Changes in Body

CHANGES IN THE BODY
3r ESO OPTIONAL BIOLOGY MATERIALS
STUDENTS WORKSHEETS
Toni Samper
IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08
Unit 1 Puberty....................................................................................... 7
Introduction................................................................................................ 8
Initial activities: Brainstorming about puberty........................................... 9
Activity 1: Puberty in different cultures .................................................... 12
Activity 2: Changes list ............................................................................... 15
What causes all these changes?.......................................................... 16
What is the Endocrine system?.............................................................. 17
Masturbation............................................................................................ 20
Acne (pimples)........................................................................................ 21
Activity 3: Comparing changes................................................................ 22
Activity 4: Valuing myself ........................................................................... 23
Activity 5: Get the picture ......................................................................... 25
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Activity 6: Myths and facts ........................................................................ 26
Activity 7: Matching pairs .......................................................................... 27
Activity 8: Loop game about puberty .................................................... 28
Some useful concepts ............................................................................ 30
Unit 2: Human reproductive system.............................................. 31
The female reproductive system .......................................................... 32
Activity 1: Label the parts of the diagram using the words below...... 34
Activity 2: Visit the website, do the test and copy the summary......... 35
The male reproductive system.................................................................. 36
Activity 3: Look at the external and internals parts of the male reproductive system. Which words are similar to Catalan?............................... 36
Activity 4: Read the text and underline any words that are in the diagram ..................................................................................................................... 37
Activity 5: Visit the website, do the test and copy the summary......... 38 Gametogenesi ...................................................................................................... 39
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Activity 6: Paired speaking ........................................................................ 41
Periods What are they? (Menstrual cycle) ....................................... 43
Activity 7: What do you know about the menstrual cycle? ................. 45
Fertilisation................................................................................................ 47
Development of the zygote, the placenta......................................... 49
Activity 8: Fill the gap ................................................................................. 50
Activity 9: Ordering sentences (how a baby is formed) ....................... 51
Activity 10: The journey game................................................................... 52
Activity 11: Human Reproductive System BINGO CARDS..................... 53
Unit 3: Sexuality and drugs ............................................................. 54
Activity 1: Boyfriends, girlfriends ................................................................ 55
Contraception......................................................................................... 56
Activity 2: Match each letter in the pictures below with the correct name on the chart of the opposite page. ........................................................... 57 Toni Samper Changes in the body IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08 Page 4
Activity 3: Choose three contraceptive methods from the previous list. Look for information and answer these questions ............................................... 59
Activity 4: Match types of contraception that people are describing with contraceptive methods of the table below ................................................ 60
Activity 5: Calculate table......................................................................... 61
Activity 6: Look the image below and in pairs discuss the next questions (use the language frames to help you)............................................... 62
Sexually transmitted infections STIs ....................................................... 64
Some STIs chart (excluding HIV)............................................................ 66
HIV or AIDS. Do you know the difference?.......................................... 67
Activity 7: HIV and AIDS multiple choice quiz......................................... 68
Activity 8: HIV and AIDS True/False........................................................... 71
Activity 9: Summarize your HIV and AIDS knowledge ........................... 72
DRUGS: Legal and Illegal ....................................................................... 73
Activity 10: Recognising drugs .................................................................. 73 Toni Samper Changes in the body IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08 Page 5
Activity 11: Matching pairs ........................................................................ 75
Activity 12: Reading and completing text .............................................. 76
Activity 13: Which is which? ...................................................................... 81
Activity 14: Self assessment........................................................................ 82
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Unit 1 Puberty
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Introduction
Now that you are growing up, you will probably notice that your body is changing in all sorts of ways. You will notice changes in the way you look and also in the way you feel. Its because you are going through a stage called puberty. This is an exciting time; its when you start to change from being a boy/girl to becoming a man/woman.
Dont worry; these changes wont suddenly happen overnight. Youll notice that some happen quickly, but others take place slowly over years.
Puberty for boys usually starts between ages of 10 and 17; for girls it starts between ages of 8 and 13. Everyone is different and it doesnt matter when you start. Your body will decide when it is the right time. Toni Samper Changes in the body IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08 Page 8
Initial activities: Brainstorming about puberty
1. - Copy the words from the blackboard and translate them into English with the help of a dictionary CATALAN ENGLISH
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2. - Listen carefully to the definitions your teacher will read and copy them in the table below
ENGLISH
DEFINITION
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3. -Find the nine words listed below in this word search
P A T B H Y W B M L J Y T S E
A U G E N I T A L S D N A M B
T D B L O G E T C H A N G E S
A O G E A M U N A T B D O N I
B I N A R O F E V E C A S S I
I Y A U I T O T E S S A R T E
C O S T E G Y O D T E B A R E
E J A C U L A T I O N Y G U M
O C A T E N K O E S T S D A R
H O R M O N E N T T A C R T O
B N O V X R E G O E W A N I M
S D I H T F O Y L R O E L O I
E O N B E I C C R O T E U N G
P M G W I A Y O A N T H E A N
U T A N O C E B W A N O R I T
Puberty Condom
genitals menstruation testosterone ejaculation hormone changes cycle
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Activity 1: Puberty in different cultures

