Answer Key MT 2 2010

1. In the hawk and dove scenario of competition, we discussed that the dove is not an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS), whereas the hawk is sometimes an ESS.

a.

What is an ESS? (2) A strategy that when adopted by the majority of a population will not be invaded by an alternative strategy

b.

Why can the dove strategy never be an ESS? (3) Dove strategists always leave a confrontation. So, if a hawk challenges a dove, the dove gives up and the hawk invades. AS the hawk reproduces, the hawk offspring will displace more doves.

c.

What condition needs to be met to result in the hawk strategy being an ESS? (3) V>C

2. Sexual reproduction between two gametes of unequal form is called Anisogamy (2) 3. In class, two opposing selection pressures were discussed in relation to how gametes of unequal size likely evolved. One selected for large gametes and the other selected for small gametes. a. What type of selection is this? (2) Disruptive

b. What selection pressure favored the development of large gametes? (2) Zygote fitness is related to size; small zygotes will be selected against

c. What selection pressure favored the development of small gametes? (2) Many small gametes have a greater chance of fusion than a few large ones 4. If an individual (diploid species) loses two offspring by helping its sibling, how many offspring will this sibling (the recipient of the help) need to gain for helping to be favored through kin selection? (2)

favored.

rb>c

r=0.5 b=? c=2

b>2/0.5

b>4: more than 4 for helping to be

5. This is a payoff matrix where the values in each box (resulting from an interaction between players A and B) are the number of offspring produced by player A:

Player B cooperates

Player B defects

Player A cooperates

Player A defects

Do the payoffs in this matrix represent a prisoners dilemma (yes or no)? Yes

(2)

What is the expected behavior (cooperate or defect) for player A in if there is only one interaction between the players? (1) Defect What is the expected behavior (cooperate or defect) for player A when there are long-term, repeated interactions between these same individuals? (1) Cooperate What are the 3 conditions that must exist for this strategy to be employed? (3) 1) Niceness 2) Swift retaliation 3) Forgiveness

6. What type of insect reproduction occurs when a female parasitoid wasp deposits a single egg inside a host, and the egg eventually gives rise of up to thousands of individual, identical wasps? (2) Polyembryony 7. Many aphids are holocyclic. When this occurs, the aphids are sexual for part of the year and parthenogenetic for part of the year. a. Under what environmental conditions (not the season, but the actual conditions that occur) would you expect the aphids to be parthenogenetic? (3) Conditions that are stable, ideal and unchanging. b. Under what environmental conditions would you expect the aphids to be sexual? (3) When there is great variation in environmental conditions (unpredictable).

8. The reproductive system where unfertilized eggs develop into males is called _____Arrenotoky________________________ (2) 9. We discussed three types of insect mating systems in class. Name them and briefly define them. (6) a. Monogamy: an individual mates with only one other individual b. Polygyny: males mate with more than one female c. Polyandry: females mate with more than one male 10. Winged females formed at the end of the summer that leave the secondary host (soybean) and produce oviparae on the winter host (buckthorn) are called_______gynoparae_______________________________ (2) 11. In the idea of the two-fold cost of sex, there are two costs incurred by females who reproduce sexually. Name the two costs. (4) 1) Offspring share only half of their genes with their mother 2) At least some of the offspring have to be males 12. What is the significance of pathogens, parasites and predators to the Red Queen Hypothesis? (4) The idea is that increased variability among offspring--achieved via sexual reproduction--is more likely to produce at least some individuals that are less susceptible to the parasites, pathogens, and predators they share with their parents. 13. What is the genetic relatedness (i.e. probability of sharing the exact same copy of a given gene) between these pairs of two individuals in a HAPLODIPLOID species, assuming that the father is haploid, the mother is diploid and that the mother mates only one time (4): Mother-Daughter: 0.5 Sister-Brother: 0.25 Brother-Brother: 0.5 Sister-Sister: 0.75 Use the above values to explain why, in the eusocial insects, a female worker should prefer to raise their younger sisters instead of their own offspring. (2) Female workers are more closely related to their sisters than they would be to their own offspring.

14. The most common mating system among insects is one where males mate with many females whereas females mate with one or only a few males. a. According to Batemans Principle, why do males mate as many time as possible? (3) Offspring production increases with every mate, and sperm is relatively cheap b. Why do females mate fewer times? (3) Having more mates does not translate to more offspring, so there is no reason to take the risks associated with multiple matings. 15. In the two-spotted spider mite, female adults often are the ones who disperse to new plants. How does a single female on a new plant reproduce? (2) (1)Males are produced via parthenogenesis (unfertilized eggs develop into males), (2)then these males mate with the female, whose fertilized eggs hatch into females. 16. The soybean aphid has a complex life cycle that involves two host plants, one for winter and one for summer. Name one practical use of knowing what plants are used by the aphids. (2) Any type of control measure that includes doing something to either the aphids when they are on the buckthorn, or taking out the buckthorn, locating soybean fields distant from the buckthorn host, or similar practical applications are acceptable. 17. Insect species that are thelytokous sometimes are completely lacking males. How is this possible? (2) Unfertilized eggs develop into females 18. The ability of individuals of one sex to garner and maintain exclusive access to members of the other sex is called what? (2) Mate monopolization 19. You offer aid to your sibling in raising his/her children. The cost to you is 4 reproductive units and the benefit to your sibling is 1 reproductive unit. In return for your help, your sibling helps you with your children and this assistance benefits you by 3 reproductive units. Using Hamiltons rule and the concept of reciprocal altruism, determine whether or not it makes evolutionary sense to help your sibling in this situation (4). RB>C

R=0.5 B=1 C= 4(your cost) 3 (the payback)=1 RB=0.5, so it is not greater than C No it does not make sense 20. Two types of sexual selection were discussed in class a. Name the two types (2) Intrasexual selection and intersexual selection b. In one sentence, explain how they differ (2) Intrasexual selection selects for the ability of one sex to outcompete other members of its sex for access to mating (male-male competition for passive females), while intersexual selection selects for traits that appeal to choosy members of the opposite sex (choosy females actively select mates). 21. Define Sexual Dimorphism (2).

Sexual dimorphism is the existence of physical differences between the sexes, other than differences in the sex organs

22. Which of the two types of sexual selection we discussed in class would favor the development of nuptial gifts (2)? Intersexual selection 23. What is the term used to indicate a situation where most of a females eggs are fertilized by the sperm of only one of the males with which she has mated? (2) Sperm precedence 24. If the last male to copulate with a female fertilizes all of her eggs, what sort of postcopulatory behavior would you expect of the male? (2) Mate guarding 25. Label the following statements as True or False Winners in the asymmetrical war of attrition are always determined by size (1) F The effort a competitor puts into competing is determined by the value of the resource (1) T

Sexually reproducing populations grow faster than parthenogenetic populations (1) F The Mutation Accumulation Hypothesis refers to herbivores eating transgenic crops (1) F Zygote fitness is a selective agent determining gamete size (1) T Sexual dimorphism refers to male and female sex organs being different (1) F Sexual selection is the selection of traits that do not improve chances of survival (1) T Competition between males is the basis of intersexual selection (1) F The presence of choosey females is the basis of intrasexual selection (1) F When males emerge before females, this is referred to as protandry (1) T 26. According to the Sexy Son Hypothesis, why would a female prefer to mate with an attractive (or highly fit) male? (3) Because then her sons will also be attractive and successful in finding mates.