RESTRICCIN ALIMENTICIA Y SALBUTAMOL EN EL CONTROL DEL SNDROME ASCTICO EN POLLOS DE ENGORDA: 1.

COMPORTAMIENTO PRODUCTIVO Y CARACTERSTICAS DE LA CANAL

FEED RESTRICTION AND SALBUTAMOL TO CONTROL ASCITES SYNDROME IN BROILERS: 1. PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS
Juan M. Gonzlez-Alvarado1, 2, Ma. Elena Surez-Oporta1, Arturo Pr-Martnez1 y Carlos Lpez-Coello3
1

Especialidad de Postgrado en Ganadera. IREGEP. Colegio de Postgraduados. 56230, Montecillo, Edo. de Mxico. (chontal@colpos.colpos.mx). 2Direccin actual: Departamento de Agrobiologa, Universidad Autnoma de Tlaxcala. Autopista San Martn-Tlaxcala. Km 10.5. Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala. (jmanuel@cci.uatx.mx). 3Departamento de Produccin Animal. Aves. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. UNAM. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria. Mxico, D. F.

RESUMEN
El sndrome asctico es una de las causas de mayor mortalidad en pollos de engorda, afectando tambin sus caractersticas productivas. Se estableci un experimento para medir el efecto combinado de restriccin alimenticia (0 25 % menos del consumo normal) y salbutamol (0 2 mg kg-1) en la incidencia del sndrome asctico, comportamiento productivo y caractersticas de la canal de pollos de engorda. La restriccin alimenticia fue del da 7 al 21 de edad y el salbutamol se adicion al alimento del da 20 al 35; se utiliz un diseo completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2x2 con seis repeticiones de 29 pollos cada una; el peso corporal y peso de la canal fueron considerados como covariables. No hubo efecto de interaccin entre restriccin y salbutamol en variable alguna. La restriccin redujo la mortalidad del da 7 al 21 (p<0.05) y del 22 al 35 (p<0.01), la ganancia de peso (437 vs 327 g, p<0.0001) en el primer periodo y el peso corporal en los das 20, 34 y 48 de edad (582 vs 465 g; 1312 vs 1205 g; 2234 vs 2117 g, sin restriccin y con restriccin, respectivamente, p<0.01). Despus del periodo de restriccin la ganancia de peso, el consumo de alimento y la conversin alimenticia no fueron diferentes estadsticamente y no hubo evidencia de crecimiento compensatorio. El salbutamol no afect el comportamiento productivo. La restriccin disminuy el peso de la canal y la grasa abdominal al da 20, pero al final slo persisti este efecto en la grasa abdominal (3.61 vs 3.05 %, p=0.029). El salbutamol increment el peso de la pechuga (193 vs 201 g; p<0.05) y disminuy la grasa abdominal (18.2 vs 15.1 g; p<0.05) hasta el da 34, posiblemente por un efecto anablico y lipoltico temporal del mismo. Se concluy que el uso combinado de restriccin y salbutamol no logr reducir la mortalidad total y por sndrome asctico, lo cual sugiere que los efectos de cada factor son independientes. Palabras clave: Asctis, ciencia animal, enfermedades de aves.

ABSTRACT
Ascites syndrome affects productive performance and is one of the major causes of mortality in broilers. An experiment was conducted to study the combined effect of feed restriction (0 or 25 % feed reduction) and salbutamol (0 or 2 mg kg-1) on the incidence of ascites syndrome, productive performance and carcass traits in broilers. Restriction was carried out when broilers were 7 to 21 days old, and salbutamol was added to feed from days 21 to 35. A 2x2 factorial array with a completely random design and six replications of 29 animals per treatment was used. Body weight and carcass weight were used as covariables. There was no effect of interaction between feed restriction and salbutamol. Restriction reduced mortality from day 7 to 21 (p<0.05) and from day 22 to 35 (p<0.01). Weight gain (437 vs 327 g, p<0.0001) in the first period and body weight at 20, 34 and 48 days old (582 vs 465 g; 1312 vs 1205 g; 2234 vs 2117 g, without and with restriction, respectively; p<0.01) were also reduced. After the period of restriction, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not statistically different, and there was no evidence of compensatory growth. Salbutamol did not affect productive performance. Feed restriction reduced carcass weight and abdominal fat pad weight at day 20, but at the end of the study the effect persisted only in the fat pad (3.61 vs 3.05 %, p=0.029). Salbutamol increased breast mass (193 vs 201 g; p<0.05) and reduced abdominal fat (18.2 vs 15.1 g; p<0.05) at 34 days because of its temporary anabolic and lipolytic effect. The combined use of feed restriction and salbutamol did not reduce total mortality or ascites syndrome mortality, suggesting that each factor had independent effects. Key words: Ascites, animal science, avian diseases.

INTRODUCTION

Recibido: Enero, 1998. Aprobado: Noviembre, 1999. Publicado como ARTCULO en Agrociencia 34: 283-292. 2000. 283

hrough genetic improvement, broiler growth rate has increased, but also has produced physiological and metabolic problems (Yu and Robinson, 1992). Among these is ascites syndrome, which is characterized by a high rate of mortality (Olkowski et al.,

