2

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3

pma&;olta-umif;
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Tpmtkyfudk [m&Gef,[f,m[laom uavmiftrnfjzifha&;om;

ol pma&;q&m-uD;onf/ wl&uDEdkifiH tefum&mjrKdY 1956ckESpf
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oif,lcJhavonf? tpPwefblvfjrKd&Sd rDrm&fqDeefwuUodkvfwGif
0dZmbmom &yfudk qufvufqnf;yl;um 0dZmbGJESifhr[m0dZmbGJ
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aeI qufpyfay;aeolwdkta-umif;udk pmtkyfaygif; rsm;pGma&;om;I az:xkwfcJh av
onf?
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vkyf&mY ausmf-um;cJh-uaom wrefawmfESpfyg;jzpfonfh [m&Gef(tm&Gef)ESifh ,[f,m
(a,m[ef)wdk.trnfESpfckudk aygif;pyfxm;aomtrnfjzpfayonf? Tpmtkyf.rsuf
ESmzkH;rsm;wGifygonfh wrefawmfjrwf.wHqdyfonf pmtkyftwGif;&Sdta-umif;tcsuf
rsm;ESifh qufpyfvsuf &Sdaeygonf? aemufqkH;usrf;awmfjrwfjzpfaomuk&ftmefusrf;awmf
jrwfESifh aemufqkH;wrefawmfjrwfjzpfonfhrdk[rR'f(qGvvm[ktvdkif;a[h0qvrf)wdkudk
udk,fpm;jyKxm;jcif;jzpfonf? bk&m;rJh0g'wdk.tajccHa&aomufjrpftcsuftvufrsm;
udk uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfESifh qGEMwf(wrefawmfjrwf.-o0g'usifhpOf)rsm;.oGefoif
csufyg oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;jzifhacsyy,fzsufypfI bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk wm;
jrpfpGyfpGJaomtoHrsm;tm; wdwfqdwfoGm;apygonf? ynmhtvif;udk&&SdI yuwdjynfhpkH
aumif;rGefaomtusifhoduQmESifh udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;jzifhjynfhpkHonfh aemufqkH;wref
awmfjrwf.wHqdyfawmfudktokH;jyKI wrefawmfjrwftvdkawmf&SdcJhonfhtwdkif; xdkbk
&m;rJh0g'Dwdk.toHudk wdwfqdwfoGm;apjcif; jzpfygonf?
[m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;onfhpmayrsm;onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf.owif;
rSm-um;csufrsm;udk ydkoay;I/ pmzwfolwdkudk ,kH-unfcsufESifhoufqdkifonfh tajccH
tcsuftvufrsm;udk pOf;pm;qifjcifokH;oyfjcif;jzifh tvm[ft&Sifjrwfwnf&Sda-umif;ESifh
xdkt&Sifjrwfonf wpfyg;wnf;aomtSifjrwf jzpfawmfrla-umif;udk od&Sd-uI/ azguf
jyefaombmomw&m;rJhtawG;tac:rsm;. usKd;a-umif;cdkifvkHr+r&Sdonfh tajccHrsm;udk
az:xkwfjyo&efom t"duyef;wdkif jzpfayonf?
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tdEdN,EdkifiHrStar&duefEdkifiHtxd/
t*Fvef EdkifiHrStif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHtxd/ ydkvefEdkifiHrSabmhpeD;,m;EdkifiHtxd/ pydefEdkifiHrS
b&mZD;vfEdkifiHtxd/ pojzifh urBmtESHtjym;rS pmzwfy&d\wfwdk zwf+-uygonf?
t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ *smref/ pydef/ tDwvD/ ay:wl*D/ tl&'l/ tm&AsD/ tvfab;eD;,ef;/
&k&Sm;/ qmbdk= c&dktuf/ ydkvef/ rav;/ tGD*k&f/ wl&uDESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;bmompum;rsm;jzifh
jyefqdkxm; onfudkvnf; zwf+Edkifygonf?
4

[m&Gef,[f,m. pmtkyfrsm;onf/ urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;&Sd pmzwfoly&d\wf.

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ta&;ygvSayonf? ol.pmom;rsm;onf Om%ftajrmftjrifESifhjynfhpkHI &Sif;vif;jywf
om;onfhtjyif/ em;vnfoabmaygufvG,faom a&;enf;a&;[efrsm;jzpfum/ zwf+ol
.todw&m;udk vG,fulpGmyGifhvif;apygonf? TpmtkyfwGifa&;om;xm;aomtcsuf
rsm;onf/ &kyf0g'tawG;tac:rsm;udk vsifjrefxda&mufpGmacsyxm;jcif;rsm;jzifh pDukH;xm;
aoma-umifh/ Tpmtkyfrsm;udk tav;teufxm;olwdkonfvnf; bk&m;rJh0g'ESifhtwl
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rsm;udk if;wdk.tajccH&mtkwfjrpfrsm;rSpwifI vSefvdkufjcif;a-umifh jzpfygonf? ,ae
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5

cef;wdkif acszsufypf&efvdktyfayonf? vuf&SdurBmhtajctaeudk -unfhvdkufygu/ t

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aqmif&mwGif Tpmtkyfrsm;rSwpfqifh &Sdaom todw&m;rsm;u wpfpdwfwpfa'otjzpf
yg0ifEdkifygvdrfhrnf?

pmzwfolodk
TO THE READER

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D ysufokOf;oGm;jcif;ta-umif;udk TpmtkyfY txl;tcef;wpf

cef;tjzpf az:jyxm;ygonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ ToDtdk&Donf/ bk&m;rJh0g'ESifh
bmomt,l0g'udk qefusifonfhtawG;tac:rsm;tm;vkH;.tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; yg
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jcif;jzifh/ tvm[ft&Sifjrwf&Sdjcif;udkvnf; jiif;y,f&ma&mufaoma-umifh/ vGefcJhonfh
ESpfaygif; 140ausmftwGif; vltajrmuftjrm;tm; olwdk.bmomt,l0g',kH-unfcsuf
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oDtdk&DtawG;tac:onf vdrfvnfvSnfhpm;jcif;omv#ifjzpfa-umif;udk vltrsm;od&Sd
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ta-umif;udk tusOf;csKyfI az:jyoifhonf[k ,lqygonf?
pma&;ola&;om;cJhaom pmtkyftm;vkH;wGif/ bmoma&;,kH-unfr+ESifhywfoufI
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bmomjyefol.trSm
Foreword from the Translator

u|Ekfyfonf bmoma&;udkif;d+if;aom ESpfjcif;c&pf,mefomoem0if tdrfaxmifpkwGif arG;zGm;

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. a'oemawmfESifhorRmusrf;oifcef;pmrsm;udk u|Ekfyf.&GmrS twefa0;uGmaomjrKd&Sd bk&m;&Sdcdk;
ausmif;wGif rSefrSefwufa&mufqnf;yl;cJhygonf? "rRq&mrsm;u okH;qlonf wpfqlwnf;jzpfa-umif;
oif-um;&mwGif u|Efkyfoabmaygufatmif rnfolur#&Sif;vif;jyEdkifjcif;r&SdcJh-uyg? tv,fwef;
ausmif;om;b0 15 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif rGwfpvifrf'dkif*sufESifh tpPvmrpf&DjAL;r*~Zif;rsm;tjyif
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udk awG&SdvufcHI touf 16 ESpfwGif umvDrm&S[m'wf zwfcJhygonf?
xdkacwfumvwGif aemiftem*wfEdkifiHa&;avmuodk ajcvSrf;-urnfh ausmif;om;rsm;onf
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usdK;a-umif;qifjcifI tajz&Smaom&kyf0g'[kt"dy`g,f&aom 'dkiftmvufwpf(tEkydavmr)&kyf0g'
(dialectic materialism) tawG;tac:udkvnf; xufatmufwGif;jyif ar$aESmufusuf rSwfxm;-uay
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olwdkudk/ rdrd.arG;rdcifzcifyifjzpfap/ vnfvSD;I xdkvnfacsmif;aoG;jzifh ajcaq;cJh-uonf? (tao;
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onf?
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r+wpfckwnf;a-umifh rSm;,Gif;aomEdkifiHa&;0g'aemufodk rvdkufrd-uap&efESifh xdkEdkifiHa&;0g'wdk.
yif&if;a&aomufjrpf b,frSm&Sdonf [laomtcsufudk od&Sdoabmayguf-uap&ef/ apwemaumif;
jzifh bmomjyefvdkufygonf? Tpmtkyfonf q&m-uD;[m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;udk jrefrmbmom
jzifh jyefqdkonfh wwd,ajrmufpmtkyfjzpfygonf?

rdk[rR'ftvDwef*Gef;

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12

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odkul;pufjyefoGm;avonf? 'g0iftawG;tac:onf 19 &mpkESpfwGif pwifjyefyGm;
v+yf&Sm;pjyKaeaomtawG;tac:tcsKdudk tm;ay;axmufcHvsuf&Sdaoma-umifh/ xdktawG;
tac:todkif;t0dkif;. axmufcHtm;ay;r+udk tus,fw0if&&SdcJhavonf? txl;ojzifh
vlwdku obm0wGif toufquf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf-u&onf [laomtawG;t
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&yfrsm;udk tenf;ESifhtrsm;w&m;0if jzpfoGm;apavonf?
todw&m;&Sdaom wd&pm>ef (The Moral Animal) [laompmtkyfudk a&;om;cJh
onfh uavmif&Sif a&mbwf &dkufonf/ oludk,fwdkif tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm;wpfOD;jzpfvifhu
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aomtcsdefumv jzpfcJhayonf? 20 &mpkESpftul;ydkif;wGif vlr+a&; 'g0if0g' (Social
Dawinism) [kac:aom rjywfrom;ra&&monfhEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:ESifh a&maESmqufpyf
rdonfhaemufydkif;wGif/ vlrsdK;cJGjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;/ zufqpf0g'Drsm;ESifh oem;-uifempdwfuif;rJh
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13

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14

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15

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16

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17

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18

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19

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20

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21

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rsm;yrm jyKusifhjcif;/ tjcm;vlrsm;udk olwdk. rsdK;&dk;ESifhvlrsdK;a&;a-umifhrkef;wD;jcif;/ jydKif
qdkifr+trnfjzifh vkyfief;i,frsm;udk ydwfypfjcif;/ qif;&Jom;rsm;udk ulnDapmifrjcif;wGif
jiif;qefjcif;/ ponfwdkudk wm;qD;ta&;,l&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhay? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf
olwdk. xdkvkyf&yfrsm;tm;vkH;onf odyH`enf;usaom obm0ed,mrw&m;twdkif;
vkyfaqmifjcif;om jzpfoGm;aoma-umifhwnf;?
if;odyH`enf;usonf[k twif;,lq-uonfh vkyf&yfrsm;udk tajccHrltjzpf vrf;
jyaomtawG;tac:udk vlr+a&; 'g0if0g' "Social Dawinism" [k ac:wGif.?
u|Ekfyfwdk.acwf&Sd tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;teuf TtcsufESifhywfoufI
yxrOD;qkH; vufcHolonf tar&duefvlrsdK; ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sifjzpfol pwDzif
a*s a*gvf jzpfayonf? 1859 xkwf rsdK;pkwdk pwifjzpfay:jcif; pmtkyfudk ykHESdyfxkwf
a0jyD;onfhaemufwGif/ aemufxyfqufvufI/ u|efjyKjcif;ta-umif;/ udkvdkeDe,fcsJt
a-umif;/ vlrsdK;a&;uGJjym;r+/ vlwef;pm;ta&;&kef;uefr+ESifh umr&m*udpPrsm; ponfwdk
tm;vkH;ESifhywfoufonfhaqG;aEG;jiif;ckHr+wdkonf/ tajccHtm;jzifh odyH`ynm[laomacgif;
pOfatmufodk a&mufoGm;avonf?5 [k a&;om;cJhavonf?

23

24

Tae&mwGif tcsufwpfcsufudk owdxm;&efta&;w-uD;vdktyfygonf? vlo

rdkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif ppfrufjzpfyGm;jcif;/ &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;/ t-uifemw&m;uif;
rJhjcif;/ vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+&Sdjcif;/ ydyuQjzpfjcif; ponfwdkESifh jynfheufaecJhayonf?
odkaomfvnf; ,if;vkyf&yfrsm;onf rSm;,Gif;a-umif;ESifh jidrf;csrf;jcif;/ w&m;r#wjcif;/
at;csrf;om,mpGm aexdkifjcif;tjzpfodka&mufatmif bmomw&m;rsm;u tjrJowday;
Ed+;aqmf zdwfac:cJhonfcsnf; jzpfcJhavonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf vlom;wdkonf zef
qif;&Sif.omoemw&m;awmfudk od&Sd-uI/ rdrdwdk.vkyf&yfrsm;udk vGefu|Hjcif;r&Sd
atmif xdef;odrf;-uaoma-umifhjzpfayonf? odkaomfvnf;/ 19 &mpkESpfrSpI 'g0if0g'
u tjrwftpGef;twGuf&kef;uefjcif;ESifhrw&m;r+rsm;udk odyH`enf;usaom t*Fg&yfjzpf
onf[k w&m;0ifatmifjyKay;vdkufI/ xdkvkyf&yfrsm;onf/ vlobm0omv#ifjzpfonf/
25

vlom;rsm;u &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;/ -uL;ausmfapmfum;jcif;tusifhrsm;udk bdk;ab;

bDbifrsm;tm; tjypfykHcsvdkufaponf? xdkenf;wl/ wd&pm>efrsm;wGif tiftm;t-uD;qkH;
wdkuf&nfcdkuf&nft&SdqkH;taumifu qufvuftouf&SifaeEdkifjcif;udk vlom;twGuf
t-uKH;0ifatmif tokH;jyKvdkufonf? TtawG;tac:atmufwGif/ urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;
ppfrufjzpfyGm;jcif;/ 'kuQa&mufjcif;ESifh tkyfvdkuftpkvdkufowfjzwfjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vm
cJhavonf? 'g0if0g'u urBmay:wGif aoG;acsmif;pD;jcif;/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;jzpfaponfh
vkyf&yfrsm;ESifhv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk w&m;0ifapaom ausmaxmufaemufcHay;ojzifh vlwdku
vufawGusifhokH;-uavonf? xdka-umufrufzG,faumif;aom tEW&m,ftawG;tac:
rsm;udk odyH`ynmu ausmaxmufaemufcHay;vdkufojzifh/ aecsif;ncsif;-uD;xGm; tif
tm;-uD;vmaoma-umifh/ 20 &mpkESpfudk 'kuQzdpD;aom&mpkESpf [laomtrnfwHqdyf cyf
ESdyfay;vdkufavonf?
ordkif;ygarmuQ csuf bm&fZGef;u vuf&SdurBmwGif odyH`ynm/ vlr+qufqHa&;ESifh
,Ofaus;r+wdka-umifh udk,fusifhw&m;tvGeftrif;ysufjym;aejcif;ESifhywfoufI 'g0if/
rm;ufP/ a0*fem [laompmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; okH;oyfcsifhwGufxm;ayonf?
TurBmavmuwGif 'g0if0g'. -oZmv$rf;rdk;r+ESifhywfoufI bm&fZGef;. a0zefokH;oyf
csufonf tifrwefrSefuefvGef;vSayonf?
==1870 ckESpfESifh 1914 ckESpf-um;umvESpfrsm;wGif Oa&mywcGifvkH;EdkifiHwdkif;Y/ vufeuf
wyfqifr+udkvdkvm;aomppftkyfpk/ oem;-uifemr+uif;rJhpGm jydKifqdkifjcif;udkvdkvm;aomtwW
0g'Dtkyfpk/ acwfaemufusaeaomvlwdkudk vufvGwfpy,fudkifwGifEdkifcGifh awmif;qdkonfh
e,fcsJtkyfpk/ tm%modrf;jcif;udkvkdvm;awmif;qdkaomqdk&S,fvpf0g'Dtkyfpk/ jynfwGif;&Sd
vlrsdK;jcm;tm;vkH;udk owfjzwfokwfoifypfcGifh awmif;qdkonfh vlrsdK;a&;0g'Dtkyfpk ponfwdk
r+dvdkaygufvmcJhonf? if;wdku trsm;vlxk. -udKufESpfoufr+udk qGJaqmifEdkifjcif;ESifh if;
wdk.ausmf-um;r+*k%f-uufoa&awG usqif;vmonfESifhtr#/ pyifqmESifh'g0ifwdkudk pwif
udk;um;vm-uavonf? odyH`a,mifaqmifonfh 'kp&dkufrsm;[kyif qdk&ayrnf? ==vlrsdK;cGJ
jcm;a&;onf ZD0ed,mrjzpfoGm;.? vlr+a&;jzpfpOftjzpfom ,lq-uawmhonf? 'g0if0g'D
wdk.trltusifhESifh aqmif&Gufr+awGcsnf; jzpfayonf?6

'g0if/ rm;ufP/ a0*fem pmtkyfudk a&;ol

ygarmuQ csuf bm&fZGe;f.ykH

19 &mpkESpfwGif 'g0ifu ouf&Sdt&mrsm;udk zefqif;xm;jcif;r[kwf/ rawmfwq

ay:aygufvmI vlom;rsm;ESihfwd&pm>efrsm;onf wpfckwnf;aombdk;ab;rSqif;ouf
vmum rawmfwq-uKHItjrifhrm;qkH;zGHjzdK;r+jzpfay:cJhonf[k wifjyonfhtcsdefY/ vlt
rsm;tm;jzifh xdkwifjycsuf. aemufqufwGJtajzonf rnfodkjzpfvmvdrfhrnfudk rnfol
ur# rcefrSef;EdkifcJh-uacs? odkaomfvnf; 20 &mpkESpfukefydkif;wGif &&SdaomaemufqkH;
26

tajzrSm/ a-umufrufzG,faumif;aomb0oufwef;rsm;jzpfcJha-umif; awG&Sd-u&ay

onf? vlom;udk zGHjzdK;aomwd&pm>eftjzpfvufcH,kH-unfolwdkonf/ tiftm;csdeJolwdk
.ausmudkeif;acsI jrifhaomtqifhodkwuf&ef 0efrav;-uacs? emzsm;rusef;olwdkESifh
tiftm;csdeJolwdkudk azsmufzsufypf&efESifh olwdktjrifwGif tqifhedrfhonf[k xifaom
vlrsdK;rsm;udk tpkvdkufowfjzwfypf&ef enf;vrf;&Sm-uavonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf
olwdkcH,l,kH-unfonfhodyH`rsufESmzkH;wyfxm;aomoDtdk&Du
xdkuJhodkvkyfjcif;onf
obm0ed,mr w&m;jzpfonf[k oifay;xm;aoma-umifh jzpf.?
'g0if0g'u urBm-uD;odk,laqmifvmcJhaom ysufpD;jcif;'kuQtaygif;onf TuJh
odkpwifcJhI/ vsifjrefaomE+ef;jzifh/ wurBmvkH;odk jyefESHoGm;avawmhonf? 19 &mpkESpf
rsm;wGif/ bk&m;rJh0g'Dwdkonf/ 'g0if0g'.ulnDaxmufcHr+a-umifh -uD;xGm;vm-ujyD;jzpf
aomfvnf;/ vltrsm;pkrSm vlom;udk bk&m;oQifuzefqif;xm;I/ bk&m;ocifu zefqif;
ay;tyfxm;aom 0dnmOf&Sdjcif;a-umifh tjcm;owW0grsm;ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;onf[k cH,l,Hk
-unf-uayonf? rnfonfhvlrsdK;udkrqdk/ bk&m;ocifuzefqif;xm;aom vlom;rsm;t
jzpf bk&m;ocif. aus;u|efrsm;tjzpf jrif-uayonf? a&S;,cifuwnf;u tarGquf
cHvmcJh-uI 'g0if0g'u tiftm;jznfhwif;ay;vdkufaom/ bmoma&;,kH-unfr+ uif;rJhol
wdk. vlr+todkif;t0dkif;tkyfpkwGifrlum;/ &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGmjydKifqdkifr+urBmhtjrifom
&Sdojzifh/ vlom;rsm;onf tjrifhqkH;wdk;wufzGHjzdK;aom wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;omv#if jzpfonf
[k ,kH-unfaoma-umifh ta&;-uD;onfh udk,fusifhw&m;xdef;odrf;ae&efrvdktyfacs?
bk&m;ocifudk jiif;y,faomvlwdk. ,Ofaus;r+wGif/ wpfudk,faumif;qefjcif;twW0g'
rSefor#onf w&m;0if.? TuJhodkaom ,Ofaus;r+rS 0g'trsKd;rsdK;ay:aygufcJhI/ if;wdk
wpfckcsif;onfvnf; urBm-uD;ESifh vlavmutwGuf ab;'kuQuyfqdkufjcif;omv#if jzpf
ay:apayonf?
a&SwGifvmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;wGif/ 'g0if0g'u w&m;0ifaponfh xdk0g'tawG;
tac:rsm; rnfuJhodktcsif;csif;qufpyfae-uykH/ 'g0if0g'ESifh rnfodkoufqdkif qufpyf
aeykH ponfwdktjyif/ olwdk. tcsif;csif;qufpyf,dkif;yif;r+a-umifh urBmavmu wcGif
rnfodktusKd;,kwfcJhonfwdkudk qef;ppf-uygrnf?

