Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Beijing, China, March 2327, 2009

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A Circular Multi-conductor Transmission Line Model for Simulation of Very Fast Transient in Circular Windings
Y. Yang and Z. J. Wang State Key Lab. of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University, China

Abstract While modeling the windings in wide frequency range, the turn-to-turn model based
on multi-transmission-line (MTL) is usually used so that the wave propagation in the turns could be well considered. To use that method the coils rolling around the axis should approximate to a group of parallel straight lines with the same length. However, it is hard to explain if the same length assumption could cause inaccuracy. In this paper, a circular MTL (CMTL) model is developed for modeling of wide frequency transient response in core-type transformer windings. Dierent from the MTL model, the equations of the CMTL model are built in the cylindrical coordinate system, where the per-unit-radian coecient matrixes are calculated. Based on further discussion, it is found that CMTL model could be changed to MTL model where all lines have the same length; but in high frequency region the multiplication of the capacitance and inductance matrixes could hardly be diagonal. 1. INTRODUCTION

In Gas Insulated Station (GIS), very fast transient overvoltage (VFTO) induced by switch operations [1, 2] could do serious damages to the transformer winding insulation. The transformer designers need to use simulation modeling method to predict the voltage distribution in the winding and estimate the insulation strength. The turn-to-turn MTL model is usually used for VFTO distribution analysis of transformer windings [35]. To use the traditional MTL theory to model the winding, there are two important assumptions: rstly, only the TEM waves travel through the conductors; secondly, all turns have the same length. In high voltage windings of large power transformers, the insulation distances between turns are very small compared to the wavelength and the thermal losses, the tangential components of electric and magnetic intensity can be ignored. In the frequency range that is below tens of MHz, using the TEM wave assumption in those windings is feasible. The MTL model requires all lines have the same length. However, in large power transformer the length dierence between turns could be large. When all turn lengths are assumed to be the same, the coecient matrices of the MTL equation are not real unit length parameters. Also, it is hard to explain if the same length assumption could cause inaccuracy in MTL model. Therefore, in this paper the circular MTL equations for the winding are developed, and the characteristics of the coecient matrixes in the formulas are analyzed.
2. THE CIRCULAR MTL MODEL

The derivation of the circular MTL equations is similar to that of the traditional MTL equations. The propagation direction of the wave is the same as the winding direction, i.e., the wave propagates along direction . Based on the TEM mode assumption, there is: E 0, H 0, and the voltage and the current can be dened as:
(2)

u12 =

(1)

ET d ;

I=

HT d

Without loss of generality, assume that two turns are arranged as Fig. 1 shows. The voltage between points A and B is related to the current: VAB =
B A

n e ET d =

B A

rn H T d =

AB 1 AB I = = LAB , (1) t 2 t t

In the above equations, n and d are the direction factors; and AB represents the total magnetic ux through the conical surface AB between the two turns, while AB represents the magnetic ux that is through the per-unit-radian surface of AB. So LAB is the per-unit-radian inductance.

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r
A

lAB B

Figure 1: Two turns in cylindrical coordinate.

The current is related to the voltage by: I = n e HT d = t rn E T d = q 1 Q V = = C , t 2 t t (2)

and there is n = dl e , Q is the total charge quantity on the circular turn surface, while q is the charge quantity on per-unit-radian surface of the turn. V represents the voltage of the turn to ground, and C is the per-unit-radian capacitance of the turn. From Eqs. (1) and (2), it can be seen that the circular transmission line system has similar characteristics to the straight transmission line system. But the per-unit-length parameters in straight line system are replaced by the per-unit-radian parameters in the circular line system. Furthermore, in a winding system, let [u] be the voltage vector of turns to ground, and [i] be the current vector of turns; then the circular MTL equations can be got: [u] [i] = [L ] t [u] [i] = [C ] t (3) (4)

In Eqs. (3) and (4), [L ] and [C ] are the per-unit-radian inductance and capacitance matrix respectively. They can be calculated by dividing the lump inductance and capacitance matrix by 2. Based on the circular MTL equations, the rationality of using equal-length assumption in the simulation of actual winding can be discussed. Let r0 be an assumed radius, and make x = r0 take place of in Eqs. (3) and (4), then there is: [u] [i] = [Lx ] x t [u] [i] = [Cx ] x t (5) (6)

Assume that [L] and [C] are the lumped inductance and capacitance matrixes respectively, there is: 1 1 1 1 [Lx ] = [L ] = [L] , [Cx ] = [C ] = [C] r0 2r0 r0 2r0 If r0 is the average radius of the turns, then 2r0 would be the average length of the turns. In this condition, Eqs. (5) and (6) represent a MTL model where all lines have the same length 2r0 , and they have the same solutions as Eqs. (3) and (4). So CMTL model could be changed to MTL model where all lines have the same length, with the prerequisite that the coecient matrixes are calculated correctly in the original circular system. It is worth notice that when the coecient matrixes in Eqs. (5) and (6) are calculated, if the actual lengths of each turn are used, which means r0 is a vector but not a constant, then wrong results would be got.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Beijing, China, March 2327, 2009 3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COEFFICIENT MATRIXES

