Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
2006)
Abstract
Most industrial and commercial processes are dependent on electrical power. In
the event of power interruptions, the change-over from power supplied by a public
utility to a generator is usually performed manually, often resulting in wasted time.
Moreover, machine damage sometimes occurs because of human errors. These can
cause significant financial losses. This paper presents the design and construction of an
automatic phase change-over switch that switches electrical power supply from public
supply to generator in the event of a power outage or insufficient voltage. The system
uses an electronic control circuit involving integrated circuits, transistor and
electromechanical devices.
Keywords: Relay, public supply voltage, generator, switching, electronic control
circuit, transistor.
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AU J.T. 10(1): 68-74 (Jul. 2006)
Load
supply. In this case 160V is the limit, which the public supply output to LOAD). The
system changes over from public supply or introduction of the 7474-segment logic device
generator. The sensor stage monitors the is to ensure perfect switching and eliminate
unregulated voltage dropped across R1 and R2 fluctuation, which is synonymous with voltage
as shown in Fig. 2. comparators as explained by Faissler (1991).
The voltage feeds an input on IC1 which This could be very devastating, as the relays
compares this input with a fixed reference would be switching erratically. The switching
across VR1. The drop across R1 at 160v ac is stage switches the relay contact ON and OFF in
set as the reference. Any voltage drop below the presence and absence of the public supply
this sends a LOW to the input of the D-flip flop voltage. The output change-over power is
to switch the transistor OFF in set mode. Once determined by the relay contact ratings.
the transistor I switch OFF, the relay is de-
energized and the contacts changeover. Two
relays are connected in parallel RLA1 is a 10A Comparator/Voltage Sensor Stage
relay which switches the BATTERY 12V to
the ignitions coil (or starter coil) of the The comparator/voltage sensor compares
generator, and switches it OFF once public two voltages and give an output, which tell if
supply is back .The second relay RLA2 is a they are equal or unequal. The comparator
30A relay that selects generator or public stage in this system is used to sense when the
supply output to load as shown in Fig. 4 public supply voltage has dropped below a
The generator output is the normally certain level. The input public supply voltage is
closed. Hence, once de-energized, the converted to DC in the power supply stage and
generator output is fed to LOAD and once regulated to 12V and 5V for the power supply
energized (by the presence of public supply) needed in the circuit. The unregulated voltage
the relay (normally open contact, connects varies as the public supply input varies.
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AU J.T. 10(1): 68-74 (Jul. 2006)
F ro m
V unreg .
R1 V (+ 5 V )
3
+ R4
IC 1 1
R2 2
-
V + (+ 5V ) 4
R3
VR1
Design Calculations R4
VR4 = V + ……………. ….2
R4 + 1.5k
From Fig. 2: R1 and R2 form a potential
divider, to reduce the unregulated voltage to a R4 = 3.5kV
low voltage of less than 5V. At 160V ac input
let VR2 = 1.5V
= 5kV preset (preferred value)
R2
But, VR2 = V + ……………………1
R1 + R2 R3 =1.5kV and R4= 5kV preset.
R1 = 100kΩ, R2 = 15kΩ
VOUT will drop to V+ for the slightest
R3 and R4 form another potential divider positive difference in voltage since A0 is often
for the reference. Letting a maximum very large (in order of 20,000).
adjustable reference of 3.5V and setting R3 = As the public supply input drops below
1.5kΩ 1.5V reference, the output of the comparator
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AU J.T. 10(1): 68-74 (Jul. 2006)
goes LOW to change-over the relay. As the The timing and frequency of unstable oscillator
output tends goes above 1.5V, the output of the is given by Faissler (1991) and Owen 1995:
comparator goes HIGH to switch public supply
to the output. t1 = 1.1C ( R1 + R2 ) sec s ……………5
The flip-flop is a synchronous device and Where, t1 = ON time and t 2 = OFF time.
requires clock pulse to operate in its SET and
RESET modes. The unstable oscillator stage of 1.44
f = …………………7
1 KHz using a 555 timer is used to clock the ( R1 + 2 R2 )C
flip-flop. Fig. 3 shows the 555 timer oscillator
stage.
Letting R1 = 5.1kΩ and C = 47nF for F=1 kHz)
+5V R2 =12.7kΩ
+ -
V + (+ 1 2 V ) 12V BATT
V + (+ 5 V )
D5 R LA1 DPDT RLA1
14 2 4
2 5
D Q L
R7
IC 3
3 STARTER
C O IL
R LA2
L
CO M M O N LO AD
N
GEN
Fig. 4. The circuit diagram of the flip-flop and switching transistor stage
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AU J.T. 10(1): 68-74 (Jul. 2006)
Mode D input Ck Q Q R
Set 1 1 0 1
Reset 0 X 0 1 1
Hold X X 0 1 0
V + = I C RC + VCE ………………..8
Transistor Switching Circuit
Vin = I B RB + VBE ………………..9
The switching transistor switches the
relay, which selects between the generator and
the public supply. The transistor as a switch IC
h fe = ………………….10
operates in class A mode as described by IB
Theraja and Theraja (2002). The relay is
switched on when the flip-flop is in SET mode. Vin − VBE
A base resistor is required to ensure perfect RB = …………….. 11
IB
switching of the transistor in saturation. Diode
Where, IC = collector current, IB = base current
D5 protects the transistor from back EMF that
B
hfe= 300 (from data sheet for BC337) Vunreg = unregulated d.c voltage
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AU J.T. 10(1): 68-74 (Jul. 2006)
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AU J.T. 10(1): 68-74 (Jul. 2006)
Horowitz, P.; and Winfield, H. 2002. The Art Rocks, G.; and Mazur, G.1993. Electrical motor
of Electronics, 2nd ed. Cambridge Univ. controls. American Technical Publ., New-
Press, Cambridge, UK York, N.Y, USA.
Owen, B. 1995. Beginner’s Guide to Theraja, B.L.; and Theraja, A.K. 2002.
Electronics 4th Ed. A Newness Technical Electrical Technology, 21st ed. Ranjendra
Book, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. New Ravida, New Delhi, India.
York, N.Y, USA.
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