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FOREST INFORMATION UPDATE VOL. 12 NO.

May 2011

Welcome to this edition of Forest Information Update. This year seems to have been
the year of the calamity what with earthquakes, tsunami, tornadoes and floods. Just
for good measure, the northern hemisphere is entering its summer season and
already the fire maps are looking nasty. In this edition of FIU, we have a links to a
number of articles with analysis of various aspects of wildfires. For those who want
to follow global fire maps more closely, we have links in the “While surfing the web…”
section to the UN FAO’s Global Fire Information Management System and to the
MODIS Rapid Response System Global Fire Maps.

Kind regards, Mike Smith, Editor and Director info@southem.com

INTRODUCTION
Forest Information Update (FIU) is a free monthly email newsletter sent to people
interested in the inventory and monitoring of natural resources and reaches about
22,000 natural resource specialists and other recipients worldwide. FIU is produced
by Trade and Media Services Ltd (www.southem.com) and is supported by
organizations, agencies and individuals working in the natural resources field.

LINK IN TO FIU
Follow up this edition with discussions and news items at the new Forest Information
Linked-in group at:
http://www.linkedin.com/groups?gid=2304033&trk=myg_ugrp_ovr

Yahoo Group - Download this and previous editions the Forest Information Yahoo
group at:
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/forest_information_update/?yguid=224336867

FACE-TO-FACE
A new facebook page has been established so you can personalize your contacts
with other FIU users and contributors.
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Forestry-info/143128941914?ref=ts

FIU SPONSORS
FIU is sponsored in part through the generous support of the follow sponsors –
please visit their web sites, learn about what they do and utilize their services:

ESRI CONFERENCE DETAILS - As the leader in GIS technology, ESRI offers


innovative solutions that will help you create, visualize, analyze, and present natural
resources information better and more clearly. Working with location information,
ESRI's GIS software and solutions give you the power to solve problems you
encounter every day. Forestry and other natural resource organizations around the
world are using this ESRI software to make smart and timely decisions. ESRI
provides powerful GIS solutions to more than 300,000 clients in more than 189
countries and offers mapping technology to meet today's global needs. Using ESRI
technology, you too can unlock the spatial component of your valuable data and see
your organization's information from a new perspective. For more information,
contact them at 800-447-9778 in the US or 909-793-2853, ext. 1-1235. Or go to the
web site at:
http://tinyurl.com/fiu4esri

JOURNAL: WHY IS ASIA-PACIFIC FORESTRY SECTOR INVESTMENT


CONSTRAINED? - The Southern Hemisphere Forest Industry Journal analyses a
UN FAO report study on the constraints on investment in forestry and forest industry
sectors of Asia and the Pacific. We look at the study's findings for Australia and New
Zealand and consider the case of Chile.
Article headlines include the following:
* New strategies needed to lift forestry and forest industry investments
* FAO report on investment constraints
* Log exports versus added value in New Zealand
* Chile added-value lifts exports and jobs
* Change clouds Australian forestry vision. For more details, email:
info@southem.com

FORESTS FEATURE NEW FANTASY NOVEL - A mystical forest plays a leading


role in new fantasy novel by Rotorua, New Zealand-based author Sarah Groot. “The
Forgotten” is the first book in The Faynon Chronicles in which beautiful Princess
Sindra rises from the street to take control of her destiny as leader of Galadon
Knights who have spent generations hidden deep in the forests. Now available from
Amazon.com in paperback and for Kindle download. For more details and to buy, go
to:

Paperback at http://tinyurl.com/sgpaper

Kindle at http://tinyurl.com/sgkindle

DISTRIBUTION PARTNERS
FIU is sent to each of the following international lists - all are free, low volume and
secure:
Forest list – See http://joyx.joensuu.fi/pipermail/forest-list/
Global Association of Online Foresters (GAOF) - see
http://www.foresters.org/portal/newmember.php
International Forest List (IFL) - http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ifl-tech2000/
Nepalese Foresters - http://groups.yahoo.com/group/nepaleseforesters/
Wetlandfriends – see http://groups.yahoo.com/group/wetlandfriends and
http://www.dgroups.org/groups/wetlandfriends/
Global e-Forum on Climate Change and Global Warming -
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ClimateConcern/
Applied-GIS-RS homepage - http://www.matox.com/agisrs
Silvinet, Portuguese-based - http://br.groups.yahoo.com/group/SilviNet/