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INTRODUCCIN ediante mejoramiento gentico los pollos de engorda han aumentado su tasa de crecimiento, lo cual ha propiciado la aparicin de problemas fisiolgicos y metablicos (Yu y Robinson, 1992), entre ellos el denominado sndrome asctico, que se caracteriza por una alta mortalidad (Olkowski et al., 1996), particularmente en lneas de rpido crecimiento (Silversides et al., 1997). El cuadro patognico de este sndrome se caracteriza por hipertensin pulmonar, hipertrofia cardaca derecha y asctis (Berger, 1991). El mtodo que ha dado mejores resultados para controlar la incidencia de este sndrome es el denominado restriccin alimenticia, que consiste en proporcionar menos alimento del consumido ad-libitum; sin embargo, su aplicacin tambin reduce el peso al mercado de los pollos y puede restringir las ganancias econmicas (Berger, 1991). Una opcin para contrarrestar estos efectos es inducir un crecimiento compensatorio (Zubair y Leeson, 1996), el cual depende de la duracin, severidad, tipo y edad en que se aplica la restriccin alimenticia, as como de la duracin del periodo de recuperacin, sexo y estirpe utilizada (Yu y Robinson, 1992). La mejor respuesta en ganancia compensatoria se observa al aplicar una restriccin de 6 a 12 das entre la primera y tercera semana de edad (Summers et al., 1990; Leeson et al., 1991); pero este periodo de restriccin es muy corto para controlar el sndrome asctico. Investigaciones recientes indican que el uso de un broncodilatador del tipo agonista 2-adrenrgico logra reducir la mortalidad por el sndrome debido a una relajacin del msculo liso bronquial, que permite una mayor capacidad de ventilacin pulmonar y reduce la hipertensin (Vanhooser et al., 1995). Los agonistas 2-adrenrgicos pueden tambin actuar como agentes anablicos (Dalrymple e Ingle, 1987; Scholtyssek, 1987) porque aumentan el almacenamiento y la retencin de protena (Dalrymple e Ingle, 1987), disminuyen la degradacin de protena muscular (Morgan et al., 1989) y reducen el almacenamiento de grasa corporal (Dalrymple et al., 1984). El empleo de estos agonistas, como el salbutamol, modifica diversas caractersticas de la canal en dietas para aves (Dalrymple et al., 1984; Gwartney et al., 1992; Zhou y Han, 1994). Con base en lo anterior se plantea que la combinacin de restriccin alimenticia y broncodilatador puede ser ms efectiva para controlar el sndrome asctico que el uso individual de cada uno de ellos. Para evaluar esta hiptesis se estableci un experimento con el objetivo de cuantificar el efecto del uso combinado de 25 % de restriccin alimenticia y la suplementacin de salbutamol en la incidencia del sndrome asctico, el comportamiento productivo y las caractersticas de la canal de pollos de engorda.

1996), particularly in lines of rapid growth (Silversides et al., 1997). The pathogenic symptoms are pulmonary hypertension, right cardiac hypertrophy, and ascites (Berger, 1991). The method with the best results to control the incidence of the syndrome is feed restriction, which consists in supplying less feed than the one consumed adlibitum. However, restricting feed also reduces marketing weight of the chickens and may limit profit (Berger, 1991). One option for countering these effects is inducing compensatory growth (Zubair and Leeson, 1996), which depends on the duration and severity of the restriction and on the type and age of the broilers, as well as their sex, lineage, and the period of recovery (Yu and Robinson, 1992). The best response to compensatory weight gain has been observed when the restriction is carried out six to twelve days between the first and the second week of age (Summers et al., 1990). But this period of restriction is too short to control ascites syndrome. Recent studies have shown that the use of a bronchodilator of the 2-adrenergic agonist type can reduce syndrome mortality by relaxing the smooth bronchial muscle, allowing better pulmonary ventilation, and by reducing hypertension (Vanhooser et al., 1995). 2-adrenergic agonists can also act as anabolic agents (Dalrymple and Ingle, 1987; Scholtyssek, 1987) because they increase the storage and retention of proteins (Dalrymple and Ingle, 1987), they reduce muscle protein degradation (Morgan et al., 1989), and they decrease the storage of body fat (Dalrymple et al., 1984; Gwartney et al., 1992; Zhou and Han, 1994). In this study, it is hypothesized that a combination of feed restriction and a bronchodilator can be more effective in the control of ascites syndrome than the use of either alone. To test this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted with the objective of quantifying the effect of the combined use of 25 % feed restriction and supplements of salbutamol on the incidence of ascites syndrome and on productive performance and carcass traits of broilers. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out during October and November at the experimental farm of the Colegio de Postgraduados, located in Montecillo, State of Mxico, at an altitude of 2200 m. One-day-old mixed broiler chicks were used. The 796 chicks were distributed randomly in 24 corrals with 29 animals each. Feeding was either at free access or with restriction from 7 days to 21 days of age (25 % reduction in normal intake). Salbutamol (0 or 2 mg kg-1) was administered in the feed offered from day 20 to day 35. All the lots received the same commercial feed in three stages: prestarter, from day 1 to day 7 (22 % PC); starter, from day 8 to day 35 (21 % PC); and finisher, from day 36 to day 49 (19.5 % PC). General

