Libro de Ingles (English-Light-4)

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Página I
ENGLISH LIGHT
INGLÉS COMO LENGUA EXTRANJERA
4
PARA ESCUELAS DE IDIOMAS
M. Sc. Ana Susana Arriola León

M. Sc. Zenaida Hinojosa López
Lic. Marjory Fritze Armas
Lic. Silvio Romero Hernández
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Edición: Lic. Aldo R. Gutiérrez Rivera

Diseño de cubierta: Humberto Dueñas Barral
Diseño: Elena Faramiñán Cortina
Ilustración: Luis Bestard Cruz
Corrección: Sheila Patricia Fernández Díaz
Emplane: Adriana Fundora Losada
© Ana Susana Arriola León y coautores, Cuba, 2016

© Editorial Pueblo y Educación, 2016
ISBN 978-959-13-2908-0 Obra completa

ISBN 978-959-13-2912-7 Parte 4
EDITORIAL PUEBLO Y EDUCACIÓN

Ave. 3ra. A No. 4601 entre 46 y 60,
Playa, La Habana, Cuba. CP 11300.
epe@enet.cu
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Contents
Al estudiante / V
UNIT 1. Let’s Refresh / 1

UNIT 2. If I Were Born Again… / 8
UNIT 3. What Had Happened? / 17
UNIT 4. I Guess… / 25
UNIT 5. Risky Jobs / 32
UNIT 6. I Need Someone Who… / 40
UNIT 7. It Is Considered… / 47
UNIT 8. Celebrate! / 54
UNIT 9. What Did He Say? / 60
Bibliography / 67
Appendix / 69
List of Verbs / 69
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Al estudiante
Este libro contribuye al aprendizaje de los contenidos que corresponden

al cuarto nivel de la enseñanza del inglés como lengua extranjera y al
desarrollo de las habilidades de la lengua. Incluye una variedad de ejercicios
y actividades docentes, que facilitarán tu práctica para la adquisición de
las habilidades y destrezas comunicativas tanto orales como escritas,
necesarias para tu aprendizaje.
El nivel comprende nueve unidades, cuyos contenidos se han organizado en
diferentes ejes temáticos que corresponden a las funciones comunicativas
básicas del programa, así como el léxico y las estructuras gramaticales, los
cuales están estructurados para su ejercitación en cuatro secciones por
unidades: Ways to Say It, Grammar Focus, Language Training y Reading and
Writing.
Ofrecemos nuestro agradecimiento a todos los que han colaborado en la
confección de este material.
Esperamos que este libro te facilite un tránsito exitoso por el cuarto nivel.
LAS AUTORAS
V
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UNIT 1 Let´s Refresh
WAYS TO SAY IT
Robert runs into his friend Alex on the street.
Robert ● Alex ▲
● Hi, What are you doing?

▲ I am moving into a new apartment.
● Oh! That´s great. Well if you need some help, you will ask me. Make an offer
▲ No, thanks, I can manage it. By the way, do you have any plans for
the weekend?
● Well I don´t know yet, It depends on the weather. If it is a good Talk about plans
time, I’ll go to the beach. Would you like to come with me?
▲ I can’t because I have to study for the exams. If I study hard, I will
pass my exams. Express a wish
● Well may be some other time and good luck on your exams.
Say Right (R), Wrong (W) or I don´t know (IDK). Explain the wrong ones as you have learned: “It´s
wrong because …”
a) ____ Alex is moving into a new apartment with his family.
b) ____ Robert offered him some help.
c) ____ Robert is thinking of going to the beach, but it depends on the bus.
d) ____ Robert invites Alex to go to the beach if the weather is nice.
e) ____ Alex can´t go because he has to work.
Identify. What´s the expression?

a) Reject an offer
b) Offer help
c) Greet a friend
d) Reject an invitation
e) Talk about actions at the moment of the speech
f) Talk about obligations
1
Find out another way to say it in the text.

a) I´m not sure. ________________________
b) What are you doing this weekend? ________________________
c) Do you want to come along? ________________________
d) I can do it by myself. ________________________
e) Say, that´s terrific! ________________________
Talk about plans d) I´ll take a walk in the park.

e) I think it is not well done.
● Do you have any plans for the weekend? /
What are you going to do this weekend? Column B
▲ It depends on the weather. If it is a good time ____ Talk about plans.
I´ll go to visit my parents. ____ Express a wish.
● What do you think of going to the beach on
____ Give an opinion.
Friday?
▲ Well if I don´t have to work I´ll go. Let me ____ Make an offer.
check my working hours.
2. Oral. In pairs or groups. Act out a conversation
based on the following situations.
Express a wish
Situation A
● What would you like to happen if you get
the opportunity? You are on vacation and you are making
▲ I´d really like my daughter gets good marks plans with your family.
in all the final tests this year. Situation B
● Well if she studies hard and use the correct
You have finished your exams with good marks.
bibliographies she will pass her exams.
What would you like to do? Express a wish.
▲ That´s true. I will also buy her a beautiful
dress for her graduation ceremony if I have Situation C
enough money. Your friend is very busy because he/she has a
● That´s nice of you. Well If I have the lot of work to do and you want to help
opportunity I will go to Canada this vacation. him/her. Make an offer.
My parents want to see me.
3. Oral and writing. Answer these questions
Make an offer and discuss them in class.
● What are you doing? What will you do if you get a scholarship in a
▲ I am moving into a new house.
foreign country?
● Well if you need some help you will ask me. Where will you go if you have a lot of money?
I can help you with those bags if you want. What will you do if someone needs your help?
1. Match to the related functions. 4. Writing. Refer to your best friend in your
journal.
Column A
a) She will be very happy if she gets that new a) Write about what she / he has done for you.
job. b) Also state what you will do for him / her if
b) We will have the party outdoors if it you have the opportunity or a situation
doesn´t rain. requires.
c) If I have time I´ll help you with that work. Wish something good for him / her.
2
With affirmative If my mother recovers, I’ll

statements go to the party tonight.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
If I don´t find my notebooks,
I must go to your house to
With negative copy the lessons.
How to talk about a real or a probably statements If you have lots of work
condition today, you won´t help me
with the household chores.
We use the first conditionals to talk about a real
or very probable situation in the present or If it rains, what will
you do?
future. It does not matter if the situation With interrogative
happens or not, but it could; and to state a statements How can we do it If they
limitation. don´t want?
If you want, I can help you to learn English.

If I get better, I will do some exercises. 5. Complete using the correct form of the verb.
We will go out if Nancy comes early.
a) They ______ to the baseball game if they
Formation are free on Saturday. (go)
b) Susan ______ at home if the weather is
First conditional consists of two parts: rainy. (stay)
c) I’m going to help them if they ______ any
problem. (have)
Main clause
If-clause Hypothesis
Result of the hypothesis d) We can work in the library if It ______
open after five. (be)
Simple future
e) If you ______ O.K., you must see a doctor.
Simple present
If + present simple Imperative (feel)
Can / must / may / have to / f) If she ______ the money, she can buy it.
etc. + bare infinitive* (have)
g) If Albert ______ hard, he can finish on
* bare infinitive: it is infinitive verbs used time. (work)
without to or -ing forms.
6. Complete using the correct idea.
Notice the examples:
a) They will go out tonight if
_____________________________.
Tenses in the
Conditionals b) The boy can swim in the pool if
MAIN CLAUSE
_____________________________.
If she doesn´t study, she´ll
Simple future c) She must study hard if
not pass the exams.
_____________________________.
Water turns into gas if
Simple present d) The students are going to participate in
temperature gets 100 °C.
the contest if
If you are bored, work
Imperative _____________________________.
or study something.
If you go to Matanzas
e) She may go to Van Van concert if
Modal verbs: can, must, _____________________________.
you can see all kinds
may, etc.
of bridges.
7. Match column A to column B in order to
make correct conditional sentences, as in the
You can combine positive, negative, and
example:
interrogative in the clauses. Notice the
examples: If you are worry about him, you may call him.
3
Column A The police / not / catch / the thieves

a) worry ● What if the police can´t catch the thieves?
b) bored ▲ If they can´t catch them, I´ll move into my
c) handy mother´s.
d) hungry
e) wise What if…?
f) thirsty a) Our friends / invite / us / to go sightseeing
g) sick b) Rupert and Tom / want / to join / us
h) fast c) Jane / not / pay / the electricity bills
i) tired d) We / buy / that / pet
j) drunk e) Your husband / not / call / you
f) The children / like / the new school
Column B
g) You / help / me / to tidy the house
___ get a checkup.
___ win the championship.
___ get some cold low –sugar lemonade.
___ rest for a while.
___ take two of these aspirins and drink lots
of water.
___ solve your problems.
___ go to the movie to see some films.
___ fix my shoes well.
___ have some hot dogs at Jane´s.
___ call him
8. Create conversations with your partner. Write

