcium ions through the slow calcium channel into the cell. In the heart, nifedipine dilates the coronary arteries, especially the large conductance vessels, even in the free wall segment of partially stenosed areas. Reduces the vascular smooth muscle tone in the coronary arteries and prevents vasospasm. Reduces the smooth muscle tone of the arterioles, thus lowering the increased peripheral resistance and consequently the blood pressure increases sodium and water excretion both in the short- and long-term use. It blocks dopamine receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone of the CNS and makes the GI cells more sensitive to Acetylcholine, thus stimulates motility of upper GIT and accelerate GI emptying Exerts mucolytic action through its free sulfhydryl group which opens up the disulfide bonds in the mucoproteins thus lowering mucous viscosity. It liquefies thick mucus plug as it breaks the disulphide linkages. It works directly on histamine receptors. By activating these receptors, widening of blood vessels occurs. This improves circulation, reducing the pressure in the ear. Its main use is in treating Meniere's disease. It exerts a relaxant action on the precapillary sphincters of the microcirculation of the inner ear and thereby increases the blood supply to the stria vascularis of the labyrinth It works by binding to the exudate produced from the ulcer site on the lining of the GIT, and forming a protective barrier over the ulcer. This protects the ulcer from stomach acid and digestive enzmes, giving it time to it heal. inhibits Na- dependent action potentials, blocking the burst and firing neurons in seizure This medicine stimulates alpha receptors in the brain. This causes the brain to send nerve signals to the blood vessels, making them relax and widen (vasodilation). The result of this is a lowering of blood pressure. Exact mechanism is not understood; Acts in the pancreas; possibly increases peripheral utilization of glucose, increases production of insulin, decreases hepatic glucose production and alters intestinal absorption of glucose. Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis; Acts in the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus

PREPARED BY ALFREDO LIM, RN, MAN

Flagyl

Metronidazole

Systemic trichomonacide, ambecide

infection

Nafarin

Phenylpropanolamin e HCL, Chlorphenamine Maleate, Paracetamol Mefenamic Acid

Appetite Suppressant, Decongestant

exogenous obesity; Nasal congestion

Ponstan / Ponstan SF

Analgesic/ NSAIDS

Pain

Lanoxin

Digoxin

Cardiac glycoside, Inotropic agent, Antiarrythmic Gastrointestinalantiulcer, Proton pump inhibitor

CHF; arrhythmia (tachycardia; atrial fib; flutter) GERD; duodenal ulcers; dyspepsia

Prilosec

Omeprazole

Effective against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Specifically inhibits growth of trichomonae and amoebae by binding to DNA, resulting in loss of helical structure, and strand breakage, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, and cell death .Well absorbed from GI tract and widely distributed in body tissues. Acts as an agonist of Dopamine and Norepinephrine. Suppresses appetite by depressing CNS appetite control center. Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors in nasal mucosa, producing vasoconstriction. Decreases inflammation (swelling) and uterine contractions by a still unknown mechanism. However it is thought to be related to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Increases the force of myocardial contraction. Prolongs refractory period of the AV mode. Decreases the conduction through the SA and AV node. Binds to an enzyme on gastric parietal cells in the presence of acidic gastric pH, preventing the final transport of hydrogen ions into the gastric lumen.

Crestor

Rosuvastin

lipid lowering agents; HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors anti-infectives Antihypertensives, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Antihypertensive, Angiotensin II receptor antagonist

Zithromax Pritor

Azithromycin Telmisartan

Pritor Plus

Telmisartan, hydrochlorothiazide

Aspilet

Aspirin

Antithrombotic, antiplatelet, antiinflamatory, antirheumatic

Chloromycetin Lipitor

Chloramphenicol Atorvastatin Calcium Simvastatin

Antibiotic Cardiovascular agent; antilipidemics agent; HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin)

Bactidol

Hexetidine

Anti-bacterial

Acts by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen/potassiumadenosine triphosphatase enzyme system (the H+/K+ ATPase, or, more common, gastric proton pump) of the gastric parietal cell. Hypercholesterolemi inhibit an enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3a methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase, which is responsible for catalyzing an early step in the synthesis of cholesterol. URTI; other Inhibits protein synthesis at the infections level of the 50S bacterial ribosome. HPN Blocks vasoconstrictor and aldosterone producing effects of angiotensin II at receptor sites, including vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal glands. Hypertension Selectively blocks the binding angiotensin II to specific tisuue receptors found in vascular smooth muscle and adreal gland; this action blocks the vasoconstriction effect of the rennin-angiotensin system, as well as release of aldosterone, leading to decreased BP. HPN; thrombosis; Analgesic and antirheumatic stroke; RA; pain effects are attributable to aspirins etc ability to inhibit the systhesis of prostaglandins, important mediators of inflammation. Antipyretic effects are not fully understood, but aspirin probably acts in the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus to block effects of endogenous pyrogen by inhibiting synthesis of the prostaglandin intermediary. Inhibition of platelet aggregation is attributable to the inhibition of platelet synthesis of thromboxane a2, a potent vasoconstrictor and inducer of platelet aggregation Infections, bacteriostatic effect: inhibition of meningitis protein synthesis in intact cells and cell free systems. elevated total & LDL an inhibitor of reductase 3cholesterol hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), which is essential to hepatic production of cholesterol. Lipitor increases the number of hepatic low-density-lipid (LDL) receptors, thus increasing LDL uptake and catabolism of LDL. Sorethroat; oral Sore throat- soothes and gives

