===== The square root of a complex number =========================

To find the two square roots of the

complex number a  ib do t e followi g: (i) Let t e sq are root be x  iy ie

a  ib ! x  iy (ii) Sq are bot sides, t e apply t e eq ality property to get two sim lta eo s eq atio s i x a d y, solve t em. EXAMPLE: Fi d t e two sq are roots of t e complex mber 5-12i SOLU ION: ( i ) let 5-12i ! x  iy ( ii ) Sq are bot e sides: 5-12i=x 2  y 2  2 xyi @ x 2  y 2 ! 5...........( 1 ) 2 xy ! 12......( 2 ) ( 1 )2  ( 2 )2 x 2  y 2 ! 13........( 3 ) Solvi g ( 1 )& ( 3 ) : x ! s3 & y ! s2 A s

e q a tities x 2  y 2 ; 2 xy; x 2  y 2 form t e t ree sides of a

rig t a gled tria gle i w ic x 2  y 2 is t e ypoti eo s. So we ca form a rt. a gled tria glew ose legs are 5;12 a d get t e ypoti eo s eq als 13, a d write x 2  y 2 ! 5..................( 1 ) 2 xy !  12.............( 2 ) x 2  y 2 ! 13...............( 3 ) 2 Solvi g( 1 ) & ( 3 ) x ! s3 ; y ! m 5  12i ! s( 3  2i ). Ot er sol tio : 1 T i k abo t t o mbers ose prod ct 6 ( t e imagi ary part ) 2 a d t e differe ce of t eir sq ares is 5 (t e real part); t e mbers ill be 3 a d 2

@ 5-12i 3 2  12i  2 2 i 2 ! 9  12i  4i 2 ! ( 3  2i )2

@ 5  12i ! ( 3  2i ) s. Now, try t ese problems: 3  4i ; 7  24i ; 8  15i

@ 5  12i ! s ( 3  2 y ) Ot er sol tio : From eq atio s (1),(2)



         

EXAMPLE: Solve t e followi g eq atio s i C (i) z 2  z  1 ! 0 (ii) 2 x 2  ( 5  i )x  6 ! 0 SOLU ION 1 s 1  4 v 1 v 1 1 s 3i 1 3  s ( i )z i 2 2 2 2

( ii ) x ( 5  i ) s ( 5  i )2  4 v 2 v 6 ( 5  i ) s 24  10i 4 4 2 2 2 2 24 ; l  m l  mi l  m 26 l s1 ; m s5

24  10i

24  10i s( 1  5i ) ( 5  i ) s ( 1  5i )  3  3i x ; x 2 1  i x1 4 2 EXAMPLE: Solve t e followi g eq atio i C ( 1  i )z 2  ( 1  3i )z  2( 2  3i ) 0 SOLU ION: Divi de t e eq atio by (1+i) a d simplify z 2  ( 2  i )z  ( 1  5i ) 0 z ( 2  i ) s ( 2  i )2  4( 1  5i )

2 7  24i s( 4  3i ) ( 2  i )  ( 4  3i ) ( 2  i )  ( 4  3i ) 1  i 3  2i ; z2 @ z1 2 2 EXAMPLE: Form t e q adratic eq atio wit real coefficie ts, if o e of its roots is 3+i SOLU ION: Q 3  i is a root 3-i is t e ot er root @ s m of roots = 3+i + 3-i=6 prod ct of roots=(3+i)(3-i)=10 @ t e eq atio is x 2  ( s m )x  prod ct
2

i .e. x  6 x  10 0 EXAMPLE: 1  2i 1  2i If x ! ; y! ,then find 5x 3y . 1 i 1 i SOLU ION: 1  2i 1  2i 1  i 1  3i x! ! v ! 1 i 1 i 1 i 2 1  2i 1  2i 1  i 1  3i y! ! v ! 1 i 1i 1i 2 2 3 2 5 x  3 y ! 4  3i ! s( i)  2 2

"

'

"

  " "

&

"

"

&

&

   (

( 2  i ) s 7  24i 2

a. x 2  25 ! 0 c. x 4  7 x 2  12 ! 0 e. x 2  ( 5  i )x  ( 8  i ) ! 0

f .( 2  i )x 2  ( 9  7 i )x  5( 3  2i ) ! 0 2  ind the square roots of the follo ing complex numbers a .z ! 5  12i b.z ! 3  4i c.z ! 7  24i d .z ! 1  i 13  65i e.z ! i f .z ! 5i 3  If x ! 3  4i , then find x
3 2 1 x2  1 2

 29 x . 4  If x 21 20i,then find the value of 5  If x and y are real values, find these values if

y2  iy2  6  i ! 2 x  ix ( x  i )2  ( 2 y  i ) 2 ! 4( 3  1 )i  2 y 2  x 6  If l and m are the roots of the equation x 2  ( 4  6i )x  ( 10  20i ) ! 0 ,then find then find the equation hose roots are l 2 and m 2 .