You may receive FIU by joining one of the above. If you wish to receive FIU only -
send a blank email to forest_information_update-subscribe@yahoogroups.com. For
questions, to submit material, or to sponsor FIU, please contact me, Mike,
info@southem.com

INPUT - This month's input comes from: Gyde Lund, Krishna Devkota, Gary
Krupnick, Nelson Wong, Lance Olsen, Tina Etherington, Gandhiv Kafle, Artur Gil,
Ross Mayhew, Infosylva, IUFRO, and many more. Thank you all for sharing your
information!

HAVE YOU HEARD? NEWS FROM AROUND THE WORLD

GOOD FOREST GOVERNANCE KEY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE SCHEMES - FAO


and the World Bank have unveiled a new guidance framework which can help
countries assess the governance of their forest resources. The ability to demonstrate
good governance in forestry is becoming increasingly important for countries wishing
to participate in emerging climate change mitigation schemes.
http://tinyurl.com/fiugovernance2

BRAZILIAN FORESTS CLEARED - The Brazilian space research institute said


deforestation in the country increased 400 percent over the course of a year, causing
a political stir. Satellite images depicted deforestation increased from 25,451 acres
in March and April in 2010 to 146,533 acres during the same period in 2011, the BBC
reports. Brazilian Environment Minister Izabella Teixeira said the revelation was
troubling and announced the government was establishing a special panel to address
the findings.
http://tinyurl.com/fiucleared

AGENCIES PREPARING FOR WILDFIRE SEASON - Governor Jerry Brown


declared May 1-7 "Wildfire Awareness Week" in California, and with that declaration,
the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, held conferences all week
in fire-sensitive locations throughout the state.
http://tinyurl.com/fiuredland

NEW SEISMIC MAPS DETAIL MOST VULNERABLE SPOTS IN CALIFORNIA - A


map of the California's most landslide-prone areas released by the California
Geological Survey is reportedly an effort to determine the most vulnerable spots in
the event of a once-a-century superstorm. The map utilized a database of 57,000
historic landslides to analyze the rocks, soil and steepness of terrain around the
state.
http://tinyurl.com/fiuseismic

WILDLIFE IN TROUBLE FROM OIL PALM PLANTATIONS, ACCORDING TO


SCIENTISTS - Forest fragmentation driven by demand for palm oil is having a
catastrophic effect on multiple levels of biodiversity, scientists from Queen Mary,
University of London have discovered. The researchers are worried that unless
steps are taken to safeguard and manage the remaining forest, then certain species
will struggle to survive, a press release said.
http://tinyurl.com/fiupalm

FOREST PRODUCTS SHIPPING NEARS TURNAROUND - Rising pulp prices and


increased demand from Asia keeps industry hopes burning, the International Forest
Products Transport Association reports. Higher pulp prices and increased demand in
Asia are presenting a complex picture for the global forest products shipping industry,
it’s reported.
http://tinyurl.com/fiushipping
BETTER BUILDINGS FOR EXTREME CLIMATES RESEARCHER'S FOCUS -
Rima Taher, an expert in the design of low-rise buildings for extreme winds and
hurricanes, was due to speak this month at the Annual Conference of Construction
Specifications Canada (Devis de Construction Canada) in Montreal. Taher, a
university lecturer in NJIT's College of Architecture and Design, is a civil and
structural engineer, is a national, non-profit association with chapters across Canada.
Its mission is to deliver and develop quality educational programs, publications and
services for the construction industry. Certain home shapes and roof types can make
a big difference," is a common refrain in all her work.
http://tinyurl.com/fiubuildings

CONFERENCE TO EXPLORE SUSTAINABLE DESIGN IN WOOD BUILDINGS - A


professional conference on June 1 at the Oregon Convention Center, in Portland,
Oregon, USA, will explore new innovations in locally produced wood products and
the use of them in sustainable building design.
http://tinyurl.com/fiuexplore

