INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE SUB TOPIC 1.0 SUB TOPIC 2.0 SUB TOPIC 3.

0 CONCLUSION

As we all know, the Earth had suffer all because of human being that always compete with each other to develop their countries in order to achieve a fake development . We always heard about being a known country among other countries all around the world but do we think about the nature that we had sacrifices all this time. For our information, we just a passenger that live on this Earth after thousands years those nature had live on this world but we had killed them until some of them had extinct from the earth such as dodos, Tasmanian tigers and others to be said. Never before has the earth been threatened than it is today. The Earth has survived countless natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions and violent earthquakes, but even then, none of these catastrophes has had such a great impact on the Earth as the activities carried out by humans themselves. In their attempt to fulfil the growing needs of an ever-increasing population, mankind destroys natural habitats that house millions of flora and fauna species and at the same time pollutes the environment. If we care about them we won t hurt them instead we would take care of them by conserving and preserving them to make sure they continues exist in this world. So, with the producing of this folio, hope it shall increase the awareness of us and do our parts in order to minimise the impact of what we as human being had done to the Earth.

Identify human activities that threaten the ecosystem Explain the impact of human activities on the ecosystem Evaluate critically the effect of unplanned development and mismanagement of the ecosystem Describe types of pollution and sources of pollution Explain the effects of pollution on living things and environment Compare and contrast pollutions in the air from different environments State the sources of air pollution Interpret data on the level of air pollution in some cities Make an inference on the sources of air pollution in some cities Interpret data on the level of water pollution in some rivers Make an inference on the sources of water pollution in some rivers Predict the level of air and water pollution in a particular location within the next ten years Suggest strategies to solve problems related to air and water pollution in a particular location within the next ten years

Explain what the greenhouse effect is Correlate the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with global warming Explain the thinning of the ozone layer Explain the impact of the thinning of the ozone layer and global warming on the ecosystem Justify the need for development Explain the effects of increase in population on the ecosystem Explain measures taken in the management of development activities and the ecosystem to ensure a balance of nature is maintained Care for the ecosystem Participate in activities related to the management of the ecosystem

SOIL EROSION The thinning of the soil layer due to the removal of the surface soil by the agents of erosion such as wind, water flow and uncontrolled human and animal activities With vegetation (trees and grass) removed, the topsoil is exposed to the elements (rain and wind) The thin layer of topsoil is easily eroded by flowing waters

FLASH FLOODS A sudden and rapid flood of low-lying areas, rivers and streams that is caused by a thunderstorm Occurs when rain water that is not absorbed into the ground fats enough causes surface runoff (rain water not absorbed by soil) The surface runoff accumulates and flows rapidly downhill, flooding everything in its path and low-lying areas Causes of flash floods a) Poor drainage system b) Rubbish clogging the drainage system c) Sedimentation of rivers due to deforestation Flash floods bring suffering and misery to the local community, with the possible loss of lives and property

LANDSLIDES A sudden fall of rocks and earth down a hill slope Landslides may caused by a) Mining activities b) Heavy rains on a denuded hill slopes c) Unstable construction projects on hill slopes

d) Earthquakes Heavy and prolonged raining over steep hill slopes may lead to the accumulation of soil water which subsequently causes a large amount of earth to slide downhill Landslides may cause a) A loss of lives and property b) Disruptions to the road transport system Steps to reduce or avoid landslides a) Trimming and reducing hill gradients b) Stabilising denuded hill slopes by planting grass and trees on them c) Constructing retention walls on hill slopes d) Constructing proper drainage system to prevent water from accumulating on hill slopes and hill tops In the United States of America, a quantitative system of warning is used to predict the occurrence of landslides. The system takes into account the intensity of rain that has fallen, the duration of storm, the type of slope, the type of soil and other factors

DEFORESTATION The permanent removal of trees from forest The purposes of deforestation are a) Commercial logging b) Shifting cultivation c) Agricultural and commercial land d) Construction of roads and housing e) Other human development activities Deforestation causes a) Soil erosion b) Flash floods c) Landslides d) Global warming - this is because forest (particularly the tropical rainforest) ecosystem absorb and removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus protecting the earth against the greenhouse effect and global warming e) Climate change - areas denuded of forest cover become hotter and drier, besides contributing to the global warming f) The loss of biodiversity - thousands of species of plants, animals and microorganism of the rainforest are lost with deforestation every year. This causes a great loss of potential future food materials and medicines which are yet to be explored

g) Extinction - many animals and plant species which depend on the tropical rainforest for survival become extinct every year Steps to control deforestation a) Planting new trees and restoring degraded land (this has been a worldwide effort) b) Adopting and enforcing stricter laws c) Educating people on the importance of forests

