Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
o de 18edici6n original
2006, John E.Sarno
© de la presente edici6n
EDITORIAL 81RIO, S.A. EDITORIAL SIRIO ED. SIRIO ARGENTINA
CI Panaderos, 14 Nirvana Libros S.A. de C. V. CI Patacas 59
29005-MAlaga 3' Cerrada de Minas, 50 I 1275- Capital Federal
Espana Bodega n° 8 , Col. Arvide Buenos Aires
Del.: Alvaro Obregon (Argentina)
Mexico D.F., 01280
www.edhorialsirio.corn
E-Mail: sirio@editorialsirio.com
I.S.B.N.: 978-84-7808-549-1
Deposito Legal: CO-O 139-2008
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Introducci6n
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Ia Mente
Dividida
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Introducci6n
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Dividlda
10
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Introaucci6n
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La Ment
Dividida
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iQue es la
medicina pslcosornatica?
,
'
R ecuerdo la prirnera vez que John R. vino a mi clinica en 1996.
john era un exitoso hombre de negocios, elegante y atletico, que
irradiaba confianza en sf mismo. Parecia sentirse a gusto y relajado -has-
ta CJuese agach6 para sentarse-. De pronto, sus movirnientos se hicie-
ron lentos y se convirtio en alguien tan cauteloso, tan fragil, tan vacilante
que parecia una caricatura del hombre confiado )' energico que habra
entrado por la puerta hacia escasos segllndos. Su lenguaje corporal reve-
laba claramente que 0 bien estaba experimentando un dolor espantoso 0
bien ternia sufrir un ataque de dolor al realizar el menor movimiento
equivocado.
Como medico, yo podia sentir empatia por su sufrimiento. Mi espe-
cialidad son los trastornos mente-cuerpo, y veo casos como el suyo cada
rna. Espere poder ayudarle, 10 que quiere decir ayudarle a que se ayuda-
ra a sf mismo, porque con los trastornos rnente-cuerpo un medico no
puede «curar» aJ paciente. Es el propio paciente el que tiene que l1egar a
comprender su enferrnedad ... y, aJ cornprenderla, elirninarla.
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Ia MeOla..
t5ividida
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________ -""'.ufLesJa medi.cina,-=-="==-::-:=r.r=..-- _
pSicosomatica?
15
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La Mente
bividlda
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psicosom tica?
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sido erroneamente diagnosticados como si fueran el resultado de varias
anorrnalidades Hsicas estructurales, )' de am su propagacion epidemica.
18
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l.Que as la medic ina
psicosomatica?
- EI reflujo gastrointestinal.
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I a Mente
Dividida
20
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______________~~~Q~u~e~e~s~laum~e~uoa~~--~~~-----------------
psicosomatica?
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La Mente (j'IVI'a'a
I a
22
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____. ~~~Q~u~~eslameruc~iwna~~--_r.~~---------- _
psicosomatica?
En los ultimos treinta y cinco afios, tres de los trastornos de esta lista
han sido erroneamente cilagnosticados t.an a m.enudo que Sl1 incidencia ha
alcanzado proporciones epidemicas. Se trata de los siguientes:
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______________________
~.DM~e~nt~e~.,~-----------------------
Dividida
24
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_______ u...,6JOeS la
-'''''''Q..... mfldi.claa-=-='==-=:-!7"::=; _
psicosomatica?
a) si estan de moda;
b) si han sido diagnosticados erroneamente, es decir, si el dolor ha
sido falsamente atribuido a alg611fenomeno puramente «Hsico»,
como una hernia de disco 0 una bacteria en el est6mago; y
c) si el tratamiento se encuentra al alcance de todos y 10 cubre el
seguro medico,
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La Mente
Divldida
2. La fibromialgia
26
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"Que as la medicina
pSicosomalica?
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I a Meote
Dividida
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"Que as la mediQioa .
psicosomatica?
29
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l.a...Menle
Oivldlda
EI tinitus y el vertigo
30
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i,Que es la medicioa
pslcosomatlca?
31
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Dlvldlda
que han participado en nuestro programa terapeutico nos hayan dicho que
las alergias y las infecciones freeuentes desaparecieron al mismo tiernpo
que el dolor.
