EE 252

Solved Problems 7.1. Given a circuit with an applied voltage: v = 150 sin ( t + 10 ) and a resulting current i = 5 sin ( t - 50 ), determine the power triangle. Answer: V = (150/ 2) 10 = 106 10 and I = (5/ 2) -50 = 3.54 -50 . Then S = VI* = (106 10 )(3.54 50 ) = 375 60 = 187.5 + j325 from which P = Re VI* = 187.5 w Q = Im VI* = 325 vars lagging S = |VI*| = 375 va
P = 187.5 60 Q = 325 lagging S = 375

pf = cos 60 = 0.5 lagging.

7.2. Given the series circuit of Fig. 7-11, determine the power triangle.

P = 300 53.1 Q = 400 lagging S = 500

50< - 90

AC

j6

-j2
Fig. 7-11

Fig. 7-12

Answer: From Fig. 7-11, Z = 3 + j6 j2 = 5 53.1 and I = V/Z = (50 -90 )/(5 53.1 ) = 10 -143.1 .

Then S = VI* = (50 -90 )(10 143.1 ) = 500 53.1 = 300 + j400 The components of the power triangle shown in Fig. 7-12 are P = 300 w, Q = 400 vars lagging, S = 500 va, pf = cos 53.1 = 0.6 lagging Alternate method. Substituting I = 10amperes in the power equation of each element, P = I2R = 102(3) = 300 w, Qj6 = 102(6) = 600 vars lagging, Q-j2 = 102(2) = 200 vars leading and Q = Qj6 + Q-j2 = 600 200 = 400 vars lagging. 7.4. In the circuit shown in Fig. 7-13, the total effective current is 30 amperes. Determine the power relations. Letting IT = 30 0 , I2 = 30 0 ( (5 j3)/(9 j3) ) = 18.45 -12.55 and I1 = 30 0 ( 4/(9 j3) ) = 12.7 18.45 . Then P = I22R4 + I21R5 = (18.45)2(4) + (12.7)2(5) = 2165w Q = I21X = (12.7)2(3) = 483 vars leading S = P jQ = 2165 j483 = 2210 -12.6 , S = 2210 va pf = P/S = 2165/2210 = 0.98 leading The above results can also be found by calculating the equivalent impedance Zeq = ((5 j3)4)/(9 j3) = 2.4 j0.533. Then P = I2TR = 302(2.4) = 2160 w and Q = 302(0.533) = 479.7 vars leading.
5
I1 IT I2

-j3 4 Fig. 7-13

7.5.Determine the power triangles for each branch of the parallel circuit of Fig. 7-15 and add them to obtain the power triangle for the entire circuit. Answer:
P 1 = 86.6

I2
AC

43.4

30 S1

Q 1 = 50 lagging P2 = 40
60

I1

Z 1= 4 < 3 0

Z 2= 5 < 6 0

V = 20<60

Fig. 7-15

ST = 174
S2

Q 2 = 69.2 lagging

Fig. 7-16

Branch 1.
I1 = V/Z1 = (20 60 )/(4 30 ) = 5 30 S1 = VI*1 = (20 60 )(5 -30 ) = 100 30 = 86.6 + j50

Branch 2.
I2 = V/Z2 = (20 60 )/(5 60 ) = 4 0 S2 = VI*2 = (20 60 )(4 0 ) = 80 60 = 40 + j69.2

Then P1 = ReVI*1 = 86.6 w Q1 = ImVI*1 = 50 vars lagging S1 = |VI*1| = 100 va pf1 = P1/S1 = 0.866 lagging

Then P2 = 40 w Q2 = 69.2 vars lagging S2 = 80 va pf2 = 0.5 lagging

From the above results and referring to Fig. 7-16, obtain the total power triangle as follows: PT = P1 + P2 = 86.6 + 40 = 126.6 w, QT = Q1 + Q2 = 50 + 69.2 = 119.2 vars lagging. Since ST = PT + jQT = 126.6 + j119.2 = 174 43.4 , ST = |ST| = 174 va and pfT = PT/ST = 126.6/174 = 0.727 lagging. 7.8. Determine the total power triangle for the parallel circuit of Fig. 7-17 if the power in the 2 ohm resistor is 20 watts. Answer: From P = I2R we have I21(2) = 20 and I1 3.16 amp. Since Z1 = 2 j5 = 5.38 -68.2 , V = I1Z = 3.16(5.38) = 17 volts. Let V = 17 0 ; then I1 = 3.16 68.2 , 29.8 I2 = V/Z2 = (17 0 )/( 2 45 ) and IT = I1 + I2 = 11.1 -

To calculate the power triangle components, ST is needed. Thus ST = VI*T = 17 0 (11.1 29.8 ) = 189 29.8 = 164 + j94 from which PT = 164 w, lagging.