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MATERIALES Y MTODOS
El experimento se efectu durante los meses de octubre y noviembre en la granja experimental del Colegio de Postgraduados, localizada en Montecillo, Estado de Mxico a una altitud de 2200 m. Se utilizaron 796 pollitos de engorda mixtos de un da de edad, distribuidos al azar en 24 corrales de 29 aves cada uno. La alimentacin fue a libre acceso o con restriccin del da 7 al 21 de edad (reduccin de 25 % del consumo normal). El salbutamol (0 2 mg kg-1) se administr en el alimento ofrecido del da 20 al 35. Todos los lotes recibieron el mismo alimento comercial en tres etapas: pre-iniciacin, del da 1 al 7 (22 % PC); iniciacin, del da 8 al 35 (21 % PC); y finalizacin, del da 36 hasta el da 49 (19.5 % PC). El manejo general fue similar para todos los pollos y el agua de bebida se ofreci a libertad. Semanalmente se midieron: peso corporal, ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento, conversin alimenticia, mortalidad total y mortalidad debida al sndrome asctico. Al da 20, 34 y 48 se seleccionaron dos pollos de cada corral, se pesaron y se sacrificaron, para obtener el peso vivo al sacrificio y el peso de la canal, pechuga sin piel y grasa abdominal. Adems se registr el rendimiento de la canal en porcentaje en relacin con el peso vivo, y los porcentajes de pechuga y grasa abdominal en relacin con el peso de la canal. Anlisis estadstico El experimento se dividi en tres periodos. En el primero (7 a 21 d) se utiliz un diseo completamente al azar y slo se estim el efecto de la alimentacin. En el segundo (22 a 35 d) y tercer periodo (36 a 49 d) se utiliz un arreglo factorial 2x2 en un diseo completamente al azar con seis repeticiones por tratamiento con el siguiente modelo matemtico: Yijk = + Ai + Bj + (AB)ij + eijk donde Yijk = Valor de la k-sima observacin bajo el j-simo nivel de broncodilatador en la i-sima restriccin; = Media general; Ai = Efecto del i-simo nivel de restriccin alimenticia (i = 1,2); Bj = Efecto del jsimo nivel de broncodilatador (j = 1,2); (AB)ij = Interaccin entre restriccin y broncodilatador; eijk = Error experimental de la k-sima observacin con el j-simo nivel de broncodilatador en el i-simo nivel de restriccin alimenticia [~N I (0, 2)]. Los pesos de la canal, pechuga y grasa abdominal se analizaron utilizando el peso vivo y peso de la canal como covariables; se estimaron medias de mnimos cuadrados. Los porcentajes se analizaron tanto con datos originales como transformados a arco-seno (Steel y Torrie, 1988); sin embargo, los resultados indicaron la misma tendencia, por lo cual se presentan nicamente los valores originales. Las variables productivas y caractersticas de la canal se analizaron con el procedimiento GLM y la mortalidad con el procedimiento CATMOD del paquete estadstico SAS (SAS, 1988).

management was similar for all the animals, and they had free access to drinking water. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, total mortality, and mortality from ascites syndrome were measured weekly. At days 20, 34, and 48, two broilers were selected from each corral. These were weighed and sacrificed to obtain liveweight at sacrifice and carcass weight, skinless breast weight, and weight of abdominal fat pad. Also, carcass yield was recorded as a percentage of liveweight and breast and abdominal fat pad as percentages of carcass weight. Statistical analysis The experiment was divided into three periods. In the first (day 7 to day 21), a completely random design was used and only feeding effect was estimated. In the second (day 22 to day 35) and the third period (day 36 to day 49) a 2x2 factorial array in a completely random design with six replications per treatment was used with the following mathematical model: Yijk= + Ai + Bj + (AB)ij + eijk where Yijk = Value of the kth observation under the jth level of bronchodilator in the ith restriction; = General mean; Ai = Effect of the ith level of feed restriction (i = 1,2); Bj = Effect of the jth level of bronchodilator; eijk = Experimental error of the kth observation with the jth level of bronchodilator in the ith level of feed restriction [~N I (0, 2)]. Carcass, breast, and abdominal fat weight were analyzed using liveweight and carcass weight as covariables, and minimum square means were estimated. Percentages were analyzed using original values and arc-sin transformation (Steel and Torrie, 1988); as results showed the same tendency data is reported with original values. Productive variables and carcass traits were analyzed with the GLM procedure and mortality with the CATMOD procedure in the statistics package SAS (SAS, 1988).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effect of the interaction between feed and bronchodilator was not significant for any of the variables. For this reason, only main effects are discussed. Total mortality and mortality from ascites syndrome Feed restriction (Table 1) significantly reduced total and ascites syndrome mortality (p<0.001) during the first and second period (up to 35 days old). Salbutamol did not affect mortality (p>0.05). When the restricted fowl returned to free access feeding low mortality persisted. However, in the last period (day 35 to day 49) there were no differences in mortality attributable to the effect of

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RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIN El efecto de la interaccin entre alimentacin y broncodilatador no fue significativo para variable alguna; por lo tanto, slo se discuten efectos principales. Mortalidad total y por sndrome asctico La restriccin alimenticia (Cuadro 1) redujo significativamente la mortalidad total y por sndrome asctico (p<0.001) durante el primero y el segundo periodo (hasta el da 35 de edad). El salbutamol no afect la mortalidad (p>0.05). Cuando los pollos restringidos volvieron a tener libre acceso al alimento, continuaron manifestando baja mortalidad; sin embargo, en el ltimo periodo (da 35 al 49) no hubo diferencias en la mortalidad atribuible al efecto de la restriccin. Estos resultados indican que el efecto de la depresin temprana del crecimiento previene la aparicin del sndrome asctico, por lo menos dos semanas ms despus que se libera la ingesta, y apoyan la hiptesis de que el efecto paliativo de una restriccin alimenticia es temporal. Berger (1991) sugiere que el incremento de la mortalidad por sndrome asctico ocurrida al interrumpir una restriccin alimenticia se debe al aumento drstico del esfuerzo fisiolgico que el ave debe realizar para metabolizar su ingesta energtica, la cual se relaciona directamente con la demanda de oxgeno (Berger et al., 1990). La mortalidad observada en el presente trabajo coincide con Castellanos y Berger (1992), quienes encontraron que la restriccin de 8 h de acceso al alimento en las tres primeras semanas tuvo mayor impacto para reducir la mortalidad en el periodo de 15 a 35 d; sin embargo, sta se increment al liberar el consumo a los pollos restringidos. La suplementacin con salbutamol no result efectiva para reducir la mortalidad debida al sndrome asctico en las etapas posteriores a la terminacin del periodo de restriccin. Vanhooser et al. (1995) observaron una reduccin significativa en la mortalidad por sndrome asctico con dosis de 2 mg L-1 de metaproterenol; sin embargo, en dicho estudio slo se analizaron las dos primeras semanas de vida y no permite concluir que dicho efecto persista durante un ciclo completo. Lo anterior sugiere que el efecto broncodilatador depende del tipo de agonista 2-adrenrgico usado, del medio de administracin y de la dosis empleada. Probablemente, la dosis de salbutamol usada en el presente estudio no fue la adecuada para obtener la respuesta fisiolgica esperada. Variables productivas En la etapa del da 8 al 21 (Cuadro 2), la restriccin alimenticia redujo la ganancia de peso y, consecuentemente, el peso corporal de los pollos durante todo el