conditional sentences using the information
as in the example.
LANGUAGE TRAINING
Alice has to study / go to the library
● Alice didn´t pass her exam. She has to
repeat it in five days again. 10. Read the following word list and do the
▲ Well, if she has to study, she may go to the activity.
library tomorrow at 8:00 a.m. I´ll help her.
List: friend, love, friendship, companionship,
a) Peter plays baseball well / enter to our relationship, flexibility, respect.
team A. Make sentences with the words from the
b) Betty isn´t free / visit her family list and discuss their meaning with your
c) Robert comes / repair the computer classmates.
d) I understand / do the exercises B. Tell your ideas about friendship by
e) John and I are stress / work hard / spend answering the following questions.
the weekend going out
f) Peter´s wife won´t come back / change his a) What does Friendship mean to you?
behavior Give examples.
g) Lucas and you haven´t gone to the b) Is there any relationship between love
hospital / never have a child and friendship? Why or why not?
c) How far would you sacrifice for a
9. Answer with your own ideas. Make friend?
conversations with your partner. Notice the d) If you have to choose a friend, what
example. will he or she be like?
4
e) Is it important for a society to live in but sometimes not because they still have
peace, to help each other, just as if that wild instinct like wild felines.
everybody were friends? ___________cats are good hunters and very
clean pets. _____________cats betray
11. Read the following definitions about owners because they do not look up when
friendship and discuss them in class. the owners are feeding them. __________it
– A relationship between two or more is ridiculous because at least we can touch
people who are friends. their food while eating; __________ dogs,
– The mutual feelings of trust and affection the best friends of mankind, tend to bite
and the behavior that typify relationships us if we try to do that.
between friends. b) There are many reasons why the U.S. has
– A relationship between people, decided to reestablish the diplomatic
organizations, or countries that is relationship with Cuba. _____________
characterized by mutual assistance, Cuban people are very good professional
approval, and support. prepared workers. They can almost do
everything and make innovations to solve
12. Complete the following table with the
problems. ___________ many countries
correct expressions from the box:
have been taking advantages of the
results of Cuban investigations.
Linking words and phrases __________, it has been proved that the
U.S. policy has not reached its
To express opinion expectations. _____________ is that many
To list points
countries are investing in new economical
projects; ____________: the Republic of
To add more points China is in charge of the construction of
the new Santiago de Cuba port. _________
To introduce contrasting
points Cuba is a good country for business at
present and it will be the best of the
To introduce examples Caribbean in the near future.
To conclude c) Working far from home has different
points. ___________ it can take workers
away from their daily routines.
Box _________workers can know new places
and make new friends to be visited.
to sum up, for instance, all in all, it is argued
_______________because lots of money can
that, what is more, first of all, in my opinion,
be spent on travelling. ___________ people
people argue that, taking everything into
would be out of home and far from family
account, in the first place, as opposed to the
warm for so long. ___________ that
above ideas, such as, what is more, in particular,
advantages or disadvantages depend on
furthermore, to start with, I believe, for
people´s personal achievement, and home
example, it seems to me (that), another major
and familiar conditions.
reason, firstly, there are people who oppose,
B. Develop your writing.
A. Try this! In pairs. Choose two topics to write about

them and do that:
Complete with the correct connectors.
– Create two sentences to introduce your
Several answers are possible. Be logical.
opinion about the topics.
a) Lots of people like owning a cat. – Write two contrasting opinions about
___________, cats are sometimes obedient them.
5
– Give examples of the positive and the Say what this proverb means
contrasting opinions.
– Give conclusions. “A friend in need is a friend indeed”
READING AND WRITING
13. Talk about it.

Is it easy for you to make new friends? Support your answer.
14. Read the following article and do the exercises.
“You have to have friends”

People use the word “friend” in a variety of ways.
A friend can mean anything from a casual acquaintance
to someone you’ve known your whole life. Whoever
they are, friends are an important part of life at every
stage. They provide companionship and emotional
support. Of all our relationships, friendships are the
most voluntary. We choose our friends.
Making new friend:
It is easy to stay in a circle of friends you’re comfortable
with. But as you get older, friendships may be lost,
people move away or you just lose track of them. Building friendships is a lifelong, but worthwhile
job. New friendships can bring opportunities to experience new things.
A few pointers for making new friends:
– Reach out to others. Try to be open to new experiences and relationships.
– Participate in classes, clubs or volunteer organizations. These activities will bring you into
contact with people who share similar interests.
– Stick with it- even if you feel uncomfortable. It takes time to build friendships.
Keeping friends:
Whether friendships are old or new, you can’t neglect them if you want them to last. Even though
it’s sometimes hard to spend time together, it is important to keep in touch. Two other keys are
flexibility and respect. Be understanding when plans change. If you find yourselves fighting, try
to look at things from the other person’s point of view.
Some tips for keeping friends:
– Be a good listener. Don’t be judgmental and don’t offer advice unless you’re asked.
– Respect the other person’s opinion, even when you don’t agree.
– Never break a confidence. Your friends need to know they can trust you.
– Be supportive of your friends. It is important to love them despite their faults.
(Taken from Interchange, 3th edition)
6
A. Answer the following questions according to the reading.

a) Are friends an important part of life at every age? Why?
b) What can new friendships bring to us?
c) Why may friendship be lost when we get older?
d) What do you need to do for making new friends?
e) What do you need to do for keeping friends?
15. Write an Opinion Essay* in no less than 80 words. Use the linking words and phrases in Ex.
Take into account the steps below and the following title as your starting point: “That´s what
friends are for!”.
a) Read and discuss in class this plan first.
Introduction
Paragraph 1: State the main topic –friendship– what it is, and your opinions about the necessity
and importance of having good friends.
Main body
Paragraph 2: Show one or more positive opinions supported by reasons or examples about the
topic. E.g.: how helpful friends can be.
Paragraph 3: Show one or more negative opinions supported by reasons or examples about
the topic. E.g.: how annoying friends are used to being.
Conclusion
Paragraph 4: Restate your opinion using different words.
* Opinion Essay: in this type of writing you can state your opinions and different point of views
well –supported in no less than 4 paragraphs.
(Fundamentals taken from Successful Writing Upper-intermediate, by Virginia Evans)
7
UNIT 2 If I Were Born Again…
WAYS TO SAY IT
Samuel and Carlos, two students of the same group, from The Latin-American School of Medicine
(ELAM) are talking about something interesting. Let’s try to find out.
Carlos ● Samuel ▲
● Hi! Samuel, how are you doing?
▲ I’m fine but I’d feel much better if you just called me Sam. How are
you?
● O.K. Sam. I’m great and so excited!
▲ And what makes you feel like that?
Express a wish
● Guess what?
▲ Oh my God! If I were born again, I’d like to be a guesser, but
unfortunately I’m not. So?
● The fact is that my scientific research paper was selected to compete
at a national level.
▲ Really? Congratulations!
● Thanks, but there is a little problem. I’m supposed to do it in English
and I thought that being you from Belize, your English is better
than mine. You could give me a hand, Couldn’t you?
▲ Of course my friend. If you needed my help, you could count on me. Make an offer
That´s what friends are for.
● Thanks a lot. I knew you’d never let me down.
▲ By the way, would you like to go camping this weekend?
● Well, if the weather were good, I’d go with you. React to a situation
▲ O.K., see you then.
Say Right (R), Wrong (W) or I don´t know (IDK). Explain the wrong ones as you have learned: “It´s
wrong because…”.
a) ___ Carlos and Sam are schoolmates.

b) ___ Samuel prefers to be called Sam.
8
c) ___ Carlos and Sam are in the fifth year of their studies.
d) ___ Carlos’s research paper was uninteresting.
e) ___ Sam seems to be a very helpful person.
f) ___ If Carlos needs help Sam will be on his side.
Find out another way to say it in the text.

a) See you later. ________________________
b) And then? ________________________
c) How is it going? ________________________
d) You speak better than me. ________________________
e) You can call me Sam. ________________________
f) You could help me. ________________________
Answer according to the text:

a) Have Sam and Carlos met each other before?
b) Why is Carlos so excited?
c) Who has a little language problem?
d) Will Sam help Carlos or not? How do you know?
e) Do you agree that English is a really important and useful language for any doctor’s future
career? Explain briefly on your words, give examples if possible.
Imagine something React to a situation
Contrary to facts in the present ● You know the mortality rate caused by cancer
has been increased in the last decade.
● What would you do if you found / saw /
▲ People would be very excited if a cure were
felt...?
discovered for cancer.
▲ If I found a wallet with the ID in it, I would...
Untrue in the present 1. Match with the correct functions.
● Would you behave differently if you were Column A

20 years older? a) Imagine something.
▲ If I were 20 years older I would… (I don´t b) React to a situation
have 20 years older) c) Give advice.
d) Express a wish.
Give advice
Column B
● What would you do if you could?
▲ If I were you I would tell him about it ___ If I were Tom I would look for a better
I would study hard to pass the test. job.
I would call back ___ If I were not on a diet I would eat some
chocolate.
Express a wish ___ If I saw a robbery I would call the
● What would you do if you had three wishes? police.
▲ If I had money I would buy all the collection ___ She closed the window before the cat
of Harry Potter books. If I had more time, got in.
I would go sightseeing to La Moca. And If ___ If he knew the truth he would be very
I could I would be a child again. angry.
9
2. How would you react to these situations? Act If you had time, we would play tennis together.
out a conversation with your partner. (you don´t have the time now, so it is unlikely
that we will play tennis together)
You found a wallet on the street with a lot of
If you wanted, I could help you to learn English.
money in it. There’s no name or address
inside. We would go out if Nancy came early.
If I had time I would take up a sport. (but I don’t
a) Your friend asked you if he or she could
have time -untrue in the present)
copy from your test.
b) You realized that someone was stealing If I were you, I´d explained him what happened.
money from work. This person is a good
friend of yours. Formation
c) You see that someone is punishing his or
her child without reason. If-clause Main clause
Hypothesis Result of the hypothesis
d) Your boss wanted you to fire one of your
best workers. You know that your boss Would / Could / Might +
If + simple past
bare infinitive.
wants to give the job to a relative.
3. Oral. In pairs. Ask and answer these questions You can combine positive, negative, and
with a partner. interrogative in the clauses. Notice the
examples:
a) What will you do this summer vacation if
you have time enough?
b) Where would you like to go if you had If my mother recovered, I might
With affirmative
go to the party with you, but
some money? statements
you know that´s impossible.
c) Who would you like to meet in person if
I could give him a compliment if
you could?
his behavior weren´t bad.
d) If you were born again, what would you
With negative If he weren´t very ill, he would
like to be? statements be at work.
e) What will happen to our planet if we
If I were you, I wouldn´t go to
don’t stop pollution and desertification? his house.
If you were born again, what
4. Writing. If you were born again what would /
With interrogative would you do?
might you do?. Write about it in your jornal
statements Where could you go if you had
and suppot your ideas.
money?
Stating circumstances
GRAMMAR FOCUS We use unless to state the specific circumstances
we need for something to happen or to do
something. It means the same as if...not.
How to talk about an imaginary Unless the weather gets better, I´ll go to the
or improbable situation beach with you. (If the weather does not get
better, I won´t go to the beach with you.)
We use the second conditional (type 2
conditional) to talk about an imaginary or If we don´t take a taxi, we can be late for the
improbable situation which is not likely to meeting.
occur in the present or future. We use if I were Unless we take a taxi, we can be late for the
you… to give advice. meeting.
10
Formation If I were you, I would practice for the match.