QUESTIONS OVER AFFORESTATION ‘SCAM’ - A group called the Alliance for


Accountable Governance (AFAG) has exposed what appears to be a deliberate
scam at Ghana's Forestry Commission and three other companies to deprive the
state of over GH¢3million (about US$200,000). The amount was earmarked for a
mass afforestation project initiated by President Mills on July 24, 2009 at Yefri in the
Kintampo South District of the Brong-Ahafo Region. But the pressure group believes
the money was not used for its intended purpose since according to its chairman, Dr
Nana Ayew Afriyie, the company contracted by the Commission to undertake the
project, Ecotech Services Limited, had failed to deliver. (Source: ModernGhana.com)
http://tinyurl.com/fiuchop

BATTERIES NOT INCLUDED...


This section is devoted to resource inventory tips and miscellaneous blurbs for
whatever uses you care to make. Please limit contributions to one paragraph or so.
Thanks, Mike Smith.

HELP!

FEEDBACK

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE – “Pay it forward!” If you can help with any of the
requests below, please take the time to do so. Your kind assistance will be
appreciated and rewarded.

OPPORTUNITIES - Several readers of FIU are seeking employment in the forestry


field. If you have jobs available and are in need of good people, please consider
posting your vacancies in FIU (there is no charge for this service) and the following
outlets:

http://lists.topica.com/lists/wood
http://stateforesters.org/news.html
http://www.canadian-forests.com/job.html
http://www.cyber-sierra.com/nrjobs/forest.html
http://www.devnetjobs.org
http://www.foresters.org/portal
http://www.forestryusa.com/jobs.htm
http://www.HigherEdJobs.com
http://www.postdocjobs.com/jobseekers/search_fellowships.shtml
http://www.safnet.org/careercenter/classifieds.cfm
http://www.careerjet.com
http://www.mygreeneducation.com/
http://www.getforestryjobs.net/

FIRE MANAGEMENT EXPERT. The UN FAO requires the services of an


international consultant who is an expert in fire management for a posting in
Tanzania. The start date is 15 June 2011 with a five-month full term. For more
details, go to:
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/VA/pdf/Fire_management_expert.pdf

HAVE YOU READ?


Obtain from your local library or from the sources provided.

THE PUBLICATION LIST

Framework for Assessing and Monitoring Forest Governance - Developed by


FAO and the World Bank-managed Program on Forests (PROFOR), the report looks
at three key components or "pillars" of forest governance — policy, legal, institution
and regulatory frameworks; planning and decision-making processes;
implementation, enforcement, and compliance — and grades performance in six
areas: accountability, effectiveness, efficiency, fairness, participation, and
transparency.
http://tinyurl.com/fiuframe

Book Launch: Footprints in Forest. Does Forestry Assistance Matter?


University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 38F, 211 (2. floor). 30th of May, 2011. The book
called Footprints in Forests demonstrates the complex reality and manifold
consequences of Finnish supported forestry interventions and gives examples how
the effects and impacts of Finnish forestry assistance can be seen from different
perspectives. This book launch-seminar aims to stimulate discussion on effects and
impacts of Finnish forestry assistance in such a way as to contribute to the search for
new practices.
http://tinyurl.com/fiufootprints

ARTICLES OF INTEREST

BIODIVERSITY

Joseph Straus. How to Break the Deadlock Preventing a Fair and Rational Use
of Biodiversity. The Journal of World Intellectual Property. Volume 11, Issue 4, July
2008, Pages: 229–295.
http://tinyurl.com/fiudeadlock

Graham Dutfield. Sharing the Benefits of Biodiversity. The Journal of World


Intellectual Property. Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2002, Pages: 899–931.
http://tinyurl.com/fiusharing

Conserving and Valuing Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity. Economic,


Institutional and Social Challenges. Edited by K.N. Ninan. Earthscan publications,
www.earthscan.co.uk or write to earthinfo@earthscan.co.uk.

Fangliang He, Stephen P. Hubbell. Species–area relationships always


overestimate extinction rates from habitat loss. Nature 473, 368-371 (18 May
2011) doi:10.1038/nature09985 Letter
http://tinyurl.com/fiuhabitatloss

BIOFUEL/BIOMASS

S. Englhart, V. Keuck, F. Siegert. Above ground biomass retrieval in tropical


forests — The potential of combined X- and L-band SAR data use. Remote
Sensing of Environment, Volume 115, Issue 5, 15 May 2011, Pages 1260-1271.