restriction. These results suggest that early growth depression prevents the appearance of ascites syndrome, for at least two weeks more after the intake has been freed. This supports the hypothesis that the palliative effect of feed restriction is temporary. Berger (1991) suggests that the increase in mortality from ascites syndrome, which occurred when feed restriction was interrupted, is due to the drastic increase in the physiological effort the broilers must make in order to metabolize their energetic intake, which is related directly to the demand of oxygen (Berger et al., 1990). The mortality observed in this study agrees with that reported by Castellanos and Berger (1992) who found that an 8hour restriction in feed access during the first three weeks had a greater impact on reducing mortality from day 15 to day 35. The mortality of restricted fowls, however increased when the intake was freed. Supplements of salbutamol were not effective in reducing mortality due to ascites syndrome in the stages
Cuadro 1. Mortalidad en pollos de engorda sometidos a restriccin alimenticia y suplementacin con salbutamol para el control del sndrome asctico (SA). Table 1. Mortality in broilers subjected to feed restriction and supplements of salbutamol to control ascites syndrome (SA). Mortalidad total Efecto ni / N Da 7 a 21 Alimentacin ad-libitum 16/348 Alimentacin restringida 7/348 % ni / N % Mortalidad por SA

4.60 11/348 2.01 3/348 (0.0557)

3.16 0.86 (0.0302)

Da 22 a 35 Alimentacin ad-libitum Alimentacin restringida Sin salbutamol Con salbutamol

33/348 7/348 25/348 15/348

9.48 26/348 2.01 6/348 (0.0001) 7.18 20/348 4.31 12/348 (0.0983)

7.47 1.72 (0.0003) 5.75 3.45 (0.1432)

Da 36 a 49 Alimentacin ad-libitum Alimentacin restringida Sin salbutamol Con salbutamol

24/348 20/348 23/348 21/348

6.89 5.75 (0.5331) 6.61 6.03 (0.7553)

20/348 18/348 21/348 17/348

5.75 5.17 (0.7384) 6.03 4.88 (0.5042)

Valores de probabilidad de error Tipo I mostrados entre parntesis / Values of error probability Type I shown in parentheses. N = Nmero de animales iniciales por tratamiento, n = Nmero de i animales muertos / N = Initial number of animals per treatment, ni = Number of dead animals. Restriccin alimenticia de 25 % de consumo de alimentacin adlibitum del da 7 al 21 / Reduction of 25 % of ad-libitum feed intake from day 7 to day 21. Suplementacin de 2 mg kg-1 del da 20 al 35 / Supplements of 2 mg kg-1 from day 20 to day 35.

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experimento (p<0.001); sin embargo, en los periodos de recuperacin (del da 22 al 35 y del 36 al 49) todos los pollos consumieron la misma cantidad de alimento y lo utilizaron con la misma eficiencia (p>0.05). El salbutamol increment el consumo de alimento cuando fue suplementado (p=0.0572), pero no afect las variables productivas (p>0.05) en el periodo subsiguiente. La diferencia en peso corporal al final del primer periodo (117 g) represent un retraso del crecimiento de 20 %, asociado con una reduccin de 25 % en el consumo de alimento. Al final del experimento, la diferencia de peso slo represent un retraso de 5.2 % y se relacion con 5.9 % de menor consumo de alimento (257 g). Un retraso de esta magnitud puede necesitar de uno o dos das extras para que los pollos restringidos alcancen el mismo peso comercial de las aves alimentadas a libre acceso. Esto sugiere que el retraso del crecimiento es proporcional a la reduccin del consumo de alimento; aunque al inicio representa un gran retraso, al final la diferencia es pequea; sin embargo, su repercusin econmica puede ser significativa. Berger (1991) y Castellanos y Berger (1992) encontraron que una restriccin permanente de 8 h diarias de acceso al alimento puede ocasionar un retraso cercano a 200 g al da 56. Acar et al. (1995) obtuvieron retrasos de

after the period of restriction ended. Vanhooser et al. (1995) observed a significant reduction in ascites syndrome mortality with doses of 2 mg L-1 of metaproterenol. In that study, however only the first two weeks of the chicks life was analyzed, so that it is not possible to conclude that the effect persists during the complete cycle. This could suggest that the bronchodilating effect depends on the 2-adrenergic agonist used, on the method of administration, and the dosage employed. Probably, the dosage of salbutamol used in this study was not sufficient to obtain the physiological response expected. Productive variables In the stage from day 8 to day 21 (Table 2), feed restriction reduced weight gain and, consequently, body weight throughout the experiment (p<0.001). However, in the recovery period (from day 22 to day 35 and from day 36 to day 49) all the animals consumed the same quantity of feed and used it with the same rate of efficiency (p>0.05). Salbutamol increased feed intake when it was used as a supplement (p=0.0572), but it did not affect productive variables (p>0.05) in the following period. The 117 g difference in body weight at the end of the first period represented a 5.2 % delay in development and

