How ZigBee/802.15.

4 Protocol Simplifies
Wireless M2M Communications
June 4th, 2008

Cyril Zarader
Product Marketing Manager EMEA – Wireless Connectivity
TM
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 Topics

IEEE 802.15.4 : Made for Reliable Low Power

Wireless Networking

ZigBee : Made for Simple Deployment of Wireless

M2M Communications

ZigBee Compared to Other Industrial Wireless

Protocols

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 Selection of Wireless Technologies
Wireless

Faster
Video
Applications

Wireless Data
UWB 802.11g Applications
802.15.3
Peak Data Rate

802.11a
IrDA
Wi-Fi®
802.11b
Cellular
2.5G/3G
802.15.1

Bluetooth™
ZigBee™
Slower

Data 802.15.4
Transfer
Wireless
Networking
NFC/RFID

Closer Range Farther

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 Wireless Networking Technologies
ZigBeeTM Bluetooth® UWBTM Wi-FiTM LonWorks® Proprietary
IEEE® IEEE® 802.11
IEEE®
Standard IEEE® 802.15.4 802.15.3a a, b, g (n to EIA 709.1,2,3 Proprietary
802.15.1
(to be ratified) be ratified)
UWBTM Forum TM LonMark®
Industry Wi-Fi
ZigBeeTM Alliance Bluetooth® SIG & WiMediaTM Interoperabilty N/A
Groups Alliance
Alliance Association
Medium- P2P, Star,
Topology Mesh, Star, Tree Star Star Star
dependent Mesh
433/868/900
RF 868/915 MHz 3.1-10.6 GHz 2.4 GHz N/A (wired
2.4 GHz MHz
Frequency 2.4 GHz (U.S.) 5.8 GHz technology)
2.4 GHz
110Mbps- 15 Kbps-
Data Rate 250 Kbps 723 Kbps 11-105 Mbps 10-250 Kbps
1.6Gbps 10 Mbps
Medium
Range 10-70 m 10 m 4-20 m 10-100 m 10-70 m
Dependent
Power Very Low Low Low High Wired Very Low-Low
Battery Alkaline
Alkaline Rechargeable Rechargeable Rechargeable
Operation N/A (Months-
(Months-Years) (Days-Weeks) (Hours-Days) (Hours)
(Life) Years)
Nodes 65,000 8 128 32 32,000 100-1,000

Key strengths Key weaknesses

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 IEEE 802.15.4 : Made for
Reliable Low Power
Wireless Networking

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 Matching Applications to Wireless Technologies

Imagery and Audio

• High-quality, live video and audio
WUSB, Wi-Fi, WiMax

• Low to mid-quality, live or still images and low- to moderate-quality

audio
WUSB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 802.15.4, Cellular

Low- to moderate-rate communications and control systems

• 802.15.4, Wi-Fi, Cellular

Extreme-battery-life sensor and control systems

• 802.15.4
• Months to years to decades, depending on the application and duty
cycle

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 Data Collection and Delivery Cost

Wireless cuts the data wire and saves the cost of installation and
routing of specialized cables
Running permanent wiring to a device can cost from €10 to €100 per meter
in commercial facilities
For homes, retrofitting control and monitoring cabling costs about €20 to €40
per square meter of floor area covered
• Needs a source of permanent power or must be very battery-efficient

Removing the data wires AND removing the connection to permanent

power is the goal

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 Data Rate Matters

Typical Operating environments with dozens to hundreds of

machines:
• Say what you need to say quickly, then get off the air
A busy channel is an unreliable channel
Keep the channel availability high to reduce retries, latency and improve
quality of service
Higher data rates make message transmission faster and channel
occupancy lower
Faster communications and longer sleep times can mean less energy
consumption

• BUT, transmitting faster than you need to can lead to

Increased transceiver cost
Tighter requirements on timing
Increased receiver complexity
Increased energy consumption

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 IEEE802.15.4 PHY Characteristics

Simple packet data protocol

for lightweight wireless
networks
• Released in May 2003
• Primary channel access is via
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
collision avoidance
• Message acknowledgement and an ZigBee relies upon IEEE 802.15.4,
which has excellent performance in
optional beacon structure low SNR environments
• Multi-level security
• Works well for
Long battery life, selectable latency
for controllers, sensors, remote
monitoring and portable electronics
• Configured for maximum battery
life, has the potential to last as long
as the shelf life of most batteries

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 IEEE 802 Standards are Designed to Coexist

Frequency Domain
• Multiple, non-aligned channels
• Spread spectrum for added
robustness
• Phase-Shift keying and direct-
sequence spread spectrum

Time Domain
• Both 802.11 and 802.15.4 radios
“listen before talking” to avoid
collisions
802.11 packets
Protocol Robustness Retries
• ACK required for successful data
transfer
• No ACK, station tries again when
channel clears

802.15.4 packets t

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 Low Channel Occupancy – Critical to Reliability

Typical scenario with 100 to 1000 devices

• Constant monitoring of the environment requires regular

communications
• Even once every few minutes for all devices, this can mean hundreds of
messages per minute
• 2.4GHz ZigBee data rates are 250kbps
• Packets generally under 2ms in duration, and two-way
acknowledgement adds about 600us per message
• In practical environments and usage, channel occupancy ~1%
• Even with multiple nearby networks, the channel is mostly empty!
• The channel is available when the network needs it

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 Mesh Networking Improves Robustness

ZigBee Coordinator
ZigBee Router
ZigBee End Device
ZigBee Device Associations

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 802.15.4 Summary
802.15.4 is designed to provide a solid foundation for sensing and control applications

