Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
applicability in our field; on the other hand it the pond; 4) the tightrope walker; 5) the bul-
will derive from this analysis a whole series let and the moving target; and, finally, 6) sig-
of pedagogical principles that can help with nalling beacons. These all allow a novel look
the training of teachers and educators and at the socio-educational intervention process-
the development of their professional prac- es used by education professionals. Some of
tice. Given the complexity of socio-education- the pedagogical principles developed refer
al intervention processes, the methodology to the sovereignty of the learner in relation
employed to derive these pedagogical princi- to learning, the need to establish links with
ples will be metaphors. The aim is to collect participants and work together, and the need
or create metaphors that enable analysis and to establish guidelines to steer the actions of
reinterpretation of the socio-educational in- those who work in education and pedagogy,
tervention processes that take place within among other principles.
the framework of professional practice. Six
metaphors are presented and analysed in Keywords: educational principles, pedagogy,
the text: 1) the horse and the fountain; 2) so- social education, intervention, educational re-
cio-educational synapses; 3) the crocodile and search, community education.
lógicos que propiamente epistemológicos mente tecnológica. Este hecho, fue deter-
o científicos. minante para establecer una vinculación
casi orgánica entre la intervención y la
Este trabajo se inicia con el análisis de
acción tecnológica. La intervención fue así
la intervención, como concepto genérico
asociada a enfoques tecnológicos; a plan-
que se utiliza en el ámbito de la educación
teamientos tecnocráticos y a unas relacio-
escolar y en el de la educación social. A
nes educativas jerárquicas, autoritarias y
continuación, se parte de la complejidad
directivas. A partir de dicha vinculación,
de las relaciones socioeducativas, por lo
la polarización de posicionamientos entre
que, para intentar comprenderlas, se uti-
los académicos del ámbito educativo en
liza la metodología de la metáfora. De lo
torno a este concepto fue notoria.
que se trata es de elaborar o recoger metá-
foras que posibiliten una reinterpretación La intervención socioeducativa como
de los procesos de intervención socioedu- concepto, fue fuertemente desacreditada
cativa. En el punto siguiente se presentan por algunos autores, especialmente por
seis metáforas de la relación socioeducati- aquellos que optaban por planteamientos
va con las implicaciones pedagógicas que más vinculados a perspectivas críticas1.
se derivan de cada una de ellas. El trabajo Lucio-Villegas analiza este concepto a
finaliza con una síntesis de las principales partir de una de las muchas acepciones
conclusiones. que recoge el Diccionario de la Real Aca-
demia de la Lengua Española sobre el
término intervención. Intervención sería
ción ideológica de los diferentes autores e ideológico de uso, todos ellos transmiten
en torno a este concepto. Se podría afir- una serie de connotaciones que los hacen
mar que ambas posturas —intervención aptos o no para referenciar de manera
en tanto que acción tecnológica y en tanto más o menos apropiada las realidades
que acción ideológica o crítica— tenían ra- o fenómenos referidos. Al final, lo que
zones para aceptar o rechazar el concepto realmente importa no es tanto la mane-
de intervención, dado que contemplaban ra como denominamos nuestras acciones,
tan solo una de las caras. sino la forma en que las realizamos.
Por mi parte, considero que, desde unos Para concretar exactamente de qué
criterios de tipo pragmático y etimológico, hablamos, definimos la intervención so-
el término intervención proporciona un cioeducativa como una acción profesional
concepto apropiado y útil para definir y desarrollada por pedagogos y educadores
caracterizar la acción de los profesionales en el marco de una situación o una pro-
en el marco de la relación socioeducativa. blemática sociocultural2 con la intención
Desde el punto de vista pragmático por- de generar escenarios que ayuden a las
que, con el paso de los años, este concepto personas, grupos o comunidades partici-
ha resultado de uso generalizado entre los pantes a empoderarse; esto es, a dotarse
profesionales y académicos del ámbito so- de los aprendizajes y recursos necesarios
cial y educativo. Una buena muestra de para mejorar su situación en el mundo.