Cuadro 2. Medias de mnimos cuadrados de variables productivas en pollos de engorda sometidos a restriccin alimenticia y suplementacin con salbutamol para el control del sndrome asctico. Table 2. Minimum square means of the productive variables in broilers subjected to feed restriction and supplements of salbutamol to control ascites syndrome. Peso corporal Tratamiento g Da 8 a 21 Alimentacin ad-libitum Alimentacin restringida Ganancia de peso Alimento consumido Conversin alimenticia

582 465 (0.0001)

437 327 (0.0001)

686 512 (0.0001)

1.569 1.566 (0.8847)

Da 22 a 35 Alimentacin ad-libitum Alimentacin restringida Sin salbutamol Con salbutamol

1312 1205 (0.0001) 1260 1257 (0.8546)

730 740 (0.4957) 737 732 (0.7471)

1409 1384 (0.1212) 1381 1412 (0.0572)

1.930 1.870 (0.0851) 1.874 1.929 (0.1044)

Da 36 a 49 Alimentacin ad-libitum Alimentacin restringida Sin sabutamol Con salbutamol

2234 2117 (0.0001) 2117 2180 (0.6646)

922 912 (0.6228) 911 923 (0.5361)

2125 2067 (0.0724) 2108 2084 (0.4417)

2.305 2.266 (0.3784) 2.314 2.260 (0.1992)

Alimento consumido x ganancia de peso / Feed consumed x Restriccin de 25 % del consumo ad-libitum del da 7 a 21 / -1

Valores de probabilidad de error Tipo I mostrados entre parntesis / Values of error probability Type I shown in parentheses. weight gain. Reduction of 25 % of ad-libitum feed intake from day 7 to day 21. 2 mg kg de salbutamol del da 20 al 35 / Supplements of 2 mg kg-1 from day 20 to day 35.

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145 y 120 g a los 49 d utilizando restricciones de 75 % del requerimiento de energa metabolizable para crecimiento normal por 7 das, iniciando al da cuatro o siete de edad, respectivamente. Maxwell et al. (1991) y Shlosberg et al. (1991) tambin observaron que los pollos restringidos fueron incapaces de recuperar la prdida de peso durante el periodo experimental. Sin embargo, Surez y Rubio (1988) no encontraron diferencias significativas en el peso al mercado, consumo y eficiencia alimenticia de pollos criados con restricciones de 20 y 30 % del da 21 al 35 de edad. La diferencia entre estos resultados puede deberse a la edad de aplicacin de la restriccin, ya que en la mayora de estos estudios la restriccin fue aplicada en edades tempranas, mientras que Surez y Rubio (1988) la aplicaron en una edad intermedia. Zubair y Leeson (1996) observaron que para inducir el crecimiento compensatorio se requiere que las aves incrementen su consumo de alimento en el periodo de recuperacin. Los resultados del presente experimento sugieren cierta incapacidad de las aves para incrementar su consumo de alimento; sin embargo, se ha demostrado que el pollo de engorda puede aumentar su ingesta en funcin de sus requerimientos de energa y no de su tamao anatmico (Leeson et al., 1992). Surez y Rubio (1988) encontraron que el consumo en el periodo posterior inmediato a la restriccin (36 a 56 d) aument significativamente; este periodo de recuperacin coincide con la edad que se menciona como ideal para que las aves manifiesten incrementos significativos en los niveles de ingesta, posiblemente por adaptaciones fisiolgicas y metablicas en su sistema digestivo (Zubair y Leeson, 1994b; Nir et al., 1996). Si los pollos con restriccin alimenticia no logran aumentar su consumo de alimento, la nica forma de manifestar el crecimiento compensatorio es mediante de una mejora en la conversin alimenticia; sin embargo, sta fue similar entre los pollos con y sin restriccin. Berger (1991) y otros investigadores (Shlosberg et al., 1991; Arce et al., 1992; Nir et al., 1996) encontraron que los pollos con restriccin alimenticia utilizan el alimento en forma ms eficiente que pollos con alimentacin adlibitum; esto no ocurri en el presente estudio a pesar de la suplementacin con salbutamol. La recuperacin total del peso en pollos sometidos a restriccin alimenticia slo ha sido observada con restricciones muy cortas, del orden de 6 a 7 das, hasta con 50 % de reduccin del consumo (Leeson et al., 1991; Zubair y Leeson, 1994a); sin embargo, stas no fueron aplicadas para reducir la incidencia del sndrome asctico, sino para ahorrar alimento o mejorar la calidad de la canal. Acar et al. (1995) lograron reducir la mortalidad por sndrome asctico con restriccin alimenticia, pero los pollos no alcanzaron el peso final del grupo testigo.