POLLUTION

Undesirable change in the biological, chemical or physical characteristics of our natural environment, cause by the release of harmful substances

Can be classified into four types a) Air pollution b) Water pollution c) Thermal pollution d) Noise pollution AIR POLLUTION

Takes place when gases or particle accumulate in the air in high concentrations that can harm living organism and the environment

Sources of air pollution a) Motor vehicles Such as cars, motorcycles, lorries, aero planes, ships and trains Fossil fuels that includes petroleum, diesel and gas used in motor vehicles produce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of sulphur ( including sulphur dioxide), oxides of nitrogen (including nitrogen dioxide), lead, soot and dust b) Industry Electric power stations and factories (cement, wood, chemical, iron and others) use diesel and discharge many types of pollutants into the atmosphere such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, chlorine, dust and smoke Agricultural chemicals such as airbourne, pesticides, insecticides and herbicides are also sprayed into the air instead of landing on planted crops

c) Open air burning The burning of rubbish, solid wastes and forest produces a lot of smoke (causing haze), carbon dioxide and dust There are many people who practice open air burning either of domestic rubbish or at rubbish dumps

Air Pollution Index The quality of the air measured is based on the Air Pollution Index issued by the Department of Environment, Malaysia The Air Pollution Index is calculate from the amount of fine particles <10 microns (PM10) and a few hazardous gases, such as ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Fine particles trapped in the lungs can cause asthma, lung cancer and cardiopulmonary problems besides causing breathing difficulties Air Pollution Index 0 50 50 - 100 101 200 Status of the air Good Moderate Unhealthy

201 300 301 500 >500

Very unhealthy Hazardous Emergency

FORMATION OF ACID RAIN Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide released from factories, electric power stations and motor vehicles subsequently dissolve in atmospheric water vapour before coming down as acid rain in the form of sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid, nitrous acid and acid nitric Acid rain absorbed by the soil dissolves many mineral salts wash them into rivers and lakes. This releases poisonous chemicals, including aluminium, which are normally insoluble and harmless Acid rain flows into rivers and lakes upsets the ecological balance of the ecosystem by destroying many species of living organisms such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, fishes and other aquatic animals Acid rain falling on plants changes the colour of their leaves from green to purple and cause leaves to die

WATER POLLUTION Water is a universal solvent because many types of chemical substances can dissolve in it The characteristic of water as a solvent make it easy to be polluted Water pollution is mostly caused by the indiscrimate disposal of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes. Also soil erosion turns rivers muddy, making it unsafe for either aquatic organisms or for human consumption Sources of water pollution a) Domestic source Domestic pollutants - Houses in urban and rural areas may dispose of rubbish and sewage indiscriminately by dumping them into drains and rivers which will eventually reach the sea In the river, organic substances are decomposed by saprophytic organisms and bacteria which will use up all the dissolved oxygen in the water. This will cause the suffocation and death of all the aquatic organisms b) Industrial source Factories that produce consumer goods e.g. chemicals, paints, metals, etc. ,may use the river to dispose of their liquid wastes or suspensions Agricultural based factories which process agricultural products such as palm oil, rubber, cocoa and pineapple may also discharge their organic wastes straight into the river Factories producing agricultural products such as insecticides, herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers might also dump their toxic wastes into the river The mining industries, e.g. the mining of tin pollutes the river with mud and silt Metal wastes such as mercury, lead, copper, zinc and arsenic are also discharge from mines into rivers

Accidents on offshore oil rigs and collisions of oil tankers spill crude oil which spreads out on the surface of the sea to form a thin layer called the oil slick. Oil slick is known to cover hundreds of square kilometres

Oil slick pollute beaches and trap sea birds, which will eventually dies as their feathers are all stuck together by the crude oil

