Documentos de Académico
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Documentos de Cultura
Annual Progress Report Submitted to Wyoming Water Development Commission Cheyenne, Wyoming
..
Contents of this publication have been reviewed only for editorial and grammatical correctness, not for technical accuracy. The material presented herein resulted from objective research sponsored by the Wyoming Water Research Center, however views presented-reflectneither a consensus of opinion nor the views and policies of the Water Research Center or the University of Wyoming. Explicit findings and implicit interpretations of this document are the sole responsibility of the author (s) .
Annual Progress Report to THE WYOMING WATER DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION by THE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
o f the
Uni v e r s i t y o f Wyomi ng
DEVELOPMENT OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION CROP COEFFICIENTS, CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA, AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MODELS FOR THE UPPER GREEN R I V E R September 28, 1983
Personnel FACULTY L a r r y Pochop, P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r John B o r r e l l i, P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r Robert Burman, P r o j e c t Manager GRADUATE STUDENTS Barbara Bajusz, S t a t i s t i c s Tom Crump, C i v i 1 Engineering Joan Schumaker, Water Resources STUDENTS Angela Hogan
. . .
2. 3
4.
5
................................... 1 Weather Station Location and Operation ......... 3 Lysimeter Installation and Operation ........... 6 Spatial Extrapolation of Meteorological Data ... 9 Plans for Future Work .......................... 12
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
In the summer of
with the basic objective of developing an accurate method of calculating agricultural water consumption in the Green River Basin. submitted by the Department on July 6 , 1982.
A proposal was
project i s j o i n t l y funded by the Wyoming Water Development Commission and the University of Wyoming Water Research Center. The research project has the following objectives. address these objectives.
1. To develop grass and a l f a l f a reference crop coefficients a t Farson
and Fontenel 1e , Wyomi ng
2.
To develop grass and a l f a l f a reference crop coefficients and crop coefficients for mountain meadow grasses a t Daniel, Wyoming.
3.
To
collect
solar
radiation,
wind,
humidity,
temperature,
and
t o location.
5.
reservoir, and phreatophyte use within the Upper Green River Basin.
6.
7.
Lysimeters were fabricated and p a rtia lly installed in the f a l l of 1982. Automated weather stations were purchased and t h e i r operation de-bugged during the f a l l and winter of 1982-1983. The i n st al l at i o n o f a l l lysimeters and weather stations was completed during the spring of 1983 and routine operations were established. Weather
stations were located a t o r near Rock Springs, Farson, Daniel, Merna, Big Piney, Seedskadee, and Mountain View. Farson and Seedskadee. Horse Creek watershed.
Ten lysimeters were installed on or very near the The weather stations and lysimeters are a l l located on Figure 1 i s a map o f the Green River Basin in (All
Wyoming and shows the locations o f weather stations and lysimeters. figures and tables appear a t the end o f t h i s report.)
This progress report will have sections dealing with the operation of weather stations and lysimeters.
In addition, i n i t i a l investigations dealing
Samples of d a t a acquired
Campbell Scientific of Logan, Utah f o r continuous recording of weather d a t a , have been installed i n the Green River Basin. The stations measure temperaThe
tioned weather parameters a t specified time intervals. locations of the weather stations. Operation
The weather stations were installed d u r i n g April and May 1983, as weather permitted; operation began immediately. The weather stations were repro-
1) t o t a l 24 hour precipitation
2)
t o t a l 24 hour solar r a d i a t i o n
3) maximum and minimum temperature and time of each over a 24 hour period
4)
5)
average d a i l y temperature
6)
7)
8) 9)
The number and frequency of weather parameter readings being recorded allows f o r a maximum interval of 15 days between v i s i t s . The d a t a stored on the micrologger are "dumped" onto a portable cassette tape recorder. The tape i s then transported t o Laramie and connected t o the
University computer system where the recorded d a t a are transferred and stored. Weather stations are usually visited on a weekly basis d u r i n g the crop
growing season.
t o t a l 24 hour wind r u n
4)
5)
Tables 1 A and 19 show samples of d a t a o u t p u t from the weather stations a t Upper and Lower Horse Creek.
