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ADYGHAE

CIRCASSIANS

2009

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1977 1973

Omarz52@yahoo.com Omarz52@hotmail.com

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PART TWO

CIRCASSIAN LANGUAGE

39

2000

14

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Language in any society is the vessel of its culture and the driving force behind its civilization. language is an expression of that peoples experience over centuries, and for that reason it is a true reflection of its cultural identity as the language lives with the society in which it is born and develops with its development. The circassian (adiga) language is one of the oldest languages on earth, but it is facing extinction in the countries of circassian diaspora today because of reluctance of circassians to speak the language and teach it to their younger generation

40

Langue dans toute socit est le navire de sa culture et de la force motrice de sa civilisation. la langue est l'expression de ce peuple de l'exprience au fil des sicles, et c'est pour cette raison, il est un vrai reflet de son identit culturelle que la langue vit avec la socit dans laquelle il est n et se dveloppe son dveloppement. Le Circassian (adiga) la langue est l'une des plus anciennes langues de la terre, mais il est en voie d'extinction dans les pays de la diaspora Circassian aujourd'hui en raison de la rticence des Circassiens de parler la langue et l'enseigner leurs jeunes gnrations

Herhangi bir toplumda Dil ve kltr geminin ve uygarl k arkas ndaki itici gtr. dil bir ifadesi oldu unu yzy llard r insanlar n deneyim ve which it do umlu ve geli tirme ile geli en bir toplum ile dil ya yor olarak kltrel kimli inin gerek bir yans mas bu nedenle. Bu erkez (adiga) dil bir dnya zerindeki en eski dil, ama erkez diasporas n n lkelerin bugn erkezler bir dil konu maya ve gen nesil iin retmek isteksizlik nedeniyle yok bakt ndan ADYGHE

(1) (2) / / :

EVERY DAY ALPHABET

EXPRESSIONSLATINIZED -

41

SITE www.sawsrouka.com/ tcherkesse.free.fr/ www.hatqo.nl/ titus.fkidg1.uni- m www.adygnet.ru/indexeng.shtml titus.fkidg1.unititus.fkidg1.unilanguageserver.uniwww.evertype.com/alphabets www.sawsrouka.com/data/Intro_Arabic.pdf www.danef.com/web/eng/default.asp lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage/caucase.htm languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/lang?id=3045 www.geocities.com/Eureka/Enterprises www.freewebs.com/asamlabay/index. www28.brinkster.com/astudents/

DESCRPTION IT tools dedicated to make Adygabza learning easier and available Language form adyghe with Abkhazia and Ubykh, a single language family Content: Ad gabze courseEXCELLENT WITH AUDIO The TITUS server is a joint project of the Institute of Comparative Linguistics Adyghe State University The consonant system of Adyghe Caucasian Vowel Systems alphabets.pdf ONLINE ADYGHE DICTIONARY The Caucasian materials presented here were prepared with the help of Mme Dina WORLD LANGUAGES BY AMJED Learn to read and write in Adigabza (Circassian language) with the help of a new site that includes audio

42

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43

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44

Aa

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: : Bb 0

Vv

(v) : : :

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: : . : : : .

Gu gu

Gh gh Ghu ghu

45

. : : Dd : -: + Dj dj + : : ( ( ( : : . : : : . . . . . ( . . . . . : : : : : : : : . . . . : : : . Ku ku ( ( you ) ) ) . . ) . ) ) . . . :

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48

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I Ss'u ss'u Sh sh (softy) (non-voice, from rus) II (non-voice, from rus) Ee Yu yu

. . ( yo) ( ) 49

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51

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53

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54

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/ /

55

= ( = ) =

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= -70 -80 -90 -100 = -101 -1000 39 = 40 = 40 =

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56

......................

= l l l l 51 = = = 50 .shaneku = = 51 = shnekura zira = = I shnekura 6ura = 52 = = shn8ura shira=53 = = l plth2era = shn8ura = 54 = 55 = shn8ura tfra = = shn8ura khera = 56 = = shn8ura blera = 57 = = yyra = 58 shn8ura = = shn8ura bghura = = khech = 60 = = 59 l

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(
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57

= t7a = = = = = tchatishx = wris = = = = = biram = l nmaz chegh = nmaz = nmaz = mdaz = = =

: : I : : : = : l: l l l :

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T- Shirt

58

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59

= = = == = =

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= =

/
60

LETTER

ADIGECE

ENGLISH

TRKESi

ANE

MOTHER

ANNE

BABI

DUCK

rdek

CEDU

CAT

KEDi

BARREL

FII

EXCEPT KABARDE I

KABARDEY CE HAR

APSE

ROPE

iP

DE

WALNUT

CEV Z

DZ

DZEL

WILLOW

S T A ACI

61

EGU

PALM DIRTY

.AVU PiS

1 1

FE

LEATHER

DER

FI

GOOD&FI NE

iYi

ADIGE

ADIGE

ADIGE

UEN EC TROUSER S

PANTOLON

HE

DOG

KPEK

62

XI

SEA

DEN Z

XH

XHICEBZ

GIRL

KIZ

I -

JEM

COW

iNEK

JJ

JJI

OLD EXCEPT KABARDE I

ESKi KABARDEY CE HAR

J-JA

KUE

LEG

BACAK

63

KUEN

TO GO

GiTMEK

KH

KHABERD Y

KABARDE I

KABARDEY

LI

MEAT

ET

LH

LHI

BLOOD

KAN

LEN

TO DIE

LMEK

MAZE

MOON

AY

NE

EYE

GZ

64

O EXCEPT KABARDE I

O KABARDEY CE HAR

O-1O

PE

NOSE

BURUN

PE

BED

YATAK

SE

KNIFE

BIAK

MILK

ST 3

THREE(3)

