Abiotic: Anything related to nonliving things Adventitious Roots: Roots that develop from a part of the plant other

than a root. They often form huge tufts at the base of the stem. No main root because most are the same size as others. Smaller secondary roots branch out from these roots. Aerial Roots: Adventitious roots that grow from leaf nodes along stems. Allelopathy: The suppression of growth and development of neighbouring plants by a different species. This effect is caused by chemicals secreted by the roots or contained in the leaves of the allelopathic species. Not all surrounding plants will suffer the same effect. Annual Ring: The increase in the amount of secondary xylem during one year. The number of annual rings indicate the age of the plant. Annual: Describes plants which complete their entire life cycle from seed to reproduction to death each year. Apical Meristems: Regions at the tips of all roots and shoots. They are responsible for primary growth, which lengthens shoots and roots throughout the life of the plant. Bark: The outer layers of older stems, branches and trunks. Bark consists of every layer from the vascular cambium outwards: phloem, any remaining cortex, cork cambuim and cork. Biotic: Anything related to living things. Cations: Ions with a positive charge. Coenzymes: Organic molecules necessary for the activity of some enzymes. Cofactors: Substances necessary for the activity of another substance, usually an enzymes. Coenzymes are organic cofactors. Collenchyna: A living ground tissue that offers flexible support for primary growth. Companion Cells: Small cells lying next to the sieve elements and directing their activities. Compound Leaf: A leaf which is divided into two or more leaflets. Cork: Describes the cells produced by the cork cambium that eventually form a layer of dead cells that provides a protective covering for roots over two years old. Cork also describes the protective layers. Cork Cambium: A lateral meristem formed by the pericycle in dicots over two years old. Cortex: The parenchyma tissue usually with slightly thicker cell walls, surrounding the vascular tissue in roots and stems. Dormant: Describes a state of extremely low biological activity. A dormant seed is living but it does not grow. Endodermis: A layer of rectangular cells surrounding the vascular cylinder. It is the innermost layer of the cortex. Epidermis: The outermost layer of a multicellular plant experiencing primary growth. Fibrous Roots: Root systems whose primary roots have disintegrated and have been replaced by adventitious roots. Guard Cells: The cells that occur in plants around each stoma in the epidermis of a leaf or a stem. They regulate the opening and closing of the stoma. Heartwood: The older, harder, nonliving central wood in tree trunks. It is often darker due to the accumulation of oils and resins and its basic function is to provide support. Herbaceous: Describes the fleshy stems of annual plants. These stems usually do not survive more than one year, especially if there is a cold winter. They are also called nonwoody stems.

Hydrophytes: Plants living on or in the water. Internode: The space between two successive nodes on the same stem. Lateral Meristems: Cylindrical regions in roots and stems. They are responsible for all increases in diameters of roots and stems. Leached: Washed away as a soluble substance by rain water or a watering system. Legumes: A group of angiosperms, including peas, beans, clover and alfalfa, which tend to have nodules containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria on their roots. Macronutrients: 9 Nutrients required by plants in relatively large quantities (1000mg/kg of drymass) Meristems: Regions of the plant where some cells retain the ability to divide repeatedly by mitosis. Mesophyll: The region of photosynthetic cells between the epidermal layers of leaves. Mesophytes: Plants that thrive with moderate moisture. Micronutrients: 8 Nutrients required by plants in relatively small amounts (100mg/kg of dry mass) Nitrogen-fixing-bacteria: Bacteria that can convert atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonium ions (NH4+). Tend to live in nodules on roots of legumes and have a symbiotic relationship with legumes. Nodes: Locations where leaves are attached to the stem. Nodules: Swellings on the roots of legumes that contain nitrogen fixing bacteria. Palisade Mesophyll: One or two layers of brick shaped cells, rich in chloroplaasts and found tightly packed beneath the upper epidermis of most leaves. Parenchyma: A living ground tissue that makes up the bulk of the plant body. Parenchyma tissues take part in several tasks, including photosynthesis, storage and regeneration. Perennial: Describes plants which grow and reproduce repeatedly for many years. Pericycle: A thin layer of lateral merstematic cells that surrounds the vascular layer. Periderm: A protective covering that replaces the epidermis in plants that show extensive secondary growth. Photoperiod: The number of daylight hours Pith: The parenchyma tissue at the very center of roots and stems. Pneumatophores: Roots which grow upwards into the air to take in oxygen. Primary Growth: All plant growth originating at the apical meristems resulting in increases in length as well as growth originating in the lateral meristems in the first year of a plant's life. Root Cap: A loose mass of cells forming a protective cap covering the apical meristems of most root tips. Root Hairs: Microscopic extensions of the epidermal cells near the tip of the root. Functions in the absorption of water and minerals. Runners: Thin stems which grow along the ground producing roots and shoots at their nodes. Sap: The fluid within any part ot a plant, mostly found in xylem/phloem Sapwood: Younger, softer, outer wood in tree trunks that is important for transporting water and dissolved minerals as well as support.