Providing a global standard

• 2.4 GHz provides global support for products
• Additional sub 1 GHz work adding options for Asia, Europe, and US
Technology is real and available
• Mass production since 2003
• 7-10 Million units shipped in 2007
Provides a variety of sources for chipsets and network stacks
• Eliminates the concerns with a single source
• Provides lower cost and increased competition
Provides for key technology advantages for monitoring and control
• Optimized for low duty cycle applications
• Longer battery life (months to years)
Proving to be robust in the presence of interference
• Channel Alignment – ideal for co-existence with other 2.4 GHz technologies
• Clear Channel Assessment – improves collision avoidance
• Short burst transmission

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 ZigBee : Made for Simple
Deployment of Wireless
M2M Communications

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 ZigBeeTM

Was created by the ZigBee Alliance

Is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard

Targets wireless control and monitoring applications

Uses Mesh networking to cover large areas with short-

range low-power radios

www.zigbee.org

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 IEEE 802.15.4 & ZigBee Alliance

APPLICATION/PROFILES ZigBee or OEM

APPLICATION FRAMEWORK
SECURITY LAYER
32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption ZigBee
NETWORK LAYER Alliance
Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree Platform
MAC LAYER IEEE
PHY LAYER 802.15.4
868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz

Application
ZigBee Platform Stack
Silicon

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 Network Topology Models

Mesh

Star

PAN coordinator (PANC)

Full Function Device (FFD,Router)

Cluster Tree Reduced Function Device (RFD)

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 ZigBee Recap

ZigBee relies upon the robust IEEE 802.15.4 PHY/MAC to provide reliable
data transfer in noisy, interference-rich environments
• Message acknowledgement and an optional beacon structure
• Multi-level security
Ideal For
• Low data rate monitoring and control applications that require a robust network
Low latency, infrequent, low data rate and small packet data
• Large area coverage
Using the mesh networks that support 1000 of devices
• Ultra low power monitoring applications that operate for years on inexpensive
alkaline batteries
Not Ideal For
• Applications requiring long range without using routers
• Mobile applications
Being addressed in future revision
• Streaming data

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 ZigBee Vs. Market Requirements

Market Requirements Bluetooth WiFi UWB Cellular ZigBee

Lightweight

Reliable Communications

Network Scalability

Device Mobility

Nodes Density

Radio Friendly

Ease of use

Nodes Density

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 Industrial Wireless
Protocols Overview

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 WirelessHART™ Specification Technical Overview

Based on 802.15.4 – 2006

• Specification completed in 2007
Focuses on features for reliability
and co-existence
• Adds channel hopping
Uses TDMA with a fixed 10ms time slot
Black listing of bad channels
Provides for sleeping routers
• Higher default transmit power
+10dBm
• Mesh Network Topology
Based on DUST Networks TSMP (Time
Synchronized Mesh Protocol
Provides flexible network organization
Provides redundant paths
Self organizing and self healing
• Dynamic bandwidth allocation
Fixed bandwidth for prioritized data and
commands
• Supports AES-128 ciphers and key support
Supports common HART devices
• Wireless Field devices
• Bridges, Gateways and Access Points
provide seamless access throughout the
network

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 ISA100.11a Technical Overview
Reliable low-power communication
• Based on IEEE 802.15.4 radios in the 2.4
GHz ISM band
• Time-synchronized channel-hopping to
sidestep RF interference and minimize power
consumption
Allows for FFD devices such as routers to sleep
Adaptive Mesh Network
• Supports mesh, star-mesh and star
topologies
• Self-organizing intelligence simplifies
installation and automatically adapts to
changing conditions
Robust Security
• All messages protected with AES128 block
cipher
• Secure communication and device
authentication enabled by exchange of secret
keys and unique device identifiers
Unified Application Interface
• Provides an open and interoperable
application environment
• Provides a common integration point for
multiple host systems

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 802.15.4 Protocol Stack Positioning
Less Sensitive

WirelessHART™
Specification

ISA SP100.11a
Cost Sensitive
Cost

ZigBee® Protocol

Synkro™
Cost is King

Networking
Protocol

Market
Consumer Commercial Industrial

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 Comparison Table by major features
WirelessHART™
Feature ZigBee® Protocol SP100™
Specification
Consumer and
Target Market Industrial Industrial
Commercial
Smart Energy, Process Control
Target Applications Industrial Control
Building Automation Factory Automation
802.15.4 2003 2006 2006
Channel Hopping/Agility Agility - 2007 Spec Hopping Hopping
Topology Mesh, Tree Mesh, Tree Mesh
Device Type FFD, RFD FFD, RFD FFD
Battery Life Best Better* Good
No
Sleeping Routers Addressed in Future Yes Yes
Spec
Latency 4ms 10ms 10ms
Channel Blacklist / Preferred
Preferred channel Blacklist Blacklist
Channels
Encryption AES128 AES128 AES128
Key Exchange Profile Yes Yes
Cost Low Medium High
Message Priority (QOS) No Yes Yes
Certification Program Yes Yes Yes

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 Table with Pro/Cons

Technology Pros Cons

ZigBee® Protocol • General market appeal • Not cost effective for high volume
• Lots of backing in Smart Energy space consumer
• Products in market today • Complex
• Not “Industrial Grade”

SP100.11a • Deterministic • More costly components required

• Immune to Multipath • Object Structure in the Application Layers
• Sleeping Routers adds structure which might be viewed by
• CSMA and TDMA tunable developers as too restrictive
• Multiple Fieldbus support
• IPv6 Support

WirelessHART™ • Deterministic • More costly components required

• Immune to Multipath • TDMA mode only
Specification • Sleeping Routers
• Existing wired devices in market

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 Questions ?

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