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Abstract
The optimum heat and mass transfer area at which minimum cost exists throughout the technical life of
forced draft counter-current cooling towers is studied in the present work. Original formulae are developed
and presented for the best thermoeconomical performance as a design point. Ó 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.
All rights reserved.
Keywords: Thermoeconomics; Cooling tower; Heat and mass transfer area; Optimization
1. Introduction
*
Tel.: +90-342-360-1200; fax: +90-342-360-1100.
E-mail address: sait@alpha.bim.gantep.edu.tr (M.S. SoÈylemez).
0196-8904/01/$ - see front matter Ó 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 1 9 6 - 8 9 0 4 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 1 4 8 - 5
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Nomenclature
after a few iterations. The P1 ±P2 method [10] is used in the optimization study. The list of design
values includes the present price of electrical energy, energy price rate, market discount (interest)
rate, technical life of the cooling tower, characteristics of the eliminator, allowable height of the
cooling tower, number of annual operating hours, density of ambient air, eciencies of the fan
and motor, and volume dependent ®rst cost of the cooling tower.
Cooling towers of forced draft type are a mixed type of heat exchangers in fact. Performances
of cooling towers can be predicted by a signi®cant parameter, i.e. the value of eectiveness. The
eectiveness of the cooling tower depends upon the water to air mass ¯ow rate ratio and the
number of transfer units mainly. In the ®rst part of this study, the optimum eectiveness of
the cooling tower is determined and, so, the optimum mass ¯ow rate of air. The eectiveness of
the counter-current forced draft cooling tower is
1 ÿ eNTU
Rÿ1
e
1
1 ÿ R eNTU
Rÿ1
Since NTU and R are independent variables, the optimization must be done by using a multi-
variable optimization method [11] as
o
e o
e
R NTU 0
2
o
NTU o
R
It is shown algebraically that Eq. (2) can be satis®ed if and only if R 1. For this case, the value
of R for the optimum eectiveness condition is [12]:
ma Ca;sat
R 1:0
3
mw Cw
The optimum air ¯ow rate will then be:
mw Cw mw Cw DTw
ma;opt
4
Ca;sat ii;2 ÿ ii;1
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oylemez / Energy Conversion and Management 42 (2001) 783±789
The right-hand side of Eq. (4) is all constant design values. On the other hand, the heat and mass
transfer area of a cooling tower may be formulated as:
Ai Ai V Ai
H aH
5
A V A V
and so:
Ai
A
6
aH
The power requirement of the cooling tower fan can be determined by multiplying the pressure
drop with the air volume ¯ow rate [13] as:
h i
2
m3a a2 H 2
6:5 K 2
A=Af
P
7
2q2 A2i gf gm
The present value of the cost of operation of the cooling tower throughout its technical life,
depending on the heat and mass transfer area, can be formulated by means of the P1 ±P2 method
practically as follows:
h i
CE P1 m3a a2 H 2 S 6:5 K 2
A=Af 2
OC D
8
2q2 A2i gf gm
The initial cost of the cooling tower is:
IC CV AH CX
9
The present value of the total cost of the cooling tower throughout its technical life is:
h i
CE P1 m3a a2 H 2 S 6:5 K 2
A=Af 2
TC IC OC CV AH CX D
10
2q2 A2i gf gm
The optimum value of the heat and mass transfer area can be determined by taking the de-
rivative of the total cost function with respect to the heat and mass transfer area and then setting
this equation to zero as in the following equation.
o
TC
0
11
o
Ai
The optimum heat and mass transfer area then can be calculated with the aid of Eq. (12).
v
h i
u
u
3 CE P1 m a H S 6:5 K 2
A=Af
3 3 2 2
t a
Ai;opt
12
q2 gf gm CV
This is exactly a minimum cost point since the second derivative of the total cost function is
always greater than zero. The P1 and P2 values are de®ned by the following:
M.S. S
oylemez / Energy Conversion and Management 42 (2001) 783±789 787
( N )
1 1i
P1 1ÿ ; i 6 d
13
d ÿi 1d
N
Pi if i d
14
1i
ÿN
P2 1 P1 MS ÿ RV
1 d
15
where MS is the ratio of the annual maintenance and operation cost to the original ®rst cost, RV is
the ratio of the resale value to the ®rst cost, i is the fuel price rate, d is the market discount
(interest) rate and N is the technical life. P2 can be assumed as unity for this application. K can be
determined iteratively, since it depends on the water and the air loadings in the cooling tower. K
may be assumed to be 3.5 initially at the beginning of the iteration. Then, the actual value of K can
be determined by using the optimized value of area for calculating the air and water loadings with
the help of the following equations in sequence:
Ai;opt
Vopt
16
a
Vopt
Aopt
17
H
A
Af;opt
18
A=Af
ma
G
19
A
mw
L
20
A
n4 n5
L G
K C2
21
L0 G0
The iteration ends when the actual (®nally iterated) value of K is determined. The value of NTU
is obtained by means of Eq. (22) as:
n1 n2
L G
NTU C1 H
Thw n3
22
L0 G0
and the optimum value of the eectiveness can be established by the following equation:
NTU
eopt
23
NTU 1
The results obtained from the present optimization technique are compared with the actual
sizes of two sample cooling towers. In the ®rst example, a bench top cooling tower, illustrated in
Ref. [14], is considered with the following speci®cations: a 110 mÿ1 , ma 0:06 kg/s, CE 0:1 $/
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oylemez / Energy Conversion and Management 42 (2001) 783±789
Fig. 1. Eect of heat and mass transfer area on the costs of cooling tower.
4. Summary
Economy is a vital factor and extremely signi®cant in cooling tower operation. The economics
of counter-current forced draft cooling towers is discussed, and practical formulae are presented.
The validity of the optimization formulation is tested and con®rmed with two sample problems.
The present optimization technique seems to be helpful to cooling tower designers and manu-
facturers.
References
[1] Kintner-Meyer M, Emery AF. Cost-optimal analysis of cooling towers, ASHRAE Trans, vol 100, 1994, paper no.
3792, p. 92±101.
[2] Leary Jr VM. Optimizing cooling tower selections, Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning 1987;59:67±8.
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