(3)

65

WORLD

DNYA

EXCEPT KABARDE I EXCEPT KABARDE I

KABARDEY CE HAR

KABARDEY CE HAR

TXIN

TO TAKE

EKMEK(fot o raf) 2 iKi(2) 1

TU

TWO(2)

TS

TSI

WOOL

YN,KIL

TZ

TZIXU

HUMAN BEING

iNSAN

1 -

66

EXCEPT KABARDE I

KABARDEY CE HAR

VA UE

STAR

YILDIZ

WUNE

HOUSE

EV

YETIN

TO GIVE

VERMEK 1

ZI

ONE(1)

BiR(1)

(1)

67

THE CIRCASSIAN LANGUAGE


West Adyghe (Circassian) Adyghe is spoken by approximately 300.000 people. 125.000 live in southern Russia, chiefly in the Adygea Republic. Significant numbers of Adyghe speakers reside in Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and Israel. Adyghe together with Kabardian is a member of the Circassian subgroup of the Northwest Caucasian language family. Adyghe is also called Lower Circassian or Western Circassian. Main dialects are Temirgoj (or Chemgui), Bezhedukh, Abadzex, Shapsug. The written standard of Adyghe was created after the October revolution in 1923. First it was written with Latin script. Since 1936 a Cyrillic based alphabet is in use. The literary language is derived from the Temirgoj dialect. Adyghe and Kabardian have a very long oral literary tradition. The so called 'Nart' sagas are well known. The Adyghe sound system is characterised by a great number of consonant distinctions (but fewer than in Abkhaz-Abazin and Ubykh!) and a small number of vowel distinctions: Adyghe has about 50 consonant phonemes and two vowel phonemes, that are distinguished by the opposition 'openclosed'. This opposition however is restricted in position. Some scholars tried to prove that Kabardian and Adyghe don't have phonemic vowels at all. But more recent analyses have shown that there are at least two vowel phonemes. Lexical accent is dynamic and free. Adyghe has two cases: The ergative case is marked by -n, while the
68

absolutive case is unmarked. The ergative case is used with the subject of transitive ('agentive') verbs. The absolutive case is used with subjects of intransitive ('factitive') verbs and with objects of transitive ('agentive') verbs. The Adyghe verb is polysynthetic and has an intricate morphology. The verb is the absolute center of the sentence and mirrors the syntactic structure of the sentence by means of incorporation. The conjugation is characterised by a split into transitive ('agentive') and intransitive ('factitive') verbs. The grammatical categories person, number, tense, mood, version, potentiality, comitativity, sociativity, reciprocity, and inferenciality are expressed on the verb. Agreement is marked by cross-referencing pronominal affixes. The verb can agree with subject, direct object, and indirect object at the same time. Adyghe is an ergative language: intransitive subjects and direct objects are marked in the same way on the participants of the verb and on the verb, transitive subjects are treated differently. Word-order is predominantly SOV, the possessor precedes the possessed, the adjective usually follows the head noun, relative sentences precede the head, the language has postpositions rather than prepositions. Possession is marked by prefixed pronouns on the possessed noun. The prefix pronouns agree with the possessor in person. Adyghe distinguishes between organic possession (body parts, relatives etc.) and non-organic possession.

Circassian Alphabet - how do we read this?!


69

In Circassian language there are 7 vowels and 57 phonemes: The following sounds have the corresponding in English. = A (in the word 'after') = b (in the word 'bear') = v ('voice') = g ('gain') = d ('dear') = j ('job') = ye ('yellow') = z ('zero') = ee ('bee') = y (today) = c ('cat') = l ('leg') = m ('man') = n ('new') = o ('box') = p ('pen') = s ('seven') = t ('ten') = oo ('cool') = f ('fast') = h ('help') = ch ('cheese') = sh ('shop') = a ('glass') = you ('you') = you ('young') is pronounced as { j } in new {nju:}. It makes the consonant milder; is pronounced similarly, but firmer than . It separates sounds one from the other.

