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Actas del I Congreso Internacional

de la Asociación Ibérica de Estudios de Traducción e Interpretación

La traducción de la novela histórica

Amalia BOSCH BENÍTEZ


Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

Como citar este artículo:

BOSCH BENÍTEZ, Amalia (2003) «La traducción de la novela histórica», en MUÑOZ


MARTÍN, Ricardo [ed.] I AIETI. Actas del I Congreso Internacional de la Asociación
Ibérica de Estudios de Traducción e Interpretación. Granada 12-14 de Febrero de
2003. Granada: AIETI. Vol. n.º 1, pp. 601-609. ISBN 84-933360-0-9. Versión
electrónica disponible en la web de la AIETI:
<http://www.aieti.eu/pubs/actas/I/AIETI_1_ABB_Traduccion.pdf>.
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