ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES EXACTAS

𝐿𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑟á 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎, 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒

𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒

𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒, 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎.

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑦 𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎, 𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒

 𝐿𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎, 𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒:

𝜕M(x, y) 𝜕N(x, y)
=
𝜕y 𝜕x
Ejemplo 1. 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solución
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎, 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟, 𝑞𝑢𝑒:

𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)

= = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 2𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 2𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝑧, 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒:

𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎, ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑧, 𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝑉𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎, 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟:

𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥,
𝜕𝑥

𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝜕𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = න(𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥=𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)

𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)

𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒: = 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑔′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒:
𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑔′(𝑦)
𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒: 𝑔′ 𝑦 = 0, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑔 𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜, 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑠 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝐶

∗ 𝑂𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠:

𝐴𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎
𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒: 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒: 𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 + 𝑑 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜, 𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑡é𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛: ex seny + 2ycosx = C

Ejemplo 2. 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solución
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎, 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒:
𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 4𝑥𝑦 + 2 = 4𝑥𝑦 + 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎,
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠:
𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒:

2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝐴𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠: 𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑑 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝐿𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑠: 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶
 𝑥 1 1 𝑦 1 𝑥
Ejemplo 3. 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 + + 𝑑𝑥 + + − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2
𝑥 +𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑦 2
𝑥 +𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑦
Solución
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎:
𝜕M(x, y) xy 1 𝜕N(x, y) xy 1
= − 2 = − 2
𝜕y 2
( x +y )2 3 y 𝜕x 2
( x +y )2 3 y

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 , 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎

𝑥 1 1 𝑦 1 𝑥
𝐴𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒: 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2
𝑥 +𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑦 2
𝑥 +𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑦

1 1 𝑥
𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒, 𝑑 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑( ) = 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐿𝑛𝑥 + 𝐿𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝐶
EJERCICIOS

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠

1. 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥𝑦 dx + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑦. 𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎. 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶
3 2
2y 3y 𝑦 3
2. 3x 2 tag y − 3 dx + x 3 sec 2 y + 4y 3 + 2 dy = 0 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎. 𝑥 3 𝑡𝑎𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑦 4 + 2 = 𝐶
x x 𝑥
𝑥 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎: 𝑥𝐿𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑘
3. 1 + 𝐿𝑛𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 1 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦

x2 + y2 x2 + y2 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎. 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥𝑦
4. 2x + 2
dx = 2
dy
x y xy
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎: 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑘
5. 𝑦 𝑒 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑒 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑦 𝑦2 Rpta. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 = 𝑐𝑥
6. 𝑑𝑦 − + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 2𝑥 2
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES REDUCIBLES A EXACTA

𝑆𝑖 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝒏𝒐 𝒆𝒔 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂,

𝑙𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑟 𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎, 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒

𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒, 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛

𝜕(𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 ) 𝜕(𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 )
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑦 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:

𝜕𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = − 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝐴𝑞𝑢í 𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠

 𝜕𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
Primer caso. 𝑆𝑖 𝑢 𝑠ó𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑥, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 =0
𝜕𝑦

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑠: 𝒖 𝒙 = 𝒆‫𝒙 𝒇 ׬‬ 𝒅𝒙

1 𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑓 𝑥 = ( − )
𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
Segundo caso 𝑆𝑖 𝑢 𝑠ó𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑦, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 =0
𝜕𝑥

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑠: 𝒖 𝒚 = 𝒆‫𝒈 ׬‬ 𝒚 𝒅𝒚

1 𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑔 𝑦 = − ( − )
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Tercer caso 𝐶𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝒖 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 . 𝒈 𝒚
𝝏 𝒇 𝒙 .𝒈 𝒚 𝝏 𝒇𝒙 . 𝒈(𝒚)) 𝝏𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝝏𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚
𝐸𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 − 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = − 𝒇 𝒙 . 𝒈(𝒚)
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

𝑆𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠, 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒:

𝝏𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝝏𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒇′ 𝒙 𝒈′(𝒚)
− = 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 − 𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 𝒈(𝒚)

𝐸𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 ú𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑎𝑑, 𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 𝑦 𝑔 𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛

Cuarto caso 𝐶𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝒖 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒏 𝒚𝒎

𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑛 𝑦 𝑚 , 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒.

𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎
𝜕(𝑢. 𝑀) 𝜕(𝑢. 𝑁)
𝐸𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 = ; 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒:
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑚 . 𝑀) 𝜕(𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑚 . 𝑁)
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
 𝑦
Ejemplo 1. 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 3 − 𝐿𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥
Solución

Primero, analizamos si la ecuación dada, es exacta:

𝜕M 1 𝜕N 1
= 𝑦 =−
𝜕y x 𝜕x x
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠, 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒, 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝒏𝒐 𝒆𝒔 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠, 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑔 𝑦 = − ( − )
𝑀 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

1 1 1 𝑥 2 2
𝑔 𝑦 = −𝑦 − − =− =−
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝑥
−2 1
‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬ −2𝐿𝑛𝑦
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜: 𝑢 𝑦 = 𝑒 =𝑒 = 2
𝑦
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜, 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
1 𝐿𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0,
𝑥𝑦 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 −1 𝜕𝑁 −1
𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 = 2 𝑦 = 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑦

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜, 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎

𝐿𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
1 𝐿𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑥𝑦 𝑦

𝐿𝑛𝑥
𝑑 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜, 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠
𝑦

𝐿𝑛𝑥 𝑦 2
𝐿𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 + =𝐶
𝑦 2
Ejemplo 2. 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solución
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜: = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦, 𝑦 =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Como, las derivadas son diferentes, la ecuación no es exacta, el factor integrante lo hallamos por el tercer caso
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝑓′ 𝑔′
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑎𝑑 − =𝑁 −𝑀
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑓 𝑔
𝑓′ 𝑔′
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 − 0 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦) − (𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦)
𝑓 𝑔
𝑓′ 𝑔′
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑦 0 = −(𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦)
𝑓 𝑔
𝑓′ 𝑔′
𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒: =1 𝑦 =0
𝑓 𝑔
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝐿𝑛 𝑓 = 𝑥 𝑦 𝐿𝑛 𝑔 = 𝐿𝑛 𝑐
𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 , 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝐿𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠, 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑(𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦) = 𝐶

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜, 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑠:

2𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 + 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝐶

 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦
Ejemplo 3. 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − − 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦
Solución
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦, 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒, 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑜
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦 𝑓′ 𝑔′
𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦 = − − 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦
𝑦 𝑓 𝑔
𝑔′ 𝑓′
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒: −𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦 = −𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 =0
𝑔 𝑓
𝑔′ 1
= , 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝐿𝑛 𝑔 = 𝐿𝑛 𝑦, 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑦, 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑐
𝑔 𝑦

𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜, 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑎ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 = 2𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑄𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎, 𝑐𝑢𝑦𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑠: 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐
Ejemplo 4. 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑y

Solución

𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=2 𝑦 = −1 − 𝑦 3 , 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑜, 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑚

𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠, 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:

2𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑚+1 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑦 𝑚 + 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑦 𝑚+3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑟 = 2(𝑚 +1)𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑚 , 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎:
𝜕𝑦
𝜕N
= −((n+1)x n y m + (n + 1)(x n y m+3 ))
𝜕x

e𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠, 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 2(𝑚 + 1)𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑚 = −((n+1)𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑚 + (𝑛 + 1)(𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑚+3 ))

𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒: 2 𝑚+1 =− 𝑛+1 𝑦 𝑛 + 1 = 0 𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 𝑛 = −1 𝑦 𝑚 = −1

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜
1
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝑥𝑦

1 1
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠, 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 2 𝑑𝑥 − + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒:
𝑥 𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Lo resolvemos por diferenciales y luego lo integramos:

1 1
න 2 dx − න dy − න y 2 dy = c
x y

𝑦3
𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜, 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑠: 2𝐿𝑛𝑥 − 𝐿𝑛𝑦 − =𝐶
3
EJERCICIOS
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 3 3𝑦 2
1. 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎: + =𝑐
3 2
𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑒
2. − 1 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎. 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 2 + = 𝐶, 𝑢 =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

3. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎. 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 𝐶, 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦

4. (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎. 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑦) = 𝐶, 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
5. 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑒 −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎. 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝐿𝑛𝑦 = 𝐶

6. 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎: 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐶

7. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦; 𝑦 1 = −2 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎. 3𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 3 − 10𝑥 = 0

8. cosx − senx + seny dx + cosx + seny + cosy dy = 0 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎. 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 = 𝐶, 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦

9. 𝑦 4𝑥𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(3𝑥𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎: 𝑥 4 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 𝑐

10. 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎. 5𝐿𝑛𝑥𝑦 −2 = 𝑦 5 + 𝐶

11 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦; 𝑦 1 = 1 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎. 𝑥𝑦 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 = 0

12. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥; 𝑦 2 = 1 𝑅𝑝𝑡𝑎. 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 3−6