Vowels
70

The Vowel sounds - , , , e, , , , , . The Vowel has not the analogy in English. It is close to 'ee' ('beep') but more locked and has not the articulations in the manner of sprained lips. From these vowels are formed an abruptives: I , I , I , I , I . At abruptive pronunciation speech organs execute the same function as at corresponding vowel pronunciation, but herewith occurs lump forced surge of air (as at moan), with no vocal cordses vibration. The difference between vowel and it's abruptive should be confirmed since it influences upon the sense. Example: I - Tables, and - their eyes, I I - meet and I to kill. For forming abruptive pronouncing - more sharp, staccato sound, at pronouncing which in larynxes between vocal cordses is formed the joining, which at the end of sound noisily tears.

Phonemes Is a bit similar to the English 'r' ('ring') but the tongue should touch the salient under the teethes and make a vibration. Is similar to Russian " " or Arabian "r" Close to with labialization i.e. is accompanied with lips truncation , as under 'oo' (look) in English. Is Read closely to 'go..' in English but sounds are pronounced simultaneously and ' ' does not serve here for forming the slab. For example: in the words ' ' and ' ' - one slab (heard " ", " ", but with lips truncation at the end of the word). Example: - heart; - princess / mother-in-law; wedding.

71

Close to but more long, deep and pronounced with the vibration of the larynx lug. A bit similar to the French and to the German 'r'. Example: - road; - sun; - summer; - high; - boiled. Close to but labializated i.e. is accompanied with additional lips truncation, as under 'oo' ('look'). The lips are extended and rounded. Example: - friend; - see. Close to , but the sounds meets in united sound Example: - army, - throw. Close to 'sh' ('shop') but pronounced with voice. Example: - mouth, I - beard

Average between ' ' and ' . The narrow slot is formed between language and the tubercle on upper teeths. Air passing through this slot produces something average between whistle and hum. Example: - old; I - goby. Close to but with labialization i.e. is accompanied with lips truncation . The Air gets through slot of round lips. Example: I - thick;, - boiled. Is Pronounced as , but more long and softly. Example: - white, - red, young,

72

Labialized . Close to combination 'coo..' ('cool'), but is pronounced together. Example: - cart; I - jacket; - deep.

Close to , but is pronounced deeply in larynxes, "by the larynx top". The joining occurs at pronunciation and joining in larynxes between vocal cordses. Example: I - guess; - difficult. The labialized Example: I I Hard laryngeal sound. Close to but accompanied with additional vocal cordses articulation, which is at the beginning of sound closed, and at the end are opened, publishing noise. Average between 'k' ('key') and 'ch' ('child') but more deep and forced. Example: I -boy; I - empty; I - kill; I I meet; I - young. I I ( Io Io) Labializated I ///// Example: I - go; . - footwear;, - aul, village.

More soft than English l. Example: - meat,

- plate.

Long, deaf, with no voice. A bit close to . The air passes through lateral slots between tongue and cheek inner face forming the intensive sound reminiscent hissing. Average between l('long') and sh ('shop'). Example: - leg, I - love, I expensive, - see, - red, - high
73

I I Lateral, noisy, without aspiration. Close to + vocal cordses additional articulation, which at the end of the sound are opened with noise. Example: I - husband, I - four I I Close to + vocal cordses additional articulation forming joining, which at the end of the sound is opened with noise. The Lips under its pronunciation close tightly and tear the air, pronunciation its is accompanied the aspiration. Example: I - expensive; I I - place; I - school. I It Is Pronounced as I but with presence an labialization . Example: I I - fluid. Close to + vocal cordses additional articulation forming joining, which at the end of the sound is opened with noise. Example: I - blue; I - to sit. I I Close to I but with labialization. Example: I - two; I - let go. Has certain resemblance with English 'h' (heart), but more locked. The air blast is directed little skyward, and makes the lurinx lug to vibrate. Or as but deaf, without voice. Example: - hard; - shivering. Labialized Example:

I I

-sister;

- become;

I - blue,

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Close to English 'h' (heart), but pronounced softly, with lips articulation, which corresponds to pronunciation vowel and in English. Example: I - ear; - mountain; - hour. Close to combination 'ts' ('bats'), but should be pronounced together. Example: - muscle, -teeth Labialized . Close to English 'ts' ('tso'). Example: - plowshare; - footwear.

I I Close to + vocal cordses additional articulation, which herewith do not publish any sound and occurs the unswitching of speech organs with noise at the end of the sound. Example: I -person; I - defraud. Close to . At breaking point of close organs larynxes is got sharp, staccato snapping sound. Example: - tree; - run. I I Close to + additional joining of vocal cordses, which are opened at the end of sound, publishing typical noise. Example: I - land; I - ask. Close to but with no voice and more tense exhalation with aspiration. Reminds 'sh' ('shop'). The Lips mildly ajar, tip of language mildly elated to the tubercle above the teeths. Air passes between tip of language and larynxes upper wall. Example: - head; - girl.

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Labialized Example: I

. - wife; ~green.

I Close to + the additional joining of vocal cordses, which at the end of sound are opened adding special tone. Example: I - guess; I - do, build; I - ten. I Labialized I. At sound termination lip accepting position as during prononcing 'oo' ('look'), form the slots betwen the lips air passes creating the additional noise reminiscent deaf whistle. Example: I - like; I I - sweet, tasty; I - dirty.