The layer of oil on the sea surface can also prevent sunlight from penetrating into the sea, reducing or even stopping photosynthesis of the marine plants and phytoplankton

This disrupts the food chain of aquatic organisms that depend on plankton as their basic food. Besides this, fish from polluted water is a danger to the health of consumers if eaten

c) Agricultural source Modern agricultural depends much on the use agrochemicals (e.g. insecticides, herbicides and chemical fertilisers) Much of these agrochemicals sprayed on crops seep into the ground and joint the underground water, thus polluting them These underground water streams eventually ends up in rivers, causing making river water unfit for human consumption and eutrophication EUTROPHICATION The process whereby a body of water (e.g. pond or lake) become rich in dissolved nutrients (nitrates or phosphates) either naturally or due the human activities This encourages the high rates of growth of algae and blue green bacteria. The resulting population explosion is called an algal boom. The algae can increase in numbers to such an extent that they form a thick scum on the surface of water and prevents sunlight from reaching the bottom of the water

Alga and aquatic plants at the bottom of the water cannot photosynthesise and they die The decomposition of the dead organic matter by bacteria will raise their BOD and reduce the oxygen content of the water there

Aerobic plants at the bottom of the water with low oxygen content suffocate and die Some causes of eutrophication are a) Over use of inorganic fertiliser b) Run off of manure from farms c) Discharge of untreated and treated sewage d) Run off and erosion from cultivated land

increase in dissolved nutrients

algal boom

death of algae

decomposition by aerobic bacteria

bacteria use up oxygen aquatic organisms die

The sequence of events in eutrophication

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) The increase in the organic matter (dead plants and rubbish) of water will rise the activities of the decomposing organisms The organisms involved in decomposing (decaying) use organic substances as their source of energy and nutrition. When the decomposing activities take place, a lot of dissolved oxygen is used up. When a lot of organic matter is present in the water, then the dissolved oxygen supply is depleted by the decomposing activities and will endanger the aquatic life of fish and zooplankton The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the total oxygen amount used by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi which decompose organic matter in a sample of water A low BOD value is a sign that the amount of oxygen dissolve in water is high. When the BOD value is high, the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water is low, that is, there is a high degree of pollution in the sample of water with organic matter As an example, the usual BOD value for water polluted by human waste is 200 400 ppm (parts per million) Drinking water should have a BOD value of less than 1

Water Quality Index In Malaysia, the pollution level/change in the quality of water is measure using water quality index (WQI) and the Interim National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (INWQS) by the Department of Environment, Malaysia. The Water Quality Index is produce by combing six main parameters as follows a) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) b) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) c) Suspended Solids (SS) d) Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3N) e) pH values f) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Water Quality Index >92.7 76.5 92.7 51.9 76.5 31.0 51.9 <31.0 Level of pollution Clean Average, clean Average, polluted Polluted Very polluted Class I. II. III. IV. V.

Water Quality Index and Level of Pollution

THERMAL POLLUTION The release of excess heat into the environment into the environment. Thermal pollution occurs when used air or water coolant is returned to its environment at a higher temperature than it was before. This upsets biological systems and endangers lives Sources of thermal pollution a) Factories b) Nuclear reactors c) Electric power stations d) Tall gas buildings Effects of Heat on Aquatic Life Every living organism has a temperature range of tolerance for survival. The change in temperature of the water can therefore cause a change in composition of the species living in a habitat The rise in temperature of the environment raises the metabolic rates of the aquatic animals and upsets their biochemical processes. A rise in temperature of as much as 5 oC above the normal water temperature can be fatal for the aquatic animals The rise in temperature also changes the abiotic chemical factor of the environment. As heat decreases the solubility of gases so the aquatic organisms will have less oxygen dissolved to breathe The rise in the temperature of water increases the rate of decomposition of organic matter which will in turn, increase the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of water. Eventually, many aquatic organisms will die of suffocation

Aquatic plants and algae are also affected because higher water temperatures encourage rapid growth, resulting in an overpopulation of plants and algae within a short time. Such events may contribute to an algal boom

Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 16 12 8 4 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 Temperature of water (oC)

The quantity of oxygen dissolved in water is inversely proportional to the temperature of the water. As the temperature increases, less oxygen dissolves in the water. Thermal pollution therefore can reduce the oxygen content of the water