este hecho es la cantidad de publicaciones Una acción profesional que, más allá de la
del ámbito de la educación social que lo unidireccionalidad inicial, busca, de ma-
año LXXVI, nº 270, mayo-agosto 2018, 209-224
utilizan en su título. A pesar de todo, los nera prioritaria, construir una relación
autores insisten a menudo en la ya apun- bidireccional con el participante.
tada versatilidad del término que, desde
su punto de vista, vendría a restarle efi-
cacia o precisión técnica en el ámbito pe- 3. Las metáforas de la interven-
dagógico. También, desde la perspectiva ción socioeducativa
revista española de pedagogía
(1974): en tanto que regla comunicativa ción pedagógica con una dimensión políti-
y conversacional que posibilita una inte- ca e ideológica muy acentuada. Se podría
racción más eficaz. decir que el educador social, en tanto que
profesional mediador, se desenvuelve en
el mismo centro del conflicto social.
3.4. La metáfora del educador como fu-
Es una mediación que puede poner al
nambulista
educador social en situaciones muy difí-
Un funambulista es una persona que ciles de gestionar desde el rol profesional
sabe caminar sin caerse por la cuerda flo- que desempeña; sobre todo, cuando las
ja. Si está demasiado floja, la dificultad personas, o comunidades con las que in-
para caminar por ella puede tornarse im- terviene se hallan en situaciones de vul-
posibilidad; si está demasiado tensa cual- nerabilidad o conflicto. ¿Qué debe hacer,
quier mínimo bote puede expulsar al ca- por ejemplo, un educador social comuni-
minador fuera de la cuerda, haciendo que tario frente a una situación de desahucio
se precipite al vacío. Saber caminar man- de una familia del barrio con la que actúa
teniendo el equilibrio e incluso haciendo o frente a un conflicto vecinal en el que
filigranas posturales es el conocimiento y la violencia amenaza la integridad de las
la habilidad del funambulista. Un cono- personas de la comunidad? Posicionarse
cimiento teórico y práctico que incluye, en un conflicto tal lo puede llevar a lo que
entre otras habilidades, la capacidad para Jacquard (1974) caracterizó refiriéndose
detectar el nivel de tensión de la cuerda, al maestro como el terreno de las trai-
ra profunda, por las situaciones vitales en para definir unas intervenciones socioe-
las que se va a ver involucrado por efecto ducativas en las que ambos, educador y
de su trabajo. participante, son agentes que participan
activamente y, en muchos casos, al mismo
Todos estos elementos son la cuerda nivel en la relación.
floja en la que el profesional de la peda-
gogía y educación social ha de aprender No toda pretensión de cambio se pro-
a mantener el equilibrio. Un aprendiza- duce desde los educadores en los mismos
je que requiere tiempo y dedicación. Un términos. No es lo mismo obligar o coac-
aprendizaje que solo es posible hacer en cionar al otro para que cambie, a, por
la práctica del día a día; poniendo mu- ejemplo, facilitarle los recursos que lo
cho cuidado y mucha atención en ella y, ayuden a cambiarse a sí mismo. Aquí, re-
sobre todo, reflexionando profunda y crí- sulta pertinente la distinción entre inter-
ticamente sobre las situaciones vividas y vención sobre e intervención con. La pri-
sobre las intervenciones desarrolladas. mera no cuenta con las opiniones, deseos
218
Metáforas de la intervención socioeducativa: implicaciones pedagógicas para …
gía social y lo que orienta y justifica sus 1. Un mejor diagnóstico previo de
decisiones son, desde mi punto de vista, la situación.
sus principios metodológicos. Estos últi- 2. Una interpretación y un aprove-
mos se constituyen como una especie de chamiento más productivo de los datos
balizas de señalización que ayudan a los obtenidos durante la intervención.
educadores sociales a orientarse en el in- 3. La disposición de puntos de re-
cierto y complejo océano de las relaciones ferencia estratégicos y técnicos para la
humanas; arenas en las que se desarrolla acción.
y construye la pedagogía social.