7  olve the simultaneously the follo ing equations, here x and y are real 2 5  ! i and x y ! i x y

3 2

1  If x

Exercise 2 then find the solution set of

b. x 2  4 x  13 ! 0 d . x 2  6 x  9  2i ! 0

Geometric Represe tatio Of Complex N mbers Arga d Fig res e Fre c mat ematicia Arga d establis ed t e geometric represe tatio of t e complex mber x + y i as a ordered pair (x , y) R2, e called t e x-axis as t e real axis a d t e y-axis as t e imagi ary axis. So, t e Cartesia pla e is amed as Arga d pla e a d t e fig res t at represe t t e complex mbers or a y operatio performed o t em as Arga d fig res. For t is, t e complex mbers will be represe ted i Arga d pla e by a poi t (x , y), ( sometimes t ey call it vector), as yo see i t e fig re:

e complex mber z1 = 3 + 4i is represe ted by poi t A(3,4), z 2 = -1 + 2i is represe ted by t e poi t B(-1,2) a d z 3 = -2 3i is represe ted by t e poi t C(-2,-3), a d so o . Represe tatio of S m If z1=(x1,y1) a d z2=(x2,y2) t e z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2). From t e fig re we fi d t at t e poi ts (x1,y1) ; (x2,y2); a d (x1+x2 ,y1+y2) are t ree vertices of t e parallelogram OACB, t at is t e s m of two complex mbers is t e fo rt vertex C.

C(x 1+x 2,y 1+y 2) B(x 2,y 2)

A(x1,y1)

5 8

6 6 8 5 8 6 5 5 5 5 8 8 6 5 5 5 65 6 8 5 8 5 8 8 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 5 8 65 5 7 8 85 8 8 A A A B 5 @ A @ @ A @ 5 @ B @ B A @ A BA A A @ @ A @ A BA A A A 9 @ @ B A

The

mbers iz a d iz

Represe t the mber z = 1+2i, the represe t the two mbers iz a d iz. What do yo otice.
is the poi t A (1,2) is the poi t A1 (-2,1) is the poi t A2 (2,-1)

-iz=2-i

Usi g the slope, we fi d that OA1 B OA a d OA ! OA1 . This mea s that we rotate OA a ticlock 90 r. O the other ha d OA2 B OA OA ! OA2 ,This mea s that we rotate OA clockwise 90 r

Mod l s- Arg me t-Trigo ometric Form of a Complex mber We k ew that the complex mber z = x + iy ca be represe ted i the arga d pla e by the poi t A(x , y). This poi t ca also f lly determi ed as soo as we k ow the dista ce OA a d the polar a gle betwee OA a d the (+)ve x-axis (Ur), meas red a ticlockwise. The dista ce OA is called the mod l s of z, a d is de oted by r
@r ! x2  y2 The a gle U is called the Arg me t of z, a d is de oted by Arg(z) where

ta U !

y x

Si ce if we k ow ta U, the U will have ma y val es ( U s 2 T ), it is agreed that U [0 ,2T [ a d is called the pri cipal Arg me t of z . @the pri cipal Arg me t U [0,2T [ From the fig re we fi d that x ! cos U x ! r cos U r y ! si U y ! r si U r

A y U O

z ! r(cos U  i si U )

GH H

GG

H GH

GG

E E E

z ! 1  2i iz=-2+i

D C DC C F H G H H H E H H

DC H H

A(1,2)

CD H

A1(-2,1)