La mayor parte de la gente con SMT presenta un historial con uno
o mas de estos trastornos del sistema aut6nomo 0 del sistema inmunolo-
gico. De hecho, seria casi imposible encontrar a alguien que nunea haya
experirnentado uno 0 mas sintornas mente-cuerpo. Uno se ve obLigado a
coneluir que las reacciones psicosornaticas y, por 10 tanto, las emociones
que las causan son universales. Es importante reconocer que no son
enfermedades, sino parte de fa vida, pane de fa condicion humana. Esto que-
dara claro cuando describa mas detalladamente la psicologfa de los tras-
tornos rnente-cuerpo en el capitulo tercero.
- La bulimia.
- La anorexia nerviosa,
- La neurastenia (hoy conocida como fatiga cr6nica).
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l,Que es la medicina
psicosomatica?
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1a Mente
Dividida
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"Que as la medicina
psicosomalica?
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La Mente
Dividida
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_______ --"i...wQlI.lue....es.Ja
medicina-='=::-=::-r.~..---- _
psicosomatlca?
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"Que es la medicina psicosomatica?
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_________ "i,""'Ot1LUS.,_"'esi>...1<lla...1Jm=edicin.L..:=-:c::-:c:="='..-- _
psicosomatica?
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____________________ ~laUMOORe~,~e~~.~--------.--------------
Dividida
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Una breye bistQria de la
_. medicina pSicosomatica
Breuer y Freud
4.9
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Una breve hjstorja de la
medicina pSicosomatica
53
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Una bre'le bistorja d
medlclna psicosomatica
La evoluci6n y el id
57
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--------------~~.~.~~ Una. breve histo.r:ia~ua-m-e'd~lc'in-a-p-s~ico--so-m-ar.·t~ica~--------------
de la
61
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Una breve historia de la a
me icina pslcosomatica
La ansiedad y la represi6n
65
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Una breve bistoria de la
medicina psicosomatica
desfavorable». IBravo I
«Una tension mental afecta tanto al sistema nervioso central como
al sistema nervioso aut6nomo», observ6 Adler. Y mas: «EI cuerpo, a
traves del sistema nervioso autonomo, el nervio vago y las variaciones
endocrinas, experimenta unos cambios que pueden manifestarse como
alteraciones en la circulacion de la sangre, en las secreciones, en el tono
muscular yen casi todos los organos».
Ahf 10 tienes: la patofisiologfa del SMT y sus equivalentes descrita
por Alfred Adler. Le habrfa encantado conocer la compleja red peptida
que conecta la mente con el cuerpo, confirrnando de esta manera sus
ideas psicosornaticas.
Es asombroso pensar que Freud describio el SMT en 1888 y Adler
hizo 10 misrno con la fisiologfa de este trastorno alrededor del afio 1911.
En su analisis sobre los trastornos pSiCOSOn1atiCOS, Adler identified
una variedad de estados Hslcos y dolencias, incluyendo:
69
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Una breve historia de la
medicina psicosomatica
Alexander
73
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_______ "'-U,_"oa
breve tlistoria de la
medicina psicosomatica
equivalences, y que estas son las mismas caracteristicas que producen ira
y rabia en el inconsciente.
Es necesario sefialar que la hostilidad, la agresi6n y la ira no son
sin6nimos. Las dos primeras son observables y son consecuencias de la ira
inconsciente. No vienen incorporadas. Otro error es creer que la ira es
siempre consciente y contenida, ya que puede ser ostensible, consciente
y contenida, 0 inconsciente y reprirnida, y estar completamente fuera de
la conciencia de la persona. En el caso de la ira inconsciente, es probable
que no sea una respuesta a necesidades de hostilidad y agresividad, sino
una reacci6n frente a las presiones que las circunstaneias de la vida le
imponen al individuo, 0 que este se impone a sf mismo, 10 cual produce
una ira aun nlayor. Alexander apoyaba esta idea y sefialo que los pacien-
tes que desarrollaban hipertensi6n generalrnente habian sido muy agresi-
vos durante los primeros afios de su vida, y luego, a menudo durante la
pubertad, al descubrir que su agresividad los hacia impopulares, se habian
convertido en personas d6ciles que se intimidaban facilmente. Estos
pacientes afirrnaban que tenian que realizar un esfuerzo consciente para
controlarse a SI mismos,
Uno podria decir que la agresividad de estos pacientes es un refle]o
de su ira inconsciente, que los imperatives sociales los obligaban a con-
rrolar conscientemente SIl comportamiento agresivo, aumentando aSI la
ira interna hasta el ptmto en que se haee necesario un trastorno Fisico
-la hipertensi6n- para evitar que esta irrumpa de forma ex:plosiva en
la conciencia, En nuestra clinica no vemos a esta gente como UllOS inde-
seables hostiles y agresivos, sino como victimas de las circunstancias, victimas
de las presiones de la vida y de las presiones que se imponen a sf mismos.