La planificación previa de la interven-
Si los caracterizamos como balizas de ción socioeducativa, por su parte, permite
señalización es porque avisan y orientan anticipar posibilidades, preparar respues-
al educador sobre las correcciones, los tas diversas y disponer de recursos fren-
cambios y modificaciones que ha de ir in- te a situaciones nuevas o inesperadas.
troduciendo en sus acciones en respuesta La teoría y la planificación proporcionan
220
Metáforas de la intervención socioeducativa: implicaciones pedagógicas para …
la. A partir de argumentos pragmáticos de conectar ambos mundos. Sin dicha co-
y etimológicos, hemos optado, a pesar de nexión, el educador pierde la posibilidad
su homonimia y versatilidad de uso, por de lograr lo que es su principal función
el concepto genérico de intervención so- y objetivo: influir en el participante para
cioeducativa. Una intervención definida que emprenda el camino de mejorarse a sí
como una acción profesional desarrollada mismo y su manera de estar en el mundo.
por pedagogos y educadores en el marco
De la metáfora del cocodrilo y la char-
de una situación o una problemática so-
ca hemos inferido la importancia de que el
ciocultural que pretende generar escena-
educador no solo conozca o tenga informa-
rios que ayuden a las personas, grupos o
ción, sino que se implique en la realidad
comunidades participantes a empoderar-
vital y sociocultural de los participantes.
se; esto es, a dotarse de los aprendizajes
Es esa implicación, además del hecho de
y recursos necesarios para mejorarse a sí
ser percibido como auténtico y honesto,
mismos y su situación en el mundo.
la que puede posibilitar que sea aceptado
Usar el proceso de metaforización por los participantes y, en consecuencia,
como metodología de análisis e investiga- facilite que la intervención se convierta en
ción nos ha permitido analizar seis metá- una verdadera relación socioeducativa.
foras de la intervención socioeducativa.
Del educador como funambulista se ha
De cada una de ellas se han derivado una
derivado la complejidad de la intervención;
serie de principios pedagógicos que pue-
que se produce en el marco de la vida co-
den ser utilizados tanto en la formación
año LXXVI, nº 270, mayo-agosto 2018, 209-224
y desea hacer y aprender. El educador ciocultural en los que interviene. Esto im-
social que interviene puede acompañar, plica, en primer lugar, una alta formación
enseñar, guiar, orientar y convencer al y capacidad de aprendizaje en lo que se re-
participante, pero va a ser este último fiere a la gestión equilibrada de las propias
quien decida y elija qué, cómo y cuándo emociones. Supone, además, una elevada
aprender. La intervención socioeducativa capacidad de lectura y análisis de la com-
se enmarca en lo que podríamos caracte- plejidad de la realidad sociocultural y de
rizar como una pedagogía de la elección. las fuerzas en conflicto para canalizarlas
o catalizarlas de manera que redunden en
La metáfora de las sinapsis socioedu-
posibilidades de aprendizaje y mejora para
cativas pone el acento en las conexiones
las personas participantes.
y vínculos de las personas —educador y
participante— con sus respectivos mun- La metáfora del proyectil y el blanco
dos vitales y de significación. También móvil plantea la necesidad de que el edu-
en la necesidad del educador de tratar cador y el participante trabajen conjun-
222
Metáforas de la intervención socioeducativa: implicaciones pedagógicas para …
223
Xavier ÚCAR
Moss, C. y Cameron, C. (2011). Social Pedagogy: Taylor, P. (2008). Where crocodiles find their
future directions. En C. Cameron y P. Moss, power: learning and teaching participation for
Social pedagogy and working with children community development. Community Develop-
and Young people. When care and education ment Journal, 43 (3), 358-370.
meet (pp. 195-209). London: JKP. Úcar, X. (2015). L’aprenentatge informal i la pe-
Neuman, A. y Guterman, O. (2017). Metaphors dagogia dels canvis de fase. Fòrum. Revista
and education: comparison of metaphors for d’organització i gestió educativa. Enero-Abril.
education among parents of children in school Barcelona: Graò.
and home education. Pedagogy, Culture & So- Úcar, X. (2016). Pedagogía de la elección. Barcelo-
ciety. doi: 10.1080/14681366.2017.1414868 na: UOC/Oberta Publishing.