CLASSIFICATION/MAPPING

Chao-Qun Li. On Solutions of frame mappings into manifold. Lecture Notes in


Mathematics, 1989, Volume 1411, Topological Fixed Point Theory and Applications,
Pages 143-147.
http://tinyurl.com/fiumanifold

Sulla-Menashe et al. 2011. Hierarchical mapping of Northern Eurasian land


cover using MODIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment 115(2):392-403.
http://tinyurl.com/fiumodis

Guoqing Sun. Forest biomass mapping from lidar and radar synergies. Remote
Sensing of Environment. Article in Press, Corrected Proof.
doi:10.1016/j.rse.2011.03.021.
http://tinyurl.com/fiuradar

CLIMATE CHANGE/CARBON

Mainak Mookherjee et al. High-pressure behavior of iron carbide (Fe7C3) at


inner core conditions. (Carbon may be the element lightening up Earth's core being
one headline.) Journal of Geophysical Research, VOL. 116, B04201, 13 PP., 2011.
doi:10.1029/2010JB007819.
http://tinyurl.com/fiuiron

Interesting group of articles from the Proceedings of the National Academy of


Sciences:

Gregory P. Asner et al. High-resolution forest carbon stocks and emissions in


the Amazon. PNAS September 21, 2010 vol. 107 no. 38 16738-16742.
http://tinyurl.com/fiuresolution

Linda K. Ayliffe. How to sample the carbon isotopes of tropical ecosystems


without leaving your armchair. PNAS: Published online before print August 30,
2010, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1010665107.
http://tinyurl.com/fiuisotopes

Glen P. Peters, Jan C. Minxb, Christopher L. Weberd, and Ottmar Edenhofer.


Growth in emission transfers via international trade from 1990 to 2008. PNAS
May 24, 2011 vol. 108 no. 21 8903-8908.
http://www.pnas.org/content/108/21/8903

INVENTORY/MONITORING

R A Houghton, D Butman, A G Bunn, O N Krankina, P Schlesinger and T A Stone.


Mapping Russian forest biomass with data from satellites and forest
inventories. 2007 Environ. Res. Lett. 2 045032 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045032.
http://tinyurl.com/fiurussian

Ting-Hua Yi , Hong-Nan Li and Ming Gu. Characterization and extraction of


global positioning system multipath signals using an improved particle-
filtering algorithm. 2011 Meas. Sci. Technol. 22 075101 doi: 10.1088/0957-
0233/22/7/075101.
http://tinyurl.com/fiumultipath

Vilis Brukas, Andrius Kuliešis, Ola Sallnäs and Edgaras Linkevičius. Resource
availability, planning rigidity and Realpolitik in Lithuanian forest utilization.
Natural Resources Forum. Volume 35, Issue 2, May 2011, Pages: 77–88.
http://tinyurl.com/fiurealpolitik

REMOTE SENSING/GIS

Ge, Jianjun, 2011: Satellite-Observed Surface Temperature Changes after the


2004 Taylor Complex Fire in Alaska. Earth Interact., 15, 1–14. doi:
10.1175/2010EI361.1
http://tinyurl.com/fiurtaylor

Berner, L.T., P.S.A. Beck, A. Bunn, A. Lloyd, and S.J. Goetz. 2011. High-latitude
tree growth and satellite vegetation indices: Correlations and trends in Russia
and Canada (1982-2008). Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences 116,
G01015. DOI:10.1029/2010JG001475.
http://tinyurl.com/fiuindices

Goetz, S.J. et al. 2011. Recent changes in Arctic vegetation: satellite


observations and simulation model predictions. In Eurasian Arctic Land Cover
and Land Use in a Changing Climate, ed. G. Gutman and A. Reissell, 9-36.
Amsterdam: Springer-Verlag.
http://tinyurl.com/fiusimulation
Bhaskar Ramachandran, Christopher O. Justice and Michael J. Abrams. Land
Remote Sensing and Global Environmental Change – NASA’s Earth Observing
system and the Science of ASTER and MODIS. Remote Sensing and Digital
Image Processing. Vol 11, 2011.
http://tinyurl.com/fiuaster

RESOURCE ANALYSIS/MODELING

Syphard, Alexandra D. et al. Human Influence on California Fire Regimes.