Reflective Walls of Modern Buildings One of the simplest ways to keep solar heat out of buildings is to use reflective walls roofing materials Then, the sun s radiant energy is simply reflected by these reflective surfaces back towards the sky from which it came This reflected light will inevitably contribute to thermal pollution of the surroundings

NOISE POLLUTION Takes place when the noise of the surroundings becomes excessive and disturbs the comfort of living Sources of noise pollution a) Aeroplanes b) Trains c) Construction works d) Wheels and factory machine e) Vehicles along the road The noise intensity is measured in decibel units (dB) that represents the rate of sound energy passing through a unit area Decibel (dB) 120 uncomfortable 110 noise level 100 very noisy 90 80 fairly 70 noisy 60 50 quiet 40 30 very quiet 20 10 0 sitting room (45) whisper broadcasting studio leaves falling down floating air sound vacuum cleaner talking rock band (111) jet plane flying at a height of 350 m (103) motorcycle

Effect of Noise Pollution on Human Increasing noise pollution in urbanised societies has brought about many adverse effects on humans Prolonged exposure to loud noises can falsely trick our body defence system to be on guard with an excessive production of adrenalin, although no such real emergency exist The effect of noise pollution on human can be divided into two groups which are a) Physiological effect that involve a loss of hearing and a failure to respond to emergencies b) Psychological effect, caused by noise that Disrupts human communication Disturbs a person s sleep, which has a negative effect on his/her mental stability Interferes with the normal human mental processes of thinking, concentrating and observing Persons who are expose to prolonged noise situation at their work place, e.g. factories, have a high risk of hearing loss. This hearing loss usually takes place gradually and the person may not be conscious of it

Strategies to Solve the Problems Related to Pollution a) Controlling the situation Take immediate action to stop the continuous introduction of pollutants to the air and water b) Cleaning up the rivers Plan efforts to clean up polluted rivers

c) Educational campaign and programmes to make the community conscious of avoiding negative habits that can polluted the rivers such as throwing rubbish and discharging human waste into the rivers

The Greenhouse Effect Most of the solar radiation that reaches the Earth is visible light (short wavelength) which passes through atmospheric gases to reach the surface of the Earth The surface of the Earth absorbs this solar energy and re-radiates it back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation (heat), some of which escapes into outer space Some of this re-radiated infrared radiation in the atmosphere is absorbed by greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour and nitrous oxide) which subsequently increase in temperature After having absorbed the infrared radiation, these greenhouse gases themselves also re-radiate infrared radiation to their surroundings (and warming nearby greenhouse gases), and also reradiating some back to the surface of the Earth These greenhouse gases in the atmosphere act like the glass panels of a greenhouse, which permit visible light to pass through but absorb and re-radiate infrared radiation This absorption of the infrared radiation (by greenhouse gases) and its subsequent re-radiation (by greenhouse gases), create a blanket which warms up the atmosphere of the Earth, and this is called the greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is natural and it actually helps to regulate the long-term average temperature of the Earth Without the greenhouse effect, Earth will be too cold to sustain life But, over the last 40 years the Earth s average temperature has been on a rising trend causing a global warming This global warming is caused by an increase in the greenhouse gases of the atmosphere, resulting in more heat retention in the atmosphere instead of escaping into outer space

Human activities and natural causes both have contributed to an increase in at atmospheric greenhouse gases:

a) Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide, which is the main greenhouse gas, contributes about 60% of the total global warming Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere in the combustion of coal, oil and gas in power plants, cars, cement production, factories and etc. The clearing of forest (deforestation) has also reduce the amount of carbon dioxide being removed (through photosynthesis) from the atmosphere b) Methane Methane contributes about 15%-30% of the total global warming, making it the second important greenhouse gas Methane is released into the atmosphere from rice, paddies, livestock, rotting garbage in land fields, mining operations and gas pipelines c) Nitrous oxide Nitrous oxide contributes about 15% of the total global warming It is released from fertilisers, from rapid composition of humus and from the combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels d) Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs) and other similar chemicals This chemicals contribute about 12% of the total global warming They have been introduced by humans in the 20th century as refrigerants and they enter the atmosphere through leaks and negligent dumping