27

28

'g0if. &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGjzpfonfh ygarmuQ tm'rf quf0dufonf/

'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Da-umifh aemiftem*wfwGif oufa&mufrnfhtEW&m,fudk awG;

jrifrdolrsm;teuf wpfOD;jzpfayonf? 'g0ifa&;om;aom rsdK;pkwdk pwifjzpfay:jcif;
pmtkyfudk zwf+jyD;onfhaemuf/ TodkrSwfcsufcscJhavonf? Tpmtkyfudk trsm;vlxk
u vufcH-uv#if/ vlom;avmuodk ,QifurawGrjrifcJhbl;aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf
r+rsm; ,laqmifvm-uvdrfhrnf?7
trSefwu,fvnf; quf0dufu
oHo,jzpfcJhjcif;rSm rSefuefa-umif; ouf
aoxlvdkufavjyD? 20 &mpkESpfonf vlo
rdkif;wGif vlwdkonf vlrsdK;rwljcif;wpfck
wnf;a-umifh tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-uonfh
tarSmifacwfjzpfcJhavjyD?
trSefrSm 'g0ifrwdkifrD ESpfaygif;
ajrmufjrm;pGmuwnf;u/ vlordkif;wGif cGJ
jcm;r+ESifh rsKd;jzKwfzsufqD;r+rsm; &SdcJhjyD;jzpf
ayonf? odkaomfvnf;/ 'g0ifu xdkcGJjcm;
r+rsm;udk odyH`enf;usonfhrSefuefjcif;t
jzpf em;oGif;vdkufjcif;rSm tifrwefrSm;
,Gif;aomtcsufyif jzpf.?

vufa&G;pOf vlrsdK;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;==

u|Ekfyfwdk.acwf&Sd 'g0if0g'Dwdku/ 'g0ifudk,fwdkifonf vlrsdK;a&;orm;r[kwf/
vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r+ESifhywfoufI a0zefokH;oyfolwdku olwdk.vdk&m udk,fydkiftjrifudk
taxmuftuljyKap&ef bufvdkufI a&;om;-ujcif;omjzpfonf[k qdk-uonf? vuf
a&G;pOf(vlrsdK;)rsdK;EG,frsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif; [laomrsdK;pkwdkpwifjzpfay:jcif; pmtkyfwGif
yg&Sdonfhtcef;onf wd&pm>efrsm;ESifhom oufqdkifygonf[k wifjy-u.? odkaomf
vnf;/ xdkodkwifjyolwdkonf/ 'g0ifu ol.pmtkyfwGif vlom;rsm;ta-umif;a&;om;
xm;onfudk vpfvsL+xm;jcif;omv#if jzpfayonf?
'g0ifu ol.pmtkyfwGifwifjyaomtjrift&/ vlom;wdkonf tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifh
trsdK;rsdK;udk ausmfvGefI zGHjzdK;wdk;wufvmcJh-uonf[kqdkonf? xdkodkajymif;vJwdk;wuf
vm&mwGif/ vlrsdK;tcsKdwdkonf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;xuf ydkrdkIzGHjzdK;wdk;wuf-uonf[kqdk
onf? tcsdKvlrsdK;rsm;rSm arsmufrsm;.tqifhavmufwGifomv#if usef&pfae-uao;
onf[kvnf; qdk.?
touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf-u&onf [laomtcsufonfvnf;/ vlom;
rsm;ESifhywfoufI tokH;jyKxm;avonf? vufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;rsm;onf xdk&kef;uef
wdkufcdkufjcif;rS ay:aygufvmonf[k wifjyxm;ayonf? 'g0if.tqdkt& vufa&G;pOf
vlrsdK;rsm;rSm/ Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;jzpfonf? tm&Swdkufom;rsm;ESifh tmz&duwdkufom;
rsm;rSm/ xdktouf&Sifa&;wdkufyGJwGif +H;edrfhusef&pfolrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkxm;onf? xdk
29

aemuf/ xdkvlrsdK;rsm;onf urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;wGif ,if;touf&Sifa&;wdkufyGJY vkH;0+H;edrfh

oGm;jyD; aemufqkH;wGif vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;-urnfjzpfonf[k xyfuGeftqdkjyKxm;ay
onf?
a&Svmrnfh &mpkESpftenf;i,ftwGif;/ ,Ofaus;aomvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ &dkif;pdkif;vsuf&Sdaeao;
aomvlrsdK;rsm;udk wurBmvkH;twdkif;twmjzifh rsdK;jzKwfypf &Sif;vif;ypfvdrfhrnf? xdktcsdef
wGif tif-wdKydkrdkzwf arsmuf0Hrsm;onfvnf; vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;rnfrSm rvGJra&Smifom jzpf
ayonf? vlom;ESifh ol.teD;qkH;aqGrsdK;owW0gt-um; cGJxGufjcif; uGmjcm;csufonfvnf;
ydkrdkus,f0ef;oGm;ayawmhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ obm0u ydkrdk,Ofaus;aomtqifhodk
a&mufatmif ydkaqmifrnfjzpf.? aumhuqyfvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh bmbGef;uJhodkaom tedrfhqkH;
arsmuf0Hwdkt-um; uGmjcm;csufuJhodk/ vuf&Sd eD*&dk;vlrsdK;rsm; odkr[kwf -opaw;vsvlrsdK;
8
rsm;ESifh a*:&Dvmarsmuf0Ht-um;uGmjcm;csufxuf ydkvdrfhrnf?

rsdK;pkwdk pwifjzpfay:jcif; pmtkyfaemufwpfae&mwGif tqifhedrfhaom vlrsdK;rsm;

aysmufuG,foGm;&efvdktyfa-umif;/ zGHjzdK;jyD;aom vlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; xdkvlrsdK;rsm;udk

qufvuftouf&Sifae-u&ef tumtuG,fay;ae&ef rvdktyfa-umif;/ a&;om;xm;ay
onf? ol.tqdkudk vlrsm;u wd&pm>efarG;jrLaomtcg aumif;aomtrsdK;udkom csef
xm;I nHhaomtaumifrsm;udk rsdK;tjzpfrxm;bJ owfjzwfypfonfhtavhtxESifh E+dif;
,SOfxm;avonf?
udk,fcE<modkr[kwf pdwf"gwft& tm;enf;olwdkaysmufuG,foGm;-uonfESifhtr#/ touf
qufvuf&Sifaeolwdkvnf; tm;rmefwuf-uGaom usef;rma&;tajctaeudk az:jy-uay
vdrfhrnf? ,Ofaus;aomu|Efkyfwdkonf/ xdkuJhodkaom rsdK;jzKwfjzpfpOfudk twwfEdkifqkH;-unfh
+ppfaq;apmifha&Smuf-u&rnf? &l;oGyfpdwfrESHolrsm;/ emzsm;rusef;jzpfolrsm;ESifh rpGrf;roef
olrsm;twGuf cdkvkH&mXmersm;udk aqmufvkyfI olwdkaemufqkH;toufSLonftxd apmifh
a&Smuf-uayrnf? a&m*gumuG,fa&; aq;xdk;jcif;onf axmifaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaom
vlwdk.toufudk u,fwifEdkifa-umif; ,kH-unf&ayonf? trSefrSm xdktqifhedrfhonfh udk,f
cE<mESifh Om%ftajctaewGif&Sdolwdkonf umuG,fa&;aq;rxdk;ay;ygu aoa-uukef-u
rnfom jzpfayonf? xdkuJhodk edrfhusolrsm;.toufu,f&ef umuG,fa&;aq;rsm; xdk;ay;
jcif;onfvnf;/ ,Ofaus;aomvlrsdK;rsm;xJrS pdwf"gwfaysmhnHholwdk. vkyf&yfomv#if
jzpfayonf? xdkodkjyKvkyfjcif;onf vlom;avmutwGufrnfr#epfemapEdkifonfudk wd&pm>ef
9
arG;jrLa&;oifwef;wufbl;olrsm;u aumif;pGmoabmayguf-urnf jzpf.?

'g0ifu ol. rsdK;pkrsm; pwifjzpfay:jcif;pmtkyfwGif/ -opaw;vsEdkifiHwdkif;&if;

om;rsm;ESifh eD*&dk;vlrsdK;rsm;udk a*:&Dvmarsmuf0Htqifhom&Sdonf/ if;vlrsdK;wdkonf
urBmavmurS aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf[k wifjyxm;onfudk awG&Sd&ayonf?
'g0iftaeESifh tqifhedrfhonf[k owfrSwfxm;aomtjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udkvnf;
vlOD;a&xyfrHwdk;yGm;vmapjcif;r&Sdatmif [efwm;xm;&rnf/ if;wdkurBmay:rS aysmuf
uG,foGm;atmifvnf; aqmif&Guf&rnf[k qdkxm;onf? ,Qifuwnf;u &SdvmcJhaom
vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+rsm;ESifh u|Efkyfwdk.acwfwGif jzpfay:IawGjrifae&aom tjzpfrsm;udk 'g
0iftaejzifh rSefuefw&m;0ifa-umif; Tenf;jzifhb0ifawGawG axmufcHvdkufayonf?
'g0if.tawG;tac:t&/ ,Ofaus;jyD;aomvlwdk.wm0efrSm xdktDAdkvl;&Sif;
ajymif;vJr+udk tenf;i,fxyfrHjrefqefoGm;atmif ulnDay;&efjzpfa-umif;udk a&Svm
rnfhtydkif;rsm;wGif ydkrdktao;pdwf zwf+&ygrnf? ,QKvuf&Sdtajctaet&/ xdkvlrsdK;
rsm;udk azsmufzsufypf&ef vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk odyH`ynmydkif;rSrnfodkr# wm;jrpfjcif;
r&Sd-uao;acs?
30

'g0if.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tydkif;udk ol.a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh avhvmcsufrsm;wGif ydk

rdkxif&Sm;ayonf? Oyrm/ ol.&Snfvsm; -umjrifhaom 1871 ckESpfrS yifv,fc&D;pOf
twGif; awGjrifcJh&onfh wD,m&m'Jvf zl*dk t&yfrS wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ta-umif; a&;om;
az:jyxm;csufwGif ol.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;pdwf"gwfudk yGifhvif;pGmyif az:jyxm;ayonf?
xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf udk,fwkH;vkH;ae-uI/ ta&mifrsdK;pkHqdk;xm;-uonf? wd&pm>ef
rsm;uJhodk awG&mtm;vkH;pm;-uonf? tkyfxdef;r+r&Sd-uacs? olwdkvlrsdK;r[kwfoltm;vkH;
udk &ufpuf-uonf? &efoludk ESdyfpuf&mY aysmfjrL;-uonf? aoG;jzifh,pfylaZmf-uonf?
cav;oli,frsm;udk owfjzwf-uonf? olwdk.ZeD;r,m;rsm;udk ESdyfpufuvljyK-uonf?
rzG,fr&maom t,loD;jcif;ESifh jynfheufvsuf&Sdonf?[k a&;xm;onf? xdka'oodk
'g0ifra&mufrD 10 ESpftvsifuoGm;a&mufcJhaomokawoeynm&Sif W.P.Snow ('AvsL

yD pEdk;). a&;om;csufESifh wjcm;pDjzpfaeayonf? pEdk;.az:jycsuft&/ wD,m&m 'Jvf

zl*dk t&yfom;rsm;onf/ awmifhwif;cefjim;olrsm;jzpf-uonf? olwdk. cav;oli,frsm;
udk cspfcifwwf-u.? olwdk.tokH;taqmifypPnf;rsm;onf vuf&majrmufayonf?
ypPnf;ydkifqdkifr+qdkif&mxkH;"avhtcsdKvnf;&Sd.? ouf-uD;0g-uD; trsdK;orD;rsm;. -oZm
tm%mudk av;pm;vufcH-uayonf?10
TO"g[&kefrsm;t&/ 'g0ifonf vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;orm; tjynfht0jzpfayonf?
What Darwin Really Said [laompmtkyfudk a&;om;onfh bif*srif zg&ifwefu 'g0if
a&;om;onfh The Descent of Man pmtkyfrS xif&Sm;aom vlrsdK;rsm;t-um; ydkrdkus,f
0ef;aomjcm;em;csufrsm;[laomtcef;ESifh ywfoufI tus,fw0ifh a0zefokH;oyfxm;
ayonf?11
31

xdkxufydkonfhtcsufrSm/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Donf xm0&bk&m;ocifudkjiif;y,fxm;

ojzifh/ 'g0ifoDtdk&Da-umifh xm0&bk&m;ocifu vlom;rsm;tm;vkH;udk wef;wltqifh
tjzpfzefqif;xm;onf[k vlwdku rjrif-uawmhacs? Tonfuyif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'
-uD;xGm;vmcJhjcif;ESifh ,if;0g'udk wurBmvkH;wGif t&Sdeft[kef-uD;pGmjzifh vufcHvm-u
jcif;.ta-umif;&if;wpfck jzpfayonf? tar&duefvlrsdK; odyH`ynm&Sif *sdrf;pf zg*lqef
u vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g' -uD;xGm;vmcJhjcif;ESifh zefqif;jcif;,kH-unfcsufudk ypfy,fjcif;wdk
wdkuf&dkufqufEG,faea-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; a-unmxm;avonf?
aemifrsm;r-umrDtwGif;/ rEk\aA'opfonfvnf; vlom;rsm;.tprlvblw ESifhywfouf
I tjrifcsif;qefusifbufjzpfaomtkyfpkESpfckwdk. tajccHjzpfvmavonf? {uADZ0g'
ac: vlom;rsm;tm;vkH;onf tom;ta&mifESifh tjcm;t*Fg&yfrsm;rwl-uaomfvnf; rsdK;ADZ
wpfckwnf;rS qif;oufvmonf[k ,kH-unfaomtkyfpkonf/ vlom;wdk.tprlvblwonf
yxrvlom; tm'rfrSqif;oufvmI xm0&bk&m;ocif.zefqif;jcif;tvkyfjzpfonf[k
,kH-unf-uonf? Ttkyfpkonf oufwef;ydkI-umanmif;jyDjzpfI ydkItajccdkifaomtkyfpk
jzpfonf? {uADZ0g'udk c&pf,mefomoemtzGJrSjy@mef;I/ tawG;tac:t&-oZmanmif;
onfhtDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du qefusifbuftwdkuftcHjzpfaomA[kADZ0g'udk rD;xdk;ay;onfh
tcsdefrwdkifrD 18 &mpkESpftxd wurBmvkH;vufcH,kH-unfcJh-uavonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D
onf rwlnDaomvlrsdK;pkwdkonf rwlnDaomrsdK;ADZrSajymif;vJ ay:aygufvmonf[k
12
qdkonf?

tdENd,vlrsdK; rEk\aA'ynm&Sif vmvdwm Ad'D,mwDonf/ 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;

oDtdk&Du vlr+a&;odyH`wGif vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:udk rnfodkrnfykHvufcHoGm;atmif
a&SaqmifoGm;ykHudk &Sif;jyxm;ayonf?
xdkacwfu vlr+a&;odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;u 'g0if. tiftm;t-uD;qkH;toifhawmfqkH;olu quf
vuftouf&Sifonf [laomtawG;tac:udk vSKdufvSKdufvSJvSJ-udKqdkvufcH-uavonf? vl
om;rsm;onf tqifhqifhajymif;vJr+tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk ausmfvGefvmcJh-u&m/ tom;
jzLrsm;.,Ofaus;r+onf txGwftxdyfa&mufonf[k ,kH-unf-uavonf? wpf q,fhudk;
&mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;rSpI vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk trSefw&m;jzpfonf[k taemufEdkifiHom; odyH`
13
ynm&Siftrsm;pkwdku vufcH-uavonf?

'g0if0g'Dwdkonf 'g0if.aemufrSay:vmolrsm;jzpf-uonfESifhtnD/ 'g0if.

vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'rSefuefa-umif;/ oufaoxl&ef tifrwef-udK;yrf;-uayonf? xdkuJh
odk-udK;yrf;-u&mwGif odyH`ynmt&rnDrnGwfuGJvGJaomtqdkrsm;ESifh wrifvkyf-uH vdrf
vnfonfhtqdkrsm;udk&SmazGwifoGif;-u&mY olwdk.udk,fusifhw&m;oduQmrsm;udkyif iJh
nmEkdifjcif;r&Sd-uawmhacs? xdkuJhodk vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'onf rSefuefIw&m;0ifa-umif;
oufaoxlEdkifygu/ olwdk. tqifhjrifhr+ESifh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;/ udkvdkeDe,fcsJjcif;/
vdktyfygu tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk ajzmufzsufokwfoifypfjcif; ponfwdkudkyg rSefuefI
w&m;0ifa-umif; oufaoxl&musonf[k ,lq-uayonf?
pwDzif a*s a*gvf'fa&;om;aom The Mismeasure of Man (vlom;.rSm;,Gif;
aomwdkif;wmr+) pmtkyf. wwd,tcef;wGif/ rEk\aA'ynm&Sifwdkonfvnf; xdkuJhodk
awG&Sdcsufrsm;udk vdrfvnf-u&mwGif tjypfruif;-uay? a*gvf'f. tqdkt&/ if;wdk
u vdrfvnfaomtydkif;onf trsm;tm;jzifh olwdkawG&SdcJhaomausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;.
OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;jzpfayonf? OD;aESmuft&G,fonf Om%fxufjrufjcif;ESifhywfouf
onf[k ,kH-unf-uojzifh/ rEk\aA'ynm&Siftrsm;tm;jzifh aumhau&SefvlrsdK;(vljzL)

32

rsm;.OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;udk tSdxufydkIaz:jy-uI/ vlrJESifhtdEdN,vlrsdK;rsm;.

OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;rsm;udkrl tSdxuf ydkrdkao;i,fatmif az:jyavh&Sd-uayonf?14
a*gvf'fa&;om;aom Ever Since Darwin [laompmtkyfwGif 'g0if0g'Drsm;u t
csdKaomvlrsdK;rsm;onf tqifhedrfhaomvlom;rsm;jzpfonf[k az:jyEdkif&efr,kH-unfEdkif
avmufatmif wifjy-ujcif;udk &Sif;jyxm;ayonf?

a[u,fvfESifhol.taygif;ygrsm;vnf;/ ajrmufydkif;Oa&mywdkufom; vljzLrsm;

onf vlrsdK;t&tqifhjrifha-umif;twnfjyK-u&efwpfa-umhjyefIawmif;qdkcJh-uavonf?
vlom;wdk.cE<mudk,fwnfaqmufykHtpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifhtrltusifhrsm;rStaxmuftxm;
jzpfzG,f&mrsm;udk OD;aESmufrStp 0rf;ydkuf&Sdcsuftxd &Edkifor#tao;pdwfvdkufvH&SmazG
-uonf? [m;bwfpyifqmu ,Ofaus;r+ r&Sdao;aomvlrsdK;wdk.todOm%fonf
===,Ofaus;jyD;aomvlrsdK; uav;oli,frsm;wGif awG&Sd&ayonf?[k a&;om;xm;av
onf? um;vfAdk*fu 1864 ckESpfwGif/ t&G,fa&mufjyD;aom eD*&dk;wpfa,muf. tod
Om%fydkif;onf uav;oli,frsm;ESifhqifwlayonf?==tcsKdaomvlrsdK;rsm;rSm/ xl;qef;
aomtzGJtpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHrsm;jzifh wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;wnfaxmif-u.? odkaomfvnf; usefvl
rsm;udkyg xnfhpOf;pm;rnfqkdv#if/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;vkH;onf twdwfwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/
ypPKy`efwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlom;avmutwGuf wdk;wufzGHjzdK;aprnfhvkyfaqmif

33

csufwpfckwpfavr#r&Sday? odkr[kwfolwdkudk vlavmuwGif qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;

avmufatmif wefbdk;r&Sday?15[k jyif;jyif;xef xefa&;om;xm;.?
jyifopfvlrsdK; aq;ynmqdkif&m cE<maAynm&Sif tDwD,Hqm&ufu vlrJa,mufsm;
rsm;.csufu atmufydkif;a&mufvGef;aeojzifh if;wdkonf urBmOD;vlrsm;twdkif;&Sdae
ao;onf[k tjyif;txefjiif;cHkcJhavonf?
'g0ifESifh wpfacwfwnf;ay:cJhaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D [JAfavmh(cf)tJvpfu tqifh
jrifhaomvlrsdK;ESifh tqifhedrfhaomvlrsdK;wdk uGmjcm;-ua-umif; odyH`enf;usonf[laom
&Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;ay;xm;avonf?
tmz&duvlrsdK;uav;rsm;onf/ Oa&myvlrsdK;cav;rsm;xuf Om%fxufjrufr+ enf;jcif;udk
&Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;awG&ayonf? odkaomfvnf; xdkuav;rsm;u -uD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGifrl/ xkH
xdkif;EkHtjcif;/ &dk;&dk;ae&dk;&dk;pm;b0udkomodjcif;jzpfvmayonf? Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;wGif
16
olwdk.uav;b0rSjrL;wl;aysmf&GifwwfaomADZudk qufvufI&Sdjcif;udkawG&Sd&ayonf?