PREPARED BY ALFREDO LIM, RN, MAN

hygiene

Zinnat/ Zegen

Cefuroxime axetil

Antiinfective, antibiotic, second generation cephalosporin

Infections; URTI, GUT; Skin

Coxid

Celecoxib

Vioxx

Refecoxib

Central Nervous System Agent, Analgesic, NSAID, Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, Antipyretic.

OA,RA, dysmenorrhea; pain

Pletaal

Cilostazol

Tagamet

Cimetidine

Cardiovascular agent; anticoagulant; vasodilator; antiplatelet agent Gastrointestinal agent, antisecretory (H2-receptor antagonist).

Intermittent claudication; thrombosis Duodenal ulcer; hyperacidity; heartburn

Tergecef

Cefixime

Anti-infective; antibiotic; thirdgeneration cephalosporin

Respiratory infxns; cholangitis; other infxns

Aldactone

Spironolactone

Potassium sparing diuretic

Isordil

Isosorbide

Antianginal, Vasodilator Antihypertensive; Angiotensin II receptor antagonist ACE inhibitors, Antihyperstensive

Edema, hypertension, diuretic induced hyperkalemia, primary hyperaldosteronism, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis of the liver with ascites Angina pectoris

temporary relief of minor sore throat. Tooth decay- provides continuing protective action on tooth surfaces and kills the bacteria that form decay acids. Bad breath- reduces bad breath. Preferentially binds to one or more of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on cell walls of susceptible organisms. This inhibits third and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis, thus killing the bacterium. NSAID that exhibits antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. Unlike ibuprofen, it inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), but does not inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). Inhibition of an isoenzyme which results in vasodilatation and inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by collagen or arachidonic acid. Enzyme inhibitor structurally similar to histamine. Belongs to the antihistamine group with high selectivity for histamine H2receptors on parietal cells of the stomach (minimal effect on H1receptors). Indirectly reduces pepsin secretion; it is not a cholinergic. A third-generation cephalosporin that is highly stable in the presence of beta-lactamases (penicillinases and cephalosporinases) and therefore has exellent activity against a wide range of gram-negative bacteria. It has a bactericidal against susceptible bacteria. Cephalosporins inhibit mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall. It competes with aldosterone at receptor sites in the distal tubule in the renal system, resulting in excretion of sodium, water, bicarbonate, and calcium; potassium, phosphate and hydrogen are retained Decreases preload, afterload, thus decreasing systemic vascular resistance, and reducing cardiac O2 demand. Blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II; selectively blocks the binding angiostensin II to the AT1 receptor found in tissues Suppresses the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system and thereby the conversion of the inactive angiotensin I to angiotensin II which is a potent vasoconstrictor. Antacids relieve heartburn and indigestion and work by neutralizing stomach acid, which causes the symptoms of indigestion and heartburn Decreases blood sugar; by transport of insulin into cells and the conversion of glucose to glycogen indirectly increases blood pyruvate and lactate, decreases phosphate and potassium. Decreases inflammation by suppression of migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability. Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by action on beta2-receptors with little effect on heart rate (Albuterol), Blocks the action of

Cozaar

losartan

Hypertension, alone or in combination

Vascace

Cilazapril

HPN

Novaluzid

Magnesium hydroxide

Antacid

Indigestion; heartburn; ulcer

Humulin

Insulin, Isophane

Pancreatic hormone

High blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus

Solu- cortef

Hydrocortisone Na succinate

Anti- asthmatic, Corticosteroids,

Inflammation

Combivent

Albuterol/ Salbutamol, Ipratropium

beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator, anticholinergic bronchodilator,

Bronchospasm

PREPARED BY ALFREDO LIM, RN, MAN

Sympathomimetic Iterax Hydroxyzine dihydrochloride anti-anxiety agents, antihistamines, sedatives/hypnotics, Anti emetic, H1 blocker benzodiazepines, anti- anxiety agents, anticonvulsant, sedative Anxiety; allergy; etc