1. - Read the text about pubertys rituals carefully and make a few notes on the table on page 13
Rituals of Puberty
Puberty can be seen as a cultural event that is recognized with celebration or rituals. In the Liberian Mano tribe and several other West African tribes, boys in late puberty have a ceremonial death and are then "spirited away" by older men to a lonely place deep in the forest. They learn how to farm and how to earn a living. After several years in hiding they come back with a new name and identity Girls in early puberty in the Arapesh tribe of New Guinea, go to a menstrual hut where they stay for six days, without food or water. They are rubbed with nettles and they roll a nettle leaf in a tube, and then push them into the vulva. This is to have large and strong breasts. The Australian Aboriginal tribe has a focus on the "death of childhood" and "rebirth into adulthood." The adolescents are tattooed in late puberty to be prepared as adults. Adults are physically marked with tattoos, so they are different from children. Chinese: In China by the time girls reach puberty they accept the position of being inferior. In the past they had bound feet or "lotus feet". But foot binding is now finished. Native American: Navajo boys in late puberty go on their own into the mountains to become men. They have to find their guardian spirits and they live alone for four days and nights without food and water. They return to the tribe, must pass some tests, or go back to the forest again. This can take three years. The Apache Sunrise Ceremony or na'ii'ees is a hard communal four-day ceremony that Apache girls of the past and present experience soon after their first menstruation. They have many sacred ceremonies, dances and songs and the girls are given physical and spiritual power so they can take on their role as women of the Apache nation In Europe and the Unites States there are no celebrated rituals at the start of puberty.
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Cultures West African tribes
Who?
What happens? They have They learn
New Guinea tribe
They go They are rubbed
Australian Aboriginal tribe
They are
China in the past
They had
Navajo tribe
They go They live..
Apache tribe
They must They have They are given
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2. - Visit this web and describe what the pictures show
http://www.webwinds.com/yupanqui/apachesunrise.htm 3 .- After reading the text and visiting the website, in groups of 4 (one of the members must be a girl) describe what happened at home when menstruation started.
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Activity 2: Changes list Group
1 - Fill the boxes below with changes observed in boys/girls in the last two years (remember, the first column is physical and the second one is psychological) appearance personality
2 - Exchange boys and girls lists in your group. Change them, adding or deleting your observation. That means, if you are a girl, change the boys list and vice versa.
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What causes all these changes?

Hormones cause these changes. They are made in endocrine glands. Endocrine glands do
not have ducts (tubes) to carry away the hormones they make. The hormones are secreted directly into the blood to be carried around the body in the blood plasma.
What are hormones?

Definition: A chemical substance that is formed in one part of the body, travels
through the blood, and affects that function of cells elsewhere in the body . Different hormones are responsible for different changes in you. Most hormones affect several parts of the body; others only affect one part of the body, called the target organ. As you get nearer to puberty, the brain and pituitary gland release hormones that regulate the reproductive organs of females and males, ovaries and testes to produce hormones too. The hormones related to the sexuality receive the name of sexual hormones. The most important are: - oestrogen and progesterone secreted by the ovaries, which intervene in the menstrual cycle of the woman - testosterone synthesized by the testicles responsible of the formations of sperm and the sexual secondary characters The sexual hormones determine anatomical differences between boys and girls, since they are responsible for the sexual secondary characters. The sexual secondary characters are those that differentiate the men and the women as well as the genital organs. The sexual secondary characters appear gradually in boys and girls during the puberty
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What is the Endocrine system?

The endocrine system mainly uses blood vessels as information channels. Glands located in many regions of the body release into the bloodstream specific chemical messengers called hormones. Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism, e.g., mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism, sending messages and acting on them.
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Physical and psychological changes in girls
girls
Pubic hair and under-arm hair growth Growth spurts Hips widening The breasts grow and the nipples are outlined Vagina, oviducts and uterus development Oil glands in the skin become more active - This can cause acne Menstrual cycle (period) starting. The first menstrual period is called Menarche Become self-conscious of image
Sexual drive development (the interest for boys grows ) Start falling in love
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Physical and psychological changes in boys
boys
Hair growth on face and body Growth spurts As a result of increased testosterone, vocal cords become longer and thicker and the voice becomes lower. Voice breaking The body becomes broader and more muscular Penis, testes and scrotum growth and development. Sperm production Oil glands in the skin become more active - This can cause acne During puberty boys tend to get erections more frequently. Erections can occur with or without any physical or sexual stimulation. It is possible to ejaculate Become self-conscious of image
Sexual drive development ( the interest for girls grows ) Start falling in love
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Masturbation
Masturbation is defined as self-stimulation to cause sexual sensations. The use of the word masturbation usually suggests that the person is manipulating his or her genitals to the point of intense pleasure or orgasm. Approximately 94% of teenage males "admitted" that they masturbated and about 70% of teen females "admitted" to this also. When boys start puberty a lot of hormonal changes occur. These changes will result in many, but not all boys experience episodes of spontaneous erections during sleep, during the day and wet dreams.
A wet dream (nocturnal emissions) is the uncontrolled ejaculation of semen from the penis during sleep. Most boys experience wet dreams between the ages of 12 to 18. Generally boys have fewer wet dreams once they start masturbating or once puberty is over.
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Acne (pimples)
During puberty the oil glands in your skin become more active, producing excess amounts of an oily substance called sebum. Skin care is especially important during this time.
Picture taken from http://www.fotosearch.com/BNS335/bn243078/
ACNE What is it?

Acne (pimples) is a natural occurrence. It starts when the skins pores become blocked with dead skin cells and sebum, which slows down or stop the flow of the sebum to he skin surface. Bacteria can then develop in the blocked pore, causing a pimple
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Activity 3: Comparing changes

1. In the table below, put a X in the correct column
Change
Hair growth on face and body The body becomes broader and more muscular Become self-conscious of image Oil glands in the skin become more active - This can cause acne Vagina, oviducts and uterus development Penis, testes and scrotum growth and development. Sperm production Start falling in love Sexual drive development Menstrual cycle (period) starting. The first menstrual period is called Menarche Hips widening As a result of increased testosterone, vocal cords become longer and thicker and the voice becomes lower. Voice breaking The breasts grow and the nipples are outlined Growth spurts During puberty boys tend to get erections more frequently. Erections can occur with or without any physical or sexual stimulation. It is possible to ejaculate
girl
boy both
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Activity 4: Valuing myself
Name :
1. - Rate your body parts from 1 to 10. Put the number in the right hand column Part of the body Points I gave myself
face eyes lips hair Arms neck back legs Breast hands
Write the three most important characteristics of your personality 1 2 3-
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2. - Three of your classmate rate your body parts as you did before.
Part of the body
Points the others gave me
face eyes lips hair Arms neck back legs Breast hands
Write the three most important characteristics of this person that you have observed 1 2 3-
3. - Compare the results. Are there any similarities? Are there any differences?
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Activity 5: Get the picture