313

For further discussion of the voltage and current propagation characteristics in circular MTL model, the relationship between the inductance and capacitance matrixes for a special case is acquired. Assuming the conductor is perfect or it is working at high frequencies, the currents are owing on the surfaces of the turns, and the electromagnetic eld in the conductor is almost zero. In this case, for a straight MTL system surrounded by homogeneous medium, the per-unit-length matrixes [Lx ] and [Cx ] are related by: [Lx ][Cx ] = [Cx ][Lx ] = [1] [6], which makes the voltages and currents that propagate along the lines with the same velocity. However, the per-unit-radian matrixes [L ] and [C ] in Eqs. (3) and (4) do not have the same relationship. Let V be the potential, and A be the vector magnetic potential. As the -direction components of electric and magnetic intensity are ignored, A only have -direction component, i.e., A = A e . Set a variable K = rA which represents the magnetic ux through the per-unit-radian plane at (r, z), as the magnetic ux through the circular disc at (r, z) is = 2rA = 2K. Outside the conductor area, V and A should satisfy the Laplace equation, substitute K = rA , there is: 2V 1 V 2V + = 0 + r2 r r z 2 2K 1 K 2K + = 0 r2 r r z 2 When the radius r is large, the term the same expression:
1 r r

(7) (8)

in Eqs. (7) and (8) can be ignored, then V and K share

2X 2X + =0 (9) r2 z 2 where X can be V or K. As the electromagnetic eld is almost zero in the conductor, the surface of the conductor is not only the equal-V surface but also the equal-K surface, so around the cross section of each turn V and K have the same boundary condition. In the area around the jth turn, Vj and Kj is related by Mj Vj (r, z) = Kj (r, z), where Mj is a constant. The per-unit-radian charge on the surface of the jth turn Qj and the potential Vj have the relationship: Qj =
j

rE nd =
j

Vj d rj n

Vj d n

(10)

The relationship between current ij and per-unit-radian ux Kj is: ij =

j

H d =

1 1 Kj d r n rj

Kj d n

(11)

In accordance with the relation between [V ] and [K], the charge and current vector on turns are related by: [Q ] diag {rj } 1 [V ] d = diag rj Mj n 1 2 [K] d rj Mj [i]; n (12)

The per-unit-radian ux vector and current vector are associated by [K] = [L ][i]; and the perunit-radian charge vector and voltage vector are associated by [Q ] = [C ][V ]; so the relationship between [L ] and [C ] is:
1 2 [L ] = diag {Mj } [C ]1 diag rj Mj

(13)

Because [L ] and [C ] are symmetrical, so we can get: diag{Mj } = diag{rj }a, where a is arbitrary constant; without loss of generality, let a = 1. Eq. (11) can turn into [Q ] = diag{rj }[i], and according to Eq. (12), [L ] and [C ] have the relationship: [L ] = diag {rj } [C ]1 diag {rj } (14)

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In Eq. (13), it is obvious that [L ][C ] can not be diagonal matrix except that all turns have the same radius, it makes the coupling between voltages on dierent turns very complicated, and the voltages travel with multiple mode speeds. In this paper, the impedance of a model winding is measured, and using the circular MTL model the impedance is calculated in two ways, in method 1 the [L ] is calculated from the lump inductance [L], and in method 2 [L ] is calculated by the approximate Eq. (12). From the comparisons shown in Fig. 2, it can be concluded that circular MTL model is valid in the frequency range below 10 MHz, and while using the approximate equation there would be larger error especially at lower frequencies.
10
6

Impedance
Measured result Calculated result ( method 1) Calculated result ( method 2)

10

Impedance ( )

10

10

10

10

10

10

Frequency (Hz)

Figure 2: Comparison of the measured and calculated impedance. 4. CONCLUSIONS

When using the straight MTL model to analyze the large transformer windings, the problem of lines with dierent lengths should be considered. In this paper, based on the Maxwells equations in cylindrical coordinate, a circular MTL model is built, which is for modeling of wide frequency transient response in windings. Also, some conclusions are made from the theoretical analysis: 1) Using the straight MTL method to model the winding, all turns should set to be with the average length and then the per-unit-length parameters can be calculated, or else the results would be wrong. In this condition, the per-unit-length parameters have no physical meaning. 2) In the high-frequency and lossless case, the coecient matrixes of straight MTL model are related by [L][C] = [C][L] = [1], while in circular MTL model [L ][C ] is not diagonal matrix. To large power transformer winding, [L ] and [C ] are approximately related by [L ] = diag {rj } [C ]1 diag {rj }, where rj is the radius of the jth turn.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 50577034.
REFERENCES

1. McElroy, A. J., On the signicance of recent ehv transformer failures involving winding resonance [J], IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and System, Vol. 94, No. 4, 13011316, 1975. 2. Meppelink, J., K. Diederich, K. Feser, and W. Pfa, Very fast transients in GIS [J], IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 1, 223233, 1989. 3. Wang, Z., A model for transient analysis in large transformer windings [J], Journal of Tsinghua University, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2532, 1993 (in Chinese). 4. Popov, M., et. al., Computation of very transient overvoltages in transformer windings [J], IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 4, 12681274, 2003. 5. Peng, Y. and J. J. Ruan, Investigation of very fast transient overvoltage distribution in taper winding of tesla transformer [J], IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 42, No. 3, 434441, 2006. 6. Adler, R. B., L. J. Chu, and R. M. Fano, Electromagnetic Energy Transmission and Radiation [M], John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960.