I Laryngeal abruptive. The unswitching of close vocal cordses is formed with voice. Example: I -hand; I - have; I I - sweet, tasty. I Labialized I Example: I - say; I I - meet; I - thick. Before to start reading the sections make sure that you correcttly understand this chapter and may correctly read the Circassian sounds Nouns Nouns in Circassian are different by their relation to the human: 1. Relating to the human (the people, surnames, name, professions, nationalities) are answering to the question ' ?' ("who?"). 2. Not Relating to human (animals, fish, plants, inanimate subjects) are answering to question " ?" ("what?"). Nouns in Circassian language are different with their quantity: 1. The Single form. 2. The Plural form. Noune gets the suffix '~ ' in plural form.

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- boy, I - boys; - woman, - women ; - eye, - eyes; etc. Noun is being changed on four cases, there it receives the corresponding suffix: 1. Nominitive Case. Has the suffix - : I - boy; I - boys, - woman. Under intransitive verbs expresses the subject, implementing main action. Example: I I I - the boy goes to the school. Under connecting verbs expresses the object to which the main action is directed: I - woman a shirt wipes. (the woman is washing the shirt) 2. Ergative Case. Has the suffix -m: - girls, and etc.. I - boy, I - boys,

Example:

It is Used: - for connecting verbs, as feature of subject, realising main action: I - woman wipes a shirt. - Under intransitive verbs, as object of the main action: I - boy reads a book. As circumstance of action i.e. feature of place, time of action and etc: I - man entered the house. - At night it was raining. I - Yesterday I was in the village. 3. Instrumental Case. Has the suffix - I or - I : I - pencil, I - axe, I - leg and etc.. Expresses: The Instrument of action: I I - his name is written in pencil. I I - We can not pass this way. The Direction of action: I I - the wind blows from sea. 4. Invertive. Has the suffix - : I - boy, I - boys. Expresses: The Reception of another quality by the subject: - he became richer. People belonging to some professions:
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I - He works as a teacher.

The nouns in Circassian are different by their accessory sign: There are natural attribute and property attribute. Natural attribute: Part of body, such words as 'son', 'daughter', 'brother', 'sister'. All other words are belonging to the property attribute. The Natural attribute is expressed with prefix: Single form: 1. For the 1-st person, ~or - (my): - heart, - my heart; - my sister. 2. For the 2-nd person, ~ or - (your): - your leg; - your heart; - your sister. 3. For the 3-rd person, -: - his (her)leg; - his (her) sister. Plural form: 1. For the 1-st person prefix - or - : I - our hands; legs; 2. For the 2-nd person prefix - or -: - your sister. 3. For the 3-rd prefix a- : - their legs; - their heart. The Property attribute is expressed the prefix: Single form: For the 1-st person prefix -: For the 2-nd person prefix -: For the 3-rd person prefix -: - his wife. Plural form: For the 1-st person prefix -: in-law; For the 2-nd person prefix your house. For the 3-rd person prefix -: mother, yat - their father. - book, - my book; - your book; - his book; I - her husband; - our book; -: - our daughter- their - our - your legs;

- your book; - their daughter-in-law;

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Verbs The Verb in Circassian is most complex and mutated part of speech. Usually it is posited at the end of sentence. The Verbs are different in tense, person, number and etc. Below considered the main categories and rules of using the verbs in Circassian.

Infinitive The Infinitive in Circassian has the ending - . For example: I go. (here root I ). The Suffix - here- completion of infinitive. I

We must do there (There we-go must). I - I want to tell you (I you-tell I-want). I You have to know the language of the people, among which you live (Folk you-among-live its-language you-know must). Root Change The Analogy to English prepositions in, on, under, around, for and etc expressing location of one subject to other in Circassian often can be denominated by changing the root of verb. Example: stands; - stands (as body position ); - stands (behind); I - stands (under) and etc.

The most frequently used verbs root changing are at the table below:
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stands condition / body position On Under Among Within area behind some I

sits

lies

yc

Example: I under + sits). The car stands in the rain (Car rain among + stands). The car stands in the yard (Car yard within + stands). Connecting and intransitive verbs The Connecting verbs characterising action of the main subject in offer, require use of this subject in Ergative Case. Example: I to tell. From this is made the form I - he (she) said. Prefix ~of the 3-rd person single count , ~ - Past Time Suffix). I The girl said. As we see, subject (the girl) here inheres in Ergative Case. At the same time : I The girl has come. The Form I is formed from intransitive verb ( I - go), and subject inheres in Nominitive Case. I The cat sits under the table (Cat table under

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Dynamic and steady-state verbs The Dynamic verbs express the action, motion, ( I to go, I to run). Steady-state verbs express the condition ( - stand, I - be, inhere).

to tell, - sit,

Discrete prefix For dynamic verbs: ~, and for steady-state verbs : ~. Discrete prefix means that process is terminated to some moment of time (or is made one-shot). Example: I - went. I - came. I I will make 1 I will be making (for continuous tense) Personality prefix It is posited before or after the Discrete prefix . Characterisation change the verb in persons. In the single form for the 1-st person: the prefix ~(for dynamic verbs), ~(for steady-state verbs ). For example: : I I go; I sit; - I bring. In the last example a Personality prefix stands after Discrete prefix . For 2-nd person, single form: ~, ~. For example: I you go; you sit; I - you has said. For the 3-rd person, single form, present tense: (steady-state verbs ). For example: I - goes; I - went, brings. - you bring, ~ (dynamic) or - sits; ~ -

For the 3-rd person, single form, past or future tense Personality prefix is absent: For example: I - went; 1 - said; etc. 1st person, plural form: -. Example: I - we go; - we sit. 2-nd person , plural form: ~or -.