jyifopfvlrsdK;rEk\aA'ynm&Sif Agcsm 'D vmaygufu yg&DjrdKwGif 1909 ckESpf

wGif&dkufxkwfaom Race et Milin Social Essais d'Anthroposociologie (Paris 1909)
wGif/ vljzLr[kwfolwdkonf vl&dkif;rsm;rSqif;oufvm-uolrsm;jzpfI/ ,Ofaus;r+udk
oif,lwwfajrmufjcif;r&SdcJh-uolrsm;jzpf-uonf? odkr[kwf aoG;a&mIaygufzGm;vmol
rsm;u aemifwGifqkwf,kwfoGm;cJholrsm;jzpf-uonf? ol.tqdkudk axmufcH&ef yg&DjrdK
&Sd txufwef;v$mESifh atmufwef;v$mwdk. ocsKif;rsm;rS OD;acgif;cGHrsm;udk wdkif;wmjcif;
jzifh oufaoxlavonf? ol.avhvmcsuft&/ vlwdk.OD;aESmufcGHtwdkif;twmay: rl
wnfI/ tcsdKaomvlwdkonf -uG,f0csrf;omjcif;/ rdrdudk,fudk ,kH-unfr+&Sdjcif;/ vGwfvyf
pGmawG;ac:jcif; &Sd-u.? tjcm;olwdkrSmrlum;/ r,kwfrvGefjzpfI a&S;qef-ujcif;/ &o
r# &Sdor#ESifh wif;wdrfEdkif-ujcif;/ aumif;aomtapcHt&nftcsif;tm;vkH;ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;/
&Sd-uonf? vlwef;pm;onf vlr+a&;t& a&G;cs,fr+jzifh jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf? vltzGJ
tpnf;.txufwef;v$monf tqifhjrifhaomvlrsdK;rsm;rSqif;oufvm-uI/ olwdk.
OpPm"e-uG,f0r+twdkif;twmonf OD;acgif;cGHtwdkif;twmay:rlwnfaeayonf? vm
aygufu/ Todk a[mudef;xkwfxm;cJhavonf? aemifvmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif vlwdkonf
olwdk. OD;acgif;rsm; vkH;0dkif;jcif; c|efjcif;wdka-umifh tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-uvdrfhrnf[k
qdk.?17 Ta[mudef;onfvnf; rSefuefcJhayonf? aemufvmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;wGif/
20 &mpkESpftwGif; vlrsdK;a&;a-umifh tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwf-uonfudk zwf+&ygvdrfhrnf?
rEk\aA'ynmSifrsm;omv#ifr[kwf/ ydk;r$m;aA'ynmSifrsm;onfvnf;/ a&yef;
pm;aeaom 'g0if.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'twdkif; ydk;r$m;rsm;ESifhywfoufI r,kH-unfEdkif
avmufaomtqdkrsm;udktcGifhta&;rv$wfbJ wifjycJh-uayonf? Oyrm/ 1861 ckESpf
wGif t*FvdyfvlrsdK;ydk;r$m;aA'ynmSifwpfOD;onf/ urBmay:&Sd vlrsdK;toD;oD;wdk.oef;
rsm;udk pkaqmif;avhvm-unfh&mwGif vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;.oef;onf tjcm;vlrsdK;.aoG;udk
rpkwfa-umif;awG&Sd&onf[kqdkonf? trSefrSm odyH`ynmt& ,if;tqdkonf t"dy`g,f
uif;rJhaomtqdkomv#ifjzpfayonf?18 odyH`ynm&Siftqifh&Sdolrsm;uyif xdkodka-unm
ygu/ xufatmufpOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;uif;rJhol/ wpf,loefvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;orm;iwkH;
rsm;. eD*&dk;oef;u eD*&dk;bJjzpfonf[laom qifjcifwkHw&m;uif;rJhI t"dy`g,fuif;
rJhonfh 0g'jzefa-uG;a-umfoHonfvnf; tHh-op&mr&Sdawmhacs?
tcsKyftm;jzifh 'g0ifoDtdk&D. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tydkif;onf 19 &mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;
wGif tifrwefaumif;rGefaom tajccHudk &Sdavawmhonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ xdk
34

tcsdefumvrsm;wGif Oa&mywdkufom; vljzLwdkonf/ olwdkusL;vGef-uaom jypfr+rsm;

udk w&m;0ifaprnfh oDtdk&Dudkom apmifhar#mfae-uaom tcdsefjzpfaoma-umifhwnf;?

jAdwdo#udkvdkeDe,fcsJ0g'ESifh 'g0if0g'
'g0if.oDtdk&Da-umifh tjrwftrsm;qkH;xkwfEdkifcJhaom EdkifiHonf ol.arG;Zmwd
EdkifiH jAdwdo#EdkifiHawmfyifjzpfavonf? 'g0ifu ol.oDtdk&Dudkwifjyonfhtcsdefumv
onf/ jAdwdo#EdkifiHu urBmay:wGif udkvdkeDe,fcsJtifyg,mt-uD;qkH; wnfaqmufae
onfhtcsdef jzpfayonf? tdEdN,rSvufwiftar&duwdkuftxd&Sd o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;udk
jAdwdo#tifyg,mu vuf0g;-uD;tkyfacgif;ykHjzwfaeaomtcsdefjzpfonf? vljzL-uD;u
urBmudk ol.tusdK;tjrwftwGuf t"rRvk,uf,laeayonf?
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o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;vk,uf,loltjzpfrjrifapcsif-uonfhtjyif/ ordkif;vnf;rwGif
apvdk-uacs? xdka-umifh olwdk.vkyf&yfonf rSefuefa-umif; w&m;0ifa-umif; jyEdkifrnfh
&Sif;vif;csufudk &Smae-uayonf? xdkodkaom &Sif;vif;csufonf udkvdkeDEdkifiHom;rsm;
udk urBmOD;vlom;rsm; odkr[kwf wd&pm>efESifhwlaom ouf&SdowW0grsm;tjzpf jyo
&ef jzpfayonf? Todkjzifh olwdku tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfaeolrsm;ESifh vlrqefaom
vkyf&yfrsm;jzifh zdESdyfcHae&olrsm;udk vlom;rsm;tjzpfrjrifapbJ/ wd&pm>efwpf0uf vlom;
wpf0ufjzpfaomowW0grsm;tjzpfjyojcif;jzifh olwdk.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomvkyf&yf
rsm;udk jypfr+usL;vGefjcif;r[kwf[k jrifapvdkjcif;jzpfayonf?
trSefrSm/ xdkuJhodk&SmazGaecJhjcif;onf topftqef;r[kwfacs? 15 &mpkESpfESifh
16 &mpkESpfrsm;uwnf;u jzpfayonf? vlrsdK;tcsdKudk vlwpf0ufwd&pm>efwpf0uftjzpf
yxrqkH;wifjyolonf tar&duwdkufodkc&D;qefcJhaom c&pPwdkzg udkvrfbwfyifjzpfav
onf? ol.wifjycsuft&/ tar&duwdkufwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf/ vltppfr[kwf-ubJ/
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awGjyD; if;wdku qufvufjyKusifh-uavonf? tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+onfvnf; r,kH
-unfEdkifavmufaomtwdkif;twmtxd a&mufcJhavonf? Oyrm/ u|ef;wpfu|ef;wGif
udkvrfbwf yxrOD;qkH;a&mufpOfu 200000 cef&Sdaomwdkif;&if;om; vlOD;a&onf/
ESpf20 twGif; 50000 omv#ifusefawmhonf? 1540 ckESpfwGifrl vlaygif;wpfaxmif
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rufpDudkodkyxrOD;qkH;ajccscsdefwGif/ pkpkaygif;wdkif;&if;om;vlOD;a& 25 oef;&SdcJhaomf
vnf;/ 1605 ckESpfa&mufaomtcg wpfoef;txdavsmhoGm;cJhonf? [pfygeDtdkvmu|ef;
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35

usef&pfcJhavonf? 1570 ckESpfwGifrl wdkif;&if;om; 125 a,mufomusefawmhonf?

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ta-umif;&if;rSm/ xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;tjzpfrjrifbJ wd&pm>efrsm;tjzpfjrif-u
jcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf?
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Oa&mywdkufY/ xdktcsdefxdkacwfwGif vlwdkudk bk&m;ocifu wef;wlnDwlzefqif;xm;
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rsm;.wifjycsufjzpfaom wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;jzpfonf[laomt
csufudk acsycJhayonf? 1537 ckESpfwGif wwd,ajrmufykyf&[ef;rif;-uD;aygvfu/ xdk
,kwf&if;-urf;wrf;&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhtvkyfudkvkyfaqmifolrsm;tm; -udrfqJI/ xdk
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf/ c&pf,mefomoemudk vufcH,kH-unfxdkufonfh vlom;ppfppfrsm;
jzpf-ua-umif; a-unmcJhavonf?20
odkaomfvnf;/ 19 &mpkESpfwGifrl/ tajctaeu ajymif;vJoGm;avonf? vltzGJ
tpnf;twGif; &kyf0g'tawG;tac:jyefyGm;oGm;onfESifhtr# vlxkuvnf; bmoma&;rS
a0;uGmoGm;-uonf? xm0&bk&m;ocif(tvm[ft&Sifjrwf)u vlom;rsm;udk zefqif;
xm;onf[laomtrSefw&m;udk jiif;y,fpjyK-uavjyD? txufpmrsufESmrsm;wGif az:jy
cJhonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g' -uD;xGm;vmcsdefESifh wpfcsdefwnf;jzpfcJhavonf?
19 &mpkESpfwGif 'g0if0g'ESifh&kyf0g'tawG;tac: tiftm;-uD;vmonfESifhtwl/
if;-uD;xGm;r+u Oa&mywdkuf. e,fcsJpepfudk txl;taxmuftuljyKcJhavonf?
atmufpzdk'fwuUodkvf/ pwef;zdk'fwuUodkvfESifh [m;AwfwuUodkvfwdkwGif ,ae
txd jyXmef;oif-um;vsuf&SdI/ xdkwuUodkvfrsm;wGif ESpf&Snfvrsm; oif-um;cJhonfh
ordkif;ygarmuQ *sdrf;pf *sdK;vf. 1870 ckaemufydkif;Oa&mywdkuf (Europe Since 1870)
[laompmtkyfwGif/ 'g0if0g'/ e,fcsJ0g'ESifh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'wdkt-um;qufpyfr+t
a-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
e,fcsJ0g'cH,lcsuftay: -oZmoufa&mufonfh tawG;tac:tkyfpkrsm;wGif/ vlr+a&; 'g0if
0g'onf/ txif&Sm;qkH;jzpfayonf? vlr+a&;'g0if0g'onf/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;t-um;
wGif touf&Sifaea&;twGuf tpOfwpdkufwdkufcdkuf &kef;uefae&ojzifh/ xdkodkaom &kef;uef
r+twGif; tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOft& tcsdKvlrsdK;rsm;onf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;xuf ydkItqifhjrifhonf
[k cH,l&if;/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;. a-umuf&GHav;pm;vufcHjcif;udk &&Sd&efvnf; aqmif&Guf-u
.?
t*FvdyfvlrsdK; obm0avmuynm&Sif csm;vfpf'g0if. 1859ckESpfxkwf rsdK;pkwdk pwifjzpf
ay:jcif;pmtkyfESifh aemufydkif; 1871ckESpfxkwf vlom;rsm;qif;oufvm ykH (The Descent of
Man) pmtkyfESpftkyfu/ Oa&mywdkuf&SdtawG;tac:tajrmuftjrm;udk xdcdkufaponfh tjiif;
yGm;p&mtcsufudk pwifjzefjzL;cJhavonf? 'g0ifESifhtwl olESifhwpfacwfwnf;rS t*Fvdyf

36

tawG;tac:ynm&Sif [m;bwf pyifpm wdku/ avmavmvwfvwfawG-uHKae&onfh odyH`

ynmtqifhxufausmfvGefaomjy\emrsm;wGif tokH;jyK-uonf? vltzGJtpnf;wdk;wufzGH
jzdK;a&;wGiftokH;csEdkifqkH;jzpfaom'g0if0g'.t"dutc&mtcsufrSm/ ydkv#HvGef;aom urBmh
vlOD;a&onf xdkr#aomvlOD;a&udk au|;arG;Edkifaomobm0tpGrf;r&Sdjcif;a-umifh/ tquf
rjywfwdkufcdkuf&kef;uef-u&rnf/ xdkwdkfufcdkuf&kef;uefjcif;wGif tiftm;-uD;olvufa&G;pOf
vlrsdK;u tEdkif&vdrfhrnf/ [laomtcsufjzpfayonf? Ttcsufonfyif xdkacwfu vlr+a&;
tawG;tac:ynm&Sifwdkudk/ vufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;a&;oabmxm;udkaxmufcH&ef 0efrav;ap
awmhay? xdkvufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;wdkonfvnf;/ trSefwu,f qufvufoufqdk;&SnfEdkif-u
&mwGif/ &oifh&xdkufaomtcGifhta&;tjzpf vdyfjymoefoef aeEdkifapavonf?
xdka-umifh/ obm0.a&G;cs,fr+tawG;tac:onf/ jyifopfpma&;q&m aumifh *sKd;Zuftmom
*dkbifEsLu 1853 ckESpfwGifa&;om;aom vlrsdK;rsm;t-um; uGmjcm;r+pmwrf;wGifaz:jyxm;
onfh aemufxyftawG;tac:wpfckESifh vG,fulpGmqufpyfoGm;avonf? *dkbifEsLu/ vl
om;wdk.wdk;wufr+twGuf ta&;-uD;qkH;t*Fg&yfrSm/ vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfonf[k qdkxm;onf?
tqifhjrifhusefaeaomvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ rdrdwdk.vlrsdK;aoG;udk oefpifatmif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif
aoma-umifh jzpfonf[kqdk.? *dkbifEsLt& tm&d,mefvlrsdK;rsm;onf taumif;qkH;toef
qkH;vlrsdK;jzpfonf? a[mhpwGef pwD;0g'f csrfbmvdefu xdkxufydkIxyfrHuGefvdkufjyefonf?
xdka-umifh [pfwvm udk,fwdkifu pma&;q&mcsrfbmvdeftm; txl;tr$rf;wifcsD;-uL;cJh
ojzifh/ 1927 ckESpfwGif [pfwvmaocgeD;tdyf&mem;odk csrfbmvdefudk vma&mufawGqkH;cGifh
21
ay;&if; tpDtpOftjynfh jzifh-udKqdkcJhavonf?

txufwGifaz:jycJhonfhtwdkif;/ 'g0ifrSpI vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:Sifrsm;ESifh

e,fcJswdkt-um;qufEG,fr+onf [pfwvmtxd&SdcJhavonf?
'g0if0g'onf 19
&mpkESpfwGif urBmudk aoG;jyifwGifepfjrKyfapcJhaome,fcsJ0g'ESifh 20 &mpkESpfwGif urBm

37

-uD;udk xdkenf;ESifESif aoG;jyifwGif epfjrKyfapcJhaom emZD0g'ESpfrsdK;pvkH;. tawG;tac:

tajccH jzpfayonf?
0dwdk&d,bk&ifracwf jAdwdefEdkifiHonfvnf;/ 'g0if0g'wGif odyH`enf;usonf[l
aomtajccHudk awG&SdcJhayonf? jAdwdefEdkifiHonf udkvdkeDpepfa-umifh-uD;rm;aom
tjrwftpGef;&&SdcJh.? xdka-umifh rdrd.tusdK;tjrwftwGuf olwdk.udkvdkeDe,fcsJpepf
vufatmufwGif&Sdonfhvlxktay: ysufpD;jcif;ab;'kuQrsdK;pkHudk csrSwfay;&ef 0efrav;
acs? jAdwdefEdkifiH.npfywfaomEdkifiHa&;ay:vDpDrsm;teuf wpfckudkjyrnfqdkv#if/ w&kwf
jynfESifhjzpfcJhaombdef;ppfonf Oyrmaumif;wpfckjzpfayonf? jAdwdo#tpdk;&onf 19
&mpkESpfapmapmydkif;rSpI if;wdku tdENd,wGifpdkufysdK;aombdef;udk w&kwfEdkifiHodk cdk;oGif;
cJhavonf? EdkifiHjcm;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;vdkaiGudk jznfhwif;&ef xdkbdef;arSmifcdkvkyfief;
udk ydkrdkjrefqef-uD;xGm;apcJh.? w&kwfEdkifiHodkbdef;ukef0ifa&mufvmjcif;a-umifh w&kwf
tpdk;&. rdrde,fajrtwGif; -oZmtm%mv$rf;rdk;r+avsmhenf;vmavonf? w&kwfvlrsdK;
wdk. vltzGJtpnf; ysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;onfvnf; pdk;&drfzG,faumif;aomtajctaeodk
a&mufaeavjyD? w&kwftpdk;&onfvnf; ESpfaygif;tawmfrsm;rsm; csDwkHcswkefjzpfaecJh
&mu aemufqkH;wGif bdef;ukeful;jcif;ESifh bdef;SLjcif;udk wm;jrpf&awmhonf? xdkodk
bdef;wm;jrpfjcif;a-umifh 1842 ckESpfwGif yxrbdef;ppf jzpfcJh&avonf? xdkbdef;ppfu
w&kwfEdkifiHtpdk;udkrGJjymusapawmhonf? ppfrsufESmwdkif;rSm wdkif;wpfyg; ppfwyfudk
&ifqdkifwdkufcdkufEdkifonfh tiftm;r&Sdawmhacs? aemufqkH;wGif
w&kwftpdk;&u acgif;ikHt+H;cHvdkuf&jyD; xdkEdkifiHjcm;ppfwyf
wdk. rqkH;Edkifaomawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rcsdwifuJ vdkuf
avsm&ayawmhonf? 1842 ckESpfrSpI taemufEdkifiHom;rsm;
onf tajccs&mXmersm;zGifh-uavonf? w&kwfvlrsdK;rsm;xHrS
qdyfurf;tem;&SdajruGuftajrmuftjrm;udk ,lvdkuf-uonf?
w&kwfwdk. v,f,majrrsm;udk iSm;&rf;-uonf? w&kwfEdkif
iHudk olwdktwGuftusdK;tjrwftrsm;qkH; &&SdrnfhykHpHtwdkif;
jyifyurBmodk wHcg;zGifh&ef awmif;qdk-uonf? aemufqkH;wGif/
wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;/ tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&;
tiftm;aysmhnHhjcif;/ v,f,majrESifh pD;yGm;a&; t"duae&m
rsm;udk vufv$wf-u&jcif;/ ponfwdka-umifh jynfolvlxku
ykefuefx-uG-uavonf?
0dwdk&d,bk&ifrESifh tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+
t"duw&m;cH pydefvlrsdK; aumwufwdk.ykH
w&kwfEdkifiHrStawGt-uKHonf/ jAdwdo#ay:vDpDa-umifh xdcdkufepfemr+rsm;teufrS
wpfckomv#ifjzpf.? 19 &mpkESpfwav#mufvkH;wGif jAdwdo#e,fcsJatmufwGif awmiftm
z&du/ tdEdN,ESifh -opawvswdkufponfh e,fajrrsm;wGif tifrwefem-unf;bG,faumif;
aom zdESdyfr+cHcJh-u&onf?