Similar d a t a i s available f o r a l l stations for
the entire summer and f a l l of 1983. Additional Weather Data Current and historic climatic d a t a f o r twelve a d d i t i o n a l s i t e s i n the Green River Basin i s available from the National Weather Service. locations of the National Weather Service stations are shown i n Figure 1. The
Approximately thirty years o f historical data - precipitation, maximum, minimum, and mean temperature - has been obtained to observe historical weather patterns in the Basin (see Spatial Extrapolation o f Meteorological Data section). patterns. Historical weather patterns should indicate historical ET
Lysimeter Construction The lysimeters used on the Green River Basin project' t o measure evapotranspiration were made from one-eighth inch thick steel plate and resemble a rectangular box w i t h the t o p open. 39.4 in. on a side. The lysimeters are 60 in. deep and
All corners are welded and sealed t o prevent water from Fig-
leaking in o r o u t and the entire steel lysimeter i s coated with paint. ure 2A shows dimensions and construction d e ta ils . caulked t o prevent leaks.
An aluminum access tube, 1.5 in. diameter by 60 in. long with a rubber
stopper in each end was installed t o provide access f o r the measurement of soil moisture.
A 4 in. diameter by 60 in. long perforated PVC pipe with a
removable l i d was fabricated f o r use as an access t o measure water table depths and t o pump water o u t of the lysimeters when needed. This pipe was
A
wrapped i n fine mesh screen t o prevent soil from entering the perforations.
small, 3/4 in. diameter by 60 in. long perforated PVC pipe was installed t o be used outside the lysimeter t o monitor outside water tables t o the depth of the
1y s i meters
Lysimeter Instal lation After fabrication, and as weather permitted, the 14 lysimeters were transported t o the selected f i e l d locations in the Green River Basin. The
holes t o be dug were marked using a template which was s lig h tly larger than the bottom of the lysimeter and then the sod was cut and removed with a shovel.
To insure minimal disruption of soil s t r a t i f i c a t i o n , each layer of
approximately 58 i n . deep, the lysimeter was placed i n the hole and leveled. The 4 i n . perforated PVC pipe was placed vertically i n one corner and the aluminum access pipe was positioned vertically i n the center of the lysimeter. The soil was then replaced inside the lysimeter i n the reverse order of removal and the sod replaced on top.
A t six locations, the sod was n o t
was placed vertically i n a p i l o t hole located outside, b u t near the lysimeter. Figure 2B shows a typical operation. Lysimeter Operation Once the lysimeters are installed, i t i s relatively simple t o determine the evapotranspiration ( E T ) from each s i t e .
Knowing the quantity of precipi-
ready for
WR),
a simple water
+ (WA
WR) + ASM
week.
A q u a n t i t y of water, slightly i n
excess o f the anticipated weekly ET, was added t o the vegetated surface o f the lysimeter i n a fashion t o simulate f l o o d i r r i g a t i o n . becomes WA i n the water balance. lysimeter. This amount of water
The only remaining term i s the change i n soil moisture, AS,,,,, which
the lysimeter along with the change in the soil moisture above the water table.
A neutron soil probe i s used t o measure the soil moisture above the
water table.
Occasionally, This
a f t e r heavy r a i n f a l l , i t i s necessary t o remove water from a lysimeter. i s done using a hand operated diaphragm pump as shown in Figure 5. the water table in a lysimeter, water must also be pumped o u t . water removed i s measured and becomes WR in the water balance.
To lower
The amount of
Tables 2a
The computer i s also used t o plot cumulative ET All values shown are provisional and may be None of the results should be
being generated by t h i s project. The crops inside the lysimeters were cut a t the same time the surrounding f ie lds were harvested. The cuttings were dried and weighed and will be used Figure 6 shows a crop of fescue grass being cut on a
Meteorological d a t a are an essential component of a l l models t o estimate the consumptive use of water by agriculture, reservoi rs and phreatophytes in the Upper Green River Basin (UGRB). Since i t i s impossible t o collect t h i s
needed, the d a t a available will be extrapolated t o intermediate locations of inte r e st. This will be done t h r o u g h a 2-stage modeling process.
I n the f i r s t stage, a model will be used t o exploit the relationships between meteorological variables and physiographic information. analysis will be used Regression available elevation,
\
to
detect
relationships
between
the
relationships and t o predict values of relevant meteorological variables a t intermediate locations. The second stage will refine the stage one predicted values.
For those
The
correction factor values will then be spatially extrapolated over the UGRB,
and provide estimated model
The
purpose o f the spatial extrapolation procedure i s t o describe t h e weather patterns endemic t o the area which could not be accounted f o r in the prediction model. The final estimates t o be used in the consumptive use
One spatial
extrapolation technique
(second stage of
the modeling
of 10 stations within the basin f o r which average daily temperature values are
Figure 8b gives the average daily temperatures Figure 8c i s the map of the triangulation used t o Figure 8d i s the contour map of average daily Several
two of the modelling process, and the most useful one selected.