The Effect of Global Warming Rising global temperatures are expected to melt polar ice caps and glaciers and raise sea levels The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes (IPCC) expect global sea levels to rise by between 20 to 90 cm this century, and inundating(flooding) low-lying countries such as the island-states of Tuvalu in the Pacific Ocean and Bangladesh (which is predicted to loose about 70% of its land to the sea) Precipitation (rainfall and snowfall) and climatic conditions of many countries are expected to change Higher global temperatures increases water evaporation, which in turn increases atmospheric heat retention (water vapour is a greenhouse gas), making greenhouse effect more pronounced A higher evaporation rate may dried up many inland lakes and rivers, and expand deserts According to scientist, global warming is already influencing the storms now, making them stronger and more destructive Changing regional climate could alter forest, crop yields and water supplies Climate changes could also threaten human house, and harm birds, fish, ecosystems and reduce biodiversity With warmer climates, tropical pests and vectors are likely to spread to other new areas and to temperate countries, resulting in more outbreaks of tropical diseases like malaria and dengue fever Some crops and plants may respond favorably to increased temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide by growing more vigorously

The Solutions to Global Warming Both the production and the use of fossil fuels should be reduced by all nations to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases The use of cleaner fuels like solar energy, wind energy, wave energy, hydrogen fuel cells and hydroelectric energy which do not emit greenhouse gases need to be further developed and expanded Unnecessary deforestation for farming and other development projects need to be controlled and minimized More trees need to be replanted in order to absorb and remove more free carbon dioxide from the atmosphere All countries should ratify the Kyoto Protocol (the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ) which binds member countries to limit and reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere As an individual, we can do our part to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases by walking, cycling or using public transport instead of using our own motorized vehicles

The Thinning of Ozone Layer Ozone (O3)is one form of oxygen that is present in very small quantities in the atmosphere The ozone layer is formed when oxygen reacts with the ultraviolet radiation of sunlight The ozone concentration is at its maximum in the stratosphere layer, about 20-40 km above the surface of the earth Ozone acts as a natural shield that protects the surface of the earth from the sun s ultraviolet radiation Besides this, ozone also influences processes of the atmosphere that controls the weather of the world Excess exposure of ultraviolet radiation can cause skin cancer, cataract(an eye ailment), and kills the aquatic organisms which is the food for fish It was 20 years ago when scientists first discovered the thinning of ozone layer An ozone hole (the thin part of the ozone layer) as big as the size of the United States have been detected in the stratosphere of the Antarctica The thinning of the ozone layer has been detected in the stratosphere of the United States and in Europe The thinning of the ozone layer arises from the increasing use of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

The Role of Chlorofluorocarbon Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is a class of compounds consisting of carbon, chlorine and fluorine that were discovered in the 1930 s The characteristics of CFC are that is has a low boiling point and is not reactive, not caustic, not corrosive and not easily combustible This makes it very suitable to be used in insects spray, as a solvent in the electronics industry, in polystyrene packing and as a coolant (freon) in refrigerators and air conditioners Steps in the Thinning of the Ozone Layer by CFC The characteristic of CFC is that it is not reactive and this makes it possible for it to reach the stratosphere. There the ultraviolet radiation strikes it and cause a chlorine atom to break away





The chlorine atom then reacts with ozone to produce chlorine monoxide and oxygen




 

Chlorine monoxide reacts with atomic oxygen in the stratosphere to produce another molecule of oxygen and frees itself






The free chlorine repeats the above cycle and destroys the ozone layer changing it to oxygen. Each atom of chlorine has the potential to destroy tens of thousands of ozone molecules

The Impact of the Thinning of the Ozone Layer The thinning of the ozone layer allows a large amount of ultraviolet rays to reach the earth Plankton will be destroyed and this will break the food chain of marine life and the water ecosystem. The destruction of the phytoplankton will limit the absorption of carbon dioxide by the sea and this will contribute to the problem of global warming The number of stomata and chlorophyll of the leaves will be reduced thereby reducing the productivity of the plants. This will upset the balance of the land ecosystem because green plants are the producers in the food web Steps to Overcome To overcome the problem of the thinning of the ozone layer, many countries have signed the Montreal protocol in 1987 after identifying the substance that is destroying the ozone layer Among conditions agreed upon are: a) To stop the use of CFC before the year 2000 b) Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) that has the less potential to destroy the ozone layer has been suggested as a substitute for CFC

ENFORCEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS The Malaysian government has a system of laws that is enough to achieve the objective of conservation of the environment such as: a) Environmental Quality Act, is an enabling piece of legislation for preventing, abating and controlling pollution and enhancing the environment or for other related purposes b) Factories and Machinery Act, 1967/1983 has been enacted to protect workers from exposure to loud noises which are more than 95 dB for 40 hours continuously c) Pesticides Act, 1974 has been enacted to control the use of poisons such as insecticides, herbicides and fungicides so that they do not pollute the environment d) National Forestry Act, 1984 has been enacted to protect and preserve the forests and wild life USE OF TECNOLOGY The use of technology , which has since brought us progress and development, is used to find solutions to our problems of pollution Modern technology is used to: a) Clean oil spills at sea using oil spill expensive booms and chemicals b) Recycle rubbish such as glass materials, plastic, metal and paper c) Produce biogas (methane) from organic rubbish through the activities of decaying microorganisms d) Treat toxic and dangerous waste disposal from factories to the air or water e) Enable motor vehicle to use fuels that are less polluting to the environment such as unleaded petrol and natural gas

EDUCATION The Third Malaysian Plan, stressed the need for environmental education to be introduced into the education system to balance the national economic development Presently, Environmental Education is integrated into the school curriculum

Objectives of Environmental Education Awareness: To raise the awareness and sensitivity of the individual and community to the environment and its problems Knowledge: To help individuals and community to basically understand the environment problems associated with the environment and Man s responsibilities and his role Skills: Helping individuals and social groups to acquire the necessary skills for the solution of environmental problems Evaluation: Helping individuals and social groups to evaluate the actions and the programmes of environmental education integrated with ecological, political, economic, social and educational factors Informal Environmental Education To disseminate phamplets, magazines, posters and films on the environment To sponsor seminars and competition on the environment To disseminate general guidelines on care for the environment To celebrate World Environmental Day on the 5th of June, every year

PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF THE LAND, FORESTS AND MANGROVE AREAS Preservation and conservation is aimed at ensuring that habitats fauna and flora, natural resources and the balance of nature continue to perpetuate with minimum impact from human activities Among the preservation and conservation activities are as follows: Restoring used mining land for agriculture Replanting forest trees that have been cut down to maintain the supply of wood for the future and to prevent erosion Restoring polluted rivers to ensure there is a sufficient supply of water for the future Conserving mangrove swamps as they are important ecosystems and they are breeding ground of many marine animals BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Biological control is a method of controlling pests by using predation, parasitism or other natural mechanisms This method avoids the use of pesticides thus preventing pesticides from entering the human food chain Example of biological control: The use of the guppy fish to eliminate mosquito larva The use of female insect Ichneumon which can produce larvae to eliminate caterpillars that bore into the paddy stems Using owls to catch and feed on rats in oil palm estates

USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND THE EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY Burning fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal will pollute the environment Therefore the use of fossil fuels has to be minimised so that environmental pollution can be reduced The use of renewable energy sources such as solar energy and hydroelectric energy which are more friendly to the environment should be encouraged The rise in the efficient use of energy through new technology can reduce the pollutants introduced into the environment MAINTAINING PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES OF THE ENVIRONMENT Effort must be directed to maintain the plant and animal species of the environment Extensive deforestation will destroy the habitats of plants and wild life permanently Plant and animal species need to be conserve through The enactment of laws to protect them Controlling logging activities Declaring some forests to be forest reserves or converting them to forest parks

From the producing of this folio, we can conclude that everyone has a role to play in the maintainance of a sustainable ecosystem. We can fulfil this role by refraining from habits that might harm our surroundings for example open burning. Humans consciously or unconsciously commit that they harms our surroundings. Only we as human being have the task to find the solution to correct the mistake of we had did or what our lineage had did in the past. We doesn t want our child live the life that is full with pollution because they might got disease that we can t expect in the future. Likely, in this time there s a group of people that feels responsible had suggested solutions to overcome them. To make it becomes reality not just a fiction, we must cooperate with each other to make it succeed and leaves a healthy surroundings for our child. Therefore, we must do our best to make our wish comes true.