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I You go; You sit, You write. 3-rd person, plural form, present tense, connecting verbs: Example: I they say; - they eat 3-rd person, plural form, present tense, intransitive verbs: suffix (refer to Number Suffix ). Example: - they sit; I - they come. Impetus Prefix It is posited after personality prefix . Means the action by which objects make subject to proceed some other action. The Verb with prefix always is connecting: I I I I . - The Grandmother has fed [made to eat] the girl I . - Mother made the boy to stand at the corner I I - Father sent [made to go] the boy to the shop

Example:

Negative Prefix ( ~) It is posited most often before root of verb, after all other prefixes. I! - Do not do this; I - Do not say him anything (Nothing him dont-say); I ? - Why do not you go? I - Do not hurry! Can not be used simultaneously both Negative Prefix ( ~) and Negative Suffix (- ). The Negative Suffix (~ ). The Negation Suffix ~ usually follows all other suffixes: I - I will not go; I - They did not come. a a I - Today h (she) will not come. Tense Suffixes Future and past tense in Circassian formed at suffixes ~ (future tense) and ~ (past tense): C I - I said. C I Ill say. O I - You have come.
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- You will go.

Number Suffix Complies with Number Suffix for nouns. Follows the Tense Suffix, precedes the Negative Suffix Example: I he (she) has come. I - they have come. Is used for intransitive verbs only, otherwise Number Suffix is absent Example: I I - people say I - we go. Imperative mood Complies with root base: I ! - Go! ! - Sit! ! - Stand up! ! Wake up! When addressing to several people, imperative mood gains the prefix ~( ~): I ! - Go! ! - Sit! ! - Wake up! ! Awake! Adverbs The Adverbs can be formed from different speech elements by gaining suffix ~ : From verbs: I - beware I - unflappable - Play - playing - sits - sitting From adjectives:
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- correct ! - write correctly - calm - calmly I - quick I - quickly From other speech elements: - itself I work by himself (herself).

He (she) has finished his (her)

The following adverbs are not formed from another words: Place adverbs: Such as: , mode, , , , vicinity degree: I Tense Adverbs - today - yesterday - tomorrow - presently - after I afterwards early ap I

(here, here); - (there, there) different with comparative - Here goes our neighbour

- Today he will not come. I I ? Do You remember, what we talked about yesterday? I - Tomorrow we will go there. I got up early in the morning

Number Adverbs:
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I - few, - much, a lot - often/long, - long ago I Talk less, do a more. , I had been looking for him for a long time, but I did not find him. I I - I want you to smile more often. l - I have not seen you for a long time Pronouns The Pronouns in Circassian can be personal, possessive, qualifying and interrogative. Personal pronouns Iyou it, it we you they The Personal pronouns are classified as: Nominitive, Ergative, Instrumental and Invertive -I I - me, for me, by me - for me, by me o - you I for you, by you - for you, by you ap he (she) I , I - for him (her), by him (her) - for him (her), by him (her) - we I us, - us
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I ,

You (plural form) I you, for you, by you - for you, by you - they I by them - by them Examples: o I - I said to you. ap I - I asked him (her). O I ? Did you say to your father? [You your-father once-you- say-did] I Ask him. I I I All he says, is not important for me. I I People say they are very tasty. Possessive pronouns Significies the attribute of subject - mine - yours his, hers - ours - yours - theirs Varied on the same principle, as noun, verbs, adjectives and etc: - this axe is mine. - this house is ours. - this dagger is Yours. - these plates are Yours The Indefinite pronoun. In Circassian whole one . Serves for indication of all notions corresponding to English words "someone", "something", "someone", "something", "sometime", "somewhere", and etc.