(2,-1)A2

E E

The previo s form is called the Trigo ometric Form of the complex mber. Yo m st otice that the previo s form is the pri cipal form, which m st be, whe we eed to fi d its mod l s a d Arg me t, a d yo o ght to modify a y other form before yo determi e the mod l s a d the Arg. Special Trigo ometric forms
z ! cos 0r  i si 0r T T z!i z ! cos  i si 2 2 z !  1 z ! cos T  i si T 3T 3T  i si z !  i z ! cos 2 2 EXAMPLE: Fi d the mod l s a d the pri cipal Arg. of the followi g complex the write the trigo ometric form of each mber. ( i ) 2  2i ;  3  3i ;  1  3i ; 3  i ( ii )5 ; 2i ; 4 ;  4i SOLUTION: ( i ) X z ! 2  2i r ! 2 2  2 2 ! 2 2 T 2 ta U ! ! 1 U ! ( x " 0 , y " 0 ) 2 4 T T z ! 2 2(cos  i si ) 4 4 Y z !  3  3i r ! 3 2  3 2 ! 3 2 3 3T ! 1 U ! ta U ! (x 3 4 3T 3T  i si ) z ! 3 2(cos 4 4 Z z ! 1  3i r ! ( 1 )2  ( 3 )2 ! 2  3 4T ! 3 U ! (x 1 3 4T 4T )  i si z ! 2(cos 3 3 ta U ! [ z ! 3  i r ! ( 3 )2  ( 1 )2 ! 2 11T 1 ta U ! ( x " 0, y U ! 6 3 11T 11T z ! 2(cos  i si ) 6 6

0, y " 0 )

0, y

0)

0)

TS

TS

S S TT

z!1

mbers

IP

P I

I I

P II I P II

I P P I I S S

( ii ) X z ! 5 ! 5 v 1 ! 5(cos 0r  i si 0r ) r ! 5 ; Arg( z ) ! 0 T T ) Y z ! 2i ! 2 v i ! 2(cos  i si 2 2 T r ! 2 ; Arg( z ) ! 2 Z z ! 4 ! 4 v  1 ! 4(cos T  i si T ) r ! 4 ; Arg( z ) ! T 3T 3T  i si [ z ! 4i ! 4 v  i ! 4(cos ) 2 2 3T r ! 4 ; Arg( z ) ! . 2

Modificatio s i Trigo ometric Form A. Cha ge of sig of real or imagi ary parts or both Whe the sig of either real or imagi ary parts or both cha ge the Arg(z) is modified accordi g to the followi g table, a d all sig s became positive.

Arg(U) = T - U

Arg(z) =U

Arg(U) = T + U

Arg(z) =2T - U

d pri cipal Arg me t for each of the followi g complex

T 3 2T Y cos 0 ; sin " 0 r ! 2 ; rg( z ) ! 3 2T 2T z ! 2(cos )  i sin 3 3 X cos " 0 , sin " 0 r ! 2 ;

rg( z ) !

T ) 3 T ) 6

T T )  i si 4 4 T T 4  z ! 4(cos  i si ) 3 3 2  z ! 2(  cos

` aa

EXAMPLE: Fi d the mod l s a mbers: T 1  z ! 2(cos  i si 3 T 3  z ! 2(cos  i si 6 SOLUTION

Y Y

X X

a`

Z cos

0 ; si

0 r ! 2 ; Arg( z ) !

4T 3

z ! 2(cos

4T 4T  i si ) 3 3 0 r ! 4 ; Arg( z ) !

[ cos " 0 , si z ! 4(cos

5T 5T  i si ) 3 3

B. Co-cha ge with cha ge i sig of real a d imagi ary parts or both Whe co-cha ge occ rs( ie cos cha ges to si or vise versa) witho t or with sig T 3T accordi g to the followi g table: cha ge the Arg(z) is cha ged relative to or 2 2

EXAMPLE Write the followi g complex mbers i sta dard form, the fi d the mod l s a d pri cipal Arg me t for each: T T 7T 7T 2  z ! 4(  si ) 1  z ! 4(si  i cos )  i cos 6 6 6 6 5T 5T 3T 3T 3  z ! 3 2(  si  i cos ) 4  z ! 4(si  i cos ) 3 3 4 4 SOLUTION T T T T T T ) X z ! 4(cos(  )  i si (  )) ! 4(cos  i si 2 3 2 3 6 6 T @ r ! 4 ; Arg( z ) ! 6 5T 5T T 7T T 7T )  i si (  )) ! 4(cos ) Y z ! 4(cos(   i si 2 6 2 6 3 3 5T @ r ! 4 ; Arg( z ) ! 3

g g

3T U 2

hg

T  2

T U 2

3T  2

e f

5T 3

g hh

3T 5T 3T 5T 2T 2T )) ! 3 2(cos(  )  i si (  )) )  i si (   2 3 2 3 3 3 4T 4T 4T ! 3 2(cos  i si ) r ! 3 2 ; Arg( z ) ! 3 3 3 3T 3T 3T 3T 9T 9T )) ! 4(cos ) )  i si ( [ z ! 4(cos(    i si 2 4 2 4 4 4 T T T ! 4(cos  i si ) r ! 4 ; Arg( z ) ! 4 4 4 Z z ! 3 2(cos( M ltiplicatio , Divisio a d Powers of complex i trigo ometric form mbers