38

yifha'gif;vlOD;acgif;twkvkyfjcif;

jAdwdo#e,fcsJ0g'udk -oZmoufa&mufaphaqmfcJhaom pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onfh vuQ

%mwpfckrSm/ yifha'gif;vlac: ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ESifhywfoufaomrausmfaumif;r-um;
aumif; &SufzG,faumif;onfh vdrfvnfr+twkvkyfjcif;jzpfayonf?
1912=ckESpfwGif t*FvefEdkifiH yifha'gif;t&yfY xl;qef;aomOD;acgif;cGHwpfvkH;udk awG&Sd
cJhavonf? xdkOD;acgif;cGHudkawG&Sdonfh csm;vfpf a':qefESifhtzGJu/ xdkOD;acgif;cGHonf
arsmuf0Hwpf0uf=vlwpf0ufjzpfaomowW0gOD;acgif;jzpfonf[k a-unm-uavonf?
tvGefausmf-um;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D cE<maA'ynm&Sif tmomupfu xdkOD;acgif;cGHudk
ppfaq;I twnfjyKcJhavonf?
odkaomfvnf;/ a':qefESifhupfwdku ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufwpfcsufudk txl;jyK az:jy-u
onf? xdkOD;acgif;cGH.OD;aESmufae&monf acwfopfvlom;rsm;.OD;aESmufavmuf -uD;
rm;onf[kqdkonf? csufcsif;vufiif;yif yifha'gif;vl.OD;acgif;cGHonfvnf; jAdwdo#vl
rsdK;rsm;twGuf *k%f,lp&mtcsufjzpfoGm;avonf? t*FvefEdkifiHwGif awG&Sdojzifh t*F
vdyfvlrsdK;wdk. bdk;ab;yifjzpf&ayrnf? jAdwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;.tqdkt&/ xdkausmufjzpf
&kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGH. OD;aESmufyrm% ydk-uD;jcif;onf/ jAdwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;onf tjcm;vl
rsdK;rsm;xuftv#ifOD;I vljzpfvmcJhcsdefapmojzifh ydkrdkI tqifhjrifhayonf?
xdka-umifh yifha'gif;vlOD;acgif;udk awG&Sdjcif;a-umifh t*FvefEdkifiHwGif tvGefpdwf"gwf
wuf-uG-uavonf? owif;pmacgif;pD;rsm;wGif az:jy-uI/ vlxkuvnf; tkH;tkH;-uGuf
-uGufatmifyGJcHtcef;tem;rsm; usif;y-uavonf? jAdwdo#tpdk;&uvnf; tmomupf
udk qmbGJcsD;jrifhvdkufavonf? emrnfausmf-um;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D ausmufjzpf&kyf
-uGif;ynmSif 'Gef *sdK[efqefu yifha'gif;OD;acgif;cGHESifh e,fcsJ0g' t-um;qufpyfykHudk
az:jy xm;ayonf?
yifha'gif;awG&Sdcsufonf Oa&myom;rsm;udk A[dkjyKausmf-um;apjcif;tm;oef
aeonf? xdkausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGHomv#if xl;jcm;aejcif;r[kwfbJ t*F
vdyfvlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; xl;jcm;pGmxl;c|efonf[k jyqdkaejcif;jzpfonf? (Don
Johanson, In Search of Human Origins, 1994 WGBH Educational
Foundation).

yifha'gif;vlausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGHrS t*Fvdyfwdk&&SdcJhaom pdwf"gwfwuf-uGjcif;

aphaqmfr+onf 1953 ckESpftxdom oufqdk;&SnfcJhavonf? uif;euf tkwfuavqdkol
odyH`ynm&Sifu xdkausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;. trSefw&m;udk tao;pdwf az:xkwfvdkufav
onf? 20 &mpkESpfrSt-uD;us,fqkH; vdrfvnftwkvkyfr+jzpfayonf? if;ausmufjzpf&kyf
-uGif;rSm vlOD;acgif;cGHwGif O&efOwefarsmuf0Har;&dk;wyfxm;aom OD;acgif;cGHomv#if jzpf
ayonf?
39

jAdwdefEdkifiH. xdkuJhodkaom zdESdyfr+rsm;udk w&m;0ifatmif aqmif&Guf&efrSm/ jAdwd

o#vlrsdK; vlr+a&;ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh odyH`ynm&Sifwdk. wm0efjzpfavonf? if;ynm&Sif
rsm;teuf csm;vfpf'g0ifonf ta&;t-uD;qkH;ESifh txda&mufqkH;yk*~dKvfjzpfayonf?
'g0ifu/ tDAdkvl;&Sif; wpfpwpfpajymif;vJr+jzpfpOfwpfav#mufvkH;wGif/ tqifhjrifhaom
vlrsdK;rsm;ay:aygufcJhI/ vljzLrsm;onf xdktqifhjrifhvufa&G;pifvlrsdK;rsm;jzpfa-umif;
xdkvljzLrsm;u tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk zdEdSyfjcif;onf obm0ed,mromv#ifjzpfa-umif;
tqdk jyKcJhayonf?
e,fcsJudkvdkeDvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk 'g0ifu w&m;0ifatmifjyKay;vdkufjcif;a-umifh/
'g0ifudk pD;yGm;a&;jydKifqdkifr+(z&D;x&dwf)trnfESifh toifhawmfqkH;vufa&G;pOftwGuf
&Sifoefa&;ta-umif;jycsufjzifh/ w&kwfEdkifiHodkppfoabFmrsm;tay: bdef;wifydkcJhonfh
0dwdk&d,acwfrS oduQm&SdodyH`ynm&Sif22 [k ausmf-um;onfh Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology rS p0pfvlrsdK;odyH`ynmSif yx0D0ifXmerSL;jzpfol uif;euf a*s ql; u
orkwfxm;avonf?

'g0if. wl&uDvlrsdK;wdkudk rkef;wD;r+

19 &mpkukefydkif;wGif jAdwdo#udkvdkeDe,fcsJwdk. ta&;-uD;qkH; ypfrSwfonf tdkwdk
reftifyg,mjzpf.?
xdkacwfumvwGif tdkwdkreftifyg,monf ,DrifEdkifiHrS abmhpfeD,m;=
[maZ*dkADemtxdus,f0ef;aom e,fajrudktkyfcsKyfaecsdefjzpfayonf? odkaomfvnf;
jidrf0yfydjym;pGmtkyfcsKyfEdkifpGrf;r&Sdawmhacs? c&pf,mefvlenf;pkwdku vGwfvyfa&;trnf
jzifh x-uGykefuef-uavonf? ppftiftm;-uD;EdkifiHjzpfonfh &k&Sm;EdkifiHuvnf; tdkwdkref
tifyg,mudk csdef;ajcmufvsuf&Sdavonf?
xdk&mpkESpfaemufqkH;ydkif;wGif/ jAdwdefEdkifiHESifh jyifopfEdkifiHwdku yl;aygif;I tdkwdk
reftifyg,mudk csdef;ajcmufavonf? jAdwdo#u tdkwdkreftifyg,m. awmifydkif;EdkifiH
rsm;udk rsufpdusvsuf&Sdonf? 1878 ckESpfwGif csKyfqdkaom bmvifpmcsKyfonf Oa&my
udkvdkeDe,fcsJwdku tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk cGJjcrf;vdkonfh tcsufrsm;yg0ifaeonf? aemif
5 ESpft-umwGif/ tdkwdkreftifyg,mwGif;&Sd tD*spfEdkifiHudk jAdwdo#wdk0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf
vdkufonf? jAdwdo#udkvdkeDe,fcsJu tdkwdkreftifyg,mwGif;&Sd taStv,fydkif;a'orsm;
udk qufvufodrf;ydkuf&ef pDrHudef;csjyefonf?
jAdwdefEdkifiHtaejzifh/ xdkudkvdkeDe,fcsJay:vDpDtm;vkH;udk tpOfojzifh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;
a&;tay: tajccHxm;ayonf? jAdwdo#tpdk;&u tdkwdkreftifyg,m. A[dktcsuftcsm
vnf;jzpfaom tdkwdkrefwl&uDEdkifiHom;rsm;udk acwfaemufusolrsm;tjzpf az:jyavh
&Sdavonf?
jAdwdo#0ef-uD;csKyf 0DvD,rf tD0gwf *vufpwkH;u wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;onf vlom;
r[kwfao;aomowW0grsm;twGuf taumif;qkH;Oyrmjzpfonf/ olwdk. ,Ofaus;r+t
wGuf tm&SwdkufodkwGef;ydkypfI temwdkvD,mrS tjyD;ydkifazsmufzsufypf&rnf[k yGifhyGifh
vif;vif;ajymcJh.?23
tdkwdkrefrsm;udk +wfcs0g'jzef&mwGif txufygpum;rsm;udk pdwfa&mudk,fyg t
okH;jyK-uayonf? wl&uDEdkifiHonf acwfaemufusaomEdkifiHjzpfaoma-umifh ydkrdkwdk;

40

wuf tqifhjrifhaomOa&myvlrsdK;rsm;udk acgif;ikHt+H;ay;&rnfhEdkifiHjzpfonf[k jAdwdo#

tpdk;&u az:jyavh&Sdavonf?
xdk0g'jzefr+. odyH`ynmtajccHonfvnf; csm;vfpf 'g0ifyifjzpf.?
T0g'jzefcsuftwGuf 'g0if. wl&uDEdkifiHESifhywfoufonfh a0zefcsufrsm;udk
1888 ckESpfxkwf csm;vfpf 'g0if.b0ESifhay;pmrsm; (The Life and Letters of Charles
Darwin)[laompmtkyfwGif awG&Sd&ayonf? acwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;rsm;udk azsmuf
zsufypfjcif;jzifh/ obm0.a&G;cs,fr+onf ,Ofaus;r+acwfwdk;wufzGHjzdK;a&;wGif wu
yg0ifaqmif&Gufvdrfhrnf[k 'g0ifu tqdkjyK.? aemufydkif;wGif xdkodkazsmuf zsufypf&
rnfhacwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;rSm wl&uDEdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfonf[k twdtuspGyfpGJav
onf?
obm0.a&G;cs,fr+jzifh ,Ofaus;r+wdk;wuf-uD;xGm;r+wGif wkdufcdkuf-ujcif;&Sdonfhtcsufudk
toifwdk0efcHvdkonfxufydkI vufawGjyEdkifygonf? vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpftenf;i,fwkef;
u wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;u Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;,lcJhonfudk owd&-uyg? ,QKtcsdef
wGif xdkuJhodkaomtjzpftysuftwGuf rnfr#&,fp&maumif;ygoenf;? ydkrdk,Ofaus;aom
aumhauqyfvlrsdK;rsm;u twGif;Y Avmewdtacgif;om&Sdaom wl&uDEdkifiH.touf quf
vuf&Sifoefa&;twGuf &kef;uefjcif;tjzpf wdkufcdkufodrf;,lvdkuf&rnf? TurBmavmu
wcGifvkH;wGif aemifvmrnfhwdkawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif;/ tqifhjrifhaomvlrsdK;rsm;u/ ra&
24
rwGufEdkifavmufonfh edrfhusaomvlrsdK;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufEdkifawmhrnf?

41

T'g0if. t"dy`g,fuif;rJhonfhtqdkonf tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk zsufqD;ypf&ef jAdwdef

EdkifiHtwGuf 0g'jzefaxmufcHcsuf vufeufjzpfcJh.? trSefrSmvnf; xdk0g'jzefvuf
eufonfvnf; xda&mufcJhayonf? 'g0if. wl&uDEdkifiHonf r-umrDtwGif; jydKysuf
oGm;vdrfhrnf/ Tum; tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mryifjzpf.?[laom pum;vkH;wdkonf/ jAdwdefEdkif
iHtwGif; wl&uDvlrsdK;rkef;wD;a&; 0g'jzefr+twGuf olwdktajymt&odyH`enf;usaom
axmufcHcsufjzpfcJhayonf?

jAdwdefEdkifiH. 'g0ifa[mudef;udkvufawGusifhokH;vdkufjcif;onf tajccHtm;jzifh

yxrurBmppfwGif taumiftxnfpaz:cJhonf? xdkurBmppf-uD;onf 1914 ckESpfwGif
pwifcJhI/ *smr%D/ -op-wD;,m=[efa*&Dwdkuwpfzuf/ r[mrdwfjzpfonfh jAdwdefEdkifiH/
jyifopf ESifh &k&Sm;EdkifiHwdkuwpfzuf ydyuQjzpfaomppfyGJjzpfonf? odkaomfvnf;/ xdkppf
yGJ-uD;.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk tjcrf;jcrf;cGJypf&efwGufudef; csxm;
jcif;jzpfayonf?
jAdwdefu tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk ppfrsufESmESpfzufrS pwifwdkufcdkufcJhavonf?
yxrppfrsufESmrSm ta&Stv,fydkif;a'o tdkwdkreftifyg,mjzpfonfh ygvufpwdkif;ESifh
tD&ufe,fajrbufrS pwifwdkufcdkufavonf? 'kwd,rSm *gvDydkvDppfrsufESmjzpfonf?
*gvDydkvDppfrsufESmonf yxrurBmppfrS t-uD;us,fqkH; aoG;tdkifcJhaomppfyGJjzpfav
onf? wl&uDppfwyfonf umeufumave,f *gvDydkvDwdkufyGJwGif jAdwdo# ppfwyfudk
cHwdkufcJh&m/ ppfom;aygif; 250000 txdtoufqkH;+H;cJhavonf? jAdwdo#uvnf;
jAdwdo#tdEdN,ppfwyfESifh -opaw;vsESifh e,l;ZDvefEdkifiHrsm;rS wdkif;&if;om;ppfom;rsm;
udk pkaqmif;zGJpnf;xm;aom tefZufppfwyfrsm;udk ydkI wdkufcJh.? xdkppfom;rsm;udkrl
tom;jzLvlrsdK;rsm;r[kwfojzifh jAdwdo#taejzifh tom;jzLppfom;rsm;xuf tqifhedrfh
aomvlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf?
'g0if. wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;tay: &ufpufpGmt-urf;zufvdkonfha-uG;ausmfoHonf
yxrurBmppfjyD;onfhaemufwGifyif [def;usefaeao;onf? ,QKacwfOa&mywdkufwGif
wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;tm; wdkufcdkuf-uonfh eDtdkemZDtzGJu 'g0if.t"dy`g,f uif;rJhonfh
wl&uDEdkifiHtay:rkef;wD;r+udk tajccHrltjzpf cH,lae-uqJjzpfonf? wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk
&efoltjzpf rkef;wD;onfh0g'jzefr+rsm;udk tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;wGif awGjrifEdkifyg
ao;onf? (aoG;acsmif;pD;apaom 'g0ifESifh[pfwvmwdkt-um;r[mrdwf tcef;wGif t
ao;pdwfzwf+yg?)

42

tar&duefEdkifiHrS vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'ESifh vlr+a&;'g0if0g'

vlr+a&;'g0if0g'onf/ jAdwdefEdkifiHwGifomr[kwfbJ tjcm;EdkifiHawGrSmvnf; vl
rsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh e,fcsJorm;rsm;udk taxmuftuljyKayonf? xdka-umifh w
urBmvkH;odk tvGefvsifjrefpGm ysHESHoGm;cJh.? xdkoDtdk&Dudk vufcHudk;uG,folrsm;.
acgif;aqmifwpfOD;rSm tar&duefEdkifiHorw oDtdk'dk &l;pAJhjzpfayonf? &l;pAJhonf/
tar&duef wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk/ jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;tpDtpOftrnfjzifh/ rsdK;
jzKwftpDtpOfudk yxrOD;qkH;usifhokH;oljzpfayonf? taemufzufe,frsm;udk atmifEdkif
jcif; (The Winning of the West) pmtkyfwGif/ &l;pAJhu vltkyfvdkufowfjzwfjcif;
tawG;tac:udk wnfaqmufcJhavonf? xdkpmtkyfwGif/ tif'D,ef(tar&duwdkuf wdkif;
&if;om;rsm;)udk tjyD;ydkifvlrsdK;jzKwfypf&efta-umif;onf rvGJra&Smifomaomta-umif;
wpf&yfjzpf.25[k a&;om;xm;.? xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk acwfaemufusaom owW0g
rsdK;pkwpfcktjzpf olutqdkjyKEdkifatmif 'g0if0g'u usm;cHay;xm;ayonf?
&l;pAJhu -udKwifwGufxm;onfhtwdkif;/ xdktar&duefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh csKyfqdk
xm;cJhaom pmcsKyfrsm;udk wpfckwpfavr#yif tav;xm;*&kpdkufaep&mrvdkawmhacs?
,if;onfvnf; acwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;[laomtawG;tac:u ay;tyfonfh rSm;
,Gif;aomw&m;0ifjzpfapjcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf? 1871 ckESpfwGif tar&duefuGef*&uf
u tar&duefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh csKyfqdkcJhaom pmcsKyftm;vkH;udk zsufodrf;ypfjyD;/
olwdkudk aorif;e,fajrodk aorif;udkapmifhqdkif;&ef ydkvdkuf&efqkH;jzwfcsufcsavonf?
wpfbufu if;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;tjzpfvufcHjcif;r&Sdygu/ olwdkESifh csKyfqdk
xm;aom pmcsKyfwdkonfvnf; rnfodkw&m;0ifawmhrnfenf;?
&l;pAJhu xdkvlrsdK;a&;ppfonf/ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymaomvlrsdK;(t*Fvdk=qufZefvl
rsdK;)rsm;wurBmvkH;ysHESHjcif;. tjrifhrm;qkH;atmifjrifr+jzpfonf[k wifoGif;cJh.?26
xdkt*Fvdk=qufZefvlrsdK;a&;tqdkudk yxrOD;qkH;axmufcHolrSm tar&duefvlrsdK;
tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm;w&m;"rRq&m *sdKqD,m pxa&mif;jzpfI if;tawG;tac:udk wdkuf&dkuf
tokH;jyKcJh.? oluatmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?
xdktcsdefwGifrlum;/ urBm-uD;onf ordkif;wGif uopfodka&muf&Sdrnf jzpf.? ,if;
uonf vlrsdK;a&;jydKifqdkifr+wGif/ t*FvdkqufZefvlrsdK;rsm;udkom a&G;cs,fvdkufjcif;yif jzpf
.? Ttiftm;-uD;aomvlrsdK;onf rufpDudktxdvnf;aumif;/ tar&dutv,fydkif;rS
awmiftar&dutxdvnf;aumif;/ yifv,fork'N&mtwGif;&Sdu|ef;-uD;u|ef;i,frStp tmz&d
uwdkufvGefI jyefyGm;a&mufoGm;-uvdrfhrnf[k a[mudef;xkwfxm;yg&ap? TaemufqkH;
tajzonf/ toifhawmfqkH;vufa&G;pif.&Sifoefa&;r[kwf[k rnfolu oHo,SdOD;
27
rnfenf;?

vlr+a&;'g0if0g'udk olwdk.vkyf&yfrsm; w&m;0ifjzpfonf[k ta-umif;jy&eft

wGuf a&S;OD;pGmtokH;csolwdkrSm/ vlrJrsm;. &efolrsm;jzpfayonf? vljzLrsm;onf
tqifhtjrifhqkH;jzpfI vlrJrsm;onf urBmOD;vleD;eD;tqifhtedrfhqkH;jzpfonf[k owfrSwf
aom olwdk.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk csufcsif;yif tm;&
0rf;ompGm vufcHaxG;ydkufvdkufayonf?28
TtawG;tac:t& vlrJrsm;onf vlom;r[kwf-uacs? 1962 ckESpfxkwf vlrsdK;
rsm;.tp (The Origin of Race) pmtkyfwGif vlodrsm;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DvlrsdK;cGJjcm;
a&;orm; umvufwGefuGef;u vljzLESifhvlrJrsm;onf [dkrdktD&ufwyfpfvufxufwGif ESpf
43

rsdK;cGJxGufvmcJhaom uGJjym;onfhrsdK;pdwfrsm;jzpfonf[k a&;xm;.? uGef;.tqdkt&

vljzLrsm;onf xdkuJhodkcGJxGufvmonfhtcsdefrSpI tDAdkvl;&Sif;ydkrdkajymif;vJvmcJh-uonf
[l.? vlrJrsm;tm; cGJjcm;onfhpdwf"gwfudk axmufcHtm;ay;onfhtkyfpku TodyH`enf;
usonf[lonfh &Sif;vif;csufudk tcsdefumv-umjrifhpGmtokH;cscJh-uavonf?

tar&duefEdkifiH orw&l;pAJhu
ola&;om;aom The Winning of
the West pmtkyfwGif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;
a&;t& tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+udk
pwif tajccHwnfaqmufI aemif
wGif vufawGusifhokH;cJh.?

vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'udk axmufcH
tm;ay;aomoDtdk&D&Sdaejcif;a-umifh tar&d
uefEdkifiHwGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&; -uD;xGm;vm
cJhavonf? vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk qefusifcJh
onfh W.E. Dubois u/ ESpfq,f&mpkESpf
.jy\emonf vlrsdK;tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;
r+jy\emjzpfonf?[ka&;om;cJh.? u|ef
pepfudkzsufodrf;jcif;wpfckwnf;u vljzL
ESifhvlrJrsm;t-um; nDtpfudkpdwf"gwfjzpf
ay:vmap&ef rvkHavmufacs? wdkawmif;
onfhtcsdeftwGif; csrSwfcJhaom cGJjcm;r+u
19&mpkESpfukefydkif;ESifh
20&mpkESpfOD;ydkif;wGif
tar&duefEdkifiHY vljzLrsm;u vlrJrsm;udk &uf
puf-urf;-uKwfpGm zdESdyfcJh-u.? Oya'ESifh
vufawGusifhokH;r+rsm;u vlrJrsm;udk vlom;
tjzpfrowfrSwf-ua-umif; az:jyaeayonf?
vljzLrsm;u -uG,f0csrf;omaomb0wGif &Sdae
-uaomfvnf; vlrJrsm;rSm vlrqefavmuf
atmif jyKusifhjcif;udk cHcJh-u&.?

Oya't& u|Ekfyfwdk. acwfrSmvnf; xdk

odkaomjyKrlcsufrsm;twGufta-umif;
jycsufaumif;wpfck jzpfaeao;onf?30
44

tar&duefEdkifiHwGif yxrOD;qkH;jyXmef;aom "Jim Crow Laws" (Jim Crow qdk

aom pum;vkH;rSm vlrJwdkudk ESdrfaompum;wpfvkH;jzpfonf?) Oya'onf ,aeu|Efkyf
wdk.acwfwdkifatmif &Sdaeao;onf? vlrJrsm;udk vlom;uJhodkrqufqH-uacs? olwdk
udk tjrJwef;&GH&Smrkef;wD;-uonfhtjyif/ ae&mwumwGif txifao;-uonf? xdkuJhodk
jzpfjcif;onf yk*~dKvftcsdK.vkyf&yfomr[kwfay? tar&duefEdkifiH.Oya't& jyXmef;
xm;aomtjyKtrljzpfayonf? wufeufpDjynfe,fY 1875=ckESpfwGif rD;&xm;ESifh "gwf
&xm;rsm;wGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;Oya'udk yxrOD;qkH;jyXmef;vdkufonfESifh wjydKifwnf;
awmifydkif;e,frsm;tm;vkH;wGif rD;&xm;rsm;Y vlrsdK;t&cJGjcm;owfrSwfjcif;jyKvkyf-uav
onf? vljzLrsm;om[laomqdkif;bkwfum;csyfrsm;/ vlrJrsm;twGuf[laomqdkif;
bkwfum;csyfrsm;/ ae&mwumwdkif; awGjrif&avonf? if;wdktm;vkH;rSm eudk&SdaejyD;
jzpfaom tajctaeudk Oya't& w&m;0ifatmif jyKvkyfjcif;omv#if jzpfayonf? Oy
a't& vljzLvlrJcGJjcm;&efrSm aq;&kH/ tusOf;axmifESifh ocsKif;rsm;wGif rvkyfrae& udpP
jzpfonf? odkaomfvnf;/ vufawGwGif/ a[mfw,f/ Zmwf&kH/ pmzwfcef;/ "gwfavScg;ESifh
bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; usifhokH;-u.? ausmif;rsm;wGif xdkuJhodk tom;ta&mif
cGJjcm;r+a-umifh trsm;qkH;xdcdkufepfemr+cHpm;&ayonf? if;onf vlrJrsm;twGuf txd
cdkufqkH;tcsufjzpfI/ olwdk. ,Ofaus;r+zGHjzdK;a&;twGuf t-uD;qkH;aom t[eftwm;
jzpfaeayonf?