Ecological Applications 17:1388–1402. [doi:10.1890/06-1128.1].
http://tinyurl.com/fiuinfluence

Parisien, Marc-André et al. 2011. Scale-dependent controls on the area burned in


the boreal forest of Canada, 1980–2005. Ecological Applications 21:789–805.
[doi:10.1890/10-0326.1]
http://tinyurl.com/fiuburned

Jian-Guo Huang, Yves Bergeron, Lihong Zhai and Bernhard Denneler. Variation in
intra-annual radial growth (xylem formation) of Picea mariana (Pinaceae) along
a latitudinal gradient in western Quebec, Canada. Am. J. Bot. May 2011 vol. 98
no. 5 792-800.
http://tinyurl.com/fiuxylem

Dai Yamazaki, Shinjiro Kanae, Hyungjun Kim and Taikan Oki. A physically based
description of floodplain inundation dynamics in a global river routing model.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 47, W04501, 21 PP., 2011.
doi:10.1029/2010WR009726.
http://tinyurl.com/fiuinundation

James P. O'Dwyer, Jessica L. Green. Field theory for biogeography: a spatially


explicit model for predicting patterns of biodiversity. Ecology Letters. Volume 13
Issue 1.
http://tinyurl.com/fiutheory

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT

Manuel Guariguata. The timber may be certified: but is it sustainable? 10 May


2011. Online library at Center for International Forestry Research.
http://tinyurl.com/fiucertified

LePage, Ben A. (Ed.). Wetlands - Integrating Multidisciplinary Concepts.


Earthprint Library 2011 Price: USD $95.00. Binding: Paperback 261 Pages. Stock
Number: SPRING22. ISBN: 9789400705500.
http://tinyurl.com/fiuintegrating

Wildland fire suppression - Wildland fire suppression is a unique aspect of


firefighting.
http://tinyurl.com/fiusupression

CAPTURED ON VIDEO
Download videos from the web or from the sources provided.

Alabama forestry hit hard by April 27th tornadoes. Who is responsible for
cleaning up the mess when US$260 million worth of timber is laid to waste? A report
from Madison County.
http://tinyurl.com/fiutornadoes

Forestry Officials Hear Concerns About Too Much Pavement, Too Few Trees.
Visiting officials from the Western Forestry Leadership Coalition are here on the
island of Guam to better understand how the Pacific region protects the health of
their lands. But more so, they plan to build a stronger relationship with Guam in the
midst of tough economic times.
http://tinyurl.com/fiuguam

YOU'RE INVITED!
For a more complete listing of upcoming inventory and monitoring related meetings,
see:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/infomeets/
http://www.agnic.org/mtg/index.html
http://www.asprs.org/asprs/meetings/calendar.html
http://www.conferencealerts.com/
http://www.efi.int/events
http://www.efi.int/portal/news___events/events/event_calendar/
http://www.etfrn.org/etfrn/resource/frames/agenda.html
http://www.fao.org/forestry/for/forc/free/education/courses.asp
http://www.iufro.org/events/calendar-of-meetings/
http://www.safnet.org/meetings/index.cfm
www.conferencealerts.com

A Mixed Effects Modelling Course in Halifax, Canada. June 2011. For details, see:
http://www.highstat.com/statscourse.htm

6-8 June. 3rd International Conference of Forestry Training Centres 6-8 June 2011
Ossiach (Austria).
http://timber.unece.org/index.php?id=339

15th June 2011 at 08:30 to 16:30. 3D Laser Mapping for Indonesian Forestry. Hotel
Bumi Karsa & Birawa Assembly Hall, Komplek Bidakara, Pancoran – Jakarta.
http://credent-3d-laser-mapping-for-i.ettend.com/

15 June 2011. How important are forests for rural livelihoods? News-breaking results
of CIFOR’s 7-year Poverty Environment Network (PEN) global study. The Royal
Society, London, UK.
http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/pen/_ref/home/index.htm