Saez, J. (1993). La intervención socioeducativa:
entre el mito y la realidad. Pedagogía social.
Revista interuniversitaria, 8, 89-106. Biografía del autor
Sfard, A. (1998). On Two Metaphors for Learning Xavier Úcar es Doctor en Pedagogía
and the Dangers of Choosing Just One. Educa- por la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelo-
tional Researcher, 27 (2), 4-13. na (UAB), Catedrático de Pedagogía Social
Sloterdijk, P. (2014). Fiscalidad voluntaria y res- en el Dpto. de Pedagogía Sistemática y So-
ponsabilidad ciudadana. Madrid: Siruela. cial de la UAB, y Presidente de la Sociedad
Stephens, P. (2013). Social pedagogy: heart and Iberoamericana de Pedagogía Social (SIPS)
head. Bremen: EVH/Academicpress GmbH. desde el 2012. Autor de más de 100 trabajos
Storø, J. (2013). Practical social pedagogy. Theo- entre libros y artículos de revista. Su última
año LXXVI, nº 270, mayo-agosto 2018, 209-224
ries, values and tools for working with chil- publicación es una trilogía genéricamente
dren and Young people. Bristol: The policy titulada «Pedagogías de lo social» publicada
press. por UOC/Oberta Publishing en 2016.
revista española de pedagogía
224
revista española de pedagogía
año LXXVI, nº 270, mayo-agosto 2018
Spanish Journal of Pedagogy
year LXXVI, n. 270, May-August 2018
sumario*
table of contents**
* Todos los artículos están publicados en inglés en la página web de la revista: www.revistadepedagogia.org.
** All the articles are published in English on the web page of the journal: www.revistadepedagogia.org.
Pilar Pineda-Herrero, Anna Ciraso-Cali evidencias de aplicación e investigación
y Mary Armijos-Yambay (Vicent Gozálvez). Ballester, L. y Colom, A.
Competencias para la empleabilidad Epistemologías de la complejidad y educación
de los titulados en Pedagogía, Psicología (Carlos Alberto Pabón Meneses). Monarca, H.
y Psicopedagogía: un estudio comparativo y Thoilliez, B. (Coords.) La profesionalización
entre empleadores y titulados docente: debates y propuestas (Francisco Esteban
Employability and competences of Pedagogy, Bara). Balduzzi, E. Narrazione educativa e
Psychology, and Educational Psychology graduates: generatività del perdono (Mauricio Bicocca). 373
A comparative study of employers and graduates 313
practical, and relevant. The purpose of tice, and interaction, among others, have
this text is to construct pedagogical prin- been tested by authors from the field of
ciples for socio-educational intervention education in an attempt to find the one
that facilitate the training of teachers and that defines, as fully and unambiguous-
educators and the development of their ly as possible, the actions that the edu-
professional practice. cator performs in the framework of this
There is agreement between differ- relationship. The debate about this con-
ent authors on the foundations on which cept has not lacked stances —often highly
pedagogy and social education are built. polarised— that connected each of these
This is known as the socio-educational terms to certain visions and focuses in
relationship. It is a relationship that in- the pedagogy of social education, debates
volves a teacher or educator and a per- that, in my opinion, have been more ideo-
son, group, or community. These can be logical than strictly epistemological or
of any age but they are always situated scientific.