Changes either as noun in number and in cases:


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Single form Plural form: Nominative Ergative Instrumental Invertive Write something. I Someone has come. I You need to ask somebody. [Somebody you-him-ask need] I - I will come someday. I , I Come on, well go somewhere [Letsgo, somewhere we-go-will]. ap I . - Today he (she) will come to us. [Today he we-to once-go-will] Generalization pronouns - each (about human) (Shapsygu. Bzhadygu: ) each (not about human) I - all - itself - Each one chooses his fate by himself. I I I - About each person its possible to say as bad as goo Adjectives Adjectives are different in their quantity: either as noun, in plural form adjectives gain suffix ~ . beautiful - beautiful (in plural form) - good - good (in plural form)
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- bad - bad (in plural form) Adjectives are different as qualitative and relative. The Qualitative adjectives are those which can have comparative and superlative degrees. The Qualitative adjectives are always posited after the defined word: I I I - good boy [boy good] - beautiful girl [girl beautiful] - wise man [person wise]

The Relative adjectives are those which can not have the comparative degrees. They are posited before the defined word: I I - railway [iron road] - wooden table

In both events when we change the form and number of structure "none + quality adjective" or "relative adjectives + none" this leads to changing of the suffix of the last word in structure: - Beautiful girl - beautiful girls - wise person. - wise people. - railway - railways

I I I I

I I

Qualitative adjectives can have comparative and superlative degrees: The Comparative degree is formed by auxiliary word / (more). he is higher than you He became bigger [More big became] I - You must be braver [more brave you-become must]

For superlative degrees the structure

(more then all...) is used:


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I She is the most beautiful [She than-all more beautiful] I - It is the highest [It than-all more high] I I She feeds him with the tastiest meal [then-all more good meal-with she-him-feeded] He is the strongest [He than-all more strong] Numbers Circassian Language Numberings are formed from the names of the numbers:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 100 1000 From these are formed: I I I I I

one two three four five six seven eight nine ten twenty thirty one hundred thousand

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II I I eleven I2 I I I twelve I3 I I thirteen I4 I I I fourteen I5 I I fifteen I6 I I sixteen I7 I I seventeen I8 I I eighteen I9 I I nineteen 2I I I twenty-one 22 I I I twenty two 23 I I twenty three 24 I I I twenty four 3I I thirty one 32 I I thirty two 33 I thirty three 34 I I thirty four 40 I I I fourty 4I I I I fourty one 42 I I I I fourty two 43 I I I fourty three 44 I I I I fourty four.... 50 fifty [hundred- half] 5I fifty one 52 I fifty two 60 I sixty [three twenties] 6I I I sixty one 62 I I I sixty two 70 I I I seventy [sixty ten] 7I I I I I seventy one [sixty eleven] 72 I I I I I 80 I I eighty [four twenties] 8I I I eighty one 82 I I I eighty two 90 I I I ninety [eighty ten] 9I I I I I ninety one [eighty eleven] 92 I I I I I ninety two [eighty twelve] I0I one hundred one I02 I one hundred two ..
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200 20I 202 300 400 500 2000 3000

I two hundred [two hundreds] I two hundred one I I two hundred two and etc. three hundred [three hundreds] and etc. I four hundred [four hundreds] and etc. five hundred [five ] and etc. I two thousand three thousand and etc. (one) are posited after the

At indication of number all the numbers except defined noun: I I - One boy I - two boys - one day I - two days ( ) - three days

Ordinal Numbers: Exept (first) are formed by prefix - and suffix - First day I - second day I - second shoe ~I have been smoking since the sixth class Discrete numbers: Are formed by changing the last vowel ~ of number to ~ : I I I - I told you four times already. [You for-times once-you-I-told-already] Number can also define measure of a share: Numbers "one" and "two" are formed by words (whole, whole), (whole, whole about length of time), (the half). I I He did not work the whole week. I - He did not give us to sleep whole night. For all other events, by suffix - : three
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- one third; I - four, I - quarter I - third part of vegetable garden we used for the tomatoes. I The quarter of the money he received, he lend. [Money once-him-give-was it-quarter indebt him-gave] Servicing words These are the words: before first ( ) - to, beside I - under I behind for These words execute the function corresponding to prepositions of English, but are usually posited after defined object. - At first you thought the car was good. I I I - I did not remember him at first. he came to Zaira. I The cat sits under the table.

If the object is denominated the personal pronoun, these words can unite with it and form the independent structure: - To me, beside me. - To us,beside us I ? Will You come to me today? [Me-to you-come-will today ] I ! Come to us!

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Conjunction: I , , e - or. and, else - but I

? - What else will You say? , I was looking for him for a long time, but I did not find. E I , e I Die or be the man! (Circassian proverb). The Particles affirmative and negative: yes no . . I ? Do You understand? I . - Yes. I understand. I . - - No. I dont understand.

Circassian sentence structure In Circassian sentence the free order of words is allowed. However all preferred that predicate will be positioned at the end of sentence. . - I got up at seven oclock in the early morning. I tobacco I-drinking away-I-threw] - I gave up smoking. [I

Interrogative sentence The Interrogative sentence in principle saves the sequence of words narrative. The word in sentence to which is posited the question, gains the suffix ~ , or ~ (Nominitive Case), ~ (Ergative Case). . The teapot has simmered. ? Has the teapot simmered? [Teapot simmered+ ~ ] - Deaf ? Are they deaf, this house masters?

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If question is posited to word having Negative Suffix ~ , it is converted to suffix ~ . ? Has not the teapot simmered? [Teapot simmered] I ? Dont You know? , ? They call You, dont you hear [that]? If question is posited by auxiliary interrogative words, (who), (what), (where), (which) these word are positioned in the sentence in that place, where the word is supposed to be positioned, being answer to supplied question: 1 ? Who came? 1 ? What did he say? 1 ? Where you will be today?