1. - Make a collage poster that show how the media presents images of people
a) Discuss the range of images
b) How do they show stereotypes?
c) How realistic are they ?
d) How do they affect your lives?
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Activity 6: Myths and facts

1. - Do the quiz below; put an X in the adequate column
TRUE OR FALSE?
Statement A tall man will have a big penis A girl cant go to the swimming pool when she has her period Periods are always painful If a boy has a small penis, he wont be able to have good sex Masturbation is harmful for your bones Puberty means you are prepared to have sex Boys can get an erection at any time of the day During puberty boys and girls start falling in love Girls never masturbate During puberty pubic hair and under-arm hair begin to grow
True
False
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Activity 7: Matching pairs
Match the sentences from the columns below (numbers with letters)
One half sentence
The other half sentence
answers
1. Puberty is controlled by 2. Testosterone causes the growth of the 3. Many girls have breasts that are 4. Breasts can be slightly painful
a. testicles and penis b. menarche
c. as wide as a strand of spaghetti
d. 350 or 400 million sperm pump out of his penis
5. Women usually have two 6. The fallopian tubes are about 7. Boys start to develop facial 8. When a man ejaculates, about 9. The first menstrual period is called
e. hair between 14 and 16 f. chemical messengers called hormones g. just before a period h. ovaries i. unequal in size
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Activity 8: Loop game about puberty
1. - Take your card (every card has a definition and a concept) and read the definition to others. You must pay attention to the definition. If you have the definition, put your hand up. The teacher checks it; if its correct you read another concept and so on
Menarche When a boy reaches climax his penis produces sperm
Genitals Another word for a girl's period
Menstruation Another word for a girl's genitals
Vulva A male hormone produced in the testicles.
Testosterone Once a month, a girl's ovaries produce eggs
Hormones The reproductive organs in both men and women
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Erection The first menstrual period a girl experiments at the start of reproductive life
Ovulation A thin, rubber sheath (cover) worn over the penis
Condom The time when girls' and boys' bodies start to change and become sexually mature
Puberty When a boy gets sexually excited, his penis becomes erect
Masturbate Cause puberty to start in boys and girls.
Ejaculate Touching or stimulating your own or someone else's genitals for sexual pleasure
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Some useful concepts
Endocrine system
Definition: Structures or glands that secrete hormones causing bodily functions, including the start of puberty. Context: The endocrine system is responsible for regulating the bodys growth, metabolism, and functioning of the reproductive organs
Hormone
Definition: A chemical substance produced by an endocrine gland that has a specific effect on the activities of other organs in the body. Context: During puberty, the body begins secreting hormones, which in turn cause the body to grow and mature.
Menstrual cycle
Definition: The time (about every 25 to 28 days) when the uterus prepares for pregnancy by building up its lining, which is discharged if fertilization does not occur, signalling the onset of menstruation. Context: Its important for girls to keep track of their menstrual cycle so that they have a general idea of when to expect their period each month.
Puberty
Definition: The time when a person goes from physical maturity to reproductive maturity. Context: During puberty, both boys and girls experience many changes, including growth spurts, the maturation of their sex organs, and mood swings.
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Unit 2: Human reproductive system
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The female reproductive system
What are the external parts of the female reproductive system?

The external genital organs are collectively called the vulva. La vulva is formed by: Labia majora: these are two longitudinal folds of skin visible from the outside and contain fat, smooth muscle and many sensory receptors. Labia minora: these are two smaller folds of skin between and within the labia majora, also with many receptors. The labia protect the openings of the vagina and urethra. The clitoris: is situated at the top of the vulva, just within the point where the labia minora meet. It contains many nerve endings and when sexually stimulated becoming erect, like the penis. It can be a major source of sexual arousal during sexual intercourse Urethral opening: is the orifice where the urine comes out Vaginal opening: is the orifice of the vagina
Image taken from http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/femalerepro_1.gif
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What are the internal parts of the female reproductive system?

We can differentiate the genitals ducts and the ovaries
Genitals ducts
The vagina: is a muscular tube long running from the base of the uterus to the outside of the body. It is the site where the semen is deposited during sexual intercourse and also the birth canal during childbirth. The oviducts: also called fallopian tubes. They collect the egg released by the ovaries and sweep it towards the uterus. Fertilisation takes place in one of the oviducts. The uterus: It has a thick muscular outer wall (the myometrium), and a lining rich in blood vessels (the endometrium), which is shed during menstruation. The cervix also called uterus neck is the narrow junction between the uterus and the vagina
The ovaries
They are the origin of the female gametes, the eggs, and they also produce sex hormones: oestrogen and progesterone.
Image taken from http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/femalerepro_1.gif
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Activity 1: Label the parts of the diagram using the words below
Image taken from http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit12_5_quiz_dd_07.html
Image taken from http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit12_5_quiz_dd_06.html
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Activity 2: Visit the website, do the test and copy the summary
1 - Visit this website http://swgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
2 In the home page, click at
3 Watch the clip, if needed watch it two o three times and when it is finished, do the test. 4 Finally read the objective and summary, and copy it in the box below
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY
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The male reproductive system
Activity 3: Look at the external and internal parts of the male reproductive system. Which words are similar to Catalan?
Image taken from http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookREPROD.html
Image taken from http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookREPROD.html
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Activity 4: Read the text and underline any words that are in the diagram
Externally, we can differentiate two structures: the penis and the scrotal sac, or scrotum. The penis: It contains the urethra, which carries sperm and urine to the outside world. The penis also contains and special spongy tissue which can fill with blood when the male is sexually stimulated, causing it to enlarge and become erect and rigid. The penis ejaculates semen into the vagina of the female during the sexual intercourse. The extreme of the penis is called glans. A loose fold of skin, called the prepuce, or foreskin, covers the glans penis (it may have been surgically removed in circumcision). The scrotum: It is a sac of skin containing the two testes which hung from the main body cavity thus helping to keep the sperm about 3C cooler than normal body temperature. This is important for their survival.
What are the internal parts of the male reproductive system?