210 EV
Metaphors for socio-educational intervention: pedagogical implications for …
This work starts by analysing inter- cal focuses: with technocratic approaches
vention as a generic concept used in the and educational relationships that were
fields of school education and social ed- hierarchical, authoritarian, and manage-
ucation. It then takes the complexity of rial. As a result of this link, there was a
socio-educational relationships as a start- notable polarisation of positions between
ing point and uses metaphors as a method academics in the field of education re-
to try to understand them. It is a matter garding this concept.
of creating or collecting metaphors that Socio-educational intervention as a
make it possible to reinterpret processes concept was strongly criticised by some
of socio-educational intervention. In the authors, especially those who opted for
following section, six metaphors for the approaches more closely linked to criti-
socio-educational relationship are pre- cal perspectives. Lucio-Villegas analyses
sented along with the pedagogical impli- this concept based on one of the many
cations deriving from each of them. The definitions of the word intervention in
work ends by drawing together the main the Diccionario de la Real Academia de
conclusions. la Lengua Española. Intervention would
be taking part in a matter. Based on this
definition, he notes with some irony that
2. The uses and meanings of the «the term intervention may not be as
concept of «intervention» in peda- terrible and intrinsically evil as we had
gogy and social education thought» (2005, p. 200).
that they were only looking at one of its To specify with precision what we are
faces. talking about, we define socio-education-
al intervention as a professional activity
For my part, I believe that, using prag-
performed by educators and teachers in
matic and etymological criteria, the term
the setting of a sociocultural situation
intervention offers an appropriate and
or problem with the aim of creating sce-
useful concept for defining and character-
narios that help the participating people,
ising the actions of professionals in the
groups, or communities to empower them-
framework of the socio-educational rela-
selves, in other words, to give themselves
tionship. From the pragmatic perspective,
the lessons and resources needed to im-
this is because, with the passage of time,
prove their situation in the world. It is a
this concept has come to be in general
professional action that, beyond its initial
use among professionals and academics
unidirectionality, seeks to build a bidirec-
in the social and educational fields. The
tional relationship with the participant as
number of publications in the field of so-
a priority.
cial education that have it in their title
are proof of this fact. Despite all of this,
authors often insist on the versatility of
3. Metaphors for socio-educational
the term which, from their perspective,
intervention
strips it of effectiveness or technical pre-
Discussing socio-educational interven-
cision in the field of pedagogy. Further-
tion involves referring to actions charac-
more, from the etymological perspective,
terised by a high degree of complexity.
year LXXVI, n. 270, May-August 2018, 209-224
1997). The process of building metaphors to the fountain of knowledge, but you can-
makes us see these realities differently, not make it drink from it» (1984, p. 214).
with other perspectives and focuses that In the end, the horse must decide for itself
give them greater depth and breadth, and whether to quench its thirst for reasons
also lead us to uncover new patterns and that are entirely its own. The choice is by
facets that were previously hidden by the the participating subject; their own de-
veil of the real. It is in this sense that cisions and choices are at the very heart
Sloterdijk says that «metaphors let you of the pedagogical process (Úcar, 2016).
speak more clearly» (2014, p. 155). Han Along these lines it is interesting to note
(2015), for his part, refers to the creation that while this idea was formulated some
of metaphors as a practice of truth as, in time ago, education still generally oper-
his view, they weave a web that is rich in ates without really paying attention to
relationships by uncovering how things such a vital pedagogical principle, espe-
relate and communicate with each other. cially in school curriculums.
Finally, Swedberg (2016) emphasises the This metaphor emphasises people’s
heuristic power of metaphors in social sci- agency in the field of learning. It is true
ences and their usefulness for theorising: that I can learn without aiming to, like
«The metaphor, like analogy —he notes—, in the case of what is known as informal
is particularly important for discovering, learning, for example, but however at-
not for verifying» (2016, p. 90). tractive the learning scenarios designed
Starting from this aim of generating or proposed for me might be, they will not
decide to educate themself. From this plying all sorts of techniques —didactic,
metaphor it is clear that an intervention communicative, persuasive, negotiation,
that does not deliberately seek joint re- and a very long list of others— can help
sponsibility in learning and that does not social educators improve their rapproche-
aim to create a bidirectional relationship ment with participants, but in no case
with the participant will, in all likelihood, does it guarantee that this connection will
be doomed to fail. occur, that the spark will jump, captur-
ing the attention and the interest of the
other and leading them to learning and
3.2. The metaphor of socio-educational change. This is why the socio-educational
synapses relationship has often been conceived in
The key to any socio-educational re- terms of the educator’s art or creativity:
lationship is connection, the contact that precisely because of our inability to ex-
the meeting of two wills entails and that plain this connection rationally and com-
opens the door to learning and subse- pletely.