45

vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+pwifuwnf;upI t"du&k%f;ajrmufjrm;pGm vdkufvmawmh

onf? vlrJrsm;udk vltkyfjzifh w&m;vufv$wfowfjzwfr+rsm; aecsif;ncsif;wdk;vmav
onf? 1890 ckESpfrS 1901 ESpftxd vlrJOD;a&aygif; 1300cef w&m;vufv$wftowf
cH&onf? xdka-umifh jynfe,ftajrmuftjrm;wGif vlrJrsm; x-uGykefuefavonf?
TumvtwGif;Y vlrsdK;a&;tawG;tac:ESifh oDtdk&Drsm;jzifh jynfheufvsuf&Sd.?
r-umrD/ tar&duwdkufopfodk xdef;odrf;jcif;uif;rJhaom vl0ifr+udk umuG,f&ef[k ,
r,f&SmI tm&fbDbif;.OD;acgif;cGHwdkif;wmenf;jzpfaom tar&duefvlrsdK;a&;qefonfh
ZD0aA'ay:aygufcJhjyefonf? Tonfvnf; tar&duefwdk. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;vkyf&yfwGif
xl;jcm;csufwpfckjzpfayonf? 1916 ckESpfxkwf r,f'Dqef *&ef. The Passing of the
Great Race pmtkyfwGif vlrsdK;ESpfrsdK;pyf,Sufaygif;pyfjcif;jzifh eudktqifhedrfhaeaomvl
rsdK;xuftqifhedrfhaomvlrsdK;wpfrsdK; xyfay:vmvdrfhrnf[k a&;om;xm;onf? oltae
ESifh rwlaomvlrsdK;csif; vufxyfjcif;udk Oya't& wm;jrpfapvdkjcif;jzpfonf?31
tar&duefEdkifiHwGif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'onf 'g0ifray:rDuwnf;u &SdjyD;om;
jzpfonf? odkaomfvnf;/ txufu u|Efkyfwdkaz:jycJhjyD;onfhtwdkif;/ 'g0if0g'onf 19
&mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;wGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tjrifESifh ay:vDpDrsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;a-umif;
xif&Sm;ayonf? Oyrm/ Ttcef;wGifaz:jyonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;u olwdk.t
jrifudk a&Swef;wifwdkif; 'g0if0g'udk 0g'jzefa-uG;ausmfoHtjzpf tokH;jyK-uonf? 'g
0ifrwdkifrDacwfrsm;wGif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonf[k,lqcJhaom tawG;tac:rsm;onf/
,cktcsdefwGif obm0w&m;omv#ifjzpfonf[k vufcH-uavjyD?

'g0if0g'Dwdk. vlrqefaom ay:vDpDrsm;

tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;udk rsdK;okOf;owfjzwfjcif;
-opaw;vsEdkifiHrS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk tabmf&D*sif;[kac:-uonf? T
vlrsdK;rsm;onf -opaw;vswdkufwGif ESpfaygif;axmifESifhcsDI aexdkifcJh-uolrsm;jzpfonf?
olwdkonf Oa&mywdkufom;rsm; -opaw;vswdkufodk 0ifa&muftajccsaexdkifuwnf;u
pI urBmhordkif;wGif t-uD;us,fqkH;aom vlrsKd;a&;okwfoifowfjzwfjcif;cHcJh-u&.?
xdkowfjzwfr+-uD;. tajccHtawG;tac:rSm 'g0if0g'jzpfayonf? TvlrsdK;wdkcHpm;cJh&
onfh &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+.t"duta-umif;&if;rSm/ 'g0if0g'DtawG;tac:&Sifwdk.
tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;tay:&Sdonfh tjrifa-umifhjzpfonf?
1870 ckESpfwGif vef'efrEk\aA'&DjAL;rS rEk\aA'ynm&Sif rufpfrlvmonf
vlom;rsm;udk trsdK;tpm;aygif; ckepfrsdK;cGJxm;avonf? tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;udk
atmufqkH;wGifxm;I/ vljzLrsm;jzpfaom tm&d,efvlrsdK;rsm;udk xdyfqkH;wGif xm;onf?
1876 ckESpfwGif trnfausmf-um;aom vlr+a&;'g0if0g'Du atmufygtwdkif; qdkxm;ay
onf?
tiftm;t-uD;qkH;vufa&G;piftrsdK;. qufvuftouf&SifEdkifjcif;[lonf tiftm;-uD;ol
u w&m;onf[kqdkvdkonf? xdka-umifh u|Ekfyfwdkonf -opaw;vsvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh armf&DvlrsdK;
rsm;udkvlrsdK;okOf;atmif oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhpGm owfjzwfokwfoifjcif;onf vGJa&SmifI
32
r&aom obm0w&m;udk wdkifwnfjznfhpGufae-ujcif;om jzpfayonf?

1890 ckESpfwGif/ wyfprmeD,mjynfe,f &kd,,fvfqdkqdkifwD. 'kwd,OuUXjzpfol

*sdrf;pfbm;em'fu rsdK;jzKwfjcif;onf tdAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mr. &Sif;jyp&mrvdkaom trSefw
46

&m;jzpfI oifhavsmfawmifhwif;qkH;vufa&G;pOfjzpfol. qufvuf&Sifoefa&;jzpfonf?

[k a&;om;cJh.? xdka-umifh/ oltaejzifh/ xdkuJhodk-opaw;vswdkuf tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk
owfjzwfqkH;+H;aponfh &mZ0wfr+twGuf tjypfwifcHxdkufaom vpfvsL+kjcif;r[kwf
[kta-umif;jycJhavonf?33
tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk
rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif;
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdkonf -op
awvswdkuf wdkif;&if;om;t
abmf&D*sif;wdkudk vlom;t
jzpf tjynfht0zGHjzdK;jcif;r&Sd
ao;aom owW0grsm;jzpf
onf[kqdkI owfjzwfcJh-u
.?

Todkaom 'g0if
u pwifysdK;axmifcJhaom
vlrqefonfh&ufpuf-urf;
-uKwfonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;
a-umifh/ a-umufrufzG,f
aumif;onfh tabmf&D*sif;
rsdK;jzwfa&; pwifcJhjcif;jzpf
ayonf? tabmf&D*sif; OD;
acgif;cGHrsm;udk rD;&xm;bl
wm&kHwHcg;rsm;Y qGJcsdwfjy
oxm;-uavonf? -op
aw;vswdkufwpfcGifvkH; ae
&mwumwGif tabmf&D*sif;
rsm;tajccsaexdkifaom &yf
&Gmrsm;onf xdkodkaom&uf
pufpGmowfjzwfr+a-umifh
ESpfaygif;50twGif; aysmuf
uG,foGm;cJhavonf?34

tabmf&D*sif;wdkudk &nf&G,faomay:vDpDrsm;onf/ rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif;jzifhom

rjyD;ao;acs? tabmf&D*sif;vlOD;a&aygif;tajrmuftjrm;udk wd&pm>efuJhodk odyH`ynmprf;
oyfr+twGuf tokH;jyKcJh-u.? 0gSifwef'DpDrS prpfqdkeD,HtifpwD-uL;onf urBmay:&Sd
47

vlrsdK;aygif;pkH. &kyftavmif;aygif; 15,000 Sd.? jAdwdo#jywdkuftwGuf/ wd&pm>ef

(arsmuf0H)rsm;ESifh vlom;rsm;t-um;wGif aysmufaeaomtqufudk &SmazG&eftwGuf
-opaw;vstabmf&D*sif;aygif; 10000udk oabFmjzifh wifydkcJh-uonf?
jywdkufrsm;onf/ t&kd;pkrsm;udkom pdwf0ifpm;onfr[kwf? tabm&D*sif;wdk.
OD;aESmufudkvnf; "gwfcGJcef;prf;oyf&eftwGuf aps;aumif;aumif;jzifh a&mif;cscJh-u.?
-opaw;vswdkufwdkif;&if;om;tabmf&D*sif;wdkudk odyH`prf;oyfcsuftwGuf "gwfcGJcef;
wGif owfjzwf-ua-umif;vnf; oufaotaxmuftxm;&Sdayonf? atmufygtcsuf
rsm;u xdkodkaom&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+twGuf oufaoom"ursm; jzpfayonf?
1866 ckESpfwGif/ uGif;pvifjynfe,f bdk;0if;jrdKawmf0efu/ oludk,fwdkif tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk
1865 ckESpfwkef;u odyH`prf;oyfcsuftwGuf olrnfuJhodk taygiftvufrsm; wpfppDzsufcJh
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35
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48

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36
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49

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37
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50

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38
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39
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40

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51

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41
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52

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53

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vlom;rsm;onf/ wd&pm>efrS wpfqifhjyD;wpfqifh wdk;wufzGHjzdK;vmI/ tcsdKvlrsdK;
rsm;onf wdk;wufzGHjzdK;r+ jyD;jynfhpkHum/ tcsdKvlrsdK;rsm;rSm wd&pm>efrsm;ESifheD;pyfaeao;o
jzifh vlordkif;wGif ysufpD;r+udkom aqmifusOf;ay;onf[k 'g0ifu wifjyxm;avonf?
'g0if.TowfrSwfcsufudk vufcHolwdkonf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk -uifemoem;jcif; uif;
rJhum &ufpufpGmzdESdyfEdSrfeif;-uayonf? olwdkudk tcufcJqkH;b0wGif aexdkifapI/ rsdK;
jzKwfowfjzwfonftxd jyKusifh-uayonf?
&J&ifhaomurBmopfrsm;[kt"dy`g,f&onfh Brave New Worlds pmtkyfudka&;om;
ol b&dkif;tJyJvf,m'fu vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;wGif udef;atmif;aeonfh &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf
aompdwfaepdwfxm;ESifh/ if;rS&&Sdaomtajzrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf[k az:jy
xm;.?
vlwdku oifhtm;rnfonfhta-umif;jycsufESifhrqdk/ t,loD;r+jzifhjzpfap/ odyH`enf;jzifhjzpfap/
tqifhydkedrfhaomowW0gjzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfonfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ oifhtay:wGifjyKusifhrnfh
&ufpufr+rsm;onf twdkif;twmr&SdbJjzpfvdrfhrnf?
xdkodk&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGmjyKusifh
vdkufjcif;udkvnf; tjynfht0w&m;onf[k,lqvdrfhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf tjcm;vl
om;wpfa,mufudk tqifhedrfhonf[k ,kH-unfjcif;onf xdkoludk raumif;/ tEW&m,f&Sdonf/
odkr[kwf tqifhydkjrifhaomowW0gudk tEW&m,fay;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqjcif;xuf tenf;i,f
tqifhjrifhjcif;a-umifh jzpfayonf? tcsdKaomolwdku xdktqifhedrfhaomolwdkonf vlom;
avmuwpfckvkH;. usef;rmoefpGrf;r+ESifhtoufudk tEW&m,fjyKvdrfhrnf[kyif 0g;vkH;&Snf
&ef;jcKHIowfrSwf-uayvdrfhrnf? xdkaemuf oif;uGyfjcif;/ vufxyfjcif;udk uefowfjcif;
rsm;jyKvkyfvdrfhrnf? vlom;rsdK;pkudk wdkufcdkufrnfhtEW&m,fESifh tqifhjrifholvlom;wdk.
42
*k%foduQmudk umuG,fonf[k ta-umif;jy&if; owfjzwfr+yifvkyf-uvdrfhrnf?

odkaomfvnf;/ vlom;tm;vkH;udk nDwlnDr#zefqif;xm;ayonf? vlwdkif;udk

tvm[ft&Sifjrwf(xm0&bk&m;ocif)u zefqif;xm;onf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf
u vlom;rsm;udk zefqif;jcif;ESifhywfoufI Todka-ujimxm;.?
t-uift&Sifjrwfonf rdrdzefqif;awmfrlcJhaomt&m0wKwdkif;udk aumif;rGefpGm
jyKvkyfzefqif;awmfrlcJh.? if;jyif xdkt&Sifjrwfonf vlom;tm; zefqif;jcif;
udk $HnGefjzifh tpjyKawmfrlcJh.? xdkaemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf xdkvlom;.
tquftEG,fwdkudk npfxkwfxm;aom tzdk;rwefaoma&jzifh jyKvkyfzefqif;
awmfrlcJh.? xdkaemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf if;tm; aexm;usepGm jyKvkyfawmf
rlI if;(. cE<mudk,ftwGif;)Y rdrdtxHawmfrS toufZD0defudk r+wfoGif;awmfrl
cJh.? (pl&mtvfp*sf'[f 32;7=9)?
txufyg tm,ofawmfrsm;twdkif;/ vlom;rsm;onf tvm[ft&Sifjrwfr+wf
oGif;ay;xm;aom toufZD0def0dnmOfudk aqmifxm;-uayonf? vlom;wdkif; vlrsdK;r
a&G; pOf;pm;jcif;/ tm&kHcHpm;jcif;/ cspfjcif;/ emusifjcif;udkcHpm;jcif;/ pdwfv+yf&Sm;jcif;/ cspf
jcif;arwWmw&m;udk od&Sdjcif;/ oem;-uifem *&k%mw&m;&Sdjcif; ponfwdk&Sd.? vlom;
wdkif;onf Edkifvdkrif;xufzdESdyfnOf;yef;jcif;/ txifao;yrmrxm;jcif;/ tcuftcJ&Sdjcif;/
ponfwdkudkvnf; od.? xdka-umifh/ ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;onf
wd&pm>efwpf0ufowW0gjzpfonf[k ,kH-unfI wpfOD;OD;avmufudkyif ESdyfpufuvl jyKyg
u/ xdkodkjyKusifhol/ usL;vGefol/ zdESdyfol/ acgif;ykHjzwfolESifh rrSefruefvkyf-uHxm;aom

54

oufaoom"ursm;jyI axmufcHtm;ay;olwdkonf olwdkrodaomfvnf; -uD;us,faom

jypfr+i&Judk usL;vGefjcif;yif jzpfayonf?
u|Efkyfwdk.acwfwGif/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhpmv#if ,Ofaus;r+t& acwfaemufus
aeao;aom vlrsdK;rsm;vnf;&Sdao;onf? olwdktm;vkH;onf vlom;.t*FgvuQ%mrsm;
tm;vkH;jynfhpkHpGm&Sd-u.? odkaomfvnf; urBmudkpdk;rdk;aeonfh enf;ynmESifh,Ofaus;r+ydkif;
wGif avsmhenf;r+&Sdae-uonf? olwdkaexdkifonfht&yfa'. obm0tajctaeESifh &moD
Owkt&/ vltzGJtpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;wdkonf usefwdk;wufaomvltzGJtpnf;,Ofaus;
r+trsm;pkwdkESifha0;uGmvsuf&Sd-uayonf? odkaomfvnf; olwdkwpfOD;csif;wGif vlom;
wdk. t*Fg&yfrsm;/ xkH;wrf;"avhrsm;/ tusifhpm&dwWrsm;ESifh jynfhpkH-uayonf? rorm
onfh&nf&G,fcsuf&Sdolrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;cJGjcm;jcif;wGif tjrwfxkwfEdkifr+udk tm;usvufcHol
rsm;onf/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk pdwf0ifpm;pGmzufvJwuif;vufcHI/ xdkuJhodkaom tjcm;vl
om;rsm;ESifhjcm;em;jcif;r&Sdolrsm;udk/ edrfhusonfhvlrsdK;rsm;[lIvnf;aumif;/ ,kwfpGtqkH;
wd&pm>efrsm;jzpfonf[lIvnf;aumif; owfrSwf-u.? xdktjrifa-umifh/ ,aevuf&Sd
acwfwGifyif/ acwfaemufusaeao;aomvltzGJtpnf;udk vlom;tjzpfvkHavmufpGmzGH
jzdK;r+r&Sdao;aomowW0grsm;jzpfonf[k zdESdyfpufqkyfolrsm;vnf; ay:aygufaeao;.?
odkaomfvnf; tvm[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlrsdK;cGJjcm;jcif;udk vkH;0wm;jrpfxm;.?
tvm[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlom;wdkif;udkzefqif;xm;jyD;/ rwlnDuGJjym;aomtom;ta&mif
ESifh ajymqdkaombmompum;trsdK;rsdK;jzpfay:aponf? ,if;onfuyif tvm[ft&Sif
jrwf. zefqif;jcif;.tEkynmESifhuJGjym;jcm;em;jcif;udk jyqdkjcif;jzpfayonf? uk&ftmef
usrf;awmfjrwfwGif/
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rsm;ESifh yx0Dajrudk zefqif;awmfrljcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ toifwdk. bmomp
um;ESifh taoG;ta&mifwdk uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ pifppfTonf
ynm&Sdokcrdefwdktzdk trSefyifoufaovuQ%mrsm;onf &Sdacsonf?
(pl&mt&f&l;rf 30;22)
tvm[ft&Sifjrwf. tjrifwGif vlwpfOD;.tqifhjrifhjcif;onf/ xdkol. tusifh
pm&dwWaumif;rGefjcif;/ tjypf'kp&dkuftm;vkH;ESifh tvm[ft&Sifjrwfudkykefuefjcif;/ t
usifhpm&dwWysufjym;jcif;ESifhaoGznfjcif; ponfwdkudk a&SmifusOfjcif;tjyif/ t&Sifjrwfudk
c0wfqnf;uyfjcif;w&m;"rRESifhjynfhpkHjcif;rsm;tay:wGif rlwnf.? xdkt&Sifjrwfudk
qnf;uyfudk;uG,fr+ESifh w&m;"rRudkvdkufemusifh-uHoDvaqmufwnfr+uvGJI tjcm;rnf
onfht&murS jrifhjrwfjcif;tqifhudk r&SdEdkifacs? TtcsufESifhywfoufI uk&ftmef
usrf;awmfjrwfwGif atmufygtwdkif; rdefqdkxm;awmfrl.?
tdk=vlcyfodrf;wdk/ {uefrvGJ igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdktm; a,mufsm;wpf
a,muf/ rdef;rwpfa,mufrS pwifzefqif;awmfrlcJh.? xdkjyif igt&Sifjrwfonf
toifwdktcsif;csif; wpfOD;udkwpfOD; cGJjcm;odjrifrSwfrd-utHhaomiSm vlrsdK;pkt
oD;oD;/ rsdK;EG,ftoG,foG,fjyKvkyfawmfrlcJh.? {uefpifppf toifwdkteufrS
(tvm[ft&Sifjrwftm;) ta-umuf&GHqkH;/ tjypfrsm;rS trsm;qkH; -uOfa&Smifol
omv#if tvm[ft&SifjrwftxHawmfY tjrifhjrwfqkH;aomoljzpf.? pifppfwpf
rlum; tvm[ft&Sifjrwfonf todawmfrlqkH;/ t-um;awmfrlqkH;t&Sif jzpfawmf
rlayownf;? (pl&mtvf[k*s&mwf 49;13)
55

56

aoG;acsmif;pD;apaom 'g0ifESifh [pfwvmwdkt-um; r[mrdwf

emZD0g'onf yxrurBmppfwGif ppf+H;ojzifh &kwf&if;qefcwf +wfaxG;ae

onfh *smr%DEdkifiHY pwifay:aygufcJh.? ygwDacgif;aqmifrSm tvGefa'go-uD;I &efvdk

aom tma'ghzf[pfwvmjzpfonf? vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;onf [pfwvm. tajccHurBmhtjrif
jzpfavonf? [pfwvmu/ *smr%DEdkifiH. t"duvlrsdK;jzpfonfh tm&d,efvlrsdK;onf
usefvlrsdK;rsm;tm;vkH;xuf jrifhjrwftqifhjrifhojzifh xdkolwdkudk tkyfpdk;&rnfhvlrsdK;jzpf
onf[k ,kH-unfonf? olu tm&d,efvlrsdK;onf urBmhtifyg,mudk wnfaxmifI
ESpfaygif; wpfaxmif pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k pdwful;,OfcJhavonf?
[pfwvmu ol.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;oDtdk&DtwGuf 'g0if. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk
odyH`enf;usaxmufcHay;rnfhoDtdk&Dtjzpf awG&Sdavonf?
[pfwvm.ta&;-uD;qkH;tawG;tac:ykHpHoGif;ay;ol *smrefvlrsdK;ordkif;ynm&Sif
[if;&dcsf AGef x&pfcsfauonf 'g0if. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tvGef-udKufESpfoufojzifh
'g0if. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tjrifrsm;ay:wGif tajccHIykHpHoGif;avonf? olu 'g0if.
toifhawmfqkH;olu toufqufvufSifonf [laomtqdktwdkif;/ EdkifiHrsm;onf &kef
&if;-urf;wrf;pGm,SOfjydKif-urSomv#if wdk;wufzGHjzdK;Edkifonf?[kajymavh&Sd.? qdkvdk&if;
rSm rqkH;EdkifaomppfyGJrsm;wdkufcdkuf-u&rnf? oltjrifonf 'g;jzifhpdk;rdk;jcif;onf ,Of
aus;r+acwfudk &dkif;pdkif;r+odkac:aqmifjcif;jzpfI/ todynmudk ynmrJhjcif;odkac:aqmif
jcif;yifjzpfayonf? ol.tawG;wGif vl0grsm;onf tEkynmtpGrf;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vGwf
vyfr+udk rodem;rvnf-uacs? vlrJrsm;.b0uH-urRmonf vljzLrsm;udk tusdK;aqmif
-u&efomjzpfI/ vljzLrsm;. xm0pOfpufqkyfjcif;ypfrSwfjzpf-uonf?43
[pfwvmu ol.oDtdk&DtawG;tac:rsm;udk -uHqaecsdefwGif/ x&pfcsfauuJhodk
yif 'g0if. touf&Sifa&;twGufwdkufcdkuf&rnf[laomtawG;tac:udk ul;,lvsuf&Sd
.? trnfqdk;jzifhausmf-um;aom Mein Kampf (u|Ekfyf. &kef;uefr+)[kac:aom ol.
pmtkyfonf touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf&rnf[laomtawG;tac:. aphaqmfr+t
rsm;qkH;yg0ifayonf? 'g0ifuJhodkyif [pfwvmonfvnf; Oa&mywdkufom;r[kwfaom
vlrsdK;wdkudk arsmuftqifhYom xm;.? aemf'pf*smrefvlrsdK;rsm;udk z,fxm;vdkufygu/
urBm-uD;wGif arsmuf0Hrsm;uckefaejcif;omusefayonf?[k [pfwvmuqdk.?44
1933 ckESpf EL&ifbg*fjrdKygwDtiftm;jyyGJwGif/ [pfwvmu tqifhjrifhaomvl
rsdK;u tqifhedrfhwJhvlrsdK;udk vufatmufcHtjzpfoGwfoGif;&w,f? 'Dtcsufudk odyH`ynm
rSmtajccHxm;jyD;wJhtcsufjzpfvdk obm0uay;wJhtcGifhta&;jzpfw,f?[k a-unmcJh
.?45
tm&d,HvlrsdK;rsm;. tqifhjrifhjcif;udk ,kH-unfonfh [pfwvmonf/ xdktqifh
jrifhjcif;onf obm0uay;aomtcGifhta&;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf.? Mein Kampf pm
tkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;ayonf?
*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;onf vlom;wpf0ufomjzpfao;aomvlrsdK;jzpfonf? aemf'pfvlrsKd;rsm;udk jrifh
jrwfaomtqifhwGifwifxm;ouJhodk olwdk.yifudkADZtarGt& aumuf-upfpOf;vJolrsm;
46
jzpf-uonf?