was related to lower feed intake of 5.9 % (257 g). A delay of this magnitude could mean two extra days for the restricted broilers to be able to reach the same commercial weight as those that had free access to feed. This suggests that the delay in growth is proportional to the reduction in feed intake. Although at the beginning, this is a considerable delay, in the end, the difference is small, even though the economic repercussion could be significant. Berger (1991) and Castellanos and Berger (1992) found that a permanent feed restriction of 8 hours a day can provoke a delay of nearly 200 g by day 56. Using 7-day feed restrictions of 75 % of the metabolizable energy requirement for normal growth, beginning on day 4 and 7, Acar et al. (1995) had delays of 145 and 120 g respectively, by day 49. Maxwell et al. (1991) and Shlosberg et al. (1991) also observed that the restricted chickens were incapable of recovering weight, lost during the experimental period. However, Surez and Rubio (1988) found no significant differences in market weight, feed intake and efficiency for broilers raised with restrictions of 20 and 30 % from day 21 to day 35. The differences among these results could be due to the age at which the restriction was carried out, since in most of the studies restriction was done at an early age, while in the Surez and Rubio (1988) study it was done at an intermediate age. Zubair and Leeson (1996) found that in order to induce compensatory growth, it is necessary for the fowls to increase their feed intake during the recovery period. The results of our experiment suggest a certain inability of the animals to do so. However, it has been demonstrated that broilers can increase their intake depending on their energy requirements and not on their anatomical size (Leeson et al., 1992). Surez and Rubio (1988) found that intake during the period immediately after restriction (day 36 to 56) increased significantly. This recovery period coincides with the age mentioned as ideal for significant increases in feed intake levels, possibly as a physiological and metabolic adaptation in the broilers digestive system (Zubair and Leeson, 1994b; Nir et al., 1996). If the broilers with feed restrictions are not able to increase their feed intake, the only form of observing compensatory growth is through an improvement in feed conversion. However, this was similar in broilers both with and without feed restriction. Berger (1991) and other researchers (Shlosberg et al., 1991; Arce et al., 1992; Nir et al., 1996) found that broilers with feed restriction used feed more efficiently than those with ad-libitum access to feed. This did not occur in the present study in spite of the salbutamol supplement. Total weight recovery in broilers subjected to feed restriction has been observed only with very short restriction periods, to the order of 6 to 7 days, with up to 50 % intake reduction (Leeson et al., 1991); Zubair and Leeson, 1994a). However, these restrictions were not carried out

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Caractersticas de la canal La restriccin alimenticia redujo el peso vivo al sacrificio al da 20 (p<0.0001), lo cual disminuy el peso de la canal (p<0.002), su porcentaje (p=0.0578) y el porcentaje de grasa abdominal (p<0.0001). Sin embargo, el peso de la pechuga no fue afectado. La restriccin no afect estadsticamente caracterstica alguna de la canal al da 34, pero disminuy significativamente la grasa abdominal (p<0.05) al da 48. El salbutamol aument el peso vivo al sacrificio (p=0.0652), el peso de la pechuga (p<0.05) y redujo la grasa abdominal (p<0.05) slo cuando fue administrado (Cuadro 3); este efecto no se manifest al suspenderse el suministro de salbutamol en las dos ltimas semanas de crianza. Los msculos pectorales son rganos cuyo peso disminuye al reducir la tasa de crecimiento del pollo de engorda (Acar et al., 1995). Si se considera que el nivel de restriccin utilizada permiti a los pollos restringidos alcanzar nicamente 75 % de la ganancia del peso vivo de los pollos del grupo testigo, aunque sin alterar el crecimiento de la pechuga de los primeros, es posible

to reduce the incidence of ascites syndrome, but to save feed or improve carcass quality. Acar et al. (1995) were able to reduce mortality from ascites syndrome with feed restriction, but the broilers did not reach the final weight of the control group. Carcass traits Feed restriction reduced liveweight at sacrifice on day 20 (p<0.0001), reducing carcass weight (p<0.002), its percentage (p=0.0578) and the percentage of abdominal fat (p<0.0001). However, the breast mass was not affected. Restriction did not statistically affect any carcass trait on day 34, but reduced abdominal fat significantly (p<0.05) by day 48. Salbutamol increased liveweight at sacrifice (p=0.0652), breast mass (p<0.05) and reduced abdominal fat (p<0.05) only while it was administered (Table 3). This effect was not observed, when the supplement of salbutamol was suspended during the last two weeks of feeding. The pectoral muscles are organs whose weight diminishes when the growth rate of broilers falls (Acar et al.,

Cuadro 3. Medias de mnimos cuadrados de peso vivo al sacrificio (PVS), peso de la canal (PCN), pechuga (PP) y grasa abdominal (GA) de pollos de engorda sometidos a restriccin alimenticia y suplementados con salbutamol para el control del sndrome asctico . Table 3. Minimum square means of live weight at sacrifice (PVS), carcass weight (PCN), breast weight (PP), and abdominal fat (GA) of broilers subjected to feed restriction and supplements of salbutamol to control ascites syndrome . Peso vivo al sacrificio Efecto (g) Da 20 Alimentacin ad-libitum Alimentacin restringida Da 34 Alimentacin ad-libitum Alimentacin restringida Sin salbutamol Con salbutamol Da 48 Alimentacin ad-libitum Alimentacin restringida Sin salbutamol Con salbutamol g % g % g % Peso de la canal Peso de pechuga Peso de grasa abdominal

564 457 (0.0001)

340 313 (0.0012)

65.4 62.6 (0.0568)

73 71 (0.2664)

22.2 22.1 (0.6733)

3.7 a 3.2 a (0.1914)

1.22 a 0.83 b (0.0001)

1213 1157 (0.1507) 1149 1221 (0.0652)

802 787 (0.2077) 790 800 (0.4244)

67.6 66.7 (0.3971) 66.9 67.3 (0.7642)

199 194 (0.1633) 193 201 (0.0383)

25.0 24.5 (0.2712) 24.3 25.2 (0.0680)

16.4 16.8 (0.7736) 18.2 15.1 (0.0483)

2.07 2.11 (0.9193) 2.27 1.91 (0.0464)

2366 2225 (0.0983) 2281 2309 (0.7364)

1590 1591 (0.9637) 1595 1586 (0.5785)

69.2 69.5 (0.6504) 69.6 69.1 (0.5746)