We can differentiate the testes, the spermatic ducts and the attached glands The testes: There are normally two. Is the site of production of the male gametes, the spermatozoa. The spermatozoa are formed in the seminiferous tubules (about 1000 per testis). Cells lining their walls produce the sperm. Between the tubes there are the Leydigs cells that produce testosterone (male sex hormone).
The spermatic ducts: The epididymis: Is a coiled tube which the spermatozoa are stored while completing their maturation The vase deferens: Is a tube which carries the sperm out of the testis to the urethra. Sperm are also stored there. The attached glands: The prostate gland, Cowpers glands and seminal vesicles are all glands which secrete fluids for carrying the sperm and in which the sperm can swim. Fluid plus sperm is called SEMEN
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Activity 5: Visit the website, do the test and copy the summary
1 - Visit this website http://swgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
2 In the home page, click at
3 Watch the clip, if needed, visualize two o three times and when it finished, do the test. 4 Finally read the objective and summary, and copy it in the box below
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY
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Gametogenesi
Is the formation of gametes. It takes place in the gonads (testes in the males and the ovaries in the female). In males the formation of sperm takes de name of spermatogenesis, and testes produce vast number of spermatozoa in a continuous production line of several thousand per second. In females the formations of eggs is called Oogenesis, and ovaries produce only one egg per month. Sperm human image
Image taken from http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/sex/common/ibank/ibank/0024.jpg
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Egg human image
Image taken from http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/lifecycle/45.asp
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Activity 6: Paired speaking

1 Talk to each other classmate to fill in the missing information GROUP A
organ
function
is situated at the top of the vulva
Labia minora Vaginal opening The oviducts
protect the openings of the vagina and urethra. is the orifice of the vagina
is the narrow junction between the uterus and the vagina The ovaries The penis are the origin of the female gametes ejaculates semen into the vagina of the female is a sac of skin containing the two testes The testes is a tube which carries the sperm out of the testis to the urethra Prepuce the endometrium covers the glans penis is shed during menstruation
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GROUP B
organ
The clitoris Labia minora
function
is situated at the top of the vulva
is the orifice of the vagina The oviducts The cervix they collect the egg released by the ovaries is the narrow junction between the uterus and the vagina are the origin of the female gametes The penis The scrotum The testes The vase deferens is a sac of skin containing the two testes is the site of production of the male gametes is a tube which carries the sperm out of the testis to the urethra Prepuce is shed during menstruation
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Periods What are they? (Menstrual cycle)

The start of the periods is probably the biggest change that takes place for a girl during puberty. Periods are nothing to be worried about. They are a natural part of every womans life. Most girls start having periods between the ages of 10 and 16. There is no right time; your periods will start when your body is ready. A period happens to most women each month and usually lasts somewhere between 3 and 7 days Your menstrual cycle is from the first day of one period to the first day of the next. When you first start to have periods, they may not be very regular. Your body will take a while to settle down into a regular cycle, this might take 2 or 3 years. Dont worry, this is normal About every 28 days an egg is released from one of womans ovaries. The egg travels downs the oviduct to the uterus where, if it has been fertilised, it can implant and grow into a baby. To prepare for possible fertilisation, the lining of the uterus thickens. This is controlled by the release of progesterone, from the corpus luteum, the remains of the follicle left behind in the ovary. If the egg has not been fertilised then the lining breaks down and is released (menstruation). Oestrogen from the ovary encourages the uterus lining to grow again for the next egg released. If the egg has been fertilised, then progesterone continues to be released from the corpus luteum. This maintains the uterus lining during pregnancy and prevents further ovulation.
TOP 5 MYTHS ABOUT PERIODS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Virgins shouldnt wear tampons You cant get pregnant during your period You shouldnt wash your hair or body during your period You should always rest during your period People can tell when you are having your period
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Image taken from http://www.mydr.com.au/default.asp?Article=3041
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Activity 7: What do you know about the menstrual cycle?

1 - Visit this website http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/female_reproductive_system.html 2 In the home page, click at body basics female reproductive system
3 Go to menstrual cycle
4 Press play
5 Watch carefully. Dont worry if you dont understand the first time, you have the text in writing 6 Answer the following questions:
A - What is the menstrual cycle called?............................................................................... B When does the cycle start?.............................................................................................. C How many days does menstruation last?. D If a sperm fertilizes the egg, the lining of the uterus (finish the phrase) E When does ovulation occur?. F What happens if the egg isnt fertilized? G The lining, blood, and dissolved egg leaving the body through the vagina is called .............................................................................................................................................
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7- Visit this website too http://swgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
a) In the home page, click at
b) Watch the clip, if needed, visualize two o three times and when it finished, do the test. c) Finally read the objective and summary, and copy it in the box below
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY
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Fertilisation
After ovulation, the egg (secondary oocyte) is swept along the oviduct by the action of the ciliated lining. If sexual intercourse has happened, the egg becomes surrounding by sperm. Fertilisation is the fusion of a sperm with the egg to form a cell called zygote. It takes place in one of the oviducts. Sperm may survive for up to three days in the womans body, but they gradually lose their ability to fertilise the egg.
Fertilisation image
Image taken from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/03/health_ivf_step_by_step/html/1.stm
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Image taken from http://www.fertility.com/international/concern/Understanding_Fertility/Ovulation.jsp
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Development of the zygote, the placenta

