UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA

College of Engineering and Tech-Voc

Assignment in Elementary Surveying

POSTRADO, Willard R.

July 20, 2011

INSTRUCTOR

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SURVEYING: Definition Surveying or land surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes.

SURVEYING: History Surveying techniques have existed throughout much of recorded history. In ancient Egypt, when the Nile River overflowed its banks and washed out farm boundaries, boundaries were re-established by a rope stretcher, or surveyor, through the application of simple geometry. The nearly perfect squareness and north-south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built c. 2700 BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying. In the 18th century in Europe triangulation was used to build a hierarchy of networks to allow point positioning within a country. Highest in the hierarchy were triangulation networks. These were densified into networks of traverses (polygons), into which local mapping surveying measurements, usually with measuring tape, corner prism and the familiar red and white poles, are tied. For example, in the late 1780s, a team from the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, originally under General William Roy began the Principal Triangulation of Britain using the specially built Ramsden theodolite. Large scale surveys are known as geodetic surveys. A cadastre loses its value if register and maps are not constantly updated. Because of the fundamental value of land and real estate to the local and global economy, land surveying was one of the first professions to require Professional Licensure. In many jurisdictions, the land surveyors license was the first Professional Licensure issued by the state, province, or federal government.

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SURVEYING: Techniques and Methods Linear measurements can be taken using several different methods: -Pacing -Odometer Readings -Tachometry (Stadia) -Taping -Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) -Satellite System, and Others Of these methods, taping, EDM, and satellite systems are most commonly used by surveyors today. Pacing -Pacing consists of counting the number of steps, or paces, in a required distance. - The length of an individual s pace must first be determined. - This is best done by walking with natural steps back and forth over a measured level course at least 100 meter long, and dividing the known distance by the average number of steps. Odometer Reading - An odometer converts the number of revolutions of a wheel of known circumference to a distance. - This method can often be used to advantage on preliminary surveys where precise distances are not necessary.

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Tacheometry - Tacheometry (stadia in US) is a surveying method used to determine the horizontal distance to, and elevation of, a point. - Before the advent of total station instruments, the tacheometry was the method of choice for performing mapping survey such as locating topographic details. - Tacheometry measurements can be taken with theodolites. Taping - Measurement of horizontal distances by taping consists of applying the known length of graduated directly to a line a number of times. Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) - A major advance in surveying instrumentation occurred approximately 50 years ago with the development of electronic distance measuring (EDM) instruments. - These devices send out a beam of light or high-frequency microwaves from one end of a line to be measured, and directs it toward the far end of the line. - A reflector or transmitter-receiver at the far end reflects the light of microwave back to the instrument where they are analyzed electronically to give the distance between the two points - Modern EDMs, referred to as total station instruments display horizontal and vertical distances between the ends of the line and horizontal and vertical angles to a survey point. - Recently some EDM instruments have been introduced that do not require reflectors for distance measurement. - These devices can measure distance up to 100 m in length.

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SURVEYING: Equipment As late as the 1990s, the basic tools used in planar surveying were a tape measure for determining shorter distances, a level to determine height or elevation differences, and a theodolite, set on atripod, to measure angles (horizontal and vertical), combined with the process of triangulation. Starting from a position with known location and elevation, the distance and angles to the unknown point are measured. A more modern instrument is a total station, which is a theodolite with an electronic distance measurement device (EDM). A total station can also be used for leveling when set to the horizontal plane. Since their introduction, total stations have made the technological shift from being optical-mechanical devices to being fully electronic. Modern top-of-the-line total stations no longer require a reflector or prism (used to return the light pulses used for distancing) to return distance measurements, are fully robotic, and can even e-mail point data to the office computer and connect to satellite positioning systems, such as a Global Positioning System. Though real-time kinematic GPS systems have increased the speed of surveying, they are still horizontally accurate to only about 20 mm and vertically accurate to about 30 40 mm. Total stations are still used widely, along with other types of surveying instruments. However, GPS systems do not work well in areas with dense tree cover or constructions. One-person robotic-guided total stations allow surveyors to gather precise measurements without extra workers to look through and turn the telescope or record data. A faster but expensive way to measure large areas (not details, and no obstacles) is with a helicopter, equipped with a laser scanner, combined with a GPS to determine the position and elevation of the helicopter. To increase precision, surveyors place beacons on the ground (about 20 km (12 mi) apart). This method reaches precisions between 5 40 cm (depending on flight height).

