RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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WHAT IS ECONOMICS
Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods
and services.

WHAT IS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY?

The system of collecting data for research projects is known as research methodology. The data may
be collected for either theoretical or practical research for example management research may be
strategically conceptualized along with operational planning methods and change management.

Some important factors in research methodology include validity of research data, Ethics and the
reliability of measures most of your work is finished by the time you finish the analysis of your data.

A documented process for management of projects that contains procedures, definitions and
explanations of techniques used to collect, store, analyze and present information as part of a
research process in a given discipline.

The analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline.

The systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied within a discipline.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POSITIVE & NORMATIVE ECONOMICS?

Positive economics (sometimes called Descriptive Economics) is the study of economic reality and why
the economy operates as it does. It is biased purely on facts rather than opinions. This type of
economics is made up of positive statements which can be accepted or rejected through applying the
scientific method. "Americans bought five million CDs last year" is a positive statement - a
simple declaration of fact.

Normative economics (also called Policy Economics) deals with how the world ought to be. In this type
of economics, opinions or value judgments - known as normative statements - are common. "We
should reduce taxes" is an example of a normative statement.

HOW TO WRITE THESIS REPORT?

When writing a thesis statement, you just need two steps:
The first part of your statement gives the topic –
The second part of your statement gives the point of your essay or paper. You can do this in one of
two ways. First, you can just make one statement giving the topic and the main idea of the report;
another way of writing the rest of your thesis statement is to list three of the main points that you will
be making in your paper.

Nobody else can write your thesis statement for you, because it needs to be your thoughts and
feelings written down. If you simply copy someone else's thesis statement, you will have a harder
time writing the report because it won't be what you would have thought of to write; and your paper
will be much more dull and boring because you're trying to copy instead of think on your own.

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TEACHER: SIR EHSAN UDDIN ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
SUBMITTED BY
BASIT HAMEED
MEF AFTER PGD
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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HOW TO WRITE SYNOPSIS?

A synopsis is a short (50-75 word) summary of your article.

Give the synopsis a short, punchy title.

• Write it in the past tense, third person.

• State only the main novel findings of your study, and how you found it.
• Conclude the synopsis with one sentence, which puts your finding into context.
• Avoid abbreviations.
• Imagine you are writing for a newspaper column. Make it exciting and easy to read.

HOW TO WRITE ABSTRACT?

Despite the fact that an abstract is quite brief, it must do almost as much work as the multi-page
paper that follows it. In a computer architecture paper, this means that it should in most cases include
the following sections. Each section is typically a single sentence, although there is room for creativity.
In particular, the parts may be merged or spread among a set of sentences. Use the following as a
checklist for your next abstract:

 Motivation:
Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem isn't obviously "interesting" it
might be better to put motivation first; but if your work is incremental progress on a problem that
is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to
indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should
include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if
successful.
 Problem statement:
What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or
for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. In some cases it is appropriate to
put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers
already understand why the problem is important.
 Approach:
How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation,
analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was
the extent of your work (did you look at one application program or a hundred programs in twenty
different programming languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure?
 Results:
What's the answer? Specifically, most good computer architecture papers conclude that something
is so many percent faster, cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the
result there, in numbers. Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as "very", "small", or
"significant." If you must be vague, you are only given license to do so when you can talk about
orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is a tension here in that you should not provide
numbers that can be easily misinterpreted, but on the other hand you don't have room for all the
caveats.
 Conclusions:
What are the implications of your answer? Is it going to change the world (unlikely), be a
significant "win", be a nice hack, or simply serve as a road sign indicating that this path is a waste
of time (all of the previous results are useful). Are your results general, potentially generalizable,
or specific to a particular case?

___________________________________________________________
TEACHER: SIR EHSAN UDDIN ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
SUBMITTED BY
BASIT HAMEED
MEF AFTER PGD
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
___________________________________________________________

HOW TO WRITE A REPORT REFERENCE

Building a proper reference page, or bibliography, is an important part of completing any research
paper or report. Failure to cite the sources you used and the authors who compiled the information is
a violation of the cardinal rules of plagiarism in written works. If you keep a record of your sources
while you are researching for your report, building your reference page will be a quick and easy
process. Proper citations will also give your report or research paper more credibility to the reader by
allowing them to see the research supporting your information

Instructions

1. Build your list of sources while you are researching for your paper. Write down the vital
information about any source you use. Your source information should include the name of the
publication, the author, the publisher and date of publication, and the volume, date and page
number of any articles in a trade magazine or other publication.

2. Format your reference page based on the requirements set forth for your paper. Typically, this
means that your page should be left-aligned and single-spaced. Any reference that carries over to
a second line should have each additional line indented.

3. List your book references with the author's name first, followed by a semicolon. List the title of the
publication next, then the publisher's city, publisher's name, and the year of publication. Each of
these pieces of information should be separated by a semicolon, with commas separating the
publication information. When complete, your book references should look like this: Author's
Name; Title; City of publication, publisher's name, year of publication.

4. Reference articles found in magazines by listing the author of the article, the article's title, the
magazine's title, the volume and date of the magazine or publication, and the page number the
article is found on. Each piece of information should be separated by a semicolon. If properly
formatted, your magazine articles will be written this way: Author; Article Title; Magazine Title;
Volume and Date of publication; page number for the specific article.

5. Include the website address and the date you viewed the site if any of your resources were viewed
online. This information should be appended to the end of the reference line.

PARADOX

Paradox is used in a particular way within the literature of economics -- not to describe a situation in
which facts are apparently in conflict, but to describe situations in which apparent facts are in conflict
with models or theories to which some class of people holds allegiance. This use of the word implies
strong belief in the measured facts, and in the theory, and the resolution to economic paradoxes tend
to be of the form that the data do not fit the model, the data are mismeasured or, (the most common
case) the model or theory does not fit the environment measured.

In some ways the term paradox is awkward in economics since the data are so poorly measured, the
models so brutally simplified, and the mapping between environment and evidence so stochastic. So
this editor avoids the term where possible, but often it is a compact and vigorous way of telling the
reader the context of the subsequent discussion.

___________________________________________________________
TEACHER: SIR EHSAN UDDIN ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
SUBMITTED BY
BASIT HAMEED
MEF AFTER PGD
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
___________________________________________________________
A list of these that an economist may be expected to recognize includes: Allais paradox, Ellsberg
paradox, Condorcet voting, Scitovsky paradox, and productivity paradox.

___________________________________________________________
TEACHER: SIR EHSAN UDDIN ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
SUBMITTED BY
BASIT HAMEED
MEF AFTER PGD