After fertilisation in the fallopian tube, the zygote starts to divide by mitosis .This begins the development of the embryo on its way along the oviduct to the uterus. In the uterus the embryo becomes attached to the wall. This process is called implantation. The placenta
The placenta is a structure found only in mammals. In humans, it develops over the first two or three months of pregnancy and is a special organ. It is unique because it is formed from the tissues of two, genetically different individuals, the mother and the fetus. FUNCTIONS OF THE PLACENTA
Exchange of materials between mother and fetus Respiratory gases Nutrients Water Excretory products Antibodies
Endocrine organ Protective barrier
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta
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Activity 8: Fill the gap

1 -Test your knowledge about reproduction by filling the gaps with the words in the box below.
Every _________ an ________ ripens and bursts from one of the _____________. The ovum (egg) is pushed down the __________ _______________. When a man ____________ the___________ swim along the _______________, through the _______________ and into the ___________. They continue ___________________ right into the ___________________. Most die before they get this far. Of the ___________ejaculated, only about ___________ will get this far. Only one __________ breaks through the _________. The fertilised ovum (egg) now travels to the ____________where it fixes itself to the lining. This is where it starts to grow and will become a ____________
baby
uterus
month sperm
fallopian tube cervix
400 millions ovum (egg) sperm swimming ovaries
ejaculates vagina 100
ovum (egg)
uterus
fallopian tubes
fertilised
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Activity 9: Ordering sentences (how a baby is formed)

Look at the sentences below and order them
a) The fertilised egg moves down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may settle into the lining of the uterus and begins to grow
b) When a woman becomes excited, the vagina releases fluid that lubricates the area c) Movements of the penis in the vagina finished with the ejaculation (a fluid called semen comes from the penis into the womans vagina)
d) Sperm is made in a mans testes
e) When a man becomes excited, his penis becomes hard. This is called erection
f) Semen contains thousands of sperm
g) Some of the sperm swim through the uterus and up the fallopian tubes
h) During sexual intercourse, the penis moves in the womans vagina
i)
If the sperms meet an egg, they accumulate round it. If a sperm enters into the egg, the egg is fertilised (only one sperm can enter into)
j)
Eggs are stored in the womans ovaries
Answers
1___ 10___ 2___ 3____ 4___ 5____ 6___ 7___ 8___ 9___
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Activity 10: The journey game

1. Listen carefully to the teachers statements about the human reproductive system and find out which city you arrive in. Begin this tree on the start point: If you think its a true sentence, move up the tree. If you think its a false sentence, move down the tree. Where have you finished?
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Activity 11: Human Reproductive System BINGO CARDS

The teacher gives you a card 1. When a word is called, you should find it and mark it with a X. 2. The first player(s) to have five words in any direction (horizontal, vertical, or diagonal) wins.
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Unit 3: Sexuality and drugs
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Activity 1: Boyfriends, girlfriends
Write three reasons why some people of your age like to have a boyfriend or a girlfriend b) Working in small, single-sex groups (all boys or all girls), discuss the qualities you think the ideal boyfriend should have and the qualities you think the ideal girlfriend should have. Choose the top four in each list and write them on the blackboard c) Compare your top four qualities and explain your reasons d) Sexologist office: Read the problems from the letters below. What advice would you give in each case?
a)
Case 1
My boyfriend and I have been together for a year and we have a great time. We both love tennis, swimming and going to the cinema. We spend most of our spare time together, with friends, or just on our own. Recently, we have become very physical; kissing, cuddling and touching each other all over. So far we havent had sex because its such a big step. My boyfriend said that is time, but I dont want to do something I might regret, but its getting hard to convince him not to have sex. He says that I dont love him. He is always reminding me that my best friend Carlota has just had sex with her boy friend Pole. What should I do?
Case 2
I am 14 and my girlfriend is 16. She wants us to start having sex and she keeps asking me when we will do it. I know she had sex with her last boyfriend, and all our friends keep asking if we have done it yet. I have tried to explain to her that we have to wait because Im not quite sure of having sex yet, but she got upset and said that I dont really love her. I do love her. How can I make her understand that I just dont feel ready? What can I do?
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Contraception
Humans, and a few of the apes, are the only vertebrates that are sexually active throughout the reproductive cycle. It is usual for people, especially in modern societies, to want to limit the number of children they have. There are many things you need to know about before you start having sex and one of them is contraception. If conception is the beginning of pregnancy; contraception, also called birth control or family planning, means the use of artificial or natural methods to prevent pregnancy.
Contraceptive methods
NATURAL
Others ( oral sex, anal sex, non-penetrative sex, masturbation ) BARRIER
Total abstinence Periodic abstinence Withdrawal ( coitus interruptus )
Condom Femidom ( female condom ) Diaphragm
Cervical cap SPERMICIDE HORMONAL
Injections POST-FERTILISATION
Female pill Female patch Vaginal ring
IUD
Morning-after pill SURGICAL (and for the moment irreversible method) Vasectomy ( male sterilisation ) Tubal ligation ( female sterilisation )
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Activity 2: Match each letter in the pictures below with the correct name on the chart of the opposite page.
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CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CERVICAL CAP CONDOM VAGINAL RING SPERMICIDAL FOAM IUD THE MORNING AFTER PILL WITHDRAWAL ( PULLING OUT ) ABSTINENCE FEMIDOM HORMONAL PATCH FEMALE PILL DIAPHRAGM
LETTER
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Activity 3: Choose three contraceptive methods from the previous list. Look for information and answer these questions
Name
Where can you get it from?
Does it help prevent STIs