(be / practice)
Main clause a) If you _________ low-fat milk and chocolate
If-clause Hypothesis Result
cereal, the children __________ breakfast
of the hypothesis
without crying. (buy / eat)
simple present b) Our friends _________ us if you _____ your
According to the
Unless* + simple past
past perfect
type of condition relationship. (not leave / not brake)
c) Sarah and Tom ______ married if they _____
enough money for the party. (get / have)
* never use unless with would. Use unless in all d) I _______ you if you _______ me. (help / ask)
types of conditional sentences. e) They ______ their apartment if they _______
the paint they wanted. (paint / find)
I could pay him a compliment f) If I _______ you, I _____ with my husband
First conditional unless his behavior were to the party. (be / go)
disastrous.
g) She is really upset. If he _____ her, she ______
Unless he were very ill, he still ______ with him. (not betray / be)
would be at work.
h) Unless you ______ to help us, you _______
If you don´t study, you won´t
Second conditional with us. (want / study)
pass the exams. / Unless you
study, you won´t pass the i) I _______ the exams unless I ________ hard.
exams. (not pass / study)
7. In pairs. What would you do in each of these

5. Match the two clauses, A to B, forming past situations? Notice the example.
conditionals. Explain what each one express:
Your asthma got worst.
imaginary or impossible situations, or
advice. ● What would you do if your asthma got
worst?
▲ If my asthma got worst, I would go to
A B the hospital to have a complete
treatment.
1. If I were you, if they offered you a job
there? a) A blizzard came over Cuba last winter.
2. If they knew where she you’d get there by six. b) You were out of water.
was, c) You found your other half.
3. I wouldn’t take the job, they wouldn’t worry so
d) A friend of yours got positive to his AIDS
much. exam.
e) The thunderstorm and lightings started at
4. Would you go to China, if you won?
6:30 a.m.
5. If you left at five, I’d get a new one. f) Your hair were ugly and frizzy.
g) Your cell phone were stolen.
6. What would you do if I were you. h) You were someone else.
with the money, i) A heat wave killed many people.
j) Your ninety two-year-old grandma got an
infectious disease.
6. Form type 2 conditionals using the verbs in k) The door lock of your car suddenly
parenthesis in the correct tense as in the broke.
example. l) Your car were out of battery.
11
8. Identify these sentences as first or second Column A

conditionals.
a) One way to stop doing trafficking is…
a) If I were born again, I would like to be a b) The best way to reduce crime is...
professor. c) One way to reduce illiteracy is...
b) If they were here, we could begin the d) One thing to improve air quality is...
game. e) The best way to lessen poverty is...
c) If I see you tomorrow, we will talk about f) One thing to help the homeless is...
it. g) The best way to preserve nature is…
d) She’d have more friends unless she didn´t h) One thing to protect the ozone layer is...
criticize everyone so much.
Column B
e) If Tom has time, he’ll help his friend Carlos.
f) If Carlos needed help, Tom would help ___ to build more public housing.
him. ___ to have more police´s control on the
g) Unless we have more rain soon, the plants streets.
will all die. ___ to start a new teaching program.
h) If you didn’t study hard, you’d never pass ___ to provide more job possibilities.
the test. ___ to avoid air pollution.
i) If she doesn’t accept your invitation, she ___ to avoid all kind of environmental
can stay home. damages.
___ to avoid using products like hair spray.
9. Rewrite the sentences making the “if clause”
negative. Make any necessary changes to the 11. Are these words familiar to you? Discuss
main clause to keep the same meaning as in them in class.
the example.
If you worked hard, you would pass your
exams.
If you didn’t work hard, you wouldn’t pass
your exams / You wouldn’t pass your exams
unless you work hard.
a) If you went to the market early, you’d get
some fresh meat.
b) If you got up early, you would catch the
bus.
famine, litter, air pollution, flora and fauna,
c) If I sold my car, I’d be able to buy a little
endangered species, environmental damages,
apartment.
climate changes, the ozone layer
d) If it were sunny, we would go to the
beach.
e) If I got a resident permit, I’d be able to 12. Read the situation and answer these
stay in Canada. questions. Then debate them in class.
A recent study has concluded that the weather
phenomena will be increasing year by year.
LANGUAGE TRAINING There will be strong storms, hurricanes, and
lots of rains; many endemic species will
disappear, all this caused by men…
10. Match the phrases in column A to the a) What is your opinion about this?
appropriate solutions in column B. Then b) Is there any relationship between man
debate them with your classmates in class. and nature? Explain.
12
c) Why is it said that human beings are 2 4

G
1
responsible too? 6 10
d) Why is the weather making so many R N

changes?
E
e) What weather phenomena have
occurred that demonstrate the weather E
is changing?
F N
f) What have Cuban environmental
organizations done to protect our A H
environment?
g) What would you do if you were in charge O
of protecting the environment? U
3
13. Read these environmental situations and S

answer the question below giving possible 5
O E
solutions. Then discuss them in class.
8
E R
What would you do if....
F
a) …automobile pollution lowered the air 9
quality in most of main cities? F M

b) …air pollution damaged people´s health? 7
O E
c) …poverty and overcrowding ruined
people´s lives in many countries? C
d) …people didn’t have enough clean
T
water?
14. Find out the world problems to complete

A. Answer.
the crossword according to the information
below. How do you concern yourself with some of
these world problems? Tip Ѵ the appropriate
1) The environment is damaged by smoke scale. Support your answers.
or other waste from factories, making it
dirty and dangerous.
Problems A lot A little I don’t worry
2) Rain that contains dangerous substances
from factories, et cetera.
3) The mixture of smoke and fog produces
bad air.
4) The effect of carbon dioxide being
trapped in the earth´s atmosphere
causing global warming.
5) Not to have the ability to read and What would happen if each problem wasn´t
write. solved? Discuss in class using some of the
6) Buying and selling illegal drugs. following connectors.
7) The people that have no home.
8) The opposite of wealth. Linking words and phrases
9) Hunger that affects a great amount of
To begin / star with, One
people. way we, Another solution
To introduce suggestions
10) Dishonest exploitation of power for would be, Another way
personal gain. to… would be…
13
Linking words and phrases

to that. Look up them in a dictionary and
explain their differences and meanings to the
Because of/ owing to/ due class.
To express cause to the fact that, for this
reason… B. Try this.
thus, therefore, as a result,
To express effect In the crossword item 8 does not show what
consequently…
wealth and its opposite consist on. Try to create
in fact, as a matter of fact,
To express reality the appropriate definitions for both of them.
actually, in practice
obviously, clearly, needless
To emphasize what you say
to say
Say what this proverb means
All things considered, All in
To conclude
all, To sum up “Discretion is the better part of valour”
A. Do that!
There are three ways to name the lack of food
and nourishment. In the crossword Item 9 refers
READING AND WRITING
15. Talk about it.
Are you interested in the protection of our environment nowadays? Explain in class.
16. Read the following opinions and be ready to do

the exercises.
Roberta, James and Maria are friends. They are

talking about interesting things like the natural
phenomena that are taken place nowadays and
giving their advice.
Roberta-Italy
If I were leader of my country, I would ban cars
because they cause too much air pollution. I hate it
when I’m riding my bike in the street and I hardly
breathe because the traffic fumes. It makes feel
really ill. Air pollution causes acid rain, too, which kill trees and plants. I would also improve
public transport. People wouldn’t need to use their cars so much then. I think people should
walk more often, or use a bicycle, like me! If they did our cities would be healthier places to
live in.
James-Kenya
If I were a leader of my country, I wouldn’t allow hunters to kill endangered species. Did you know
that animals such as tigers and rhinos have been hunted so much that there will soon be none
left? I think we need to teach hunters that it’s wrong to kill these animals. I would also create
special parks where these animals could live safely.
14
Maria-Brazil
If I were leader of my country, I would stop logging companies from destroying the rainforest. It’s
terrible the way that animals and rare plants die when the trees disappear. Don’t these companies
know that they ´re not just destroying the trees and the wildlife? They could destroy us all! Trees
produce oxygen, which is one of our most basic needs. One answer to the problem is to make the
logging companies plant new trees. If they did that, it could save the rainforest and give all of us
cleaner air to breathe.
(Taken from Interchange, 3th edition)
A. The main idea of the reading is... __________________________________.
B. Answer the questions from the text.

a) Why can Roberta hardly breathe when she’s riding her bike?
b) What does acid rain kill?
c) What would happen if public transport were better?
d) What will happen if hunters continue killing endangered species?
e) What will happen if trees disappear?
f) What do trees provide? Why is it important to us?
C. Which current problems are mentioned in the reading? What would you do to avoid them?
D. Fill in the blanks the correct words from the list.

List: create, breathe, improve, destroys, causes, hunt.
a) Having more buses would ________ Public transport in cities.
b) Heavy traffic ________ a lot of air pollution.
c) If we _________ more parks in our cities, they would be nicer places to live in.
d) It’s so pollute I can’t__________ properly.
e) Many people: _______ endangered species for their fun.
f) Acid rain ____________ plants.
17. Write a Providing Solution to Problems Essay (PSP Essay*) in no less than 85 words. Take this
question as your starting point:
What should you do to help our society from the environmental problems that are taken place
nowadays? Give your advice.
– Brainstorming to complete and discuss in class.
Environmental
problems
Suggestions Results and consequences

_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
15
– Read and discuss in class this plan.

Introduction
Paragraph 1: Show the problem about the environment, the reasons why the environmental
problems have arisen and increased.
Main body
Paragraph 2: State your suggestion to decrease or avoid environment damage and the result
or consequence you expect.
(Begin a new paragraph for each suggestion)
Conclusion
Paragraph 3: Summarize your opinion.
*PSP Essay: in this type of writing you can suggest solutions to a problem and state results
or consequences you expect.
16
UNIT 3 What Had Happened?
WAYS TO SAY IT
After Miriam had swept her room, she went to the lobby. Suddenly Robert arrived, he had
something hidden.
Miriam ▲ Robert ●
▲ Hi, Robert, how have you been?