57

[pfwvmonf/ vl
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oefrmolrsm;ESifh 'kuQdwrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfjcif;jzifh vlom;rsdK;pkrsm;udk rGrf;rHjcif;[k qdk
vdkonf? wd&pm>efarG;jrLa&;wGif ydkrdkusef;rmoefpGrf;aom taumifrsm;udkoma&G;cs,fI
rdwfvdkufapjcif;jzifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom wd&pm>efrsm;udk xkwfvkyfEdkifayonf? vlom;
oefpifa&;oDtdk&Dt&/ xdkenf;twdkif; vlom;rsm;udkvnf; oefjyefaomvlrsdK;rsm;udk arG;
xkwfEdkifonf[k qdkonf?
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jzpf-uavonf? xdkvlom;oefpifa&;tpDtpOfv+dif;*,ufwGif/ t*FvefEdkifiHY csm;vfpf
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xdyfqkH;a&Swef;rSaeI OD;aqmif-uonf?
58

if;vlom;oefpifa&;tpDtpOfy&dk*&rfonf 'g0if0g'.&vm'fjzpfa-umif; xif

&Sm;aeayonf? TtcsuftrSefyifjzpfa-umif; vlom;oefpifa&;0g'udkaxmufcHolwdk.
pmayrsm;wGif az:jyxm;ayonf? vlom;oefpifa&;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+udk
vlom;rsm;udk,fwdkif wm0ef,laqmif&Gufjcif;yifjzpf./[kqdkxm;onf?

0g&SifwefwuUodkvfrS aq;ynmordkif;
ynm&Sif uif;euf v'frD&mu/ vlom;oefpif
a&;oDtdk&Donf yvmwdk.&Dygyvd*f(Republic)txda&S;usaomtawG;tac:jzpfonf[k
rSwfcsufcs.? 'g0if0g'u 19 &mpkESpf.tusdK;twGuf aygufzGm;vmjcif;jzpfayonf[k
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ESpfwGif vlom;oefpifa&;tusdK;tjrwfay:xGef;vmjcif;onf tajccHZpfjrpftm;jzifh rsm;jym;
ayonf? ta&;-uD;qkH;ZpfjrpfrSm tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Djzpf.? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ vlom;
oefpifa&;oDtdk&D "euginics" tawG;tac:udk pwifzefwD;olonf csm;vfpf'g0if. nD0rf;
uGJ z&efppf a*gvfwefjzpfI/ xdkoDtdk&D.trnfudkvnf; oludk,fwdkifay;aomtrnfjzpfay
onf? vlom;oefpifa&;tawG;tac:onf csm;vfpf'g0ifu xkwfaz:onfh odyH`enf;usaom
47
tawG;tac:rSwdkuf&dkuf wdk;wufvmjcif; jzpfayonf?

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vGefausmf-um;aom ZD0aA'ynm&Sif tmef;a[uJvfjzpfonf? a[uJvfonf 'g0ifudk
axmufcHtm;ay;aom rdwfaqG&if;jzpfonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk axmufcHonfhtae
jzifh "recapitulation" jyefvnfaygif;pnf;jcif;tqdkudk wifoGif;avonf? ol.tqdk
wGif owW0grsm;tm;vkH;. oaE<om;avmif;wdkonf wpfckESifhwpfck qifwl-uonf[k
qdkonf? aemifwGif a[uJvfu xdktqdkudk wif;oGif;&eftwGuf tcsuftvufrsm;udk
vkyf-uHzefwD;cJhjcif;jzpfa-umif; awG&Sd&.?
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pOf aemufwpfzufrSmvnf; vlom;oefpifa&;0g'jzefae.? ajcvufrpkHrvif'kuQdwt
jzpfarG;vmaomcav;rsm;udk owfypfjcif;tm;jzifh vltzGJtpnf;tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+ ydk
59

rdkjrefqefvmvdrfhrnf[k t-uHjyKcJhavonf? xdkxufru/ tem-uD;a&m*gonfrsm;/ uif

qma&m*gpGJuyfaeolrsm;ESifh OD;aESmufysufaeolrsm;udk em-uifjcif;r&SdapbJ owfypfoifh
onf/ odkr[kwfygu if;wdkonf vltzGJtpnf;twGuf wm0efav;apjcif;omjzpfojzifh
tDAdkvl;&Sif;wpfpwpfpqifhuJajymif;vJwdk;wufjcif;udk aESmifhaES;apvdrfhrnf[k wifjycJh
avonf?
tar&duefvlrsdK; okawoeynmSifjzpfol a*smh pwdef;u a[uJvf. tDAdkvl;
&Sif;wGifopPmcHjcif;ESifhywfoufI American Scientist r*~Zif;wGif aqmif;yg;wyk'fjzifh pk
aygif;tusOf;csKyfxm;ayonf?
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48
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60

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49
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61

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62

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53
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63

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54
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55
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64

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57
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65

'JeD,,fvf *wfprefu [pfwvmonftDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. ZD0qdkif&m tcsufudk

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National Socialism) pmtkyfwGif az:jyxm;onf?

66

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60
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67

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a,mufjzpfonf[k qdkjcif;onf vkH;0rSefuefaomtcsufjzpfayonf?
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aom xdcdkufepfemr+rsm;udk xkwfaz:jyoxm;onf?
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qdk&ayrnf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DrSefuefonf[k tcdkiftrm,kH-unfonfh[pfwvmu oludk,f
ol acwfopfurBmhu,fwif&Sif-uD;jzpfonf[k rSwf,lavonf? ==tqifhjrifhaomvlrsdK;udk
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72
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trSefrSm 'g0ifu ol.oDtdk&Dudk rwifjyrD/ urBmay:wGif ,Qifu ra&rwGufEdkif

aom ppfrsm;jzpfcJhbl;avjyD? odkaomfvnf; ToDtdk&D.oufa&mufr+a-umifh ppfjzpfjcif;
onf yxrOD;qkH; odyH`enf;ususw&m;onf[k rSm;,Gif;pGmvufcH-uayonf? 'g0if.
ppfESifhywfoufI raumif;aomyg0ifr+ESifhywfoufI rufpf aemfa'gifu ppf.tawG;t
ac:ESifhudk,fusifhw&m; (The Philosophy and Morals of War) [laomaqmif;yg;wGif
jyqdkxm;&m/ tar&duefEdkifiHwGif [dk;av;wausmfjzpfoGm;bl;onf?
ppfjzpfjcif;ESifhywfoufI t-uD;us,fqkH;-oZm&SdolESifhaxmufcHr+ay;olonf 'g0ifjzpf.?
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81

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73
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wurBmvkH; ae&mwumppfjzpfjcif;

19=&mpkESpfwGifjzpfaomppf-uD;onf 'g0if/ rmufP ESifh z&l'fwdkuzefwD;cJh

onfhppfjzpfovdk/ 20=&mpkESpfwGifjzpfonfh urBmay:wGif aoG;xGufoH,kdtrsm;qkH;jzpf
onfhppf-uD;rsm;onfvnf;/ -uHK-udKufIrawmfwqjzpfcJhjcif;r[kwfacs? 'g0if0g'u
aemufqkH;ppfjzpfjcif;jzifhtqkH;owfrnfh odyH`enf;usonf[lonfhoDtdk&DudkpDpOfjyifqifcJh
onf? ppfjzpfjcif;onf vlom;wdk.wdk;wufzGHjzdK;r+wpfckjzpfI rvGJra&Smifomaom
udpPjzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uonfh ol.aemufvdkufrsm;uvnf; ppf-uD;ESpfckpvkH;wGif vl
aygif;oef;aygif; 60 ausmf owfjzwfcJh-u.?
82

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vnf; olwdk.tawG;tac:udk vdkufemusifhokH;onfh eDtdkemZDtzGJu v+yf&Sm;vsuf&Sdae
ao;onf? r-umcifESpfrsm;wGif/ Oa&myEdkifiHtajrmuftjrm;wGif vlrsdK;a&;ESifh zufqpf
v+yf&Sm;r+rsm; jyefvnftouf0ifvm.? *smreDEdkifiHrS eDtdkemZDv+yf&Sm;r+onf a&Swef;
wGif yg0ifaeayonf?

89

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aoG;qmonfhvlrdkufrsdK;pkHESifh zufqpf0g'pdwfaepdwfxm;ESifht*Fg&yfrsm;jzifhjynfhpkHolrsm;
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t-urf;zufvdk-uonfhta-umif;udk a&;om;xm;.?
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74
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rsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;aejcif;a-umifhjzpfonf? olwdk.tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;wGif
'g0if0g'udk a&Swef;wifaz:jyxm;jyD;/ if;oDtdk&Dudk rSefuefa-umif;oufaoomou"
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puf-urf;-uKwfayonf? eDtdkemZDwdkonf vlwdkudk t&SifvwfvwfrD;+dowfjcif;/ vl
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90

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75
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towfcH&.? wef;pDItokbydk&mY yg0ifolrsm;onf q0yfwDum(p-umwHqdyf)ygaom
pmrsm;jzifh jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;cH-u&onf?
91

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0wfr+rsm;onf qufvufI &Sdaeayonf? TuJhodkaom vlrqefonfhwdkufcdkufr+rsm;udk
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rSm Oya't&ta&;,lonfhtjyif tawG;tac:t&wdkufppfqifjcif;vnf; yg0if&efvdk
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zG,f&m jyKrlcsufrsm;onfvnf; &yfwefoGm;rnfr[kwfay?

92

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r[mrdwfonf TtcsufrSay:aygufvmcJhavonf? 'g0ifu ol.oDtdk&Dudk rsdK;pkrsm;
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95

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96

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101

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102

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xdcdkufapaom TrsdK;ADZqdkif&med,mrudk qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;&Sd odyH`ynmt
oif;rsm;ESifhausmif;rsm;wGif pwmvifraoqkH;rDumvwpfckvkH;twGif; vufrcHcJh-uacs?
pwmvif.acwfwGif qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf A&rf;Awm+yfaxG;ayGvDvsuf
&Sdaomtajctaeywf0ef;usiftjzpfodka&mufoGm;onf? vlaygif;oef;ESifhcsDI tpOfw
pdkufjcdrf;ajcmuf jcif;cHae-u&onf? olwdkonf rnfonfhjypfr+r#rusL;vGef-uaomfvnf;/
tcsdefra&G;zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;cH&EdkifI/ rawG;awm&Javmufatmifa-umufruf
zG,faumif;aomESdyfpufjcif;udk cH-u&Edkifonf? ,if;uJhodkaomtajctaeonf uGefjrL
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yif jzpf.?
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ayonf? xdkuJhodkaom oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhpGm &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;. tajccHt
a-umif;&if;rSm/ vDeif/ pwmvif/ armf/ [pfwvmESifh rdkqdkvdkeDwdkonf pdwfa0'ema-umifh
-urf;wrf;I &efrlvdkaompdkufvuQ%mjzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf[k wifjyvdk-uayonf?
wurBmvkH;&Sdvlwdkonf xdkuJhodkaom xdef;rEdkifodrf;r&aom pdwWZa&m*gonfvlqdk;awG
.vufxJodk wacwfwnf;wjydKifwnf;wGifusa&mufcJh&jcif;onf/ rnfuJhodkaom-uHK
-udKufr+jzpfygoenf;?
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xdktawG;tac:rdk;cg;a&uyif olwdk.rormr+vkyf&yfrsm;udk w&m;0ifonf[kowfrSwf
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xyfvlwpfpk&Sdaeao;onf? xdkvlom;rqefonfh aoG;qmaeonfht&l;wpfydkif;acgif;
aqmifwdku olwdkESifhtwl oef;ESifhcsDaomvlwdkudk tygqGJac:I olwdkusL;vGefvdkaom
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.tawG;tac:u axmufcHtm;ay;cJhaoma-umifh jzpfayonf?

armfpDwkH; = 'g0ifESifhrm;uPfwdk.
w&kwfjynfodkv$wfaomoHtrwf
pwmvifu tm%m&SifpepfwnfaxmifaepOf/ 'g0if0g'. odyH`enf;usonf[l
aomausmaxmufaemufcHtjzpf&,lxm;aomuGefjrLepftm%m&Siftpdk;&wpfpkuvnf;
w&kwfEdkifiHwGif tajcpdkufcJhavonf? armfpDwkH;acgif;aqmifaom uGefjrLepf0g'Dwdkonf
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odk ajymif;vJoGm;avonf? aemifESpfrsm;wGif/ acgif;aqmif-uD;armf. vli,fvl-urf;rsm;
jzpfaom aoG;aomufwyfeD&Jabmf (Red Guards)rsm;u wdkif;jynfudk a-umufruf
zG,ftaumif;qkH;tajctaeodk qGJac:oGm;cJh-uonf?

103

armfpDwkH;u olwnfaxmifcJhaompepf. tawG;tac:ydkif;tajccHtkwfjrpfudk

w&kwfqdk&S,fvpf0g'onf 'g0ifESifhtDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dtay:wGif tkwfjrpfcswnfaxmif
xm;onf?94 [k yGifhyGifhvif;vif; a-unmcJh.?
rm;ufP0g'Djzpfonfhtjyif tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk t-uGif;rJh,kH-unfvufcHol bk&m;
rJhrdpm>'d@djzpfonfESifhtnD/ armfpDwkH;onf xdkuGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;tpOD;ydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif
-uD;us,faomaSodkpmayrsm;Y csm;vfpf'g0ifESifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DO'g[&kefrsm;udk
taxmuftuljyKonfhpmom;rsm;udkom a&;om;jzefjzL;&eftrdefcscJhavonf?95

1950=ckESpfwGif w&kwfuGefjrLepfwdk tm%m&vmaomtcg/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D

udk olwdk.tawG;tac:tajccHtkwfjrpftjzpfcH,l-uonf? trSefrSm/ w&kwfynm&Sdrsm;
u tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u vufcH-ujyD;jzpfonf?
19=&mpkESpfrsm;wGif taemufEdkifiHrsm;u w&kwfjynfonf olwdk.a&S;a[mif;&dk;&mxkH;"avh
wGifepfjrKyfI tdyfaysmfaeaome*g;-uD;tjzpf ,lq-uonf?
w&kwfynmSifrsm;u 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:udk olwdk.wdk;wufzGHjzdK;a&;ESifh
ajymif;vJr+twGuf wGef;tm;jzpfEdkifrnfhar#mfvifhcsufjzifh pdwftm;xufoefpGm vufcHcJh-u
onfudk taemufEdkifiHom;tenf;i,fomv#if owdxm;rd-uavonf? w&kwfpma&;q&m
[l&SD(Living Philosophies, 1931)t&/ 1898=ckESpfwGif aomrwf[yfpav.Evolution
and Ethics)pmtkyfudk xkwfa0vdkufonfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ w&kwfynm&Sifwdku csufcsif;
vufcHvdkuf-uonf? csrf;om-uG,f0olwdku xdkpmtkyfw&kwfbmomjyefudk aps;oufompGm
96
&dkufxkwfI trsm;vlxkzwf+Edkif&ef a0iS-uavonf?

104

xdka-umifh/ trsm;vlxku uGefjrLepf0g'udk vufcHI uGefjrLepf0g'awmfvSefa&;

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.pdwftm;xufoefr+tay: -oZmanmif;cJhaoma-umifhjzpfonf?
w&kwfEdkifiHwGif ajrmufjrm;pGmaom,kH-unfr+t,l0g'rsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ w&kwf
EdkifiHtaejzifh 'g0if0g'ESifhuGefjrLepf0g'wdk. u%ef;vufr-uD;wGif nyfrdoGm;&ef cuf
cJr+r&SdvSacs? odyH`ynm&Sifopf(New Scientist) [laomr*~Zif;wGif uae'gEdkifiHom;
'g0iftawG;tac:&Sif rdkufu,f&l;pfu/ ESpfq,f&mpkESpfw&kwfEdkifiHESifhywfoufI atmuf
ygtwdkif; a&;xm;.?
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r&Sdaoma-umifh TtawG;tac:wdku csufcsif;tjrpfwG,fEdkifcJhavonf? trSefrSm 'g0if
udku w&kwfqefovdkvdkyifjzpfaeayonf? awm0fESifhuGefzl;&SyftawG;tac:opfwdku vl
om;wdk. t&Sdw&m;udk tav;xm;-uayonf? xdka-umifh u|Ekfyfwdkvlom;taejzifh
wd&pm>efESifhwpfrsdK;wnf;jzpfjcif;tqdkrSm w&kwfvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf tHh-oxdwfvefzG,frjzpf
acs? ,aetpdk;&.w&m;0iftawG;tac:rSm rm;ufPESifhvDeif0g'(wpfrsdK;)jzpfonf? odkaomf
vnf;/ 'g0if0g'.avmuDa&;oD;oef&kyf0g' (qdkvdk&if;rSm us,fjyefaom vlr+a&;tawG;
tac:)udk tokH;rjyKbJ/ armfpDwkH;twGuf awmfvSefa&;rsdK;aphrsm;udk atmifjrifpGmysdK;Edkifrnfh
97
ajr rjyKjyifxm;bJ/ xdkawmfvSefa&;atmifjrifr+oD;ESHudk &dwfodrf;EdkifcJhrnfr[kwfay?

txufwGif rdkufu,f&l;pfajymcJhovdk/ tu,fI 'g0iftawG;tac:u tajccdkif

atmifpGJxm;jcif;r&SdcJhygu/ w&kwfEdkifiHonf xdkr#avmufvG,fulpGm uGefjrLepf0g'udk
aumuf,laxG;ydkufrnfr[kwfay? 'g0iftawG;tac:.r+dif;rdaecJh-uaom w&kwfvlxk
onf/ ordkif;wGif txdef;tcsKyfr&SdqkH;jzpfcJhaom vlowform;armfpDwkH;. owfjzwfr+
rsm;udk vufydkufIom -unfhaecJh-uayonf?
odkaomfvnf;/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf w&kwfjynfwGifomru EdkifiHtajrmuftjrm;
wGif/ ajymufusm;wdkufyGJrsm;/ owfjzwfr+rsm;/ t-urf;zufr+rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;ppfrsm;.
t&if;cHjzpfcJhonf? wl&uDEdkifiHonf xdkodkaomEdkifiHrsm;teuf wpfcktygt0ifjzpfay
onf? 1960=ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1970=ckESpfrsm;wGif wl&uDtpdk;&udkawmfvSefI uGefjrLepf
EdkifiHwnfaxmif&efpdwful;,Ofonfhtkyfpkrsm;u wl&uDEdkifiHudk arSmifrdkufonfht-urf;
zufr+tajctaeodk qGJoGif;cJh-uavonf? 1980=ckESpfwGif xdkuGefjrLepft-urf;zuf
orm;rsm;u/ vuf&SdcGJxGufa&;orm;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;-ujcif;onf/ wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh
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onf?
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onf/ 'g0if0g'ESifh tjrJwapwGJzufcJhayonf? ,aetcsdefwGifyif/ uGefjrLepf0g'Dwdk
onf 'g0iftawG;tac:udk a&Swef;rSaxmufcHtm;ay;ae-uolrsm;jzpfonf? rnfonfh
EdkifiHwGifrqdk/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudkacgif;rmrmESifhaxmufcHtm;ay;aeolrsm;udk-unfhygu/
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xm;aoma-umifhjzpfayonf?