quent changes. Without a connection be- This idea of connection leads to an-
tween the educator and the participant, other metaphor that makes it possible to
it is impossible to speak of a socio-edu- visualise creatively how socio-educational
cational relationship. The connection be- relationships are produced or how they
tween them is what builds the channel work. The neural synapses that comprise
along which learning flows, together with and produce cerebral activity, in my view,
year LXXVI, n. 270, May-August 2018, 209-224
the changes in the lives of the partici- offer a very suggestive model for inter-
pants that derive from the socio-educa- preting these functions. We can interpret
tional relationship. Without connections the socio-educational model as a synaptic
or contact it is only possible to speak of a relationship that occurs between neu-
failed socio-educational intervention that rones that connect to each other and allow
is interrupted in its aim of reaching the information to flow through them and, in
revista española de pedagogía
other, a socio-educational action with no this process, transform them: the social
purpose or meaning. educator and participant as neurones,
The problem is that neither education nerve cells that through their respective
nor pedagogy know exactly how to pro- connections with the world make con-
duce this connection, this affective link nections between each other to exchange
that enables the start of the socio-edu- information that better enables them to
cational relationship and its sustained improve their way of being and their situ-
ation in the world.
development. Our attempts to reach the
other and persuade them to get involved Many questions are raised by such a
in the relationship and let us help them parallel between synaptic connections
help themselves, which is ultimately our and socio-educational relationships:
aim, can in many cases turn out to be use- What are the equivalents of dopamine or
less (Stephens, 2013). There is no ques- serotonin in socio-educational relation-
tion that knowing, commanding, and ap- ship? Is it words, gestures, or specific fa-
214 EV
Metaphors for socio-educational intervention: pedagogical implications for …
um, at least for as long as the interven- pursued and the activities carried out to
tion lasts. achieve them.
Finding their place in the socio-cultur- Finally, we must insist that it seems
al sphere means getting to know others unlikely that the collaborative alliance
and the community they inhabit. Howev- could occur without the participating per-
er, the knowledge to which we refer must son, group, or community perceiving some
be an embodied knowledge, experienced kind of authenticity in the teacher or so-
in the first person in the relationship and cial educator. Without this sense, the ba-
the sociocultural context that surrounds sic trust needed to establish and develop
it and in the territory where it develops. the socio-educational relationship will not
The documentation —CV, personal re- be generated, which in turn could make
port, egogram, school performance, etc.— this relationship non-viable.
relating to the people involved in a specif-
Honesty and transparency from edu-
ic socio-educational intervention process
cators concerning the learning outcomes
can be vital for doing the work, but it is
that can be expected or the real possibil-
of very little practical use if it is not com-
ities for change can help avoid situations
plemented or enhanced by the embodied
and feelings of frustration, disappoint-
knowledge to which we refer, knowledge
ment, or even having been misled. These
that involves people, groups, bodies, re-
situations and feelings can occur as much
sources, and territory. Taylor notes that
between educators as between the people
it is necessary to add other knowledge to
year LXXVI, n. 270, May-August 2018, 209-224
their emotions and feelings as currency to both directions: from the educator to the
exchange with the emotions of the partic- participant and vice versa. This is why
ipants, who feels, suffers, and enjoys with the classic terms used in education such
the people with whom they intervene and as target group are no longer appropriate
who can be deeply affected by the situa- for defining socio-educational interven-
tions they are involved in as a result of tions where both educator and partici-
their work. pant are agents who participate in the
relationship actively and, in many cases,
These elements make up the tightrope
at the same level.