No son agresore.s; estan enfadados. No son pecadores; se ha pecado con-
tra ellos. Si parecen ser agresivos, se trata de una reacci6n frente a senti-
mientos de impotencia 0 la necesidad de descargar su ira inconsciente, Es
probable que si expresan su rabia se trate de 10 que los psicologos llaman
«rabia desplazada», no de la ira que ha sido reprimida.
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Una breye hjstoda de la
medicina pSicosomatica
8]
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La osicoloqla de los
trastornos psicosomaticos
85
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________ ....
L...
a-lopt;>s.jcologlaJ1eJ.o~="C""":~='=_:_::_::_=:_T.:"::_::_::__-----
trastomos psicosornaticos
89
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_______________ ~La~psilljc~omg~~e~lo~s~~----~--~~-------------
trastornos
psicosomaticos
Vale la pena repetir que las ideas expresadas aqui son el resultado de
afios de experiencia con miles de pacientes tratados por mi y por los psi-
coterapeutas que trabajan conmigo. La veracidad de estas ideas queda
confirrnada pOl' el alto grade de exito que hernos obtenido al tratar a
estos pacientes.
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La Rsicalogfa de las
trastornos pslcosomaticos
97
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La p,sicol.Qgja de los
trastornos psicosomaticos
EI sfndrome 11 de septiembre
101
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______________ ~L~al~p~s~ic~o~IQ·~~a~d£e~IQ~S~~~~~~~~~-----------
trastornos
pSicosomaticos
durante mas de treinta afios, y se libro del dolor gracias a que torno con-
ciencia de su ira inconsciente y a que cornenzo a satisfacer sus propias
necesidades. Se reserve un tiempo para escribir y su obra incluso lIego a
ser publicada. Quince afios despues, dice tener repuntes ocasionales de
dolor cuando se ve sobrecargada de trabajo.
EI caso de la senora B es un ejemplo excelente de los efectos de ser
peifecta y bueno. Al observar esta familia desde fuera, uno pensaria gue
todo iba muy bien. Sus medicos Ie dlrian que el dolor de espalda se debia
al proceso de envejecimiento de la columna. Este tipo de ingenuidad en
la medicina es el fertilizante que alimenta las epidemias de dolor. £1 pra-
blema no estaba en SIl columna, sino ell su vida.
Es probable gue la senora B nunca habrfa comenzado un tratamien-
to psicoterapeutico si no Ie hubiese dolido la espalda y no hubiese parti-
cipado en nuestro programa terapeutico. Despues de todo, no tenia
ansiedad ni depresion. No sufrfa de ninguna enfermedad mental, lPor
que deberia ir a un psicoterapeuta? Le dolfa la espalda, y por eso vino a
vernos. Y nosotros conseguimos convencerla de la necesidad de if a un
psicoterapeuta para cornprender de donde provenia ese dolor de espalda,
La practica de la medicina psicosomatica identifica a un nuevo grupo de
gente gue necesita psicoterapia, y la mavoria nunca habria sabido que la
necesitaba si no fuera pOl' el dolor.
Como la practica totalidad de la comunidad medica no comprende
los sintornas psicosomaticos, los medicos se han convertido en meros tee-
nicos del cuerpo en lugal' de tratar a la totalidad de la persona. La seno-
ra B necesitaba 1.111 buen psicoterapeuta que la ayudara a mejorar tanto su
vida ffsica corno su vida emocional. Perc nunca habria acudido a este tipo
de terapeuta si hubiese seguido los consejos de su medico de siernpre,
,
Estos son los informes de cinco pacientes del doctor Robert Evans,
otro psicoterapeuta colega rnio que trabaja con pacientes que tienen
SMT. Los incluyo aqui simplemente para mostrar los estados ernociona-
les gue dan lugar al sindrome. Como siempre, he cambiado los nornbres
y las edades.