105

bmomt,l0g'udk rkef;wD;jcif; =
'g0if0g'ESifhuGefjrLepf0g'wdk r[mrdwfjzpfjcif;.tajccH
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zufxm;-ujcif;onf/ 'g0if0g'u bk&m;rJht,ludk axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;a-umifhjzpfonf
rSm ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsufjzpfayonf? &kyf0g'tawG;tac:onf vlordkif;wav#mufvkH;
wGif&SdcJhayonf? odkaomfvnf;/ 19=&mpkESpfrwdkifrDumvrsm;wGifrl/ tawG;tac:trsm;
pkwdkonf oDtdk&Dpmtkyfrsm;wGifom usef&pfcJh-uavonf? 'g0if.oDtdk&DrSm obm0
odyH`avmuwGif tokH;cspjyKcJhonf? 'g0if0g'onf 19=&mpkESpfrsm;wGif if;.ajc&m
vuf&mtxif;om;usef&pfapcJhaom bk&m;rJh&kyf0g',Ofaus;r+twGuf t-uD;us,fqkH;
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cJhayonf?
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tawG;tac:rsm;u/ urBmppf-uD;.rD;udk arG;ay;cJhI/ ra&rwGufEdkifaom jynfwGif;ppf
rsm;/ t-urf;zufr+rsm;/ rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfr+rsm;/ tjyD;tydkif&Sif;vif;okwfoifr+rsm;ESifh
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ab;-uD;a-umifh vltoufaygif; oef;aygif;rsm;pGmqkH;&+H;cJhI/ oef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm
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qkH;aom ESdyfpufjcif;udkvnf; cHcJh-u&.?
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wdk wd&pm>efrSqif;oufvm-uonf[k ,kH-unf-uonfhtm;avsmfpGm/ awmawmif*lwGif;
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udk owfjzwfEdkif-uayonf?
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pwmvifu c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;ESifhAvD
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(The Long War Against

trnf&Sdpmtkyfa&;om;ol [ife&D arm&pfu xdkqufpyfr+udk atmufygtwdkif;

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God)

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tawG;tac:rsm;tm;vkH;wdkudk uGefjrLepf0g'onf odyH`ynmtay:tajccHaoma-umifh rSefuef
98
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c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;ESifhAvDrsm;udk vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;jzdKzsufypf-uonf? topf
106

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todkif;t0dkif;onf bmoma&;udkif;+dif;olrsm;omjzpfaomfvnf;/ bmoma&;wm0efrsm;udk
xrf;aqmif&ef t[eftwm;rsm;vkyf-uavonf? c&pf,mefrsm; bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;oGm;
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cdk;ausmif;rsm;ESifh AvDrsm;udk jzdKzsufypf-uonf? ykHwGifawG&onfhtwdkif; c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;
ausmif;rsm;rS tEkynmvuf,mypPnf;rsm;udk vk,ufjzKwf,l-u.?

107

u bmoma&;udkwdkufzsufonfhppftwGuf wrifwum pDpOfjcif;jzpfavonf?99 xdk

aemuf 1928=ckESpfESifh 1930=ckESpfwGif bmoma&;qdkif&myk*~dKvfwdkay;&onfh tcGefudk
10qwdk;vdkufavonf? olwdk. tpm;tpmulyGefudk odrf;,lvdkufonf? usef;rma&;t
cGifhta&;cHpm;cGifhrsm;udk ydwfvdkufonf? jynfoltcGifhta&;wpfckr#cHpm;cGifhr&Sd-uawmh
acs? olwdkudkzrf;qD;I olwdk.&mxl;rSjzKwfum jynfyodkESifxkwfvdkuf-uonf? 1936
=ckESpfavmufwGif AvDaygif; 65 &mcdkifE+ef;ESifh c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif; 75 &mcdkifE+ef;
udk zsufqD;ypfvdkufavjyD?

bmoma&;udkwdkufcdkuf&mwGif tvfab;eD,m;wGif tjyif;xefqkH;jzpfcJh.? tvf

ab;eD,m;uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifonf tifAm a[mh'f*smtrnf&Sd bk&m;rJh0g'DjzpfI 1967
=ckESpfwGif tvfab;eD,m;udk yxrOD;qkH;aom bmomt,l0g'rJhEdkifiHtjzpfa-unm
cJhavonf? bmoma&;qdkif&myk*~dKvfrsm;udk rnfonfhusdK;a-umif;r#rjybJ zrf;qD;csKyf
aESmifum tcsdKudkrl owfjzwfypfavonf? 1948=ckESpfwGif bda&Smhbkef;awmf-uD;ESpfyg;
ESifhbmoma&;qdkif&myk*~dKvfaygif; 5000 udk ypfowfvdkufavonf? rGwfpvifrfwdkudk
vnf; xdkenf;twdkif;jyKusifh-uonf? eif'dk&D vpOfpmapmifwGif AvDESifh c&pf,mefbk&m;
108

&Sdcdk;ausmif;aygif;2169 vkH;udk ydwfvdkufa-umif; a-unmcJh&m/ 327 vkH;rSm umaomvpf

bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;jzpfavonf?
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udk rsufpdrSdwfI jiif;y,faomvltzGJtpnf;udkwnfaxmifI/ bmomt,l0g'udkvkH;0
a&maESmqufpyfjcif;rjyKapbJ &kyf0wKypPnf;rsm;udkom ,kH-unfwefbdk;xm;ap&efjzpf
onfrSm ,kHrSm;oHo,jzpfp&mr&Sdacs? trSefrSm/ ,if;onfuyif uGefjrLepf0g'.t"du
ypfrSwfwpfckjzpfayonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;u vlawG
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108
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112

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113

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109
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110
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111
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112
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114

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115

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113
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114
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,mcGJwef;rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyf-u&ef rdrd.tdrfaxmifpkom;csif;rsm;ESifh cGJcGmae-u&.?
Robert Templer, Pol Pot's Legacy of Horror,
The Age, April 18, 1998,
http://dithpran.org/PolPotlegacy.htm
=============================================================

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127

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128

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118
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137

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141

vrf;rsm;jzifh &&Sdvmjcif;jzpfapumrl/ ol.tpGrf;tpa-umifh&&Sdvmjcif;jzpfonf? Tt

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wdktwGuf aojcif;onf taumif;qkH;jzpf.?120
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121
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wrf;onf[kxif&aomfvnf;/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;twGuf taumif;qkH;t*Fg&yfyifjzpfayonf?
127
Xmewdkif;wGif toifhawmfqkH;olu qufvuf&Sifoefoifhjcif;udktmrcHaoma-umifhjzpf.?

tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynmSif uif;euf a*s pl;u/ tar&duefEdkifiH. a&Swef;t&if;

&Sifrsm;. 'g0if0g'tawG;tac:rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:xkwfxm;ayonf?
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yGm;a&;.tusdK;qufrsm;udk umuG,f&mYvnf; tokH;cs-uayonf? tif'&l;umae*sDu/
,SOfjydKifjcif;ed,mronf/ -uifemr+&Sdonfjzpfap r&SdonfbJjzpfap/ rsufarSmufwGif &Sdaeay
onf? u|Efkyfwdk a&SmifuGif;Ir&Edkifacs?[ka&;om;cJhavonf? a&mhufzJvm;u wpfqifh

143

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128
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tar&duefEdkifiHwGif a&mhzJvm;ESifh umae*sDuJhodkaom t&if;&Sifoef;-uG,fola@;

rsm; wnfaxmifcJhaom a&mhzJvm;azgifa';&Sif;ESifh umae*sDtifpwD-uL;&Sif;wdku tDAdkvl;
&Sif;ESifhywfoufaom okawoersm;wGif ta&;-uD;onfhaiGa-u;axmufyHhr+ ay;-u&jcif;
onf tvGefpdwf0ifpm;zG,fudpPwpf&yfjzpfayonf?
txufwGif &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif; t&if;&Sifpepfonf vlom;wdkudk aiGa-u;ESifh
aiGa-u;.tm%mudkom udk;uG,f&ef ac:aqmifoGm;a-umif; awGcJh-uayjyD? bmomt,l
0g'rsm;u oGefoifxm;aom udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;onf tokH;rus[k cH,l-uI/ tDAdkvl;
&Sif;oDtdk&D.-oZmatmufa&mufae-uaom vltzGJtpnf;onf &kyf0wKtiftm;rsm;udk
om tav;xm;-uojzifh arwWmw&m;/ oem;-uifemjcif;ESifh udk,fusdK;pGefjcif;rsm;rS a0;
uGmoGm;-u.?
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rnfolur# -uifemw&m;xm;I aq;ukoay;rnfholr&SdbJtoufaoqkH;oGm;onftxd
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xdkuav;oli,frsm;onf vlr+zlvkHa&;tcGifhta&;uif;rJhae-uonfudk awG&Sd&ayonf?
,ae tDodk,dkyD,m;EdkifiHwGif rdk;acgifa&&Sm;ojzifh iwfrGwfacgif;yg;ae-ujcif;
onf/ t&if;&Sifpepfpdwfaeoabmxm; v$rf;rdk;aeaoma-umifhjzpf.? xdkiwfjywfaeol
wdkudk EdkifiHwumrS tpm;tpmulnDaxmufyHhoifhaomfvnf;/ iwfjywfaeonfhtajctae
twdkif; ypfxm;-uayonf?
144

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qif;&JEGrf;yg;olt-um; uGm[r+onf -uD;rm;oxuf-uD;rm;vm.? qif;&Jolonf ydkI
qif;&JjyD; csrf;om-uG,f0olonf ydkI-uG,f0vmayonf? urBmay:wGif twdk;wufqkH;
aomEdkifiHjzpfonfh tar&duefEkdifiHrStp/ t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;wGif tdrf,mrJholoef;ESifhcsDI
&Sdaejcif;rSm/ t&if;&Sifudk,fusifhw&m;a-umifh ypfxm;-ujcif;jzpfayonf? trSefrSm tar
&duefvltzGJtpnf;onf/ if;.EdkifiHtwGif;&Sdqif;&Jolqif;&Jom;tm;vkH;udk axmuf
yHhumuG,fay;I tvkyfay;Edkifayonf? odkaomfvnf; vuf&Sdtrsm;vufcHxm;aom
pdwfaeoabmxm;udku/ qif;&Jom;rsm;udk txufodkwufvSrf;cGifhray;acs? olwdkydkrdk
-uD;yGm;&eftwGuf xdkqif;&Jom;rsm;.ausmudk eif;&efvdktyfayonf? xdka-umifh ,if;
jy\emudkrajzSif;-ujcif;jzpf.? Tum; qdk&S,f'g0if0g'. txufudkwuf&ef eif;
wuf&rnfh ckHvdktyfonf[laomtqdkudk vufawGusifhokH;jcif;yifjzpfayonf?
TtqifhwGif/ ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufwpfcsufudk owdrloifhayonf? ordkif;w
av#mufvkH;wGifOpPm"e-uG,f0ap&eftwGuf qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;udk eif;acsI &kyf0wK
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xm;um ESpfoufjrwfEdk;xdkufonfh udk,fusifhw&m;uif;rJholrsm; &SdcJh-uonf?
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jriftm;jzifh uGJjym;aomacwfumvodka&muf-uavonf? vGefcJhonfh ESpf 150 twGif;
&Sd xdkuJhodk&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhrdwfuyfcs,foxm;aom vltzGJtpnf;rsm;ESifh yk*~dKvf
rsm;onf uJh&J+wfcsjcif;rcH-u&awmhacs? xdkodkaom vuQ%mt*Fg&yfrsm;udk obm0ed
,mrtjzpf vufcH-uavonf? Ttcsufjzhif 'g0if0g'onf xdkudk,fusifhw&m;ysuf
jym;jcif;ESifhoem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJholwdk. rSm;,Gif;aom t,l0g'wpfckjzpfayonf?

145

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cdkvkHem;aer+ ay;xm;ayonf? rdrd.jydKifbufudk rormqkH; pOf;vJqkH;trltusifhwdkjzifh wkH
jyefoludk a0zefjypfwifIr&awmhacs? raumif;r+'kp&dkufjyKusifhjcif;udk aumif;onf[k o
129
rkwf-uayonf?

tdwfcsf tDaemhuvnf; ol. tDAdkvl;&Sif;odkr[kwfzefqif;jcif;

Creation) [laompmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;ayonf?

(Evolution or

ygarmuQ a*s [krf;u Todkqdk.? 'g0if0g'onf aumif;r+rsm;udk qufvuf&SifoefEdkifjcif;

wefzdk;jzifh worwfwnf;wdkif;wmayonf?==,if;onfum; awmwd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk &dkif;
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o jzpfonf? toifhawmfqkH;olonf qufvuf&SifoefcGifh&Sdonf [laomt,ltq jzpf.?
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vnfjcif; tp&dSojzifh rdrdqufvuf&SifoefEdkifatmifjyKjcif;onf xdkyk*~dKvf odkr[kwf
130
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aomursm;/ cufcJr+rsm;/ em-unf;r+ESifhar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhjcif;rsm;udk ,laqmifvmcJh-u
olrsm;/ pepfrsm;ESifhtawG;tac:rsm;.aemufuG,fwGif bmomt,l0g'uif;rJhjcif;ESifh
'g0if0g'wdku -oZmanmif;v+HaqmfaecJhayonf? xdkraumif;r+'kp&dkufrsdK;pkHudk ,laqmif
vmcJholrsm;onf bmomt,l0g'uif;rJholrsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm olwdk. wpfudk,f
aumif;avmbtwGuf &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rsm;udk umuG,f&ef 'g0if0g'udk u,fwif
&Siftjzpftm;udk;cdkv+H-uavonf? 'g0if. tiftm;csdeJolaysmufuG,fI/ tiftm;-uD;
olqufvuf&Sifoef&rnf[laom okawoepmwrf;udk olwdk.b0tawG;tac:tjzpf
cH,l-uayonf?
146

xdkrSwyg; xdkolwdk. ypPnf;OpPmrsm;wGif awmif;&rf;aom olqif;&Jtzdkvnf;aumif;/

awmif;&rf;jcif;rjyKaomolqif;&Jtzdkvnf;aumif;/ a0pka0ykH &Sd.?
(pl&m tvfZm&d,mwf 51;19)

147

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xif-uayonf? odkaomfvnf; xdkaxmifajcmufrsm;onf olwdkudk,fwdkiftwGufomv#if
jzpfa-umif;udk rod-uay? olwdkonf rnfr#yifqufvuftouf&SifaeEdkif&ef-udK;pm;
tm;xkwf-uaomfvnf;/ trSefpifppfolwdktwGufa&m/ wurBmvkH;twGufa&m/ olwdkydkif
qdkifvdkonfht&mrsm;tm;vkH;twGufa&m/
olwdkopPmcH,lxm;onfhacgif;aqmifrsm;t
wGufa&m/ odkr[kwfolwdkvufcH,kH-unfonfhtawG;tac:rsm;twGufa&m/ pD&ifcsufcs
rnfhw&m;ol-uD;wpfyg;wnf;ESifh t&Sifocifwpfyg;wnf;omv#if &Sd.? tvm[ft&Sif
jrwfonf wefcdk;tm%mESifhjynfhpkHaom w&m;ol-uD;jzpfawmfrl.? tpOftjrJxm0& wnf
&Sdawmfrlaomw&m;ol-uD;vnf; jzpfawmfrl.? vlom;rsm;ydkifqdkif&&Sdaom OpPm"ersm;/
tiftm;ESifhtm%mrsm;onf/ olwdk.tpGrf;tprsm;jzifh &&Sdvmonfr[kwf? tvm[f
t&Sifjrwfu olwdktm;prf;oyf&ef ay;tyfjcif; jzpf.? rnfolrqdk TurBmavmuonf
tiftm;csdeJolwdkudk azsmufzsufokwfoifypfI tiftm;-uD;olu pdk;rdk;&ef&kef;uefwdkuf
cdkuf-u&onfh ,ifjyifjzpfonf[k ,kH-unfaomfvnf;/ trSefrSm vlom;wdkif;onf olt
wGuf tvm[ft&Sifjrwfu owfrSwfay;xm;aom prf;oyfcsufabmiftwGif;Yomv#if
touf&Sifae-ujcif;jzpfayonf? vlom;rsm;udk tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm;ay;I prf;oyf
a-umif; atmufyguk&ftmeftm,wfawmfwGif rdefqdkxm;ayonf?
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aumif;qkH;jzpfonfudk prf;oyfawmfrltHhaomiSg/ yx0Dajray:Y&Sdukefaom t&m0wKrsm;
udk igt&Sifjrwfonf ,if;yx0Dajr. tvSrsm;jyKvkyfawmfrlcJhavonf?
(pl&m tvfu[fzf 18;7)
rdrdwdkydkifqdkif&&SdaomOpPm"ersm;onf rdrdwdku touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf
I&&Sdonf[k oabmydkufxm;olwdkonf/ tpm;xdk;Ir&Edkifaom em-unf;r+rsm;ESifh -uKH
awG-u&I/ rdrdwdkonf Avm[if;vif;tokH;rusaomtawG;tac:aemufodk vdkufygcJh
-ua-umif; aemifwrvGefb0Y trSefw&m;ESifhxdyfwdkufawGqkHaomtcgor,wGif 0rf;
enf;a-uuGJjcif;-uD;pGm jzpf-uvdrfhrnf?

148

149

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qdk)-uukeftHh? igwdkonf igwdk.t&Sifjrwfu igwdkESifhxm;&SdawmfrlcJhaom uwdawmf
twdkif; rSefuefpGm&&Sd-ujyD? toifwdkonfvnf; toifwdk.t&Sifjrwfu toifwdkESifh
xm;&Sdawmfrlaomuwdtwdkif; rSefuefpGm&&Sd-ujyDavm/ xdktcg if;(*s[EMrfi&Jom;)wdk
u [kwfuJh[k ajz-um;-uvwWH? xdkaemuf [pfatmfolwOD;u if;wdk.pyf-um;
wGif (Todk)[pfatmfajymqdktHh/ rw&m;usL;vGefaomolonf tvm[ft&Sifjrwf. u&k
%mawmfrS uif;a0;-uapom;?
if;jyif ttf&mzfY &Sdolwdku t-uif(rsm;jym;pGmaom)olwdkudk [pfatmf-uukeftHh?
if;wdkonf xdkolwdktm; xdkolwdk.trSwftom;jzifh rSwfrd-uukeftHh? (xdkaemuf) if;
(tjrifhY&Sdol)wdku (T)odkajymqdk-uvwWH? toifwdk. toif;tzGJ vlpkrsm;jym;jcif;
onfvnf;aumif;/ toifwdk rmefrmeaxmifv$m;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ toifwdktzdk
tokH;r0ifcJhacsjyDwum;? (pl&mtvfttf&mzf 7;44=45/ 48)
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,memaysmfzG,faomyD,0gpmpum;udkomajymqdk-uayonf? rdbrJhuav;oli,frsm;udk
ulnDapmifha&Smuf-u.? rusef;rmolrsm;ESifh 'kuQdwrsm;udk ulnDapmifrI umuG,fapmifh
a&Smufayonf? Todkaomolwdkonf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif rdefqdkxm;onfht
wdkif;/ tvm[ft&Sifjrwf. rsufpdatmufwGif tjrifhjrwfqkH;olrsm;jzpf-uayonf? ol
wdkonf OpPm"eudkvnf;pdwf0ifpm;r+r&Sd-uay? vlrsdK;/ tom;ta&mif/ tqifhtwef;
vlwef;pm;/ olwyg;.,kH-unfr+ tawG;tac:wdkudk pdwf0ifpm;jcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif if;
wdka-umifh cGJjcm;jcif;vnf;r&Sd-uacs?

150

151

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rsufarSmufacwf vltzGJtpnf;rsm;wGif ,if;ysufjym;r+udkjyqdkonfhO"g[&k%ftajrmuf
tjrm;&Sdaeayonf?
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tjrm;wdkonf 'g0if0g'udkyif r-um;bl;olrsm;jzpf-uojzifh/ bmomt,l0g'uif;rJh
jcif;twGuf 'g0if0g'udk tjypfrwifoifha-umif;xkacs-uayonf? bmomt,l0g'
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vlodrsm;aom pmayxkwfa0&mXme/ owif;pmESifh r*~Zif;t,f'Dwmrsm;onf trsm;tm;
jzifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm;/ bmomt,l0g'uif;rJholrsm;jzpf-uonf? xdka-umifh Tuwf
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ayonf?
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yg&*l tm;ef ar,mu vltzGJtpnf;wGif tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du ,lxm;aomae&mudk
atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
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qif;oufvmonf[k odayonf?==tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf vlwdk.awG;ac:&m tydkif;wdkif;
jzpfonfh vlwdk.tawG;tac:/ vlwdk.,kH-unfr+/ vlwdk.udk,fusifhw&m; ponfwdktm;
131
vkH;wGif -oZmoufa&mufayonf?