QT = 94 vars lagging,

ST = 189 va ,

pf = 164/189 = 0.868

IT I1 I2

-j5

j1

Fig. 7-17

7.9 Determine the power components of a combination of three individual loads specified as follows: Load 1, 250 va, pf .5 lagging; Load 2, 180 w, pf .8 leading; Load 3, 300 va, 100 vars lagging. Answer: Calculate the unknown average power and reactive power of each load. Thus: Load 1: Given S = 250 va, pf = .5 lagging. P = S pf = 250(.5) = 125 w, = cos-1 0.5 = 60 , Q = S sin = 250 sin 60 = 216 vars lagging Load 2: Given P = 180w, pf = 0.8 leading.

S = P/pf = 180/.8 = 225 va, = cos-1 0.8 = 36.9 , Q = 225 sin 36.9 = 135 vars leading Load 3: Given S = 300 va, Q = 100 vars lagging. = 300 cos 19.5 = 283 w

= sin-1 (Q/S) = sin -1(100/300) = 19.5 , P = S cos

Then PT = 125 + 180 + 283 = 588 w, QT = 216 - 135 + 100 = 181 vars lagging Since ST = PT + j QT = 588 + j181 = 616 17.1 , ST = 616 va and pf = P/S = 588/616 = 0.955 lagging Figure 7-18 shows the power triangles of the individual and combined loads.
PT = 588 125 (1) 283 (3) 216 100 (2) Q T = 181 lagging

ST

135

180 Fig. 7-18

7.12

A 500 kva transformer is at full load with an overall power factor of 0.6 lagging. The power factor is improved by adding capacitors until the overall power factor becomes 0.9 lagging. Determine the kvar of capacitors required. After correction of the power factor, what percentage of full load is the transformer carrying?

P = 300 53.1 S = 500 S'

26

Q'= 146 Qc=254 Q = 400

Fig. 7-21

Answer: For the transformer at full load (see Fig. 7-21), P = VI cos = 500(.6) = 300 kw = cos-1.6 = 53.1 Q = VI sin = 500 sin 53.1 = 400 kvar lagging When pf = .9 lagging, ' = cos-1 .9 = 26 , S ' = 300/.9 = 333 kva, Q ' = 333 sin 26 = 146 kvar lagging Hence Capacitor kvar = Q - Q'= 400 -146 = 254 leading And % full load = (333/500)100 = 66.7 % 7.13 A group of induction motors with a total of 500 kw and a power factor of .8 lagging is to be partially replaced with synchronous motors of the same efficiency but leading power of factor of .707. As the replacement program continues, the overall power factor is constantly improving. What percentage of the load will have been replaced when the system power factor reaches .9 lagging? Answer: Since the synchronous motors have the same efficiency as the induction motors, the total average power remains constant at 500 kw. Before replacement of the motors, S = 500/.8 = 625 kva, = cos-1.8 = 36.9 , Q = 625 sin 36.9 = 375 kvar lagging

When the system pf = .9 lagging, = 556 sin 26 = 243 kvar lagging

' = cos-1.9 = 26 , S ' = 500/.9 = 556 kva, Q '

26

500 S'=556 S = 625

S2
02

S2

375

36.9

Q' = 243

132

P2

Fig. 7-22 (a)

53.1

Fig. 7-22 (b)

With the power factor of the replacing motors equal to 0.707 leading, -1 2 = cos 0.707 = 45 . Referring to Fig. 7-22(b), apply the law of sines to obtain S2 / sin 53.1 = 132/ sin 81.9 , S2 = 106.5 kva Then P2 = 106.5 cos 45 = 75.3 kw and % load replaced = (75.3/500)100 = 15 %

132

81.9