The final products o f t h i s spatial extrapol a t i o n of meteorological d a t a
will be a s e t of meteorological maps for the basin for each month of the year. These maps will in t u r n be used in the consumptive use models t o produce a 30year average consumptive use estimate for the UGRB, as well a s a frequency distribution fo r consumptive use estimates f o r the basin. distribution will The frequency climatic
Transfer of Crop Coefficients The determination of crop coefficient values requires direct measurement
of consumptive use by the crops of interest.
Once the crop coefficients have been determined a t each lysimeter s i t e for the crops of i n t erest (mountain meadows and a l f a l f a ) , the 2-stage modeling process outlined above (see also spatial extrapolation of meteorological d a t a ) will be used t o transfer these coefficients t o other locations in the basin. Basin-Wide Estimation of Consumptive Use The spatial extrapolation o f meteorological d a t a and crop coefficients will provide the necessary input fo r consumptive use models a t locations on a regular g r i d across the basin. The appropriate model ( i . e . fo r agriculture,
phreatophytes, and reservoirs) will then be applied a t each grid point t o get local estimates of consumptive use.
A basin-wide estimate of consumptive use
will be constructed from a weighted sum of these local estimates. This procedure will be repeated using various meteorological patterns observed in the UGRB t o produce a frequency distribution f o r basin-wide consumptive use.
A graphical i l l u s t r a t i o n of a consumptive use frequency
distribution of estimated total ET a t Big Piney as calculated from the meteorological d a t a f o r 1942 t h r o u g h 1978.
Lvsimeters and Weather Stations Operation o f the lysimeters and weather stations has been on a routine basis during the summer o f 1983. The collection of d a t a will continue in the
summer of 1984 with m i nor modifications resulting from experience gained in the summer o f 1983. Numerical Model i ng Existing models useful f o r predicting agricultural water consumption in the Green River area will be p u t in a useful form f o r computer analyses. addition, new model s will be developed where necessary. In
Aggressive activity
. .
KEY
Drainage Divide County Line P r o j e c t Lysimeter !
A
A
P r o j e c t Weather Station
N a t ' l Weather S e r v i c e Weather S t a t i o n
F i g u r e 1.
I I I I
I
/
/
I I
I
I I I
/
FIGURE 2 A LYSIMETER PLAN
LY S IMETER BOUNDARY
OUTSIDE OBSERVATION WELL
.-
/
"IEVV
Figure 3
- Adding
Water to a Lysimeter
Figure 4
- Using
Figure 5
- Pumping Water
O u t of a Lysimeter
Figure 6
- thrvesting
a Crop on a Lysimeter
--I -*
22 -
20
18 16 14
U
------- - -
/-
10
8 -
5/26 6/03 6/17 6/24 7/01 7/09 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/04 8/10 8/19 8/24 9/02 9/11 9/16 9/24
F i g u r e 7.
@/
12
DATE
41.44
41.42
CE2Q
MERN PINE
41.40 -
41.38
BIFP -
41.36
Y 3 41.34 n
a
I
E 41.32 E! U
41.30
I -
FPNT
CT I
41.28
L21.26
KEMR
41.24 -
GRNR
41.22
CHUR
41.20
108.9
'
MTVU
I
-I .--
108.8
108.7
108.2
108.1
108.0
Figure 8a.
DEC I M l DEGREES FL
r D
rr
P,
G
a
Y ID
0 Y
n ,
110
100 -
93 r
80
70
60
50
Figure 8c.
W 0
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U M
N
6
B E R
0
F '
Y
E
A
R S
14.66
15.126
15.592
16.@58 16.524
16.99
17.456
TOTAL ET
Figure 9.
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Table 2d.
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(IN)
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12 .6
I 1
30 0 6 30 * 51 ' 8 e 32 1 57,I.s
O*OO
34 95 :33*21
25.98 Y*S1 32;* dj 7
0 00
Q0
*hO
87
0.110
24
1s 16)
* 3Y
*40
(?* 0 1 11 t71
08
32 *:LA 41 3
0 00 0*00
0tOO Of3
18 t10
4s 26
1 t O't lr47
t 817 + 65
14*51 17+68
1Y*75
2 *0 4
4 (54 2 * 06 1. 54 1. 5 1 24
41. 58 * 34 26
t
24 93 36 72 41 Y S
'15 15 ft9 * 70
IY
-*04 3Y 13
--
48 10
:3:3
t
78
' t Y
10 .
3 54 1*01 30 .4 4+ :31
* 51
62
1*00 32 I* 2 Y . 1*57
313 * O'? 6 0 t 65 68 t 37
79 * 33
Table 2e.