'g0if0g'Dwdk. us,fjyefaom-oZmanmif;jcif;onf/ vlwdk.b0wpfckvkH;wGif

r+dif;rdxm;ouJhodkjzpfaeayonf? b0tawGt-uHKenf;ao;ojzifh/ urBmhtjrifwGif
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jrLqG,fr+wGif tvG,fulqkH;r+dif;rdEdkif-uayonf? TuJhodkaomvli,frsm;udk r*~Zif;
pmapmifrsm;/ &kyf&SifZmwfvrf;rsm;/ Zmwfvrf;wdkrsm;ESifh aw;oDcsif;rsm;rSwqifh
olwdkvdk&modkjrLqG,f qJGoGif;&ef tifrwefvG,fulayonf? txl;ojzifh vli,frsm;
oif,l-u&onfh ausmif;oifcef;pmynma&;onf ta&;-uD;qkH;jzpfayonf? xdka-umifh
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf ody`Hqefqef oufaotaxmuftxm;twkrsm;jzifh vdrfvnf
vSnfhjzm;cJhaomfvnf; ESpfaygif; 150 avmuf vltrsm;u rSefuefonf[k,kH-unfvmcJh
-ujcif; jzpfayonf? trSefrSm xdkoufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;onf vlwdkudk vdrfvnf
vSnfhjzm;&ef oufoufxGifxm;onfh odyH`enf;vkH;0rusaom taxmuftxm;rsm;
omv#if jzpfayonf?
152

,QKacwfwGif bmomt,l0g'qefusifa&;0g'jzefr+rsm;onf wdkuf&dkufqefusif

jcif;r&Sd-ua-umif;udk owdxm;rd-uygvdrfhrnf? rnfolur# bmoma&;udk r,kH-unf
oifha-umif;(aS;uGefjrLepf0g'acwfpm;aecsdefuJhodk)yGifhyGifhvif;vif;rajym-uawmhacs?
yxrydkif;wGif owdrxm;oabmraygufEdkifonfh cdk;a-umifcdk;0Suf oG,f0dkufaomenf;
rsm;udk tokH;jyK-uayonf? bmomt,l0g'rsm;/ bmoma&;qdkif&mbmom&yfrsm;/ t
rsm;-unfndKaom bmoma&;qdkif&myk*~dKvfrsm; ponfwdkudk ysuf&,fjyK-uonf? aw;
oDcsif;rsm;/ 0wKZmwfvrf;rsm;/ &kyf&SifxJwGif Zmwfaumifrsm;ajymqdkaompum;rsm;/
owif;pmacgif;pOfrsm;/ [mopmayrsm;/ umwGef;pmayrsm; ponfwdkwGif bmoma&;ESifh
rdrdwdk. uH-urRmudk r,kHr-unfypfy,faponfh tokH;tE+ef;rsm;udk rodromxnfhoGif;
xm;-ujcif;onf enf;vrf;tcsdK jzpf.?
'g0if0g'bmom&yfonf/ bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk qefusifonfhvufeufrsm;wGif
trsm;qkH;tokH;jyKaom vufeufjzpfayonf? tcsdKrqDrqdkifudpPrsm;wGifyif vlom;wdk
qif;oufvmcJhaom bdk;ab;rsm;onf arsmufESifharsmuf0Hrsm;jzpfa-umif; tav;xm;I
xnfhoGif;az:jyavh&Sd-uonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.wifjycsufrsm;udk vlom;rsm;ESifhouf
qdkifonfhpdwfynmpmayESifhtcsuftvufrsm;wGifyif rodromxnfhoGif;xm;onfh 0gus
rsm;udk awGEdkifayonf? Todkjzifh/ tvm[ftSifjrwfudkwu,fwef;,kH-unfjcif;&Sdr&Sd
ar;jref;aomtcg/ bk&m;ociftvm[ft&SifjrwfESifh bmomt,l0g'wGif,kH-unfygonf
[k ajz-um;aomfvnf;/ bmomt,l0g'/ aemifwrvGefb0ESifh vlusifh0wfudk apmifhxdef;
&efwm0ef&Sdjcif;rsm;udk ayghayghwefwef,lqI/ tvm[ft&Sifjrwf &Sda-umif;ESifh tvm[f
Sifjrwfudk a-umuf&GH&dkao&rnfhta-umif;rsm;udk OD;aESmufY xnfhpOf;pm;jcif;rjyK-u
onfhvltzGJtpnf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmjcif;jzpfayonf? tvm[ft&Sifjrwfudk ,kH-unfjcif;
r&SdI a-umuf&GH&dkaojcif;r&Sdolwdkonf rnfonfhudpPwGifrqdk tueftowfudkrod-ubJ
rdrdwdk. bdk;ab;rsm;onf wd&pm>efrsm;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uojzifh b0wpfckvkH;
wGifvnf; wd&pm>efuJhodkom aevdk-uayonf?
Oyrm/ tvm[ftSifjrwfudk a-umuf&GHjcif;r&Sdolwdkonf olwdk.um,uH 0ZD
uHwdkudk apmifhxdef;I pif-u,fvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhIr&Edkifacs? olwdkwGif apmifhxdef;
&rnfhtueftowf[lIr&Sdacs? tjcm;olrawGrjrifygu rnfuJhodkyif ,kwfnHhodrfzsif;I
udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;jcif;udkrqdk jyKusifh&ef tqifoifh&Sd-uayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk.acwf
wGif/ txl;ojzifh vli,frsm;ESifh oD;jcm;pDjzpfonfhvltzGJtpnf;rsm;Y/ uefoefr+ &Sd-u
&efwdkufwGef;csufrsm;ESifh tvm[ft&Sifjrwf.trdefawmftwdkif; udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk
apmifhxdef;-u&ef E+d;aqmfcsufrsm;onf t&mra&mufawmhacs? ,if;onfum; 'g0if0g'
u bmomt,l0g'rS uif;uGmatmifoifay;aejcif;. &vm'fyifjzpfayonf? rdrdudk,f
udk vuf0Jorm;[kowfrSwfxm;olwdkonf olwdkvkyf-uHjyKusifhaomtjypfrsm;udk rnfol
xHr# tajzay;ae&ef rvdktyf[k ,kH-unf-uojzifh xdef;a-umif;r+vkH;0r&Sd-uacs? aepOf
ESifhtr# tokH;tjzKef;ydkrdk-uD;-uD;jzifh udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;r+rsm;udk az:jyae-uay
onf? vli,fvl&G,f/ rdef;ra,mufsm;ra&G;wdkonf olwdk.umr&m*qdkif&mb0ESifh ywf
oufI/ owif;pmrsm;tm; tao;pdwfajymjy0ef-u.? owif;pmrsm;uvnf; xdkuJhodk
aomrzG,fr&m [d&d-ooyw&m;uif;rJhonfhudpPrsm;udk tao;pdwfa&;om;az:jy-ujyef
onf? odkaomfvnf; vlxku rnfodkr#trSm;rxif-uacs? rD'D,mowif;avmu wGif
tdrfaxmifa&;azgufjyefaemufrD;vif;jcif;ta-umif;udk txl;tav;xm; ajrmufyifhI
tao;pdwfaz:xkwf-uonf? xdkuJhodkjyKusifh-u&efyif jrLqG,fa&;om;-uao;onf?
TuJhodkaom a&;om;r+udkvnf; vlwdktwGuf &dk;aeavjyD? rnfolur# txl;tqef;r
153

xif-uawmhacs? tao;pdwfppfaq;qef;ppf-unfhygu/ vlowfr+rsm;/ jynfhwefqmvkyf

ief;rsm;/ vdrfvnfr+rsdK;pkH/ vmbfay;vmbf,ljcif;/ ponfh udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;r+ 'kp
&dkuftm;vkH;.tajccHrSm bmomt,l0g'uif;rJhjcif; jzpfayonf? xdkuJhodk bmomt
,l0g'uif;rJhaponfh t"duta-umif;&if;rSm vlom;onf rawmfwq-uHKIjzpfay:vm
onf [laom 'g0if.vdrfvnfjcif;udk t-urf;zufI ysHESHapjcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf?
The Lie: Evolution (vdrfvnfr+=tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D) [laompmtkyfudka&;om;
ol uif; [Jrfu 'g0if0g'ESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?
tu,fI bk&m;ocifae&mwGif rawmfwqjzpfjcif;ESifh -udK;-um;ay:aygufjcif;jzpfpOf [l
onfh,kH-unfr+udk tpm;xdk;vdkufonfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ trSm;trSefudkcGJjcm;rnfhtajccHrl[lI
r&Sdawmhacs? pnf;urf;pnf;rsOf;wdkonf oifxkwfcsifovdkxkwfEdkifavjyD? tajccHtjzpf qkyf
udkifxm;rnfh y&rwfw&m;/ rl0g'[lI r&Sdawmhay? vlwdkonf olwdkvdkufemvdkonfh pnf;
132
rsOf;rsm;udk olwdka&;qGJ-uawmhonf?

emrnfausmf-um;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm; oDtdk'D,yfpf a'ghAfZefpuD u/ 'g0if0g'

. tajccHrljzpfonfh obm0.a&G;cs,fr+tawG;tac:onf/ vltzGJtpnf;.udk,f
usifhw&m;ysufjym;r+udk qkwf,kwfysufjym;apa-umif; oabmwlayonf?
vltzGJtpnf;tm;vkH;wdkonf/ vlom;wdkwGif&Sdonfh raumif;r+'kp&dkuf-uL;vGefjyKrlvdkonfh
obm0t*Fg&yfrsm;udk tkyfpkvdkufqefusifvdkjcif; odkr[kwf wm;jrpfjcif;rsm;jyKI/ if;obm
0t*Fg&yfrsm;ESifhqefusifbufjzpfonfh oem;-uifemjcif;/ &ufa&mjcif;ESifh olwyg;.
aumif;usdK;twGufvnf;aumif;/ wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;.aumif;usdK;twGufvnf;aumif;/ vl
om;avmuwpfckvkH;.aumif;usdK;twGufvnf;aumif;/ udk,fusdK;pGefEdkifonfhudk,fusifhw
&m;rsm;udk tom;ay; -obmay;ae-upOf/ obm0.a&G;cs,fr+tawG;tac:u b0wGifaysmf
&$ifr+udkomy"mexm;jcif;/ &J&ifhjcif;tpm; ol&Jabma-umifjcif;/ vdrfvnfjcif;ESifhacgif;ykHjzwf
133
jcif;/ ponfwdkudk tm;ay;.?

,aeu|Ekfyfwdk.ywf0ef;usifudk-unfhygu/ ta&;-uD;qkH;ESifh teufeJqkH;udk,f

usifhw&m;,dk,Gif;ysufjym;jcif;rsm;wGif 'g0if0g'a-umifhay:aygufvmonfhajc&mvuf
&mrsm;udk csufcsif;awGjrifEdkifayonf? vltzGJtpnf;rsm;udk/ vlwdktcsif;csif;,dkif;yif;
jcif;ESifhtcsif;csif;qufpyfr+r&SdbJ uif;uif;uGmuGmaexdkifjcif;/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; &dkao
av;pm;cspfcifr+uif;rJhjcif;om&Sdonfh wdk;wuf-uD;xGm;r+/ zGHjzdK;r+ESifh ,Ofaus;r+acwf
tawG;tac:jzifh twif;&dkufoGif;vsuf&Sdaeayonf? xdkuJhodkaomb0udk xkwfvkyfr+
-uD;xGm;wdk;wufa&;twGufjzpfojzifh vufcH&rnf[k ta-umif;jyavh&Sd-uonf? trSef
rSm T&vm'frsdK;onf vlom;udk wd&pm>eftqifhodkoma&mufapjyD;/ wdk;wufa&;ESifh
,Ofaus;r+acwf tvsOf;r[kwfacs?
trSefw&m;rSm/ vlom;onf wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;r[kwfonfhtjyif/ rnfonfhwd&pm>ef
rSwqifh qif;oufvmcJhjcif;vnf; r[kwfacs? vlom;udk tvm[ft&Sifjrwfu/ tod
Om%f/ usKd;a-umif;qifjcifwwfjcif;/ aumif;usdK;qdk;jypfcGJjcm;wwfaomtodw&m;/
0dnmOf ponfwdktjynfhtpkHay;xm;I oD;jcm;zefqif;xm;aom a0ae,sjzpfojzifh/ t
jcm;owW0grsm;ESifh rGefjrwfr+t&vnf;aumif;/ t&nftcsif;t&vnf;aumif;/ t&nf
taoG;t&vnf;aumif;/ rwlnDuGmjcm;ayonf? odkaomfvnf; 'g0if0g'ESifh&kyf0g'
udk,fusifhw&m;wdk. r+dif;rdoGm;aomvlom;wdkonf/ ,if;t&nftcsif; t&nftaoG;
rsm;udk arhavsmhxm;vdkufjyD;/ rdrdudk,fudk wd&pm>efrsm;wGifyif rawG&onfh ,kwfnHhodrf
zsif;jcif;/ udk,fusifhw&m;uif;rJhjcif;/ todw&m;uif;rJhjcif; tqifhodkESdrfhcs,lvdkuf
ayonf? usKyfwdku wd&pm>efuaeqif;oufvmw,fqdkawmh/ b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf wd&
154

pm>efrsdK;ADZudkawmh qufcHxm;-urSmygbJ?[k ajym-uI/ rdrd. todw&m;uif;rJhjcif;ESifh

vlpdwf"gwftiftm;qkwf,kwfr+twGuf odyH`tajccHudk &Sm-uHjyifqif -uavawmhonf?
'g0if0g'D=tjyKtrlqdkif&modyH`ynm&Sifrsm;onf/ olwdk.tawG;tac:rsm;udk T
tcsufrS pwif-uI/ vlom;wdk. &mZ0wfjypfr+usL;vGefvdkpdwfonf wd&pm>efbdk;ab;
rsm;rS qufcHcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k tqdkjyK-uayonf? Ttqdkudk ausmf-um;aomtDAdkvl;&Sif;
0g'D pwDzif a*s a*gvfu tDwvDvlrsdK; &lyaA'ynmSif avmrfb&dkqdk.t-uHay;csuft
&/ ol. Ever Since Darwin ('g0ifrSpI aemufydkif;) [laompmtkyf. pum;OD;wGif
atmufygtwdkif; tqdkwifoGif;xm;ayonf?
&mZ0wfjypfr+usL;vGefjcif;ESifhywfoufonfh ZD0aA'oDtdk&Drsm;rSm tifrwef&Sm;yg;vSay
onf? odkaomfvnf; avmrfb&dkqdku tDAdkvl;&Sif;vSnfhuGufjzifh Zmwfvrf;yrmaqG;aEG;xm;
ayonf? arG;&myg &mZ0wfaumifrsm;onf pdwWZa&m*gjzpfjcif;ESifhpdwfrESHjcif;omr[kwfay?
olwdk. vGefcJhjyD;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifhodk jyefa&mufoGm;-ujcif;jzpfayonf? urBmOD;acwf
ESifharsmuf0Hrsm;jzpfaom bdk;ab;rsm;.t*Fg&yfrsm;yg&Sdaom rsdK;ADZrsm;udkqufcHvmcJhjcif;
jzpfonf? uHqdk;oltcsdKrSm arG;vmpuwnf;u xdkrsdK;ADZqufcHvmjcif;Y tajrmuftjrm;
usef&Sdae-uayonf? olwdk.trltusifhrsm;rSm a&S;,Qif &dkif;pdkif;aeao;onfhacwfumvwGif
vdkufzufoifhavsmfrnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ ,aeu|Ekfyfwdk.acwfwGif olwdkudk 'kp&dkuf&mZ0wf
aumifrsm;tjzpfowfrSwf-uayonf? oludk,fol rnfodkr#xdef;odrf;Edkifjcif;r&Sdojzifh oem;
134
oifhayonf? odkaomfvnf; ol.vkyf&yfrsm;udkrl u|Ekfyfwdku onf;rcHEdkif-uay?

Twifjycsuft&/ vlom;tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-ujcif;/ tjcm;oludkem-uifap

jcif;/ cdk;0Sufjcif;ESifh&efjzpfwdkufcdkuf-ujcif;onf/ arsmuf0Hbdk;ab;rsm;rS rsdK;ADZt& quf
cHvmcJh&jcif;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkayonf? xdka-umifh xdkjypfr+'kp&dkufonf jypfr+usL;vGefol
ESifhroufqdkifaoma-umifh xdkoludk cGifhv$wfoifhonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
Twifjycsufudk qufIokH;oyf-unfhygu/ vlom;wdkonf usKd;a-umif;qifjcif
wkHw&m;ESifh taumif;tqkd;wdkudk cGJjcm;qkH;jzwfEdkifonfh todw&m;ESifhpdwf"gwftiftm;
rsm;onf t&mra&mufawmhbJ wd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk todw&m;uif;rJhI rdrdwdk.pdwfaZmt
vdktwdkif;om jyKusifhvkyfaqmifolrsm;jzpfonf[k vufcH,kH-unfjcif;jzpfayonf? Tt
jriftwdkif;qdkygu/ jcaoFhwpfaumifonf ol.dkif;pdkif;aoma'goudkrxdef;EdkifbJ onf;
cHjcif;[laomaumif;jrwfjcif;udkrodouJhodk/ vlom;onfvnf; xdkenf;twdkif;jyKusifh
onf[k qdkvdk&if;jzpf.? xdkuJhodkaomtawG;tac: tjrif&Sdolrsm;udk cdkvkHcGifhay;xm;
onfh vltzGJtpnf;onf rnfodkr# at;csrf;om,mr+ESifh vkHjcKHr+&Sdrnfr[kwfonfhtjyif/
pnf;urf;ysufjym; zdkz&Jjzpfjcif;/ tqufrjywfaomydyuQ&Sdjcif;/ wdkufcdkufae-ujcif;
rsm;jzifh jynfheufaeonfh vltzGJtpnf;jzpfrnfrSm xif&Sm;aeayonf?

'g0if0g'u vlavmuodkwifjyonfh
qdk;,kwf&ufpufonfhvlaer+ykHpH
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wGif; Ttjrif.-oZmanmif;r+ rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtr#/ rdrdwdktay: rnfonfh xdef;
ausmif;uefowfr+r# rSd[k ,kH-unfonfh wm0efrJholwdkay:aygufvmavonf?
&nfrSef;csufuif;rJholwpfa,mufonf/ rdrdudk,fudkzGHjzdK;wdk;wufatmifvkyfrnfh
&nf&G,fcsuf&Sdrnfr[kwfay? xdkolonf/ rnfonfhudpPudkr#*krpdkufjcif;/ t&m&mudkysuf
155

&,fomjyKjcif;/ cHpm;r+uif;rJhjcif;/ ol.todw&m;udk tokH;rjyKwwfjcif;/ pnf;urf;

pnf;rsOf;tueftowfrsm;udk todtrSwfrjyKjcif;/ ponfwdkjzifhjynfheufaevdrfhrnf? xdk
olwGif olawmfaumif;w&m;ESifh aumif;rGefonfhvuQ%m&Sdrnfr[kwfay? xdkolonf/
zGHjzdK;vmaomwd&pm>efwpfaumifjzpfonf[laom ol.ravsmfuefonfhtjrift&/ tjcm;
ouf&SdowW0grsm;uJhodk tpm;tpm&Sdjcif;ESifhrsdK;yGm;&efomaqmif&GufI/ olvdktyfonfudk
&&Sdonfhtcg/ aysmfjrL;r+udktwwfEdkifqkH;&SmazGI aoqkH;rnfh&ufudkom apmifhar#mfaevdrfh
rnf? vltrsm;pkwdkonf 'g0if0g'udk tao;pdwfrod-uaomfvnf; olwdkonf vlavm
utwGuf 'g0if0g'u -udKwifjrifxm;aomb0twdkif; aexdkif-uonfudk awGjrifEdkifay
onf?
olwdkonf aemufqkH;wGif qkH;cef;wdkifoGm;rnfh qdk;,kwf&ufpufaomb0wGif ae
xdkiftouf&Sif-u&ojzifh/ ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhjcif;/ tqdk;udkomjrifjcif;ESifh 0rf;enf;a-u
uGJr+jzifhjynfheufvsuf&Sdaevdrfhrnf? rdrdonf toufaoqkH;onfESifhwjydKifwnf; tpp
t&m&monf qkH;cef;wdkifoGm;rnfhtjzpfudk awG;aeolonf ol.pdwfESvkH;twGif;Y 0rf;
enf;a-uuGJr+ tpOfudef;atmif;vsuf&Sdaevdrfhrnf? rdrdudk,fudkowfaojcif;/ pdwWZa&m
*gjy\emrsm;ESifh pdwftm;ndK;i,fpdwfysufvufysufjzpfjcif;wdkonf vlwdk.pdwfydkif;
qdkif&mY xdcdkufapaom 'g0if0g'r+dif;rdjcif;. tE+wfvuQ%mrsm;yifjzpfayonf?
u|Efkyfwdk.acwfwGif/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tjyif;xefqkH;umuG,fol &pfcsm'f
a':uifpfu/ O"g[&k%fwpfckudk az:jyxm;.? vlom;rsm;onf rsdK;ADZpufrsm;om jzpfI
vlom;rsm;.touf&Sifaejcif;onf xdkrsdK;ADZrsm;udk aemifvmrnfhrsdK;qufrsm;odk quf
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rJhonf/ ponfjzifh,kH-unfolonf/ b0[lonf oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhI vdktyfr+
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vloufwef;ESifhywfoufonfhtcsufrsm;onf tqdk;jrifoabmyg&SdI rnfr#txd xdcdkuf
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168

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146
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147
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148
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169

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170

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154
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171

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172

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174

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178