● Great, how about you?
▲ Fine, but tired. Has anyone called me?
● No, here there is a letter for you.
▲ Really? I bet it´s from my cousin Susan. I haven´t heard from her
in months.
● How come? You hadn’t talked about her up to now, had you?
▲ No, I hadn’t, but I’ve always been thinking of her, never doubt
it. She had wanted to come to Cuba, ever before I decided to Talk about a decision
come here. She had two problems. She didn’t have enough
money, and she had heard and after read in a newspaper
about a social worker course here in Cuba, then she went to
ask about it. Talk about events before
other events in the past
● Had anyone told her about the course?
▲ Yes, they had already registered her when she went to see them.
● So, she will be here soon, won’t she?
▲ Yes, I think so.
Say Right (R), Wrong (W) or I don´t know (IDK). Explain the wrong ones as you have learned:
a) ___ Miriam was cleaning her room.

b) ___ Robert gave her a present.
c) ___ Susan is Miriam’s mother.
d) ___ Susan had heard about a social worker course.
e) ___ Susan arrived yesterday.
17
Answer according to the text.

a) What was Miriam doing?
b) What did Robert have for her?
c) Who sent the letter?
d) Has Miriam been thinking of her cousin?
e) Did Susan have problems to come to Cuba? Support your answer.
Talk about a decision
● Why didn´t you warm Mary and Peter about

that neighborhood? GRAMMAR FOCUS
▲ Because they had already decided to move into
before I learned it was too dangerous to live in.
Talk about what had happened
Ask about something that had happened
We use the past perfect to talk about actions
● Had anyone told Bob about the exam? which happened in the past before another past
▲ Yes, they had action. We also use the past perfect to express
No, they hadn´t. an action that stated and finished in the past
and whose result is visible.
Talk about events before other events
in the past
I
● What did you do after you have dinner? had she / he / it Cooked …?
▲ I had dinner after I had taken a bath.
we / you / they
● Did you see Danny?
▲ No, when I came Danny had gone.
The past perfect action happened first and the
1. Match with the correct function. simple past action happened later.
Column A
Time
a) Had you talked about her?
b) She had wanted to come to Cuba.
c) She hadn’t had enough money.
d) They had already registered her when she Future
1st 2nd
went to see them.
Column B
___ Talk about a decision
___ Ask about something that had happened Past Simple Present
___ Say about something that had happened
I had cleaned before my mother
the house came back
2. Oral. Act out a conversation with your
partner using the previous communicative
functions of the unit. Notice the examples:
The professor arrived after the students had
3. Writing. Give an outline of your best or worst
gone.
experience that had happened before you
became an adult in your journal. And state Sue had studied hard before she did the exam.
the consequences in your life. They had eaten by 8 o´clock.
18
Formation Time expressions:
Expressing affirmative statements Expressions of time for the present perfect

include: since, for, never, just, before, after,
Auxiliaries: had = ´d already, till, until, when, by, by the time, et
cetera.
Aux. Past participle
I
We’d known them since 2009.
You I had already booked in the restaurant. I’d just
had cooked phoned them.
She / He / It Had Monica sent the letters yet?
We / You / They Had they till worked overseas?
4. Underline the correct form of the verbs in

parenthesis:
Expressing negation
a) I thought I knew her. I thought I (have
Auxiliaries: had not = hadn´t
seen / saw / had seen) her before.
b) He (had left / have left / left) when
Aux.+ not Past participle I arrived.
c) I saw Annabel last week. She (change / had
I changed / changed) a lot.
You
d) Terry wasn't at home He (had just gone /
hadn´t cooked go / went) out.
She / He / It e) I (have studied / had studied / studied)
English before I went to work to Canada.
We / You / They f) When he (called / call / had called) Susie
went to sleep.
g) Jenny (just get / got / had gotten) home
Expressing interrogative when the phone rang.
h) Lucy and Miriam (eat / ate / had eaten)
Yes / no questions Short answers before they came to see her friend Suzy.
i) The film (had started / start / started) when
● Had you already gone out? ▲ Yes, I had.
▲ No, I hadn´t. I arrived to the Cinema.
● Had Marian studied English ▲ Yes, she had. 5. Put the verbs into the correct form (past
before? ▲ No, she hadn´t.
perfect simple).
● Had Max and Mary just tasted ▲ Yes, they had.
Italian food? ▲ No, they hadn´t. a) He ________________ (not / be) to the Isle
of Youth before 1997.
b) When she went out to play, she __________
Information questions Answers (do / already) her homework.
c) My brother ate all of the cake that our
Where had you worked I´d worked at a National mum _____________ (make).
before? hospital.
d) The waiter brought a drink that I
What had Max done since He had bought and sold _________ (not / order).
1999? restaurants. e) I could not remember the lesson we
When had they fixed the They´d fixed it when it ________ (learn) the class before.
car? began to have some f) Kevin _____________ (phone) Angie before
problems.
he went to see her in London?
19
g) She _________ (not / ride) a bicycle before D. a) Robert wrote a good book last year.
that day. (when I met him)
h) They know where Mr. Rodríguez _________ b) _______________________________.
(go).
i) I _______________ (write) the letter before 8. Rewrite the following pairs of sentences so
I received yours. that one of them is in the past perfect tense.
j) She ______________ not ______________ Add any words that are necessary.
(know) that until you told her.
a) Jonny studied French. / He went to France.
k) You ______________ (be) to Cienfuegos a
b) We arrived at the movie. / The film started.
few days when I arrived.
c) The worker finished his work. / He closed
l) I didn’t leave until I ________________
all the doors.
(read) the newspaper.
d) He was in prison for robbery. / The police
6. Make a sentence in past perfect combining caught him.
the two statements. Use the connective. e) I had a great idea. / I prepared a surprise
party for my son.
The students finished the exercises. The
teacher arrived. (Before) 9. In pairs. Use the prompts to make statements.
The students had finished the exercise before Follow the example. Use when / before and
the teacher arrived. after.
a) James did the homework. He went to (I) went to Santiago de Cuba last July for
bed. vacations (My daughter) went to work to
(After) ____________________________. Santiago last August.
b) The meeting began. We got there. When my daughter went to work to Santiago
(Before) __________________________. de Cuba I had already been there.
c) Peter went to school. He had breakfast Prompts
(After) ____________________________.
d) We didn’t arrive home. The accident – I took English lessons / entered the language
happened school.
– Bobby had dinner / he called a taxi.
(When) ___________________________.
– Laura read the contract / signed it. The baseball
7. Write negative answers for the sentences and game began / (they) arrived at the stadium.
then read them aloud in class with your – They woke up / their friends came.
partner.
10. In groups of three. Talk about things that
a) Joan went to the doctor yesterday. (When had happened before another past action.
I saw her) Be creative in your answers.
b) Yes, but she hadn’t gone when I saw her.
One student starts up the conversation, and
A. a) Betty applied for the job a few days then asks the other one “How about you?”.
ago. (when Diana asked) SA: Last night when my father came from
b) _______________________________. work I had already done my homework.
B. a) David and Laura sent out the invitations How about you?
last week. (when Anne announced her SB: I had taken a shower before my mother
birthday) set the table for dinner.
b) _______________________________.
Situations
C. a) Bob painted his classroom yesterday.
(when Mr Brown visited our school) • visited my grandparents.
b) _______________________________. • passed my examinations.
20
• arrived home. academic regulations, he got to arouse his

• saw my friend Anne. students’ interests. ______ his work he taught
• left school. 12.000 students, and it has been the best
• met my friends at the airport. satisfaction of his life.
• entered the language school.
Frank McCourt was born in 1939 in New York.
He is an Irish immigrants’ son and he lived a
11. Write SP (Simple past), PP (present perfect)
large extent of his childhood in Ireland. _______
or Past P (past perfect) in front of each
an unfortunate childhood in that country, he
sentence to identify the tenses. Explain your
came back to New York where it took a hard
choice orally.
time for him to fit properly.
a) ____________My young sister had eaten McCourt was teaching for 30 years in
all the cake before dinner. Secondary Schools in New York. ______, he
b) ____________Have you left the keys at could not suspect that he would become one
home? of the most read authors ______ his retirement.
c) ____________The children often played In his 66 years old, after the death of his
games with each other. mother, who _______ wanted people knew
d) ____________Helen has worked on this ______ poor they had been, he published
school for the last ten years. ´Angela´s ashes´, an autobiography translated
e) ____________Bob hadn’t visited her into 20 languages and more than 20 million
friend´s new house before. copies were sold.
f) ____________Helen and Erick met outside
the Hotel. (Translated and adapted by Marjory Fritze
and Susana Arriola.
Taken from “Frank McCourt”, by Paz Alvarez,
Clara Magazine, Nº. 166, July, 2006, Canarias)
LANGUAGE TRAINING
A. Do that.
12. Arrange and number the paragraph of the – Complete the blanks with the words from the
article in the correct order. box.
FRANK MCCOURT
Box
From teacher to Pulitzer prize later, when, before, but, finally, surprisingly,
An autobiography in which the author, a not never, at first, so that, how, after, during
conventional teacher, tells about 30 years of
teaching in New York schools. – Find out these ideas in the article?
He won the Pulitzer prize and his story became Personal ambitious _______________
a very good film. _______, he published ´Lo Es´ Studies and work _______________
(It Is), where he tells his hard return to the city
Origins and childhood _______________
where he was born, New York.
Achievements _______________
______ he entered the university he had to
Teaching conception _______________
combine his studies with other kinds of jobs to
survive. ______ he thought to work in a bank, B. Try this.
later as a journalist. ______, ______ he decided
to join two things: children and books, ______ According to McCourt, teachers should try to
he decided to be a teacher. With 27 years old understand who are the people they have in
McCourt started to work as a teacher in New classrooms. Give your opinion about his
York. Thanks to his intuition and forgetting the viewpoint and debate in class.
21
13. In pairs. Talk with your partner about 15. It was Kitty’s birthday and she gave a party
something interesting, surprising, terrible, to share with her friends.
terrific, and scary that had happened before
What had she done before the day of the
another event in the past.
party?
Be 25 years old Ask and answer questions using the prompts.
I had already graduated when I was 25 years
old. Prompts
– Go to an interesting place – Bake a cake
– Visit a foreign country – Buy some drinks
– See a fire – Clean the house
– See a robbery – Put up decorations
– Be assaulted at night – Send the invitations
– Make some croquets
14. Make an account of things you had done or – Borrow some CDs
hadn´t done before you began your life as a
worker. Begin answering this question: 16. Tell a short story about something important
What had I done? or interesting that had happened to you. You
can link the events with time words such as:
Travel to other provinces
first, until, when, before, after, eventually, at
I had already travelled to other provinces
once, finally, et cetera.
when I started working but I had not...
– Meet people from other countries
– Finish the English course
– Get married “A bad excuse is better than none”.
– Make a scientific research
READING AND WRITING
17. Talk about it.
Do you like real or fiction stories? Tell about one you have read or I´m lost. What
known. should I do?
18. Read the following story and do the exercises.
It was a very foggy day in London. The fog was so thick that it was
almost impossible to see more than a foot or so. Buses, cars and taxis
were not able to run and were standing by the side of the road. People
had tried to find their way about on foot but lost their way in the fog.
That day Mr. Smith, an old neighbor, had attended to an important
meeting at his office on Morgan Street, and he tried to return home
but had realized he was quite lost. Suddenly, he had found that a
stranger was much closed to him and he decided to ask him for help
and told his address. The stranger agreed to help and took him to his
house. To my neighbour’s surprise the fog was getting thicker every
minute but the stranger had no difficulty in finding the way.
22
When they had arrived at the entrance door Mr. Smith thanked and asked him how he had found
the way in that terrible fog. The stranger just said, “It hasn’t been any trouble at all to me, I´m
blind".
(Adapted from an English Brush Up Course)
A. Give a title to the story: “____________________________________________”.