ACh at parasympathetic sites in bronchial smooth muscle causing bronchodilation Competes with histamine for H1receptor sites on effector cells in the GIT, blood vessels, and respiratory tract Depresses all levels of CNS, including the limbic and reticular formation, probably through the increased action of gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain Potassium is a major cation of intracellular fluid and is essential for the conduction of nerve impulses in heart, brain and skeletal muscle; contraction of cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle; maintenance of normal renal function, acid-base balance, carbohydrate metabolism and gastric secretion. Interferes with bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits resulting in a defective bacterial cell membrane Blocks the action 'of acetylcholine at parasympathetic sites in smooth muscie, secretory glands and the CNS; increases cardiac output, dries secretions, antagonizes histamine and serotonin. Dissociates to provide bicarbonate ion which neutralizes hydrogen ion concentration and raises blood and urinary pH. Stimulates alpha-, beta,-, and beta2-adrenergic receptors resulting in relaxation of smooth muscle of the bronchial tree, cardiac stimulation, and dilation skeletal muscle vasculature; small doses can cause vasodilation via beta,-vascular receptors; arge doses may produce constriction of skeletal and vascular smooth muscle; decreases production of aqueous humor and increases aqueous outflow; dilates the pupil by contracting the dilator muscle. Stimulate dopaminergic receptors, producing renal vasodilation. Larger doses stimulate dopaminergic and beta1adrenergic receptors, producing cardiac stimulation and renal vasodilation. It increase cardiac output, BP, and improved renal blood flow. *Produces an osmotic effect in colon; resulting distention promotes peristalsis. Also decreases ammonia, probably as a result of bacterial degradation, which lowers the pH of colon contents. Unknown. Stimulant laxative that increases peristalsis, probably by direct effect on smooth muscle of the intestine. Thought to either irritate the musculature or stimulate the colonic intramural plexus. Drug also promotes fluid accumulation in colon and small intestine. Involved in the Krebs cycle of energy production and is needed to make the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Valium

Diazepam

Seizure; anxiety; etc.

Potassium chloride

Electrolyte Supplement, Oral Electrolyte Supplement

hypokalemia

Garamycin

Gentamicin

Antibiotic, aminoglycoside

Bacterial infxn; URTI; etc

Atropiar, atropinecare

Atropine sulfate

Anticholinergic, antimuscarinic, parasymphatolytic, antiparkinsonian, antidote, diagnostic agent Alkalinizing Agent; Antacid; Electrolyte.Supplem ent Adrenergic Agonist Agent; Antidote, Hypersensitivity Reactions; Bronchodilator; Sympathomimetic

Sodium Bicarbonate

Pre- op; sinus bradycardia; management of peptic ulcer; treat exercise-induced bronchospasm; produce mydriasis and cyclopiegia metabolic acidosis; gastric hyperacidity; ttt for hyperK bronchospasms, anaphylactic reactions, cardiac arrest, management open-angle (chronic simple) glaucoma

Adrenaline

Epinephrine

Docard

Dopamine-HCL

Cardiac Drug; sympathomimetic

MI, trauma, endotoxic septicemia, openheart surgery, renal failure & chronic cardiac decompensations as in congestive failure. Hyperammonemia

Duphalac

Lactulose

Cholagogues, Cholelitholytics & Hepatic Protectors; LAXATIVE

Dulcolax

Bisacodyl

Laxatives, Purgatives

Constipation

Laxoberal* Moriamin Forte cap (B5)

Na picosulfate Calcium pantothenate Malnutrition, protein & vitamin deficiencies, anemia, convalescence, restoration &

PREPARED BY ALFREDO LIM, RN, MAN

Essential in producing,

maintenance of body resistance, pregnancy & lactation, adjuvant in the therapy of peptic ulcer & TB.

transporting, and releasing energy from fats. Synthesis of cholesterol Activates the adrenal glands. Pantethinea byproduct of pantothenic acidhas been reported to lower blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Inhibits bacterial wall synthesis by binding on or more of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) which in turn inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls, thus inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis. Bacteria eventually lyse due to ongoing activity if cell wall autolytic enzymes (autolysins and murein hydrolases) while cell wall assembly is arrested. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase. Blocks the ADP receptors, which prevent fibrinogen binding at that site and thereby reduce the possibility of platelet adhesion and aggregation inhibits calcium ion from entering the slow channels or select voltage-sensitive areas of vascular smooth muscle and, myocardium during depolarization, producing a relaxation increases myocardial oxygen delivery in patients with vasospastic angina

Rocephin

Ceftriaxone

Cephalosporins

Infection (URTI, etc)

Ciprobay Plavix

Ciprofloxacin Clopidogrel

Quinolones Anticoagulants, Antithrombotics & Fibrinolytics Calcium Channel Blocker

Infection Ischemic events

Dilzem

Diltiazem HCl

Angina pectoris including Prinzmetals angina, Mild to moderate hypertension

CONCEPTS on CARDIAC DRUGS

A dromotropic agent is one which affects the conduction velocity of the AV node, and subsequently the rate of electrical impulses in the heart. An inotrope is an agent that alters the force or energy of muscular contractions. Chronotropic drugs may change the heart rate by affecting the nerves controlling the heart, or by changing the rhythm produced by the sinoatrial node. Positive chronotropes increase heart rate; however, negative chronotropes decrease heart rate.

PREPARED BY ALFREDO LIM, RN, MAN