Michael es un hombre de treinta )' seis afios, casado y con una larga his-
toria de dolor asociado aI SM1~ Sus problemas principales parecen estar
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I a Ilsico1ogia de los
trastornos pSicosomaticos
117
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Tratamiento
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Tratamiento
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Tratamiento
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Tratamiento
I. Si aun no 10 has hecho, lee poco a poco todo el libro que estes
usando (Liberese del dolor de espalda 0 Curar el cuerpo, eliminar el dolor).
Despues de eso, lee cada dfa el capitulo sobre la psicologla 0 el
tratarniento. Lee prestando mucha atencion, especialmente cuan-
do yeas algo que te recuerde a ti mismo.
2. Reserva un memento cada dfa, tal vez quince minutes por la
manana), treinta por la noche, para revisar el material que te voy
a proponer.
3. Los dolorosos y amenazadores sentirnientos inconscientes son los
que hacen necesario el dolor. Estos sentimientos estan dentro de
ti; ttl no los sientes.
4. Haz una lista con todas las circunstancias que pueden estar con-
tribuyendo a producir estos sentimientos,
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Tratamlento
Pense que te gustarfa conocer una corta historia sobre el SMT de un ser-
vidor. Estaba entrenandorne para eI maraton de Boston de este invierno
cuando volvf a sentir el mismo dolor en la pantorrilla (debido al 5MT) que
tenia cuando fui a verte la primavera pasada. No podia correr, pero sf
hacer todo 10 dernas, 10 cual es bastante absurdo. EI dolor coincidi6 de
heche con un aumento del estres, pero ternf que estaba perdiendo la bata-
lIa. Correr el marat6n era un objetivo mfo, y estaba asociado a una pre-
si6n autoirnpuesta. Asf que, pese a no haber corrido durante el mes ante-
rior al maraton, decidf participar en el, Me habla mantenido en forma
ejercitandorne durante una hora y media al dia en una bicicleta estatica y
con un aparato NordicTrack. Estaba decidido a derrotar al SMT y a mi
cerebro, Durante el marat6n, todo fue bien hasta Uegar al kilometre diez.
Entonces senti una punzada de dolor. Comence un diaIogo interne y Ie
dije a rni cerebro que mis piernas podlan cansarse y sufrir calarnbres (des-
pues de todo, se trataba de un marat6n), pero que este dolor asociado al
5MT era ridfculo y tenia que desaparecer, Despues de unos doscientos
metros, eI dolor se desvaneci6 y no regreso mas. Desgraciadamente, es
diffcil correr un marat6n sin el entrenarniento previo adecuado, pero con-
segur terrninar -rouy cansado y dolorido, pero feliz.
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Tratamiento
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EI caso de Hiroku
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Tratamiento
todos los que han experimentado hasta la fecha (este es eJ imperativo del
sintoma en accion), no creen que se trate del SMT. Ocasionalmente, el
resultado ha sido una cirugfa innecesaria.
Un ejemplo: la paciente era una mujer que habia sido tratada con
exito de un problema de dolor de espalda. Me llama y me dijo que habra
desarrollado un dolor en el hornbro derecho, que se le habia diagnosti-
cado desgarro del manguito rotador y que se habia sometido a una cirug!a
con el subsiguiente alivio del dolor (la cirugfa es un excelente placebo).
Cuando cornenzo a sentir el rnismo dolor en el otro hornbro, me llamo
para preglmtarllle si podia ser el SMT. Le dije que el dolor en el tendon
del hornbro (debido al SNIT) era a menudo atribuido erroneamente a un
desgarro del manguito rotador (cuya existencia se ve confirmada pOl' una
resonancia magnetica) y Ie pedi que viniera a verrne. Cuando vino unos
dfas mas tarde me dijo que su dolor habia desaparecido despues de nues-
tra conversacion telefonica. El examen flsico revelo sensibilidad de un
tendon a la palpacion. Tenia una tendinopatia en el hornbro Izquierdo. Es
probable que esa fuera tambien la causa del dolor en el hombre derecho.
Diagnostico el SMT como medico; 10 trato como profesor. Los
pacientes deben ser educados y alentados. Les digo: «Teneis una arma
secreta -vuestro cerebro=-. Puede ser un instrumento en manes de
vuestros sintornas fisicos, pero tarnbien puede ser el instrumento que os
perrnita eliminar esos sintornas».
