#define PWM_NUM_PINS 16 #define PWM_MAX_DUTY 255 #define PWM_DEFAULT_FREQ (16000000.0/128.0) //2MHz for /8 prescale from 16MHz //??

Software based PWM (Pulse width modulation) library for the ATMEGA168/328 ( Arduino). // // This class implements PWM in software. PWM is a method whose purpose is to e mulate an analog voltage by rapidly toggling a digital // pin between the high and low states. By changing the duty cycle -- the perce nt of time the pin is "on" verses "off" the apparent voltage changes. // This technique is only useful if the pin is controlling a device that average s voltages; for example: // * Inductors (electromagnets, motors) // * Capacitors // * Human perception (via LEDs for example) // This library does not work as efficiently as the hardware based PWM availabe in the ATMEGA, so that should be used if possible. // However this library offers PWM on all pins, and also allows you to specify w hat the "on" and "off" pin states are. For example, you could choose the "off" state to be high impedence. // class SoftPWM { public: typedef enum { DRIVEN_LOW = 2 0, DRIVEN_HIGH = 2 1, DRIVEN = 2, FLOATING = 0, PULL_UP = 1, HIGH_IMPEDENCE = 0, UNUSED = 4 } PinBehavior; //?? Constructor SoftPWM(); //?? Call this periodically to trigger a state change void loop(void); //?? Automatically call the loop() function periodically. Once you call this function YOU SHOULD NOT CALL LOOP()! void startAutoLoop(int timer=2,int frequency=PWM_DEFAULT_FREQ); //?? Stop automatic looping. void stopAutoLoop(void); //?? Duty Cycle. The fraction of time that the pin is HIGH is duty/255 uint8_t duty[PWM_NUM_PINS]; //?? Set what it means for a pin to be off or on. // Typically you would want to PWM an output pin and toggle output voltage. T his is what PWM normally means, and is the default. // However, for other applications you may want to toggle the impedence and value simultaneously. // For example, if the pin is sinking the base of a PNP transistor then you would switch from a high impedence (i.e. open circuit) state to a low output state (i.e. closed circuit, sinking current).

// void enablePin(int pin, PinBehavior offMode=DRIVEN_LOW, PinBehavior onMode=DRI VEN_HIGH) { pinOnBehavior[pin] = onMode; pinOffBehavior[pin] = offMode; } void disablePin(int pin) { pinOnBehavior[pin] = UNUSED; pinOffBehavior[pin] = UNUSED; } //?? Set all duty cycles to 0 void zero(void) { for (int i=0;i != PWM_NUM_PINS;i++) duty[i] = 0; } uint8_t pinOffBehavior[PWM_NUM_PINS]; uint8_t pinOnBehavior[PWM_NUM_PINS]; int bresenham[PWM_NUM_PINS]; }; SoftPWM::SoftPWM() { for (int c=0;c != PWM_NUM_PINS;c++) { bresenham[c] = 0; pinOffBehavior[c] = UNUSED; pinOnBehavior[c] = UNUSED; } } void SoftPWM::loop(void) { boolean lvl; unsigned char regLvlOut=0; unsigned char regLvlIn; unsigned char regDirOut=0; unsigned char regDirIn; for (int i=0;i != PWM_NUM_PINS;i++) { if (i==0) { regLvlIn = PORTD; regDirIn = DDRD; } if (i==8) { regLvlIn = PORTB; regDirIn = DDRB; } if (i==8) { DDRD = regDirOut; PORTD = regLvlOut; } regLvlOut >>=1; regDirOut >>=1; if ((pinOnBehavior[i] & UNUSED) == UNUSED) // If its unused then keep the values the same {

regDirOut = (regDirIn&1); regLvlOut = (regLvlIn&1); } else { bresenham[i] += duty[i]; if (bresenham[i]>=PWM_MAX_DUTY) { bresenham[i] -= PWM_MAX_DUTY; lvl = true; } else lvl = false; if (lvl) { regLvlOut regDirOut } else { regLvlOut regDirOut } } regLvlIn >>=1; regDirIn >>=1; } if (1) { DDRB = regDirOut; PORTB = regLvlOut; } } typedef unsigned char byte; int ledPin = 13; void testSoftPWM() { SoftPWM pwm; pwm.enablePin(ledPin, SoftPWM::DRIVEN_LOW, SoftPWM::DRIVEN_HIGH); for (int i=0;i<25600;i++) { pwm.duty[ledPin] = i/100; pwm.loop(); delay(1); } } void setup() {} void loop() { testSoftPWM(); }

= (pinOnBehavior[i]&1) ? 0x80:0; = (pinOnBehavior[i]>>1) ? 0x80:0;

= (pinOffBehavior[i]&1) ? 0x80:0; = (pinOffBehavior[i]>>1) ? 0x80:0;