( sexually transmitted infections )
Why?
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Activity 4: Match types of contraception that people are describing with contraceptive methods in the table below
Maria I used to take my temperature to find out when I was fertile, but now I use a kit, where you test a urine sample and it tells you if you are fertile or not
John It was easy. I just pinched the end and rolled it over my penis
Sara I was having sex with my boy friend but when he pulled the condom out, it was broken. Next morning I went to the clinic and the doctor gave me a pill
Ally I didnt feel comfortable when the doctor pushed it trough my cervix into the uterus, but she did it quickly. There is a little plastic thread attached to it, which the doctor will pull it out in two years time
Louise The doctor shows me how to put it in and take it out. I have to spread a spermicidal cream over it, then put it in my vagina over my cervix
Contraceptive method
People
IUD Cap and spermicidal Condom Natural methods EC ( emergency contraception )
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Abortion
Abortion is the premature termination of pregnancy, resulting in death of the embryo or fetus. Sometimes it happens naturally, in which case its called miscarriage, spontaneous abortion, or natural abortion. But, on the other hand, when it carries out deliberately, its called induced abortion.
REMEMBER, ABORTION IS NOT A CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD
Activity 5: Calculate table
1 - Using the data provided in the table below, calculate he percentage of abortions carried out on single and married women in the years 1982, 1985, 1990, and 1997. Put the results in the appropriate column
year
single
married
Other ( widowed, divorced, separated, unknown )
percentage
1982 1985 1990 1992 1997
71.836 87.213 116.150 105.630 114.900
40.510 37.698 38.151 36.394 33.600
16.207 16.190 19.599 18.471 19.300
Adapted from Marital status of women having abortions in 1982, 1985, 1990, 1992 and 1997. Residents of England and Wales
2 Make a bar chart with the years (horizontal axis) and the marital status: single, married and other (number of abortions in the vertical axis)
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Activity 6: Look at the image below and in pairs discuss the next questions (use the language frames to help you)
-What do you think about the message? -Who is addressed? Why? -Do you think sexual activity would be different if men could be pregnant?
Poster released in the 1970s by the Family Planning Association of Victoria, Australia
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LANGUAGE FRAME
the image I think the pregnant man
shows
makes me think that.
I believe if men were pregnant They would
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Sexually transmitted infections STIs

STIs are the infections that can be passed during sexual intercourse. All of them are transmitted by microorganisms, for example: virus, bacterium, yeast, protozoa and arthropods Remember: VIRUS: A group of infectious agents those are incapable of growth or reproduction outside of living cells.
HIV
Image taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV
BACTERIUM: A very small living organism made of only one cell. They are present almost everywhere, in the air, the soil and the skin. Many of them are microbes that cause diseases but others may be helpful to humans.
Gonorrhoea
Image taken from http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0001546.html
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Syphilis
Image taken from http://www.bbc.co.uk/relationships/sex_and_sexual_health/stis_syphilis.shtml
YEAST: A microorganism of the fungus family

Chlamydia
Image taken from http://www.bbc.co.uk/relationships/sex_and_sexual_health/stis_chlam.shtml
PROTOZOA: Large group of single-celled organisms which are different from bacteria and include a large number of parasitic forms which cause disease in humans and animals.
Trichomona vaginalis
Image taken from http://www.bbc.co.uk/relationships/sex_and_sexual_health/stis_trich.shtml
ARTHROPODS: A large group of invertebrate animals with jointed legs, including the insects, scorpions, crustaceans and spiders
Pubic lice
Image taken from http://www.bbc.co.uk/relationships/sex_and_sexual_health/stis_lice.sh
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Some STIs chart (excluding HIV)

picture Infection
Syphilis
Agent
bacterium
Transmission mechanism
Having unprotected sex
Herpes genital
virus
Having unprotected sex
candidiasis
Yeast
Sexual intercourse with an infected partner
trichomoniasi
protozoa
Pubic lice (crabs)
Arthropod
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HIV or AIDS. Do you know the difference?

Some of us usually change the terms HIV and AIDS. Read the definitions below in order to clarify these concepts.
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus This is a virus that can be passed on through unprotected sexual intercourse, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth. Eventually, the virus stops a persons immune system from working, which means that their body cant fight against other infection. If someone has contracted HIV, they are said to be HIV positive . One important thing is that a person who is HIV positive may not appear to be ill at all.
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome A collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans. Someone who is HIV positive will eventually become ill. They begin to catch infections that they cant fight. And they become more and more ill. When this happens they are said to have AIDS
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Activity 7: HIV and AIDS multiple choice quiz

1. Does HIV only affect gay people? a) Yes b) No c) Only gay men d) Only gay women 2. What protects you most against HIV infection? a) Condoms b) Contraceptive pills c) Diaphragm d) Natural methods 3. How can you tell if somebody has HIV or AIDS? a) They look tired and ill b) There is no easy way to tell c) They are very excited d) Because of the way they act 4. Can you get AIDS from sharing a cup used by a HIV person? a) Yes b) No c) Only if you dont wash the cup d) Only if the cup is made of iron 5. What is HIV? a) A virus b) A bacterium c) A fungus d) An arthropod Toni Samper Changes in the body IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08 Page 68
6. What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? a) HIV is a virus and AIDS is a bacterial disease b) There is no difference between HIV and AIDS c) HIV is the virus that causes AIDS d) AIDS is the virus that causes HIV 7. HIV can make a person ill because a) It makes a person lose weight very suddenly b) It reduces the bodys core temperature c) It attacks the immune system d) It makes a person gain weight very suddenly 8. How much saliva would it take to infect someone with HIV? a) 1,2 litres b) 0,5 litres c) 10 ml d) HIV cant be passed on through saliva 9. Can insects transmit HIV? a) Yes b) Only males c) No d) Only mosquitoes 10. What does HIV stand for? a) Harmful intravenous vaccine b) Human Immunodeficiency Virus c) Homosexual Injury Volition d) High industrial vaccine
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11. What can the contraceptive pill protect a woman against? a) Pregnancy b) HIV c) Vaginal herpes d) Syphilis 12. What is the only method of HIV prevention that women may have some control over? a) The pill b) Diaphragm c) Condom d) Spermicidal 13. What is the international symbol of AIDS awareness? a) A green ribbon b) A red ribbon c) A white ribbon d) A black ribbon
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Activity 8: HIV and AIDS True/False

