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CIRCULAR MOTION
Kinematics of Circular Motion:
If an object moves in a circular path with constant speed, its motion is called uniform circular motion. The line perpendicular to plane of motion of the body about which the body rotates is called axis of rotation. The line joining the instantaneous position of the body and centre of the circle is called radius vector. The angle swept by the radius vector in a given interval of time is called angular displacement . S.I unit of is radian.

= d /dt S.I. unit is rad s-1 It is an avail vector.

Angular acceleration of an object in circular motion is defined as the time rate of change of its angular velocity = d /dt SI unit is rad s-2.

a = v 2/r = r 2, (in m/s2 ) where v and body and r radius of the circle

CENTRIPETAL FORCE :

The force required to keep the body in circular path is centripetal force.

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CENTRIFUGAL FORCE :

The centripetal force changes the direction of the velocity but not the magnitude of the velocity. It acts perpendicular to the direction of motion of the body. Note : The gravitational force of attraction provides the necessary centripetal force for the moon to go round the earth.

The accelerated frame of reference is the frame of reference which is moving with an acceleration. When a body revolving round in a circular path is in the accelerated frame of reference, it is observed that the body is experiencing a centrifugal force. The magnitude of centrifugal force is equal to the centripetal force. The centrifugal force acts away from the centre.

BANKING OF ROADS AND RAILWAY TRACKS :

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The acceleration possessed by a body moving in a circular path and directed towards the centre is called centripetal or radial acceleration.

mv2 r

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are the linear velocity, angular velocity of the

Angular velocity of an object in circular motion is defined as the time rate of change of its angular displacement

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The roads and rail roads are banked to provide the necessary centripetal force from the normal reaction. Centripetal force = horizontal component of normal reaction = N sin Centripetal force = Resultant of the normal reaction and weight =
N2 W2

Tan
The angle of banking the road of radius r. is given by

v2 rg where v is the velocity of the vehicle on

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The maximum velocity for a vehicle on a banked road is

MOTION IN A VERTICAL CIRCLE :

1. Speed of the particle lowest point

v =

2. Centripetal force mv2/r = T mg cos 3. Tangential acceleration = g sin 4. Tangential force = mg sin

5. Tension in the string T = mv 2/r + mg Cos

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i) ii)

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It has tension of constant magnitude

6. Tensions at lowest point (i.e, = 0) is given by T = (mv2/r) + mg and is maximum. Where V is the velocity at the lowest point. = 180) is T = (mv2/r) mg and is minimum 7. Tension at the highest point (i.e, where V is the velocity at highest point
5gr

8. The minimum velocity at the lowest point to just complete the circle is u

WHEN A BODY IS ROTATED IN A HORIZONTAL CIRCLE : The body can be rotated with uniform speed or non-uniform speed. When the body is moving round with uniform speed It has centripetal force of constant magnitude equal to
mv 2 r mv 2 . r

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u 2gr 1 cos
where u is the velocity at A, the

When the angular displacement of the particle is , ie when the particle is at p

A particle of mass m suspended by a thread is given a horizontal speed u, when it is at A, it moves in a vertical circle of radius r

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iii) Its KE remains constant. iv) It has centripetal acceleration of constant magnitude
v2 or r r
2

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