B. Say true or false. Correct the false statements.
a) ____ Transportation is good in foggy days.
b) ____ Mr. Smith really needed some help to get to work.
c) ____ The man who took Mr. Smith to his house was his friend.
d) ____ The stranger was a great help for Mr. Smith.
e) ____ Mr. Smith had a sight problem.
C. Answer the following questions about the story.

a) Was there a pleasant weather in London?
b) How did people feel on the streets? Why?
c) Could Mr. Smith find his way home easily?
d) Did the stranger reject his help?
e) Had Mr. Smith asked the stranger his name after getting home?
f) Why had Mr. Smith been so surprised when he arrived home?
g) What was the stranger’s response?
h) How would you react if you were Mr. Smith?
19. Write a real or imaginary story about a surprising event happened in the past in no less than
90 words. Have your plan first.
– Read and discuss in class this plan.
Title: A title which involves what your narration is about.
Introduction
Paragraph 1: Set the scene (who–where–when–what) try to catch the readers´ attention in an
interesting way. You can describe the weather, surroundings, people, et cetera.
Main body
Paragraph 2: Develop your story describing the incidents leading up to the main event and /
or describe the event itself. (you can write two or more paragraphs)
Conclusion
Final paragraph: end your story making reference to moods, consequences, people´s reactions,
feelings, comments, et cetera.
Useful advice
At first, before, until, when, while, during, then, after,

Use time words:
finally…
Piercing eyes, extravagant, luxurious, chilly, disgusted,
Use sophisticated adjectives:
tiring, damp, exhilarating…
23
Useful advice
Lazily, threateningly, fearlessly, sleepily, aimlessly,

Use sophisticated adverbs:
surprisingly, warmly…
You can use Past continuous, simple past, past perfect
– Refer to your feelings or moods
To start your story or end it – Addressing the reader directly
– Create mystery or suspense
24
UNIT 4 I Guess…
WAYS TO SAY IT
Albert and Bobby are waiting for some friends in a party. It´s late and they haven’t shown up yet.
Albert ● Bobby ▲
● I wonder what´s keeping Sandra.

▲ She might have lost the directions.
State a possibility
in the past
● Why hasn’t Tom called yet?
▲ He may have left his phone somewhere.
● Do you think Mike might have gotten lost?
▲ Oh, I doubt it. He must not have written down the address correctly.
State a conclusion
● I guess I should have called him before.
▲ You know, I think you should have waited a little longer for him at Express regret
the bus stop.
Make a judgment
Right (R) or Wrong (W)? Explain the wrong ones.

a) ___ Albert and Bobby are making a guest list for a party.
b) ___ Everybody is at the party, but Bobby and Albert.
c) ___ Bobby and Albert are worried about their missing friends.
Match the related functions.

Column A Column B
a) She might have been busy at work. _____ State a possibility
b) I guess you should have tried them on at the store. _____ State a conclusion
c) He must have been sick again. _____ Make a judgment
d) I should have had more time. _____ Express regret
e) We must not have gone there.
f) She may not have understood the message.
g) I think something must have come up.
h) The man might have lost the control of the car.
25
State a possibility in the past c) Why they know everything about me?
____ Your sister must have told them.
● Where was Albert last night?
____ Your sister might not have known
▲ He might have worked late.
anything.
● You know what, My brother didn´t pass the
Math test. d) Why hasn’t he given her the present?
▲ If he had studied hard, he could have passed ____ He should have decided what to buy.
it. ____ He must not have decided what to
buy yet.
State a conclusion
2. Complete these ideas. Suppose…
● I arrived late to class.
▲ Well, you should have left the house earlier. a) You tried to call a friend last night, but she
didn’t answer.
● Miriam took a vacation in a wonderful place.
She ________________________
Where do you suppose she went to?
▲ Well, she might have been to a five stars b) You didn’t pass the English test last month.
hotel with a beautiful beach in front of it. I ________________________
Express regret c) You imagine why the cafeteria is closed.

It´s always open -24 hours a day.
● I am so sorry. I was a little rude with the Something ________________________
teacher yesterday. What should I have done?
▲ Well I think you should have asked her for an d) You were late to work this morning.
excuse. The alarm clock ____________________
● I would have come to see Susan. I didn’t e) The corner of the street is full of people.
know she was ill.
▲ I think you should have called her before. She Something ________________________
might have been angry. f) We are responsible of the pollution of the
planet.
Make a judgment
We ________________________
● You were supposed to be here at eleven p.m., g) You forgot your boyfriend´s birthday
but you didn’t. We were worried about you. present.
What happened?
He ________________________
▲ The bus didn´t come on time.
h) Your husband or wife goes to work very
● Well, I think you should have called us.
late.
▲ I think you should have waited a litter longer
for me. She or he ________________________
1. Select the correct answer. Explain your 3. Oral. In pairs. Choose a partner and react to
choice. these situations based on any of the functions
studied.
a) Why is Susan so late?
Situation A
____ She may have forgotten about the
meeting. Your parents were supposed to be at your
____ She must not have had enough time. house for dinner two hours ago.
b) Did he miss the flight? Situation B
____ He should have checked before. Your meeting was supposed to begin at
____ He must have had a problem. 3:30 p.m., but the principal hasn’t come yet.
26
Situation C He couldn´t have walked

right. (I´m sure he didn´t
A special person was supposed to be in touch walk right)
with you again, but you haven’t heard from
him or her since then. Interrogative
Modal verb + subject + ● Should he have booked
4. Writing. Write in your journal about different have + past participle this table for us?
experiences you had in the past. State what ▲ No, he shouldn´t, but he
you should have done and how you could did.

♦ May we have booked
have changed these past situations in favor earlier to have a better
of you. table?
■ Yes, we may, but we as
always are doing things at
the eleventh hours.
GRAMMAR FOCUS 5. Underline the correct modal.

a) Robert looks tired. He____ have been
working until late. (might, could, should)
How to talk about possibilities,
conclusions, regrets and judgments b) There´s no any juice. I think Kevin ______
in the past have drunk all. (could, may, must)
c) My boyfriend is being late. He _____ have
We use may, might, must, should + have + past lost the bus. (should, could, might)
participle to express actions that were possible
but did not happen or when we are almost sure d) Lucy had to take care of her children.
that something happened. They show different They _____ have been sick. (should, must,
ideas and communicate intentions, such as: could)
May have and Might have + pp (Possibility) e) You ´ve got a fever. You _____ have seen a
Must have + pp (Conclusion) doctor. (might, could, should)
Should have + pp (Regret or Judgment) f) You know where Miriam was yesterday.
She _____ have forgotten our date. (must,
could, may)
Past modal formation
Affirmative Examples 6. Choose the correct answer.