415 410 (0.5403) 412 414 (0.7725)

26.0 25.9 (0.7885) 25.9 26.0 (0.8231)

57.6 48.1 (0.0211) 53.9 51.8 (0.5888)

3.61 3.05 (0.0291) 3.40 3.25 (0.4806)

Valores de probabilidad de error Tipo I mostrados entre parntesis / Values of error probability Type I shown in parentheses. Reduccin de 25 % del consumo ad-libitum del da 7 a 21 y suplementacin con 2 mg kg-1 de salbutamol del da 20 al 35 / Reduction of 25 % of adlibitum feed intake from day 7 to day 21 and supplements of 2 mg kg-1 from day 20 to day 35. Peso ajustado por PVS / Weight adjusted for PVS. Pesos ajustados por PCN / Weight adjusted for PCN. Ajustadas a un PVS de 510.6 g y PCN de 326.3 g / Adjusted to a PVS of 510.6 g and a PCN of 326.3 g. Ajustadas a un PVS de 1185 g y PCN de 794.8 g / Adjusted to a PVS of 1185 g and a PCN of 794.8 g. Ajustadas a un PVS de 2295.6 g y PCN de 1590.8 g / Adjusted to a PVS of 2295.6 g and a PCN of 1590.8 g.

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que esta reduccin del peso vivo en los animales restringidos haya sido a expensas del crecimiento de otros rganos o msculos. La depresin del crecimiento de la pechuga puede disminuir la demanda corporal de oxgeno, y por lo tanto explicar la reduccin de la mortalidad debida al sndrome asctico (Acar et al., 1995); sin embargo, los resultados de los das 34 y 48 indican que la reduccin del consumo en 25 % permiti controlar el sndrome asctico sin afectar el crecimiento y rendimiento de la pechuga. Esto concuerda con el trabajo de Zubair y Leeson (1994a), quienes no encontraron diferencias en los pesos y rendimientos de canal y pechuga al da 42 y 49; sin embargo, en tal trabajo los pollos restringidos manifestaron crecimiento compensatorio y alcanzaron el peso de los pollos no restringidos al final del estudio. Varios estudios han indicado que la restriccin alimenticia permite mejorar la calidad de la canal, en especial porque reduce la grasa abdominal (Rosebrough et al., 1986; Cabel y Waldroup, 1990). Sin embargo, Yu et al. (1990) encontraron que pollos restringidos incrementaron su contenido de grasa corporal durante la primera semana de recuperacin; asimismo, Rosebrough et al. (1986) demostraron que la actividad de las enzimas lipognicas se reduce durante el periodo de restriccin alimenticia, alcanza un mximo durante la primera semana de recuperacin y declina gradualmente en las siguientes semanas, hasta alcanzar el mismo nivel de los pollos no restringidos. En este estudio, la restriccin redujo la grasa abdominal al da 20 y 48 pero no al da 34; esto indica que la lipognesis debi ser estimulada al suspenderse la restriccin, aunque con efecto temporal. El uso de agonistas 2-adrenrgicos puede afectar las caractersticas de la canal. Zhou y Han (1994) encontraron que el clenbuterol puede incrementar la masa de msculos pectorales en patos. De acuerdo con Gwartney et al. (1991) y Dalrymple et al. (1984), la suplementacin con cimaterol mejor el peso de los msculos de pechuga pectoralis major y pierna gastrocnemius y peroneus longus en pollos. En este estudio, el salbutamol redujo el peso y porcentaje de grasa abdominal al da 34, pero no al da 48, principalmente en los pollos no restringidos; tambin se increment el peso y rendimiento de pechuga, pero slo al da 34. Lo anterior indica que los pollos alimentados con salbutamol manifestaron el efecto anablico y lipoltico esperado. Algunos experimentos han demostrado que los efectos anablico y lipoltico de los agonistas 2-adrenrgicos son temporales y slo se manifiestan mientras se administran (Gwartney et al., 1991), bastando 14 das para remover sus efectos sin encontrar niveles de residuos detectables en tejidos (Maluelli et al., 1994). Los resultados obtenidos en la presente investigacin en la pechuga

1995). Considering that the level of restriction used permitted the restricted boilers to reach just 75 % of the liveweight gain of the control group, but without altering the growth of their breasts, it is possible that this reduction in liveweight in restricted animals occurred at the expense of the growth of other organs and muscles. The depression in breast growth could reduce the demand of the body for oxygen and thus explain the reduction in mortality from ascites syndrome (Acar et al., 1995). However, the results for days 34 and 48 show that a 25 % reduction in intake controlled ascites syndrome without affecting growth and breast yield. This coincides with the findings of Zubair and Leeson (1994b), who did not find differences in weights and carcass and breast yields by day 41 and 49. However, they observed compensatory growth in restricted broilers, which reached the weight of the non-restricted broilers at the end of the study. Several studies have reported that feed restriction improves carcass quality, especially because it reduces abdominal fat (Rosebrough et al., 1986; Cabel and Waldroup, 1990). However, Yu et al. (1990) found that restricted broilers increased their content of body fat during the first week of recovery. Also, Rosebrough et al. (1986) showed that the activity of lipogenic enzymes slows during the restriction period, reaches a maximum level during the first week of recovery, and gradually declines over the following weeks until it equals that of non-restricted broilers. In our study, fowls under feed restriction showed reduced abdominal fat on days 20 and 48, but not on day 34, probably because lipogenesis was stimulated when restriction was suspended, though the effect was temporary. The use of 2-adrenergic agonists can affect carcass traits. Zhou and Han (1994) found that clenbuterol can increase pectoral muscle mass in ducks. According to Gwartney et al. (1991) and Dalrymple et al. (1984), supplements of cimaterol improved the weight of the pectoralis major breast muscles and the gastrocnemius and peroneus longus leg muscles in broilers. In our study, salbutamol reduced the weight and percentage of abdominal fat by day 34, but not by day 48, mainly in the nonrestricted broilers. Besides, breast weight and yield increased, but only up to day 34. This anabolic and lipolytic response of broilers fed with salbutamol was expected. Some experiments have demonstrated that the anabolic and lipolytic effects of 2-adrenergic agonists are temporary and are manifested only while they are administered (Gwartney et al., 1991); 14 days are sufficient to remove their effects and reduce the residues to undetectable levels in tissues (Maluelli et al., 1994). The results obtained in our study confirm the temporary influence of salbutamol in breast and abdominal fat. The reduction of abdominal fat caused by salbutamol can be explained by the fact that agonists can reduce the

