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i 1 i 1 i 1
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i i i i i
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F X Y
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2207
F X M X 0.275 exp 0.00241 X exp
T 273.15
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3
With the previous equation (equation 6), lycopene concentration for the output flowrate in
each evaporator effect can be estimated knowing the steady state values
The economic evaluation included a quality parameter that influences final price, modifying
the classical chemical engineering view that considers only cost minimization for the best
system design. In this particular case, the sale price will be considered directly dependent
upon the final lycopene retention.
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
The input values to the model, shown in Table 1, were the same for all of the systems and
obtained from an actual industrial plant, complemented with available online information
from manufacturers.
Lycopene retention
Lycopene retention in the final product was estimated for each one of the alternative systems
from the data obtained under steady state operation. From the results shown in Figure 3, it is
clear that lycopene concentration in the final product has a linear decay when augmenting the
number of effects in the evaporation system.
CONCLUSION
A mathematical model was successfully developed, and then an economic evaluation of the
optimum design and operating conditions of the evaporation system (1 to 7 effects operated
under countercurrent) was carried out.
When analyzing the behavior of a 5 effect evaporator system, an increase in the processing
capacity from 50 Ton/h to 75 Ton/h augments the lycopene retention in the final product from
95.25% to 96.27%.
With the inclusion of lycopene as a quality parameter the optimum number of effects
decreases from 4 to 3. In addition, it was also possible to determine the optimum operating
conditions of the 3 effects system at 260 kPa.
It appears of extreme relevance to consider quality as an intrinsic and integral part of the
process design, as it will then be possible to identify several potential improvements in
different food processes.
REFERENCES
Douglas, J. M. 1988. Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes. McGraw-Hill International
Editios. Chemical Engineering Series.
4
Kern, D. 1999. Procesos de Transferencia de Calor. Editorial Continental S.A. Mxico.
Goula, A., and Adamopoulos, K. 2006. Prediction of Lycopene degradation during a drying
process of tomato pulp. J. of Food Eng. 74(1): 37-46.
Table1. Input data for mathematical model implementation.
Name Variable Value
Input flowrate F
Al
kg/h 50000
Input temperature T
Al
C 98
Initial soluble solids concentration X
Al
kg ss/kg 0.05
Input concentration of lycopene Y
Al
kg Lic/kg SS 0.01
Final soluble solids concentration X
1
kg ss/kg 0.3
Steam inlet pressure Pv
0
kPa 143.4
Temperature change in condensator Tv
n
- T
d
C 2
Operation pressure in evaporator n P
n
kPa 16.5
Figure 3. Lycopene retention % v/s Number of effects for an input of 50 Ton/h.