Subject + modal verb + Gloria might have gone last A. Didn’t we order roast beef?
have + past participle week. (Perhaps she went last
week) a) Yes, they may have changed the order.
She could have called her
It´s happened before.
boss yesterday. (It´s possible b) Yes, they should have changed the
she has called her boss) order. It´s happened before.
He must have damaged his B. I am very worried about Betty’s behavior.
knees and feet. (I´m sure he
has damaged his knees and a) I think we must have talked to her
feet) yesterday.
We may have bought it. (It´s b) I think we should have talked to her
likely we had bought it) yesterday.
Negative C. Is Catty coming or not?
Subject + modal verb + David can´t have gone to
a) You know what? She might not have
not + have + past school because he has been known about the party.
participle ill. (I´m certain he hasn´t b) You know what? She must not have
gone to school) known about the party.
27
D. Hello? Hello? They hung up! 9. Complete the conversation using the past
a) It should have been a wrong number. modal and the correct form of the verbs in
b) It must have been a wrong number. parentheses. Then practice the conversations
with a partner.
E. I´m very angry with you because you didn’t
call me on time. A: How was the surprise party for Angela?
a) Sorry, I must have called you at once. B: It was fun, but she didn’t look surprised
b) Sorry, I should have called you at once. at all.
A: Someone______________ (tell) her about
7. Use may, might, must, should have + past it before the party, that’s for sure.
participle according to the situation.
B: Yeah, you’re right. We __________
a) I didn’t do well on my English test last (suppose) that it ___________ (happen).
Thursday. I ___________ (study) more. A: I don’t know. What about Karen? She
b) He ate very much tonight. He __________ can’t keep a secret. She ___________ (tell)
not (be) hungry. her.
c) Betty missed the class today. She’s never B: Possibly. Or maybe it ____________ (be)
absent, so she ________ (be) sick. someone else.
d) We went to the new Italian restaurant last
night. The food was terrible and the 10. Fill in the blanks using Could have, should
service awful. We _____________ not (go) have, and would have.
to that restaurant.
e) I didn’t see her anymore. I guess she I could have bought some juice but I didn’t
_______________ (move) out. know we needed it. (Past possibility)
f) Sandra is never late. She________________ a) We _____________ so many people to our
(have) some errands to do. party! I’m worried that we won’t have
enough room for everyone. (Past negative
8. Complete the short conversations. advice / regret)
a) A: Paul fell asleep in class this morning. b) We _____________ you at the movie, but
B: She _________________ (stay up) too late we couldn’t get someone who takes care
last night. (reach a conclusion) of the baby. (Past willingness)
b) A: Joel is eating everything in the salad c) They ___________ the game, but Kevin
but peppers. He’s taken all of the peppers hurt his ankle. (Past possibility)
out of his plate with the fork. d) Lucy _____________ earlier. She missed her
B: He _________________ (like) onions. flight. (Past advice / regret)
(reach a conclusion) e) I _____________ so much chocolate! I feel
c) A: Kevin was not at school yesterday awful. (Past negative advice / regret)
morning. Where was he? f) Luke could have passed the exam if he’d
B: I don’t know. _________________ (state studied a bit more. (Past possibility)
a possibility) g) You _____________ rude to him. He’s going
d) A: Susana took a vacation in a warm sunny to be really angry now. (Past negative
place. Where do you suppose she went? advice / regret)
B: Well, ______________________ (state a h) She _____________ to the meeting if she’d
conclusion) left home earlier. (Past possibility)
e) A: My Granma newspaper doesn’t come in i) I think that you don´t like this job. So, you
the mail anymore. I wonder why. _____________ it. (Past negative advice /
B: Did you run out your subscription? regret)
A: That’s probably the problem. I (forget) j) I’m really cold! I _____________ my
_______ to renew it. (reach a conclusion) sweater. (Past advice / regret)
28
11. Complete with must have or might have. e) Didn’t you buy the meat?
f) Why is Peter so angry?
a) She ___________ really hard. She passed
all her exams with excellent marks. Column B
b) The show was fantastic. You really _______.
___ She must have felt tired.
c) Sue ___________ so happy when she
___ I might have forgotten it on my way.
found out she got the job.
___ He may have gotten lost.
d) I forgot my wallet in the shop and it's
___ He might have been in the wrong place.
disappeared. Someone ___________ it.
___ I should have told him the truth.
e) Clara was very upset with you yesterday.
___ It might have been anywhere.
You ___________ for saying she was lazy.
f) John has forgotten about the party. We 14. On your own
___________ him about it yesterday.
g) I'm sorry but Sara isn't here. She a) If you have failed the English test, what
_________ already _________. should you have done before?
h) He didn´t know it was your birthday. b) If you have told a secret to a friend, what
Otherwise, I'm sure he ___________ you a shouldn’t he or she have done?
happy day. c) If someone has found a wallet on the
street, what may he or she have done?
12. Write five examples on your own. d) If you are allergic to dust, and you
have gone to the country, what might
have happened to you?
LANGUAGE TRAINING 15. Answer

a) What should you have done to make
your life more successful?
13. Match the questions with the correct
b) May something have been disappointing
meaning: possibilities, conclusions, regrets
to you? Support your answer.
or judgements.
c) Have you ever regretted to something
Column A you’ve done or haven’t done? Explain.
a) What´s keeping Bill?
b) Did Mark forget the date?
c) Why did she do that? “A constant guest is never welcome”.
d) Where was the dog?
READING AND WRITING
16. Talk about it.
Do you like to receive and give presents for any celebration?
17. Read the following reading carefully and be ready to do the exercises.
“Looking for a gift”

Brad is helping his friend Mike buy a gift for his new “girlfriend”.
Mike: I really appreciate your coming with me Brad. I´m not really good at picking out gifts.
29
Brad: Let’s just look around and maybe we can find

something. It´s worth trying. Actually, I guess you might
have decided what to get her, right?
Mike: You know I might have asked her about her likes or
needs when I had the chance, but I didn’t. I want to keep a
secret and a surprise.
Brad: Don’t worry, Brad. I am the perfect guy for your
choice. Oh! Look at that perfume! They are always such a
good present and women always love them.
Mike: What if she doesn´t like this one?
Brad: Well, why don’t we get her a dress? Do you have any idea what size she wears?
Mike: No, I don’t have the slightest idea.
Brad: She may wear a medium. I think almost everyone does.
Mike: What if it doesn´t fit her?
Brad: Then, music is also a good choice. Let’s get a CD.
Mike: But I´m not sure what kind of music she likes either. I guess I should have known.
Brad: Mike, tell me the truth… do you really know her?
Mike: Of course… for a few days.
Brad: Wow! No kidding! Anyway, I guess you should have found out about her, but you are not
really good at picking out, as I see.
Mike: I got it! Let’s buy some flowers. The sooner, the better. You see I´m good at this.
Brad: You might have told me before.
Mike: Besides, she might have liked flowers as every woman does. Let’s buy some red roses… Brad?
Brad: What?
Mike: What if she doesn´t like them red?
Brad: Oh! Come on, Mike. Be more positive this time.
Mike: You are the perfect guy for this choice, remember?
Brad: I hope you are right.
A. Say Right (R), Wrong (W) or I don´t know (IDK). Explain the wrong ones as you have learned.
a) ____ Mike and his girlfriend have known each other for such a long time.
b) ____ He has had trouble deciding what to get.
c) ____ Brad and Mike have been shopping twice before.
d) ____ In fact, Mike didn’t know about what her preferences were.
e) ____ It was Mike’s girlfriend’s birthday present.
f) ____ Mike decided to buy a perfume and red roses in the end.
B. Choose a or b:
Actually Mike… a) __ knew perfectly what to get
b) __ didn’t find out about her likes
30
He wanted… a) __ to give her a surprise gift

b) __ to give her a surprise party
He… a) __ didn’t know what her size was
b) __ didn’t remember her size
He decided… a) __ to buy her a CD
b) __ to buy her some red roses
Finally he said… a) __ that the flowers were a good choice
b) __ not to get her anything at all
Answer according to the text.

a) Why was Brad helping Mike?
b) Did he really know her well?
c) How many gifts did Brad propose? Which were they?
d) Did he finally get anything? Why?
e) What should Mike have done?
f) Is it appropriate to buy something to someone you don’t know well? Explain
g) What would you have done if you had been in that case?
h) Which present would you have preferred if you had been in such a situation?
D. Read the dialogue and find another way to say these statements.
a) Maybe I had the possibility to ask about her needs.
___________________________.
b) I regret I didn’t know it.
___________________________.
c) My conclusion is that she liked red flowers.
___________________________.
d) It was possible for you to tell me in advance.
___________________________.
E. Suppose you were given a gift you don’t like at all. What might you have reacted when receiving
it? Discuss your answer in class.
18. Write a narration about a special celebration in which a special gift was given to you in no less
than 100 words. Make a new plan based on the one of the exercise 18 in unit 3.
31
UNIT 5 Risky Jobs
WAYS TO SAY IT
Maggie is talking with her new neighbor Stella to know more about her life.
Maggie ● Stella ▲
● Did you finish college?
▲ Yes, fortunately
● What do you suppose your life would have been if you hadn’t
finished? Imagine something
▲ Well, I suppose I’d have worked in a boring job somewhere and
I probably wouldn’t have spoken a word of English.
● You know sometimes I’m sorry I went into business.

▲ Really? Don’t you like what you are doing?
● Well, my job pays well but it doesn’t really interest me. If I had
Express regret
gone to journalism school, I could have been a TV reporter.
● Would you have ever lived in a very cold climate?
▲ If I had had the chance, I would. Who knows? Maybe I’d have Discuss possibilities
gone to Alaska. Would you?
● Me? Never. I think it’s too cold.
Answer about the conversation.

a) Is Stella a university student?
b) How would Maggie have felt having a different job?
c) Does Stella know how to speak English?
d) Is Maggie satisfied with her present job? Explain.
e) What did Maggie want to study?
f) Did they only talk about their jobs? If not, explain.
g) Who would rather live in a cold weather?
h) What is Maggie’s opinion about it?
Imagine something Express regret

● I have felt my test. If I had gone to a Ballet school I could have been
▲ If you hadn´t made that mistake, you´d have a good dancer.
passed it. If I hadn´t wasted a lot of money last year I
would have had my own apartment.
32
Discuss possibilities 3. Oral and writing. Discuss the following

situations with your partner and write about
● Where would you like to go if you had the it in your journal.
chance to?
▲ If I had had the chance I would have gone to a) What would you do if you won $1,000
Canada. dollars?
b) Who would you like to be if you woke up
1. Match and practice. tomorrow as a different person?
c) What three things would you have liked
Column A to take with you if you had been on a
a) If I had left home when I finished school, I desert island?
would have missed living near my family. d) Which single items would you have saved
b) If you had studied hard, you wouldn’t if your house had caught fire?
have failed the test. e) What two things will you first do if you’ll
c) If she had lived in a bigger house, she be the president of a country?
could have had more than five children.
d) If you had talked about it, he would have
laughed a lot.
Column B
GRAMMAR FOCUS
_____ Express regret.
_____ Discuss possibilities.
_____ Imagine something. How to talk about imaginary situations
in the past
2. Match column A to column B. Then identify
the functions shown in each phrase. We use the third conditional (type 3 conditional)
to talk about imaginary situations in the past,
Column A e.g.: If I had learned how to speak other
a) If the weather had been nice, language, I could have worked at the airport; to
b) If we had gone to a good restaurant, express regret or criticism, e.g.: If Sue had study
c) If John had learned more words, so much, she wouldn´t have failed the test; It
d) If the boys had taken the bus to school, also refers to post situations that did not
e) If the teacher had explained the homework, happen. Example:
f) If they had waited for another 10 minutes,
● Why didn´t you meet me at the airport?
g) If the police had come earlier,
▲ If I had known of your arrival I should have met
h) If you had bought fresh green vegetables,
you. (But I didn´t know so I didn´t meet you)
i) If Alex had asked me,
j) If he had spoken more slowly, Formation
Column B
If-clause Main clause
___ they would have played football. Hypothesis Result of the hypothesis
___ we could have had a better dinner.
If + past
___ he could have written a good report. perfect / past
Would
past
___ they would have arrived on time. Could have
perfect participle
Might
___ I could have done it. continuous
___ they could have seen the pop star.
___ they could have arrested the burglar.
You can combine positive, negative, and
___ your salad would have tasted better.
interrogative in the clauses. Notice the
___ I might have emailed the documents. examples.
___ Peggy could have understood him.
33
If my mother had recovered, I c) If she ______ (be) qualified, she _______