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La hipertensi6n y la conexi6n mente-cuerpp:
Un nuevo paradigma
EI viejo paradigma
La aente que tiende a ser tensa a irascible, a que se enfienw a mucho estres
en su vida cotidiana, t.iene un mayor riesgo de desarrollar hipertension. Las tecni-
cas para la reducci6n del estres pueden aliviarla.
Seg{m esta teoria, la gente que tiende a ser ansiosa 0 irascible es mas
propensa a la hipertension.
Marie es lnuy aprensiva. Vino a verrne porque estaba preocupada
por su hipertension. Tambien creta que el hecho de preocuparse por todo
era 10 que se la estaba produciendo. En efecto, tenia la presion alta cuan-
do estaba en mi consultorio.
Marie es el tipo de paciente que los psicologos partidarios del viejo
paradigJna considerarian como la tipica personalidad hipertensa. Le en-
sefiarian tecnicas de relajacion como parte de un tratamiento holistico
para la hipertension. Si Marie aprendiera a relajarse, a preocuparse menos,
su hipertension se reduciria y podria evitar 0 abandonar la rnedicacion.
Veo muchos pacientes como ella. Como tengo un pW1to de vista dis-
tinto, 10 primero que Ie diria es que sus preocupaciones no son la causa
de su hipertension, Despues Ie diria que incluso es posible que no la
tenga, y que si la tiene, se deba probablemente a una predisposicion gene-
rica y no al hecho de preocuparse por todo.
La mavoria de la gente que cree en la existencia de una conexion
n1ente-cuerpo en la h.ipertensi6n considera que esta conexion esta basa-
da en la experiencia consciente de la angustia emocional. Mi experiencia
clinica y mis investigaciones sobre este tema me impiden aceptar esta idea
tan simplista.
EI viejo parad.igma es muy simple y daria la siguiente explicacion
para la h.ipertensi6n de Marie: el estresy fa anaustia emocional, as! como los
,
eplsodios repetidos de estres, elevan nuestra presion sanau/nea. Esta acaba produ-
ciendo un endurecimiento y un enarosanJiento de las arterias, 10 cual da luaar una
elevacion persistence de la presion sangu/nea, 0 hipertension. La anallstia emocio-
nal puede estar relacionada con acolltecimientos externos 0 puede aenerarse inter-
namence, induso ante la ausencia deJactores esuesatites importatites.
Seg(In este punto de vista, si podemos aprender a controlar mejor el
estres, tendrernos mas posibilidades de no convertirnos en hipertensos,
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!a experiencia de un medico. de
familia con la medicina psicosomi!ltica
Piensa en cualquier cosa que pueda ser motivo de estres para ti, en
aquello que te indigna 0 enfurece, en que asuntos te preocupan. Piensa
en tu personalidad. Identifica tus tendencias perfeccionistas. lHay gente
en tu vida que no te ha tratado todo 10 bien que te hubiera gustado?
Escribe todo esto. Es irnposible saber que se esconde en tu inconsciente
(de ahl la palabra inconscientei ; pero es posible pensar en 10 que podrfa
estar alli. Al reconocer la presencia de estos pensamientos y emociones
desagradables, puedes frustrar la estrategia del cerebro. Como ya sabes,
esta estrategia consiste en crear dolor, un dolor que sirva de distraccion.
Centrarse en eJ constituye una especie de mecanismo de defensa -evita
que pensemos en todas aquellas cosas que nos molestan, nos preocupan
o nos hacen enfadar-. El dolor fisico ayuda a mantener escondido el
deposito de ira. Cuando reconozcarnos que esta ahi y 10 que puede eon-
tener; el dolor )'a no sera necesario, porque la maniobra de distraccion no
, .
sera preclsa.
Hacer una lista es como escribir un diario. Muchos estudios han
dernostrado que las personas que escriben regularmente un diario sobre
si mismos, sus pensamientos y preocupaciones son mas saludables que las
que no 10 hacen. De modo que comienza ttl lista, 0 tu diario, y actualfza-
la regular mente.
Reflexiona
327
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I a experiencia de un medico de
familia con la medicina pSicosomatlca
Algunos casos
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La Mente
Dividida
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Ia Meote
Dlvldlda
Reflexiones finales
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,
Indice
351
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medicina