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THIRD PART

WEB SITES

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SUBJECT AND LANGUAGE CODES SUBJECT HISTORY&CULTURE LANGUAGE ART ASSOCIATIONS MEDIA MUSIC DANCE EDUCATION NEWS&INFORMATION FUN PERSONAL REASEARCH ALL SUBJECTS CODE HC LC AR AS MD MS DN ED NI FN PR RD ALL LANGUAGE ENGLISH ARABIC CIRCASSIAN GERMAN FRINSH HEBRON TURKISH RUSSIAN DANISH CHECHEN OTHERS CODE E A C G F H T R D S O

**

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Table ( 1 )
SITE Adigha Story on Tripod Kolhida.ru Adygi.ru Amjad Jamouqa's Page Adigam.com Yachar Saillet Metin Somez Mahmud Karataban Adiga4U, personal site Jurt Hasan's Circassian Site Circassians by Sohu Murat /http://www.abyzshwa.narod.ru Heritage Institute www.kebzeh.org/index.htm www.heku.ru www.kavkazweb.net www.adyga.org /http://www.paukaf.com http://www.adiga.org/foru Family Mailinglist /www.geocities.com/circari Shemiakin Mikhail Shemiakin Mikhail Muhadin Kishev Circassian World by Metin Somez //www.farukkutlu.com Meretukov Davlet, Artist of Adyghea Cherkess Fund Organisation Circassian Association, Netherland Caucasus Foundation Al Jeel Al Jadeed Club Adigha Xasa in Koeln, Adiga Educational Association, www.adygaunion.com/rus Circassians in Israel Circassian Benevolent www.adiga4ever.com www.circassiancanada.com/ /http://www.elbruz.org.tr Nalmes Dance Group SUBJECT ALL ALL ALL HC ,LC ALL HC ,RT ALL ALL ALL ALL LC LC HC HC ALL ALL ALL MS HC RT RT RT RT HC RT RT RD ALL ALL AS ALL AS-ALL AS-ALL AS-ALL AS-ALL ASALL ALL DN LANGUAGE E-EXCELLANT R ,C R ,C E R ,C F E E ,A ,C ,T ,R E,T E ,C E ,T E ,T(ABKHAZ) E E E ,R ,C R ,C R ,C E,C A E E E E E ,T ,R ,C E E R ,C E T E ,A ,T , R , C E ,A G E,H E ,T ,G ,R ,C H E A E,T,G,H,A,C T T

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Adyghe State University Kabardino-Balkaria Karachai-Cherkess State Circassian Educational Adigha.com hi5.com Kashen.com Dating Service Heku.ru Ecotus.maykop.ru Go-Elbrus Elbrus.org Cerkes.org Adigha yahoo group Vollblut Design Radio Freedom Radio Nafna nart.narttv.com/ http://www.adigeyaislam.c http://www.adigeyaislam.com/ru tanzil.info/ Radio Kafkazia Youtube Psna geocities.com/yenal_bako/ geocities.com/yenal_bako/in www.circassianworld.com/ Dudar.ru Music collection on Adigam.com Nobarey.com Euaz Zuber adygaunion.com 1 adygaunion.com 2 adygaunion.com/ 3 profile.myspace.com/index. http://www.youtube.com/watch? /www.heval.org/legerin/circassian Adygabook.com www.danef.com/ Hej Marja! /www.elot.ru/main/ /www.adigafriends.com/ /www.abazashta.com/ circassiangenocide.org/ Zihia //www.sawsrouka.com

ED ED ED ED ALL ALL NI ALL NI NI NI NI NI RT NI NI NI - TV NI NI audio NINI NI MS MS MS MS NI MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS ALL LN ALL NI ALL ALL ALL ALL LN

R,C R,C R,C E-USA E - EXCELLANT E E,T E,R,C R,C E E,G,R.C E R,C E,C -communication E ,G E E,A,T,C E R,C R,C,E E Type adygha-search R,C E,R,C E-Excellant E E R ,C E,R,C R,C EXCELLENT EXCELLANT National anthem EXCELLANT ABIDA E E,C E,A,T excellant R,C R,C E-EXCELLANT R,C R,C R,C E- EXCELLANT 98

Nartajans.net Almanyada-cerkezler.de E-caucasia.com www.sov-adyg.ru/ www.eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/ "Caucasus Times" eMagazine Circassian News Network /www.circassiancommunity.com Kavkazya.net Kabardino Balkaria Portal Republic of Adyghea Official Site Republic of Adigeya's Info Portal Parlament Nalchik -Official Web Site /http://www.adigamagazine.co.il Djeguako Syria Circassians by Adnan Kabartay /ar.wikipedia.org /www.culture.gov.jo/ ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/% www.adiga.org/forum/adiga64/ Archaeology on N. Caucasus /www.caucasus.dk/ North Caucasus Research circassian.narod.ru/circass/index.html www.elbruz.org.tr/ forum.adiga.com/viewtopic.php?t= http://www.elbruz.org.tr/ http://www.adigam.com/ru/music http://www.adygvoice.ru/ http://www.euroxase.com/ http://www.nahitserbes.com/ /http://www.kafkasfederasyonu.org http://www.kafsam.org/ http://www.nartajans.net/nuke http://www.almanyada-cerkezler.de/ http://www.kapba.de/ /http://www.apsny.ru /http://www.kafkasonline.com /http://www.wuppertal-xase.de /http://www.chechen.org /http://www.kavkazweb.net /http://tr.tc http://www.adigewored.net/ http://www.ridade.com/

ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL NI-ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL NI ALL ALL ALL ALL PR PR PR PR ALL ALL-RD RD ALL ALL ALL MS MS MS ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL DN MS-LN DN

T,C T Web hosting free R,C E,R,C E,R,C CNN E,A,H,G,T,R,C E,R,C E,R,C R,C R,C R,C PARLAMENT R,C E,A,H,R.C R,C A,R,C A A A A E,R,C E,D,R,C E E,A,T,R,C T,C E T R,C R,C E,T-EXCELLANT T T -EXCELLANT E ,T T,R,C T,G,R,C R,C R,C R,C T,R,C R,C,S R,C T,C ALL-EXCELLANT R,C 99

http://www.adigeforum.com/ http://www.alanvakfi.org.tr/ http://www.kafkasya.ch/ http://www.wotey.narod.ru/ http://www.kaledes.com/ http://www.hamamozu.com.tr.tc/ http://www.petsiye.net/ http://www.uzunyayla.com/ http://www.asagikaragoz.net/ www.euroxase.com/video/index.php //3arabchannel.com/clips/sipse.html http://www.euroxase.com/en/ http://tcherkesse.free.fr/ http://sana.adiga.googlepages.com/ /lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage/ lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage/languages/ http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage/. http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage. http://iccs.synthasite.com/ ardian% http://www.kafiad.com/ http://www.kafder.org.tr/ http://www.abhazdernegi.org/ http://www.abhazya.org/ http://circassianmuseum.com/ http://www.sharakes.net/ http://cakhasa.com/ http://nart-france.com/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oA2 http://www.heval.org/legerin/kabarday http://www.myspace.com/circassianmu /http://www.hatqo.nl http://titus.fkidg1.unihttp://www.adygnet.ru/indexeng.shtml http://www.circassianfoundation.org/ http://iccs.synthasite.com/ www.audio.adyga.org/index_eng.html http://adigebze.new-forum.net/ http://siadigebze.com/sibze/ http://dairov.spaces.live.com/ http://www.freewebs.com/asamlabay/in /http://www.circassiatv.net http://www.iraqfilm.net/:%20circassian http://www.myspace.com/circassianmu http://tiklanet.net/circassians.videolari http://www.perumega.net/youtube/inde

ALL ALL MS PR ALL ALL MS ALL ALL MS MS DN ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL PR ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL MS MS MS LN LN LN ALL RD-ALL ALL ALL LN ALL-PR LN TV MS MS MS MS

T,C,R T,C,R ALL R,C T,C,R T,C,R T,C, -EXCELLAN T,C T,C E,C A,E EXCELLANT E,T-EXCELLANT E,F,C-EXCELLAN

T C,T,--ABAZA C,T- ABAZA H A A F,T-EXCELLANT E,C E,C E,C ABIDA E,C E,C,T E,C E E.C EXCELLANT E-C EXCELLANT E,C, R,C E,T,C,A A.E.H best audio E,A,C E,C E,C E,C 100

News & Information Portals Non-Governmental Organizations Culture & Research Circassian Republics Language Art

20 SITES 20 SITES 17 SITES 18 SITES 7 SITES 17 SITES

Table ( 2

http://www.ecotus.maykop.ru/eng/ /http://www.adygaunion.com/eng http://www.euroxase.com/en/ /http://www.circassianworld.com/new /http://www.circassiandiaspora.com /http://www.dindardibi.com http://www.muslumancerkes. /http://www.ahakuytra.com /http://www.cerkezya.com http://www.kuzeykafkasya.net/ /http://www.kafkasonline.com /http://www.waynakh.com/eng /http://www.kafkas.gen.tr /http://www.kafkasrehberi.com http://www.elbruz.net/index.php? /http://www.kafkasfederasyonu.org http://www.caucasustimes.com/ /http://abrektr.tr.gg http://translate.google.com/translate /http://apsni.com /http://www.ridade.com /http://www.paukaf.com/linkler /http://www.6kesek.com /http://www.kashenim.com /http://adygaabaza.ru /http://www.kafder.org.tr /http://www.kavkazcenter.com

O ALL ALL ALL ALL MS ALL ALL ALL ALL MS,ALL ALL ALL ALL translation ALL MAGASIN ALL ALL LN MS LINKS ALL O LN ALL ALL****

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** ** ** ** ** FRANCE CATHERINE ** _ ** Amjad M. **Jaimoukha ** ** **Aneta Takhtamish.

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