on which the pedagogy and social educa-
tion professional must maintain balance. Not every attempt to create change
Learning to do this requires time and ded- comes from educators in the same terms.
ication, and this learning is only possible Coercing or obliging others to change is
in day to day practice, by putting a great not the same as, for example, providing
deal of care and attention into it and, them with the resources to help them
above all, reflecting in-depth and critical- change themselves. The distinction be-
ly on the situations experienced and in- tween intervention on and intervention
terventions delivered. with is relevant here. The former does not
involve the opinions, desires, or expecta-
tions of the latter and only follows the will
3.5. The metaphor of the bullet and the of the educator, the expert who knows.
moving target The power of technique and the techni-
year LXXVI, n. 270, May-August 2018, 209-224
Bauman (2010) uses a very suggestive cian has not, in my view, been examined
metaphor to describe learning situations sufficiently in our field.
in liquid societies. He speaks of a moving
The latter, in contrast, is constructed
target and how the trajectory of a bullet
jointly by the educator and participants,
must be constantly adjusted if it is to hit
combining or sharing, at levels that can
revista española de pedagogía
though they have clearly differentiated must necessarily focus their intervention
roles. The former contributes to their on negotiation and management of expec-
technical training, and their profes- tations as this is one of the few ways of
sional experience to tackling socio-ed- guaranteeing the participants’ motivation
ucational situations and problems. The and involvement in social educational
latter, bring their knowledge and expe- practices.
rience —first hand and in the first per-
son— of the situations in which they
live their lives, whether these realities 3.6. The metaphor of signalling bea-
are physical, psychological, or cultural cons
and belong to the order of the imagi- It has been said that social pedagogy is
nary, the symbolic, or the real (physical neither a method nor a group of methods.
and virtual). In my view, the process However, I believe that one of the distinc-
of socio-educational intervention in so- tive features of social pedagogy compared
cio-educational situations or problems, to other types of pedagogy is its method
or in other words shared participation or, to be more specific, its methodological
between social professionals and par- principles.
ticipants, essentially entails comparing
If the claim that social pedagogy does
and agreeing on the lines of action and
not have its own method means that there
behaviour that in an appropriate and
is no standardised or normalised way of
satisfactory manner respond to these re-
doing things, then effectively, it does not
What guides the actions of social ed- 3) The availability of strategic and
ucators in the framework of social peda- technical reference points for action,
gogy, and what guides and justifies their among other aspects.
decisions are, in my view, their method-
ological principles. These principles are a Advance planning of the socio-educa-
sort of signalling beacon that helps social tional intervention makes it possible to
educators find their way in the uncertain anticipate possibilities, prepare a range of
and complex desert of human relations, responses, and have resources available
the shifting sands on which social peda- when faced with new or unexpected sit-
gogy is built and developed. uations. Theory and planning provide se-
curity in the action but will most likely be
We call them signalling beacons be- insufficient if they are not backed up by
cause they warn and guide the educator
the professional’s own intuition. This in-
about the corrections, changes, and mod-
tuition is fine-tuned over time by experi-
ifications they must introduce in their
ence and reflection on the educator’s own
actions to react to the constant changes
actions if they observe them consciously,
of the people with whom they intervene
and of the specific setting in which they reflect on them, and integrate these ob-
are situated. Signalling beacons are the servations and reflections. This intuition,
methodological principles that make it which can be guided by empathy, has been
possible for educators to triangulate their described as an essential competence for
position in a given socio-educational in- social professionals (Eriksson and Mark-
year LXXVI, n. 270, May-August 2018, 209-224
must occur through practice, in everyday based on what Shotter has called knowl-
life and in the encounter between two in- edge of the third type; a knowledge that
dividuals: the professional and the partic- is not propositional (knowing what) or