Give that z 1 ! r1 (cos U 1  i si U 1 ) ; z 2 ! r2 (cos U 2  i si U 2 ),the followi g is tr e: X z1 z 2 ! r1 r2 [cos( U 1  U 2 )  i si ( U 1  U 2 )] Y Z z2 ! r2 z1 r1

[cos( U 1  U 2 )  i si ( U 1  U 2 )]

1 1 ! [cos( U )  i si ( U )] z r [ z ! r [cos( U )  i si ( U )] ; Z  EXAMPLE T T 3T 3T  i si ) a d z 2 ! 2(cos ) fi d Give that z 1 ! 2(cos  i si 6 6 4 4 z 1 ( i )z1 z 2 ( ii ) 1 ( iii ) ( iv )z2 5 z2 z1

SOLUTION
( i ) z1 z 2 ! 2 2 [cos( T 3T T 3T 11T 11T )] ! 2 2(cos ) )  i si (    i si 6 4 6 4 12 12 z 2 7T 7T T 3T T 3T ( ii ) 1 ! [cos(  )  i si (  )] ! 2 [cos(  )  i si (  )] z2 6 4 6 4 12 12 2 17 T 17 T ) ! 2(cos  i si 12 12 1 1 1 11T 11T T T ( iii ) ! [cos(  )  i si (  )] ! (cos )  i si z1 2 6 6 2 6 6

cos U !

si U !

cos 2U  1 2

1  cos 2U 2

Remember that: cos( U ) ! cos( 2T  U )

si ( U ) ! si ( 2 T  U )

5 ( iv )z 2 ! ( 2 )5 [cos( 5 v

3T 3T 7T 7T  i si )] ! 4 2(cos ) )  i si ( 5 v 4 4 4 4

st

t t t t

v v

EXAMPLE iven z1 ! 1  3i and z 2 ! 2 2  2 2i ; find the modulus and argument of the folo ing numbers 1 2 3 (i) z1 z2 ( ii ) ( iii )1  z1 z1 z 2 SOLUTION
5T 5T 5T z1 ! 2(cos  i sin ) 3 3 3 5T 5T 5T z 2 ! 4(cos  i sin z 2 ! 2 2  2 2i r ! 4 ; Arg( z 2 ) ! ) 4 4 4 10T 10T 15T 15T 2 3  i sin  i sin ( i )z1 z 2 ! 4(cos ) v 64(cos ) 3 3 4 4 13T 13T ! 256(cos  i sin ) 12 12 11T 11T 35T 35T )  i sin  i sin ( ii )z1 z 2 ! 8(cos ) ! 8(co s 12 12 12 12 1 1 11T 11T 1 13T 13T ) ! (cos ) ! (cos   i sin  i sin z1 z 2 8 12 12 8 12 12 z1 ! 1  3i r ! 2 ; Arg( z1 ) ! ( iii )1  z1 ! 1  ( 1  3i ) ! 3i ! 3(cos T T  i sin ) 2 2 here U [270 r ,360 r[

SOLUTION Q z 2 ! 6(sin 2U  i cos 2U )is not in standard form, so e modify it to

3T 3T  2U  i sin  2U z 2 ! 6 cos 2 2 z T 18 3T 3T T @ 1 ! cos U  2  i sin U  2 ! 3 cos 2  U  i sin 2  U z2 6 z T @ r ! 3 ; Arg 1 !  U z2 2 z 4 9 12 3 z ! 1 ! 3  si U  i cos U ! 3  v i (A s) iv !  z2 5 5 5 5

Notice that:
T U T U 2 T U 3T U 2 U T U 2 2T ! U 3T U 2

and tanU

z -3 . ind the trigonometric and algebraic forms of 1 . 4 z2

EXAMPLE If z1 ! 18(cos 3U  i sin 3U ) ,and z 2 ! 6(sin 2U  i cos 2U ),

D'Moivre's Theorem
If Q (ratio al mber), the
U ! cos U  i si

cos U  i si

(proof is ot req ired) From r le 4 (power r le), we k ow that, for k Z+:

1 U  2 T U  2 T cos U  i si U k ! cos   i si @ k k where { 0 ,1,2,3, ...........,k  1 }

The last relatio is very importa t, beca se we se it to determi e the differe t roots of a certai complex mber. EXAMPLE Use D'Moivre's theorem to fi d the val e of si 2U a d cos2U i terms of si U a d cosU. SOLUTION Q cos U  i si U ! cos 2U  i si 2U @ cos 2 U  si 2 U  i( 2 si U cos U ) ! cos 2U  i si 2U ompairi g real a d imagi ary parts: U a d

EXAMPLE Use D'Moivre's theorem to solve the eq atio x4=1 i C. SOLUTION x 4 ! 1 ! cos 0 r  i sin 0 r ! cos 2nT  i sin 2nT
x ! cos 2nT  i sin 2nT 4 2nT 2nT x ! cos  i sin 4 4 x1 ! cos 0 r  i sin 0 r ! 1 x 3 ! cos T  i sin T ! 1
1

,n ! 0 ,1,2,3 T T  i sin ! i 2 2 3T 3T x 4 ! cos  i sin ! i 2 2 x2 ! cos

@ cos2U cos 2U  si

si 2U ! 2 si U cos U

s)

U cos  i si k U @ cos  i si k Q cos U  i si

U ! cos U  i si U k 1 U is o e of the val es for cosU +i si U k k U ! cos U  2 T  i si U  2 T

EXAMPLE Fi d the differe t val es of the followi g

(i) z=(1+ 3i
1 )3

( ii )z ! ( 1  i

the represe t the mber 1+ 3i a d the differe t val es o the same Arga d fig re. SOLUTION ( i )let z1 ! 1  3i r ! 2 ; Arg( z ) ! 60 r @ z1 ! 2 cos 60 r  i si 60 r Qz!
1 3 z1

! 3 2 cos 60 r  i si 60 r 3

z13 ! 3 2 cos 260 r  i si 260 r

z1 z12 z11

z13

3T 3T 3  i sin ( ii )z ! ( 1  i ! 1  i ! 2i ! 2 cos 2 2 270 r  n v 360 r 270 r  n v 360 r ! 3 2 cos  i sin 3 3

1 3

2 )3

1 23

z 1 ! 3 2 cos 90 r  i sin 90 r
3

z 2 ! 3 2 cos 210 r  i sin 210 r

! 3 2 cos 330 r  i sin 330 r

z1

z2 z

z3

60 r  v 360 r ! 3 2 cos  i si 3 z11 ! 3 2 cos 20 r  i si 20 r z 12

60 r  v 360 r , ! 0 ,1,2 3 ! 3 2 cos 140 r  i si 140 r

2 )3

EXAMPLE se 'Moivre's theorem to find the solution set of the equation

SOL TION
T T 1  i ! 2 cos  i sin 4 4

T T T T 5T 5T ! cos  i sin ! cos  i sin or cos  i sin 2 2 4 4 4 4 T T 3T 3T @ x 2 ! 2 cos  i sin @ x 2 ! 2 cos  i sin 2 2 2 2 T T 3T 3T  i sin x1 ! 4 2 cos  i sin x 3 ! 4 2 cos 4 4 4 4 7T 7T 5T 5T 4  i sin  i sin x 2 ! 4 2 cos x 4 ! 2 cos 4 4 4 4 S .S ! { 4 8 1  i ; 4 8( 1  i ); 4 8( 1  i ); 4 8( 1  i )} EXAMPLE 1 i 1i If x ! ; y! ,then find the value of 3x 12  4 y 15 1i 1i SOL TION 1  i 1  i 2i x! v ! !i 1 i 1 i 2 1 1 y ! ! ! i x i @ 3 x 12  4 y 15 ! 3i 12  4( i )15 ! 3  4i 3 ! 3  4i

1 i2

1 2

1 U  2nT U  2nT ! 3  4i 2 ! 5 cos  i sin n ! 0 ,1 2 2 U 4 U U U @ l1 ! 5 cos  i sin ; l 2 ! 5 cos  T  i sin  T ,tan U ! 2 2 3 2 2 13 U 1  cos U 5 ! 4 ! 2 sin U ! 1 Q cos ! ! 2 2 2 5 2 5 5 @ l 1 ! 2  i ; l 2 ! 2  i

@ l ! 3 x 12  4 y 15

1 2

x !
2

1 i2

(1 i )

here x

g g

1 2