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y grasa abdominal por efecto del salbutamol, confirman la influencia temporal de ste. La reduccin de la grasa abdominal causada por el salbutamol puede ser explicada porque los agonistas pueden reducir el nmero y tamao de los adipocitos (Merkley y Cartwright, 1989). CONCLUSIONES El uso combinado de 25 % de restriccin alimenticia y 2 mg kg-1 de salbutamol no interaccionaron significativamente para disminuir la incidencia del sndrome asctico en pollo de engorda, lo que indica que cada factor ejerci efectos diferentes e independientes en las variables estudiadas. La restriccin alimenticia redujo la mortalidad por sndrome asctico. El salbutamol no afect la mortalidad ni las variables productivas, pero redujo la grasa abdominal en el periodo de suplementacin. Ambos factores disminuyeron la acumulacin de grasa, pero al final del experimento slo persever el efecto de la restriccin. LITERATURA CITADA
Acar, N., F. G. Sizemore, G. R. Leach, R. F. Wideman, R. L. Owen, and G. F. Barbato. 1995. Growth of broiler chickens in response to feed restriction regimens to reduce ascites. Poultry Sci. 74: 833-843. Arce, M. J., M. Berger M., and C. Lpez C. 1992. Control of ascites syndrome by feed restriction techniques. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 1: 1-5. Berger M., M. 1991. La restriccin alimenticia y el control del sndrome asctico en pollos de engorda. In: II Jornada Mdico Avcola. UNAM. Mxico, D. F. pp: 405-420. Berger M., M., E. Corts y F. Castellanos. 1990. Control del sndrome asctico en pollo de engorda por medio de la restriccin en el tiempo de acceso diario al alimento. In: Memorias XV Convencin Nacional de ANECA. Cancn, Mxico. pp: 25-41. Cabel, M. C., and P. W. Waldroup. 1990. Effect of different nutrientrestriction programs early in life on broiler performance and abdominal fat content. Poultry Sci. 69: 652-660. Castellanos G. F. y M. Berger M. 1992. Modulacin temprana del peso corporal para el control del sndrome asctico en pollo de engorda. In: Memorias XVII Convencin Nacional de ANECA. Mxico. pp: 47-54. Dalrymple, R. H., R. K. Baker, D. E. Gingher. D. L. Ingle, J. M. Pensack, and C. A. Ricks. 1984. A repartitioning agent to improve performance and carcass composition of broilers. Poultry Sci. 63: 2376-2383. Dalrymple, R. H., and D. L. Ingle. 1987. Effects of the beta-agonist cimaterol on growth, food efficiency and carcass composition in poultry in the USA. In: Beta-Agonist and Their Effects on Animal Growth and Carcass Quality. Hanrahan, J. P. (ed.). Elsevier Applied Science Pub. Essesx, UK. pp: 163-177. Gwartney, B. L., C. R. Calkins, and S. J. Jones. 1991. The effect of cimaterol and its withdrawal on carcass composition and meat tenderness of broiler chickens. J. Anim. Sci. 69: 1551-1558. Gwartney, B. L., C. R. Calkins, and S. J. Jones. 1992. Response time of broiler chickens to cimaterol: Meat tenderness, muscle composition, fiber size, and carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 70: 2144-2150. Leeson, S., J. D. Summers, and L. J. Caston. 1991. Diet dilution and compensatory growth in broilers. Poultry Sci. 70: 867-873.

number and size of adiposities (Merkley and Cartwright, 1989). CONCLUSIONS The combined use of a 25 % feed restriction and 2 mg kg-1 of salbutamol did not interact significantly to reduce the incidence of ascites syndrome in broilers. This suggests that each factor exerts different, independent effects on the variables studied. Feed restriction reduced mortality from ascites syndrome. Salbutamol did not affect mortality or productive variables, but reduced abdominal fat during the period in which it was administered. Both factors reduced the accumulation of fat, but at the end of the experiment only the effect of restriction persisted.
End of the English version

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AGROCIENCIA VOLUMEN 34, NMERO 3, MAYO-JUNIO 2000 Zhou, G. H., and Z. K. Han. 1994. Effects of dietary supplementation of 2-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol on carcase characteristics and some metabolites in ducks. Br. Poultry Sci. 35: 355-361. Zubair, A. K., and S. Leeson. 1994a. Effect of varying period of early nutrient restriction on growth compensation and carcass characteristics of male broilers. Poultry Sci. 73: 129.136. Zubair, A. K., and S. Leeson. 1994b. Effect of early restriction and realimentation on heat production and changes in size of digestive organs of male broilers. Poultry Sci. 73: 529-538. Zubair, A. K., and S. Leeson. 1996. Compensatory growth in the broiler chicken: a review. Worlds Poultry Sci. 52: 189-201.

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