1. Read the questions below and put an X in the correct column
Question
You can become infected HIV by sleeping around Injecting drugs can give you HIV You can get HIV from toilets seats If you are fit and healthy you wont become infected with HIV Married people dont become infected with HIV Women are safe from HIV as long as they use a contraceptive You can be infected with HIV from sharing toothbrushes You can become infected with HIV from kissing A woman can become infected with HIV more easily during her period Anal sex between two men is more risk than anal sex between a man and a woman If you have sex with people who look healthy , you wont become infected with HIV If you only have sex with people you know, you wont become infected with HIV
True False
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Activity 9: Summarize your HIV and AIDS knowledge

1. Now that you have done and corrected activities 7 and 8, with a partner, try to make a list of risky and safe activities in order to avoid HIV infection.
I can become infected by
I cant become infected by
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DRUGS: Legal and Illegal

Any chemicals that have an effect on your mind or body are drugs. All drugs change your body chemistry. A drug will make your body or mind or both feel different. You could even see things differently or see things that arent there
Activity 10: Recognising drugs

1 - Complete the spaces in this table with names of drugs from the box below. Check your answer as a class picture name picture name
tobacco ecstasy
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crack hashish
heroine alcohol
marijuana Cocaine
IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08 Page 73
Changes in the body
2 Classify these drugs in two columns LEGAL and ILLEGAL
LEGAL
ILLEGAL
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Activity 11: Matching pairs

Why do teenagers experiment with drugs?
1 .Match each sentence (1 6) with the correct meaning (a f)
Sentences
1 They are interested in seeing what different drugs are like 2 They have problems they would rather forget about. Drugs are a way of getting temporary time off from their problems 3 They just enjoy the feeling that a drug gives them 4 They want to feel older, cooler or harder than other people 5 They are bored and take drugs for a change 6 They want to test how their parents, friends, school will react if they do something extreme
Name boredom
answer
rebellion
escapism curiosity
enjoyment image
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Activity 12: Reading and completing text

1 Read this text about carry on smoking . Complete the sentences using the words in the box
____________ certainly helps people _______________, much as alcohol does. People quickly become _____________ on the ___________( from stress ) that it gives them. This is a kind of _____________________, and as with all drugs, thats where the __________ lie. But there are other reasons a) Some people carry on smoking because they feel that it helps to ___________ b) Some smokers carry on because they feel it __________________ when they are stressed. c) Some people say smoking _______________________ d) Smokers ____________ their _________________, for example: the first cigarette in the morning or tapping the cigarette on the table before smoking, etc
Smoking
enjoy
dependent concentrate
calms them down smoking rituals problems relief
cope with the stress reduces their appetite
mental addiction
2 Why do you think people start smoking? Give three reasons a) b) c)
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image taken from http://www.clipartguide.com/_search_terms/cartoon_police.html
ECSTASY
Picture taken from http://www.coolnurse.com/drug_photos.htm
Ecstasy, also known as MDMA - chemical name (3, 4Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), is a synthetic, psychoactive drug possessing stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. Ecstasy is also said to suppress the need to eat, drink, or sleep, enabling users to endure two to three day parties. Consequently, MDMA use sometimes results in severe dehydration or exhaustion Adverse effects: Its a psychedelic stimulant. It causes anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations , chills, sweating , increases in body temperature, tremors, involuntary teeth clenching , muscle cramping , nausea and blurred vision
MARIJUANA AND HASHISH (CANNABIS )