With affirmative might have gone to the party (find) a good job.
statements with you, but you know that was
impossible. d) If they ________ (leave) on time, he
_________ (not / be) late for the meeting.
If I hadn´t talked to her, you
couldn´t have gone. e) If you _______ (stop) smoking, you ______
With negative (be) in better health conditions.
statements If the plane had left on time, we
wouldn´t have seen and said f) She ________ (go) to the movies if she
good bye.
______ (finish) work earlier.
Where would you have gone if I
had called you? g) The dog _______ (not / bite) you if you
With interrogative
statements ______ (not tease) it.
If Sarah had told you, what could
you have done?
7. Give a logical ending to these sentences.
4. Underline the correct form to complete the a) If she had invited him, ___________.
conditional statements. b) If Tommy hadn’t caught the cup,
___________.
a) If we (had / had had) an ambulance we
could have saved his live. c) I would have gone out if ___________.
b) They (could have reached / could reached) d) He would have found his wallet
the top if they had started earlier. ___________.
c) If he (had / had asked) you to go camping, e) I wouldn’t have burned my hands if
would you have accepted? ___________.
d) We (would have / would have had) roast f) If I had had a car, ___________.
pork for lunch if my sister hadn´t burned
g) If it hadn’t been raining, _______________.
it.
e) If you (knew / had known) that he was the 8. Use the following notes to make sentences
robber, would you have called the police? using imaginary situations
5. Complete with conditional 3 using the verbs not to catch a cold
in parentheses. If she had been more careful, she wouldn’t
have caught a cold.
a) If I ______ (be) you, I would have painted
the house door white. a) to stop drinking alcohol.
b) If he had left the books there, his mother b) not to break his leg.
_______ (be) very angry. c) to work hard
c) The tree ______ (smash) the roof if it had d) to improve your English
fallen on the house. e) not to walk to work.
d) If we ________ (know) the news, we could f) to solve your problem
have helped them. g) to be on time
e) If I _________ (see) him, I should have
helped him. 9. A chief researcher of an archeology expedition
to South America has just hired six students to
6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense go with him. Complete his conversation with
to make conditional sentences expressing another archaeologist.
imaginary situations. (Conditional type 3)
A: Well, how did you make out?
a) If I _______ (not / lie) to my boss, he ______ B: I hired 6 excellent students, but I wish
(not / fire) me. I could have hired more. If they ______me
b) If he ______ (have) his car, he _______ (give) to hire more than six students, I _______ a
us a ride to the station. lot happier right now.
34
A: Why for?
B: There were a lot of other good
candidates, and they were all interested. LANGUAGE TRAINING
A: Anyone I know?
B: Alex. He knows a lot about archeology,
but he’s not very outgoing unfortunately. 12. Read the story below and write conditional
If he _______________ such a shy person, sentences. Be ready to discuss them in class.
I _____________ him to join the Ben offered to help his neighbor fix the roof
expedition. Then there’s Nancy. She’s very so he climbed up the ladder. He fell off the
qualified, but her Spanish is quite poor. If ladder and broke his leg. He went to
she _______ better Spanish, I think hospital. He met Linda there. They fell in
definitely I _________ her, too. love and got married 6 months later.
10. Look at the example and complete the 13. In pairs. Make up dialogs to find out why
table. one of you is sad or happy. Say what you
would or wouldn’t have done if something
Conditional 1 Conditional 2 Conditional 3 had or hadn’t occurred before. Follow the
example.
I would have
I´ll do it if I have I would do it if I
the time had the time
done it if I had
had the time
Situation 1:
☺ (you passed your exam)
If I see her, I´ll (study hard–difficult test)
tell her
Student A: Why are you so happy?
Conditional 1 Conditional 2 Conditional 3 Student B: Because I passed the exam, but...
If I hadn´t studied hard, I wouldn´t have
I would buy it if
you gave me a passed that difficult exam.
L
discount
Situation 2: (you ran over a dog) (pay
Would she have
passed if she had more attention to the road–a little dog)
studied hard?
Situation 3: L (you missed the bus) (wake
11. Rewrite these statements using all types of up earlier–late to work)
conditionals.
a) What will he do if he has time?
Situation 4: ☺ (you visited The Moncada
Garrison) (stay a week in Santiago de Cuba
b) What would you do if you had the – That important historical place)
☺ (the school board gave you

possibility of getting better the human
beings? Situation 5:
c) What will he say if he knows the truth? a prize). (Win a language contest–an
d) We would give the money if you asked important prize).
us.
e) If she gets hungry, he will eat her dinner.
f) If these stamps are genuine they will be
Situation 6: L (you couldn´t buy tickets
for the concert) (arrive late at the ticket
worth a lot of money.
booth – tickets for the concert)
g) I would buy you a present if I knew about
your birthday. 14. Match the job with its skill.
h) You might have lost some weight if you
had taken more exercise. Jobs Job skills
i) You had known the news if she could a) manicurist __ Operate heavy
have told you before. machines
35
b) clerk __ Check and A. Do that.

maintain
– Classify some of these jobs according to
business records,
the following prompts. Explain your
prepare forms and
answers.
reports
Busy, hectic, tiring, unpleasant, reliable,
c) welder __ Assemble
dangerous, boring, risky, a lot of
components
responsibility, challenging, good/ bad
d) stock clerk __ Take care of
benefits, stressful, relaxing, pleasant, et
children
cetera.
e) soldier __ Fly a plane
– Which of these jobs or another one
f) machine operator __ Sell shoes and
would you have ever practiced? Why
clothing
not?
g) lawyer __ Plant and harvest
– What kind of skills does a self-employed
the crop
need to be successful? Complete the
h) assembler __ Cut up, chop,
table above with the main skills and
grind and weight
discuss in class.
meat
i) dockworker __ Save and protect B. Think about it. In groups.
the country from
Complete the following chart making a
external threat
list of the advantages and disadvantages
j) butcher __ Weld metal
of being a self-employed. Notice the
k) graphic designer __ Put fire in the
examples.
mouth
l) Pilot __ Represent and
defend clients in
court Self-employed
m)babysitter __ Make people
laugh, walk and
do funny gestures
n) accountant __ Tidy and control
the income and Advantages Disadvantages
expenditures of No bosses to control us Pay many taxes
the products. Work freely… No money if we are ill
…
o) farmer __ Speak, read, listen
and write
competently in 1. Try this. In teams.
other language Now, based on the answers of the previous
p) trapeze artist __ Shape and polish item and using the definition below write
nails about being a self-employed.
q) fire-eater __ Carry bags and
goods
r) clown __ Swing from rope Self-employed: earning a living by working
to rope high independently of an employer, either freelance
above the ground or by running a business
s) Translator __ Design and
integrate text, Team A: write the introduction
typography and Team B: write a paragraph with the
illustrations to advantages with justifications
make books and Team C: write a paragraph with the
magazines disadvantages with justifications
t) self-employed ? Team D: write the conclusions
36
15. In pairs. Choose two of the previous jobs in Say what this proverb means
exercise 14 and complete the chart. Then
talk about it. “A day of sorrow is longer than a month of
joy”.
JOB?
Advantages Disadvantages
______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________
READING AND WRITING
16. Talk about it.

Do you like the Circus? Have you ever gone there? Support your answer.
17. Read the following text carefully and do the exercises.

How many of us used to dream of joining the circus when we were
children? Well, Chris Sawyers, a trapeze artist at Zippo’s Circus, did
just that. It took him ten years of training before he felt confidence
enough to perform six meters above the ground. Since then he has
become one of the few people in the world who can do four
somersaults one after the other. There are many risks involved in this
job. Trapeze artists need to work with a partner they can depend
on. Then flying through the air at 60 mph, they have to be sure their
partner will catch them, ”Many times in the past, if I hadn't had a
partner I could trust, I would have fallen and probably hurt myself
seriously”, said Chris. People who work in the circus love the risks
and the thrill of their profession. Broken bones are part of the job,
“I just wish they didn't take so long to mend”, Chris explained. He earns a lot of money per
week, but it is certainly not easy money.
(Taken from Enterprise 3, Unit 14)
A. Suggest a title to the reading: “_______________________________________”.
B. Choose the correct answer:

a) Chris Sawyers is a
___ circus director.
___ trapeze artist.
___ clown.
37
b) It took him
___ 4 years. to feel confidence of doing this jump.
___ 15 years.
___ 10 years.
c) He is
___ the only one in the world who can do four somersaults.
___ one of the few.
___ one of the many.
d) He earns a lot of money
___ per month.
___ per week.
___ per year.
e) Being a trapeze artist is really
___ dangerous.
___ common.
___ boring.
C. Answer the following questions about the text.

a) What does Chris Sawyers do for a living?
b) Why Chris is considered an outstanding artist?
c) How long did it take him to perform his great show?
d) What if he hadn’t counted on a partner he could trust?
e) Why is being a trapeze artist a dangerous job?
f) What are the pros and cons of jobs like this one according to your opinion?
g) What´s your view point about risky jobs? Would you have ever had one?
D. Complete giving your own ideas.

a) Being a Circus artist ________________________
b) If Chris Sawyers hadn’t __________________________
c) If I were Chris ___________________________
18. Write a “For and Against” Essay* and state the advantages and disadvantages If you had
worked as a / an ______________. Notice the plan first and then debate your preference in class.
– Read and discuss in class this plan first.