Sclerenchyma: A ground tissue whose mature cells are dead. These cells have thick walls composed of cellulose and lignin. Sclerenchyma supports mature plants and often protects seeds. Secondary Growth: Plant growth originating at lateral meristems which results in increased diameters of roots and stems in the second and all subsequent years of a plant's life. Secondary Root: Smaller root branches growing sideways from a primary root. Sieve Tubes: Long tubes formed by many sieve elements to allow for easy passage of water and dissolved monerals. Simple Leaf: A leaf which is not divided into leaflets. Spongy Mesophyll: A layer of irregularly shaped cells containing chloroplasts between the palisade mesophyll and the lower epidermis of most leaves. Many air spaces are randomly distributed within this layer. Succulents: Plants which have thick and fleshy parts due to the presence of large amounts of parenchyma for water storage. Taproots: Root systems where the primary root remains predominant, though very small secondary roots may be present. Toxin: A poison produced in the body of living organisms. It is not poisonous to the organism itself but it is to others. Tracheids: Xylem cells with tapered, overlapping ends and pits in their cell walls for conducting water and dissolved materials in plants. Translocation: The process of moving products of photosynthesis throughout the body through phloem. Transpiration: The loss of water through the surfaces of a plant. Most transpiration occurs through the leaf stomata. Tubers: Thick underground stems specialized for carbohydrate storage and asexual reproduction. Vascular Bundles: Collections of xylem and phloem tissue, separate from other collections, running longitudinally through stems. Vascular Cambium: A lateral meristem which is responsible for creating new xylem and phloem tissue. Vessels: Long tubes of vessel elements for conducting water and dissolved materials in plants. Woody: Describes stems of perennial plants. They increase in diameter each year as more and more vascular tissue is created. The xylem cells, even after they have died, create the hard, woody tissue called wood. Xerophytes: Plants that survive or thrive in areas with very little moisture.

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During secondary growth, the epidermis produced by primary growth splits and falls off the stem It is replaced by a new protective tissues produced by the cork cambium A cylinder meristematic tissue that initially forms from the outer cortex of the stem Cork cambium produces cork cells, which form exterior to the cork cambium As cork cells mature, they secrete suberin (a waxy substance) in their cell walls and then die Cork cells function as a barrier to protect the stem from physical damage and from pathogens

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The cork cambium + the cork are known as the periderm The "bark" of the tree consists of the periderm + the phloem

What would happen if you removed a large ring of bark from a tree?

Unlike the vascular cambium which can grow in diameter via multiplicative growth, the cork cambium is fixed in size.

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After a few weeks, the cork cambium loses meristematic ability Expansion splits the original periderm New cork cambium then forms deeper in the cortex of the stem Eventually no more cortex remains, so the cork cambium then forms from parenchyma cells of the secondary xylem

Lateral Meristems add girth by producing secondary vascular tissue and periderm

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Secondary Plant Body - tissue produced mersitems involved in secondary growth Vascular Cambium - secondary growth meristem which produces xylem and phloem Cork Cambium - secondary growth meristem which produces cork, a tough substance that replaces the epidermis