4-5 July 2011. UNECE/FAO Forest and Water week. Payments for Ecosystem
Services (PES): What role for a green economy? Concept, Approaches and Case
Studies. Palais des Nations, Geneva, Room VIII

18-22 July, 2011. Spatial Distribution, Movement and Home Range Analysis
course at the USFWS National Conservation Training Center. Registration deadline
is June 3. Registration: Log onto DOI Learn for DOI employees or contact the course
leader (Eric Kelchlin; 304-876-7463) to register for the course.
eric_kelchlin@fws.gov

28-29 July, 2011 - Remote sensing, natural hazards and environmental change
conference. The conference is designed to initiate informal discussion and paper
presentation in two areas that are significant for the Asia Pacific Region and
especially Southeast Asia.
http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/conferences/RSNHEC/index.html

Call for Abstracts: Disease and Insect Resistance in Forest Trees. Fourth
International Workshop on the Genetics of Host-Parasite “Interactions in Forestry”.
First Announcement and Call for Papers, July 31 - August 5, 2011, Valley River Inn,
Eugene, Oregon, USA. It has been>30 years since this group last met.
http://ucanr.org/sites/tree_resistance_2011conference/_

http://www.eficent.efi.int/portal/events/efi_winter___summer_school/

8-12 August 2011. The Conference of the Asia Oceania Geosciences (AOGS),
Taipei. A session on “Groundwater System: Social and Health issues” to consider
various aspects of groundwater: Exploration, Water quality, Health and Social issues.
For more information, including submissions, go to:
http://www.asiaoceania.org/aogs2011/public.asp?page=abstract.htm

15-17 September 2011 - International Conference on Ecohydrology and Climate


Changes – EcoHCC’11. The 2nd edition of the International Conference on
Ecohydrology and Climate Changes – EcoHCC’11 will be held in Tomar (Portugal)
2011.
http://www.ecohcc11.ipt.pt

11-13 October 2011. Asian Wetland Symposium on Human Well-being and


Wetlands (AWS Wuxi 2011). Venue: Xizhou Grand Hotel, Wuxi, China.
http://aws-wuxi-2011.a.la9.jp/0.top.html

24 - 28 October 2011. Analysis of Zero Inflated Data. Elche (Close to Alicante),


Spain. Further info:
http://www.highstat.com/statscourse.htm

8th Southern Forestry and Natural Resources GIS Conference – Peter Bettinger
writes: We are scheduling the 8th conference in this series for Dec. 11-13, 2011 in
Athens, GA. Please send any ideas regarding practical "software updates" or "how
to" presentations to me (pbettinger@warnell.uga.edu)

WHILE SURFING THE WEB…INTERESTING LINKS


For a complete listing of links go to
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/forest_information_update/

The Global Fire Information Management System (GFIMS) integrates remote


sensing and GIS technologies to deliver MODIS hotspot/fire locations and burned
area information to natural resource managers and other stakeholders around the
World.
http://www.fao.org/nr/gfims/en/

MODIS Rapid Response System Global Fire Maps


http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/firemaps/

Wildfire is coming. Is your home ready? A new web site set up by CalFire in the
USA.
http://www.readyforwildfire.org/

Map of Environmental Degradation in Mexico. This map shows the main


characteristics of the environmental degradation, forest land, and air emissions from
Mexican territory.
Mexico Deterioro Ambiental Superficie Forestal Emisiones
http://www.epsmaps.com/en/mexico-deterioro-ambiental-superficie-forestal-
emisiones.html

The ATIBT Climate Commission - As an expert on climate related negotiations, the


ATIBT Commission supports professional players in the tropical timber industry in the
implementation of specific solutions.
http://www.association-ifia.net/pres-commi-climat-en.php

COPYRIGHT NOTICE
Items headlined in Forest Information Update are drawn from a number of sources.
The source of the item is quoted, either by publication or organisations in line with the
practice of fair reporting. Where necessary, Items are translated by TMS Ltd. Every
effort is made to ensure use of paid wire service material is avoided at all times.
Should users wish to utilise Forest Information Update on their own web sites, we
request that this is done to accurately reflect the current layout to ensure attribution is
appropriate.

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