ipant. This does not cast doubt on either procedural (knowing how) but instead is
the importance of training in theory for knowledge from within. Only if the pro-
the educator or of advance planning of the fessionals are immersed in the socio-edu-
actions to be performed. Both, in my view, cational situation can they know exactly
are requirements for the success of the what courses of action are available and
socio-pedagogical encounter. The former select the one that their intuition, ex-
makes possible: perience, knowledge, and technique as
1) Better prior diagnosis of the sit- their own signalling beacons suggest to
uation. them as being most appropriate to pro-
2) More productive interpretation duce situations in which the subjects
and use of the data obtained during with whom they interact can learn and
the intervention. improve themselves and their situation in
220 EV
Metaphors for socio-educational intervention: pedagogical implications for …
consequently, facilitate turning the inter- to guide themself and make decisions in
vention into a true socio-educational rela- the setting of a given socio-educational
tionship. intervention. These principles are mobile,
changing, situated, and emerging. The
From the educator as tightrope walk- ability of educators and teachers to learn
er, we have derived the complexity of the from their own practice and develop, mod-
revista española de pedagogía
intervention that occurs in the setting of ify, and incorporate new pedagogical prin-
people’s everyday life and, often, with- ciples is what can make them become good
in social conflict. The social educator, as professionals over time, in other words,
their own and principal instrument for capable of accompanying and helping the
intervention, puts themself and their
people with whom they intervene to learn
emotional health at risk in the processes
what will help them improve their way of
of sociocultural mediation in which they
being and acting in their particular life
participate. This requires a high level of
contexts.
training and capacity for learning in re-
gards to the balanced management of
one’s own emotions. It also requires a
good ability to read and analyse the com-
Notes
1
See, for example: Sáez, 1993.
plexity of the sociocultural situation and 2
With the concept of socioculture I refer to the social
the forces in conflict so they can be chan- relationships created in the encounter of cultural,
nelled or catalysed to make them lead to personal, group, and community identities in phys-
222 EV
Metaphors for socio-educational intervention: pedagogical implications for …
ical or virtual frameworks that make a specific cul- Lucio-Villegas, E. (2005). Una reflexión siempre
tural or multicultural context possible. See Úcar, provocadora: ¿Los métodos de intervención
2016.
son los mismos que los de investigación en la
3
See Úcar, 2015.
4
Op. Cit. Ibáñez, T. (2001).
práctica? In C. Mínguez (Ed.), La educación
social: discurso, práctica y profesión (pp. 199-
220). Madrid: Dykinson.
Morin, E. (1993). El método. La naturaleza de la
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224 EV
revista española de pedagogía
año LXXVI, nº 270, mayo-agosto 2018
Spanish Journal of Pedagogy
year LXXVI, n. 270, May-August 2018
Table of Contents
María Teresa Caro Valverde, María Isabel de Vicente- Jonathan Ruiz-Jaramillo and
Yagüe Jara and María Teresa Valverde González Antonio Vargas-Yáñez
Teacher perception of methodological habits for Teaching structures on Architecture degrees. ICT-
informal argumentation in text commentary 273 based methodology and teaching innovation 353
Book reviews (Carlos Alberto Pabón Meneses).
Gargallo López, B. (Coord.) Enseñanza centrada Monarca, H. & Thoilliez, B. (Coords.)
en el aprendizaje y diseño por competencias en la La profesionalización docente: debates
Universidad. Fundamentación, procedimientos y propuestas [The professionalisation
y evidencias de aplicación e investigación of teaching: debates and proposals]
[Learning-centred teaching and designing for (Francisco Esteban Bara).
skills in the university: foundations, procedures, Balduzzi, E. Narrazione educativa e generatività
and evidence for application to research]
del perdono [Educational narration and the
(Vicent Gozálvez). Ballester, L. & Colom, A.
creation of forgiveness] (Mauricio Bicocca). 373
Epistemologías de la complejidad y educación
[Epistemologies of complexity and education] Call for papers 403
This is the English version of the research articles and book reviews published orig-
inally in the Spanish printed version of issue 270 of the revista española de pe-
dagogía. The full Spanish version of this issue can also be found on the journal's
website http://revistadepedagogia.org.