All the three pictures taken from http://www.coolnurse.com/drug_photos.htm
MARIJUANA
HASHISH
MARIJUANA PLANT
Both marijuana and hashish come from the Cannabis Sativa variety of the hemp plant Adverse effects: Cannabis has most of the same health risks as tobacco. It produces dry mouth and throat, increased heart rate, bloodshot eyes, difficulty speaking, listening, thinking, and problem solving anxiety or panic attacks, paranoia in some users, distorted perception: (sight, sound, time, touch)
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ACID (LSD)
Picture taken from http://www.coolnurse.com/drug_photos.htm
Lysergic Acid Diathylamide (LSD) is a psychoactive hallucinogenic drug. It comes in a variety of forms, but is most commonly sold in the form of blotter paper, which is small paper squares that has been dipped in LSD Adverse effects: Its a psychedelic drug, which means they cause hallucinations. The powerful hallucinogenic effects of this drug can produce profound adverse reactions, such as acute panic reactions, psychotic crises, and flashbacks.
HEROIN
Pictures taken from http://www.coolnurse.com/drug_photos.htm
Heroin is a brownie-white powder sold in paper wraps. It is a processed form of opium. It is sold by the gram or by the bag. Heroin is usually smoked or injected. Adverse effects: Its a sedative drug which depresses the bodys nervous system. The first time people use heroin, they usually get sick, dizzy and sleepy. After using it a couple of times your body starts to get used to it. Then it makes you feel warm, happy, confident, cosy and content. Its incredibly addictive
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COCAINE -CRACK
Pictures taken from http://www.coolnurse.com/drug_photos.htm
Cocaine is the most potent stimulant of natural origin. It is extracted from the leaves of the coca plant which grows on the mountain slopes of the Andes Mountains of South America Cocaine is snorted and injected. Snorting is inhaling cocaine powder through the nose where it is absorbed into the bloodstream through the nasal tissues. Injecting is using a needle to release the drug directly into the bloodstream. Its incredibly addictive
Crack is a form of cocaine made into crystals and smoked. Smoking involves inhaling cocaine smoke into the lungs, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream as quickly as when it is injected. Its incredibly addictive, far more addictive than cocaine.
TOBACCO
Picture taken from http://www.bbc.co.uk/surgery/drink_drugs/cigarettes_tobacco/
Tobacco is the dried, shredded and processed leaves from the tobacco plant. It comes in ready made cigarettes, rolling tobacco and cigars. It is usually smoked. Some people chew tobacco leaves. The main addictive ingredient in tobacco is nicotine. Nicotine increases heart rate and blood pressure the instant a smoker takes a first drag. Smoking has some long-term health risks as: lung cancer, mouth cancer, bronchitis, emphysema ( a lung disease ) and heart disease The nicotine in tobacco is extremely addictive
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ALCOHOL
The alcohol that we drink is made by fermenting or distilling fruit, vegetables and grains. This is where it gets its distinctive flavours from. In its pure form ethyl alcohol is a clear, colourless liquid. Alcohol is a depressant, which means it slows the function of the central nervous system. Alcohol actually blocks some of the messages trying to get to the brain. This alters a person's perceptions, emotions, movement, vision, and hearing .Alcohol relaxes the body and slows down reactions. Thats why its incredibly dangerous to drive when you are drunk. Alcohol starts to take effect 5 10 minutes after drinking. People has different ways to react with the alcohol one way another way less inhibited less coordinated more relaxed louder, jollier more argumentative more aggressive more violent more depressed
In very small amounts, alcohol can help a person feel more relaxed or less anxious. More alcohol causes greater changes in the brain, resulting in intoxication. People who have overused alcohol may stagger, lose their coordination, and slur their speech. They will probably be confused and disoriented. Depending on the person, intoxication can make someone very friendly and talkative or very aggressive and angry. Reaction times are slowed dramatically which is why people are told not to drink and drive. People who are intoxicated may think they're moving properly when they're not. They may act totally out of character
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Activity 13: Which is which?

1. Below you have two pictures; from a 15 year old non-drinkers brain activity and a 15-year-old drinkers brain activity. If you know that alcohol is a depressant, which means it slows the function of the central nervous system. Try to guess which picture does it belong to? Why have you chosen it ?
Images taken from http://www.kidshealth.org/teen/drug_alcohol/alcohol/alcohol.html
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Activity 14: Self assessment Name :

Can do:
Date:
Very well Quite well Needs to be
reviewed
Unit 1
- I can describe puberty changes in boys and girls - I can speak about how puberty is in different cultures - I can understand how hormones affect the body - I can name the sexual hormones - I can predict between myths and facts about puberty
Unit 2
- I can identify and label the parts of the female reproductive system - I can compare diagram and text about male reproductive system - I can understand the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesi - I can order and sequence the facts of the menstrual cycle - I can explain the functions of the placenta
Unit 3
- I can understand the different types of contraceptive methods - I can explain what STIs are - I can understand the difference between HIV and AIDS - I can recognise legal and illegal drugs - I can explain why tobacco and alcohol are legal drugs
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CHANGES IN THE BODY

3r ESO OPTIONAL BIOLOGY MATERIALS

IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08

Initial activities: Brainstorming about puberty........................................... 9

Activity 1: Puberty in different cultures .................................................... 12

Activity 2: Changes list ............................................................................... 15

What causes all these changes?.......................................................... 16

What is the Endocrine system?.............................................................. 17

Activity 3: Comparing changes................................................................ 22

Activity 4: Valuing myself ........................................................................... 23

Activity 5: Get the picture ......................................................................... 25

Changes in the body

IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08

Activity 6: Myths and facts ........................................................................ 26

Activity 7: Matching pairs .......................................................................... 27

Activity 8: Loop game about puberty .................................................... 28

Some useful concepts ............................................................................ 30

Unit 2: Human reproductive system.............................................. 31

The female reproductive system .......................................................... 32

The male reproductive system.................................................................. 36

Changes in the body

IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08

Activity 6: Paired speaking ........................................................................ 41

Periods What are they? (Menstrual cycle) ....................................... 43

Activity 7: What do you know about the menstrual cycle? ................. 45

Development of the zygote, the placenta......................................... 49

Activity 8: Fill the gap ................................................................................. 50

Activity 9: Ordering sentences (how a baby is formed) ....................... 51

Activity 10: The journey game................................................................... 52

Activity 11: Human Reproductive System BINGO CARDS..................... 53

Unit 3: Sexuality and drugs ............................................................. 54

Activity 1: Boyfriends, girlfriends ................................................................ 55

Activity 5: Calculate table......................................................................... 61

Sexually transmitted infections STIs ....................................................... 64

Some STIs chart (excluding HIV)............................................................ 66

HIV or AIDS. Do you know the difference?.......................................... 67

Activity 7: HIV and AIDS multiple choice quiz......................................... 68

Activity 8: HIV and AIDS True/False........................................................... 71

Activity 9: Summarize your HIV and AIDS knowledge ........................... 72

DRUGS: Legal and Illegal ....................................................................... 73

Activity 11: Matching pairs ........................................................................ 75

Activity 12: Reading and completing text .............................................. 76

Activity 13: Which is which? ...................................................................... 81

Activity 14: Self assessment........................................................................ 82

Changes in the body

IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08

Changes in the body

IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08

Initial activities: Brainstorming about puberty

Changes in the body

IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08

Changes in the body

IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08

3. -Find the nine words listed below in this word search

genitals menstruation testosterone ejaculation hormone changes cycle

Changes in the body

IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08

Activity 1: Puberty in different cultures

Changes in the body

IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08

Cultures West African tribes

What happens? They have They learn

New Guinea tribe

They go They are rubbed