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SURVEYING: Surveying in the Philippines Some surveyor companies in the Philippines:

ACRE Surveying and Development Detailed Engineering: -Topographic Survey -Contour Mapping -Hydrographic Survey -Construction Layout -Highway & Bridge Design Survey -As-built Construction Survey These are carried for engineering feasibility studies, ground terrain analysis, design planning and during actual construction phase.

Ground Control Establishment: -GPS Geodetic Control Survey -Vertical Control Leveling These are carried in surveys that require a high degree of accuracy with regards to both relative and absolute geodetic position. Geographic Position System (GPS) equipments with sub-centimeter accuracy are used in determining ground control points.

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Route Alignment: -Road Alignment -Profile Cross-Section Survey -River Survey These services are required during the design & actual construction of road alignment and river embankment structures to determine the condition of the existing terrain.

Property Boundary: -Cadastral Survey -Parcellary Survey -Subdivision Consolidation Survey -Boundary Relocation Survey -Land Title Registration & Processing These surveys are carried primarily to determine and establish the legal boundary of real properties.

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A&A Geoinformatics Corporation Raster-Vector Conversion Map Digitizing Information contained in analog maps have a limited use in today s business environment. With the increasing use of the Internet in ordinary commerce, everything has to be in a digital format. Our rapidly growing company uses a variety of advance technologies to convert paper-based maps, aerial and satellite photography, tax and property records, population statistics and other geolinked data into a vector drawing system or other widely used CAD format. Conversion of paper maps into digital data is done either through the use of flatbed digitizing boards or by using a scanned image (raster data) of the source as an overlay image on our CAD System. Computer Aided Design Mapping Majority of today s leading engineering and architectural firms prepare their drawings and plans in CAD format. CAD applications like MicroStation or AutoCAD have become industry standards for various engineering fields. These applications have become the base platforms for add-on applications in civil design, land survey, digital terrain modeling (DTM), digital mapping, photogrammetry, etc. Using a CAD-based application provides an accurate and cost-effective way of presenting engineering drawings and design plans. Geodetic Engineering & Land Survey Our company offers all types of Land Surveying & Geodesy related services. We have the equipments & expertise to carry out the following services - Topographic Survey, Detailed Engineering Survey, Relocation Survey, Hydrographic Survey, GPS Network Control, 1st Order Leveling, Road & River Cross-section & Alignment Survey, Bridgesite Survey, Parcellary Mapping, Cadastral Survey, Mining Survey & Construction Survey. Our Survey Party are equipped the latest Digital Total Station, Dual & Single Frequency GPS Receivers and Digital Level.

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Geographic Information System (GIS) Land Information System (LIS) A GIS is sometimes referred to as a graphical database . It is a powerful analytical tool that can easily present a huge amount of related data to a given locality usually in the form of a map. It has the ability of linking different types of data to answer complex geographical queries. Unlike paper maps however, data in this format can easily be updated and introduced into the GIS database on a regular basis. This flexible characteristic of a GIS makes it useful for users in a broad range of profession. Ideal for real estate managers that need easy access to land parcel information found in Site Development Plans. Orthophoto Generation Digital Photogrammetry Images of the earth as viewed from above provide an efficient source of geographic information. Contained in these images are data, which are of importance to various fields of business. Urban planning, environmental conservation, governmental and economic policies can be derived through the proper analysis of the information contained in these images. Using the latest GIS softwares we can take raw aerial and satellite images and produce Rectified Imagery & Ortho Photo Mosaics. These images are corrected for any distortions from terrain and sensor induced errors and are considered map accurate. A-Map GPS Navigation Tracking System Using our georeferenced digital maps and viewer, users can connect a portable GPS NMEA System GPS device to their laptop PCs and have a mobile navigation system. Our AMAP system is primarily used for marketing & research projects. It contains thousands of Points of Interests (POI) of Metro Manila overlayed on a detailed street map of the Metropolis.

3D Solid Modelling Architectural Walk Throughs Need a 3D model from a 2D drawing? We can prepare a 3D model of your drawings in 3DS, DWG, DGN. Once converted to a 3D model, the user can rotate, pan, zoom and observe the model from any angle and position. Create fly-by animations from your 3D models for presentation purposes.