Introduction
Paragraph 1: State the profession you had had and make reference to its general features
without giving your opinion, e.g. what it consists of: teaching is the art of transmitting
knowledge, moral values and behavior…
Main body
Paragraph 2: Show the points For (advantages) with reasons or examples, e.g. One major
advantage of being a teacher is the great amount of knowledge teachers can acquire during
their lives, that is why they are prepared to take over some posts in the government…
Paragraph 3: State the points Against (disadvantages) with your justification, e.g. On the
other hand to be a teacher requires sacrifices such as to study for long hours…
38
Conclusion
Paragraph 4: Give your opinion or a balanced consideration e.g. In conclusion to be a
teacher is a good possibility to help our country, besides it is one of the most ways to learn
and acquire a general culture…
Useful advice Examples
Use topic sentences for each paragraphs: One of the first advantages of being a circus
performer is the fact that…
However there are disadvantages to being a
circus performer…
Firstly, it can be rather dangerous and risky to
jump without a protection…
To introduce points one major advantage / disadvantage of, one

point of view in favour of / against
To list points in the first place, first of all, to start with,
secondly, thirdly, finally
To add more points to the same topic what is more, furthermore, also, besides, in
addition to this/that,
To make contrasting points on the other hand, however, in spite of, while,
despite, even though, although,
To introduce examples for example, for instance, like, especially, such
as, in particular
To conclude to sum up, all in all, all things considered, in
conclusion, taking everything into account, as
was previously stated
*For and Against Essay: in this type of essay you can give advantages and disadvantages of a main
topic with appropriate justifications.
39
UNIT 6 I Need Someone Who…
WAYS TO SAY IT
Sarah is having lunch time at work and finds Gladys reading a book.
Sarah ● Gladys ▲
● Aren´t you going to have lunch, Gladys?

▲ No, I’m not that hungry.
● You aren´t! And what are you reading?
▲ “The house of the Spirits”.
● Who is it by? I guess Gabriel Garcia Marquez wrote it, didn´t he?
▲ No, it was written by Isabel Allende who comes from Chile.
Identify someone
● What is it about?
▲ It is about a woman, named Clara whose life is full of strong Give information
emotions and deceptions. This story takes place in a house where
constant conflicts are present among her, the husband and their
daughter. I can´t put it down.
● That sounds so interesting. I wish I could read it.
▲ I can lend it to you when I finish reading it.
● OH! I can´t hardly wait ... And speaking of houses, do you know
of anyone who wants to move? Ask for information
▲ Yes, I have a friend whose sister wants to move. What kind of

house are you looking for?
● Well, a house which is centrally-located and with two bedrooms.
Give information
▲ I´m not quite sure but I think she has a house that is bigger than
yours. She is someone who I met at the grocery. I´ll ask her when
I see her and I´ll let you know by phone. Identify someone
● That´s all right... And I hope it´s not “The House of Spirits”
40
▲ OH! By chance, her name is Clara too.

● What?
Say Right (R), Wrong (W) or I don´t know (IDK). Explain the wrong ones as you have learned.
a) ___ Gladys and Sarah have been working together for such a long time.
b) ___ Finally, they decided to have lunch because they were starving.
c) ___ Sarah thought that the book was written by a different author.
d) ___ She told her co-worker that she likes reading it too.
e) ___ She asked Gladys about a house to rent for her sister.
Answer according to the text:

a) What was Gladys doing when Sarah arrived?
b) Why isn´t Gladys having lunch?
c) How did Sarah find the story?
d) Which is her need?
e) Has Gladys heard of anyone for Sarah’s need? Who?
f) How will Sarah know the answer to her need?
Identify someone 1. Match with the correct functions.
● Who is that man on the corner? Column A

▲ That man is Glenda´s father who wants to a) Identify someone
move as well. b) Talk about needs
c) Ask a friend for information
Talk about needs d) Give information
● Who are you looking for? Column B
▲ I need someone who takes care of
___ I need someone who paints houses.
We need my son.
___ Do you know of anyone who sells a TV
I am looking a repairman who can fix my
set?
for TV.
___ She is someone who I gave some help
someone who rents a room /
once.
sells a TV...
___ I have a classmate whose daughter wants
to get a camera.
Ask for and give information ___ We know a man whose father has a taxi.
___ I am looking for someone who takes care
● Do you know of who takes care of
of children.
anyone children?
who repairs DVDs? 2. Oral. Read the situation and recommend
who wants to move to ...? some places to visit. Use the places listed
who sells a sofa? below. Give as many details as you can about
▲ I have your choice. See the example.
I know a friend who takes care of
children Situation
a neighbour who repairs DVDs You have met a tourist who is visiting Cuba
a co-worker whose son wants for the first time. The tourist asked you about
to move to … interesting places she/he could visit. Give
a daughter who sells a… advice.
41
Places A compound sentence is a sentence that contains

two or more clauses that can stand independently
José Martí Memorial, the Moncada Garrison, El
or not. When the meaning of a clause depends
Morro Castle, Che Guevara Memorial, The
on the other one it is classified as a subordinated
Capitol, Bayamo´s waxworks, The Cathedral
clause. It can work as an adjective, adverb or noun
Square, Viñales Valley, The Fine Arts Museum,
and it can be relative or adverbial.
China Town.
Relative clauses: subordinate clauses which make
A: I am going to stay in Havana for a couple of reference to the subject or a noun clarifying or
days. What places could I visit? adding further information about it. They are
B: Well, you can visit José Martí Memorial. It is linked with the main clause using who, whose,
a place that provides unique information that, which, whom, etc. (relative pronouns).
about Cuban history.
Adverbial clauses: subordinated clauses that give
3. Writing. Write in your journal about your more information related to the time, places,
family and friends. Describe them making reasons, etc. they are linked with the main clause
reference to their main characteristic and bad using where, when, why, etc. (relative adverbs).
habits as in the example. Examples:
My cousin, Martha, is the nervous person I´m studying German. (simple sentence)
who can fill all a room with her smoke if she The German teacher, whose name I don´t
stays more than 5 minutes in is. She doesn’t remember, is really good at teaching.
care what people say. (compound sentence / relative clause)
I am studying German at the Language school
where I learned English. (adverbial clause /
referring to the place)
To meet Marcus was the reason why I´m
GRAMMAR FOCUS studying German. (adverbial clause of reason)
He cried when he saw the movie. (adverbial
clause of time)
How to give more information
Use
We use compound sentences to clarify or give
more information about the main clause or
idea. For
For people For things
possession
Subject Who Which Whose
I need some help with the children care.
Object Who/whom Which Whose
I need a person who can take care of them after
5:00 p.m. (I need someone specific / clarify the
information)
Place Time Reason
This is John whose son is working abroad.
(giving more information) Where When Why
The reason
why
Notes
A simple sentence is a group of words or a single Punctuation

word that expresses a complete thought,
feeling, or idea. It usually contains an explicit or We use a relative clause between commas when
implied subject and a predicate containing a we add more information which is not essential
finite verb. to the main clause. We can also use parentheses.
42
Examples: I. The woman _____ lives in that house is

very rich.
Thanks to my neighbour, who lives across, I have
water. a) which b) who c) where
My neighbour (whose name is Anays) helps us J. The book ____ I borrowed from the library
have water every day. is very interesting.
a) that b) whose c) where
4. Underline the correct relative clause.
a) That is the room (who he wants to rent / 6. Match column A with column B to make
whose father rents / which I need to rent) correct sentences.
b) Those are the boys (where the mother works / Column A
whose mother works here / when the mother
works) a) The girl
c) I know someone here (which book is very b) Is this the puppy
interesting / where that interesting book was c) The doctors
published- who has written a very interesting d) The man
book) e) The country
d) My friend Bob (who had been to Venezuela / f) The bicycle
Where Venezuela is / when Venezuela was g) Is this the woman
founded) came yesterday. Column B
e) We are planning the place (where we have
met / who we met- when we can met) ____ which you bought from the Pet shop?.
____ whose wife had an accident lives next
5. Choose the correct answer: door.
____ whose husband is a banker?
A. The Titanic hit an iceberg. That´s _____ it ____ who lives next door is called Susan.
sank. ____ who work in this hospital are very good.
a) who b) which c) why ____ which I like the most is England.
B. The rabbit is an animal ____ only eat ____ which I was riding belongs to my
plants and vegetables. brother
a) who b) whose c) that
7. Combine the following sentences into one
C. Athens is the city ____ the first modern idea using relative subordinate clauses.
Olympic Games took place.
a) that b) which c) where She told me about the letter. She wrote it to
her parents yesterday.
D. John is a boy _____ studies hard every day.
She told me about the letter that / which she
a) when b) which c) who wrote to her parents yesterday.
E. This is the bicycle ___ I used to ride to
school on. a) I apologized to the woman. I spilled her
coffee.
a) whom b) whose c) which
b) The building is very old. He lives there.
F. The reason ___ she is happy is that she has c) The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to
just passed the exams. the airport.
a) why b) which c) when d) Mr. Cat has a painting. Its value is
G. That´s the woman ____ best friend is a inestimable.
movie star. e) The man poured a glass of water on his
face. His beard caught on fire when he lit
a) whose b) who´s c) which
a cigarette.
H. The chair _____ she is sitting on is new. f) Mr. Edwards is a professor. Robert is taking
a) when b) where c) which his courses.
43
g) The town is small. I grew up there. 10. Complete the information with the
h) Celine Dion is a singer. I like her songs very expressions in the box. Talk about them in
well. class.
i) The dogcatcher caught the dog. The dog
a) A habit which annoys other people is
bit my neighbor’s son.
called _________.
j) The students missed the assignment. They
b) To start doing something regularly which
were absent from class.
is not good we say ___________ bad
k) An elephant has few natural enemies. An
habits.
elephant is the earth’s largest land
c) To stop a bad habit is to ____________,
mammals.
____________, or (informal) ___________.
d) To advise someone on smoking, drinking,
eating, etc. less we may use to
_____________.
LANGUAGE TRAINING e) If somebody is unable to stop taking
something harmful they are ___________
something.
8. Give an appropriate ending to these sentences.
f) To have or start having a way of life
a) I´m looking for a man who ___________ which is boring and difficult to change is
b) I´d like a house which _____________ __________ or ___________.
c) I´d rather not meet someone whose
__________ Box
d) I´d love something which ____________ To be in a rut Give sth* up
e) I always dream about being in a place that
Cut down (on sth) Get into
____
f) The film was about a married couple who Break the habit To get into a rut
_____ Kick the habit Addicted to
g) She left the room when _________ Bad habit
h) We celebrated in the same restaurant
where ___ *
sth: abbreviation of something.
i) The new secretary, whose _________
j) We need a babysitter who _________ 11. In pairs. Write sentences in which you use
the expressions above as in the example.
k) That is the boss whose ________
All my mum does is get up early in the
9. In pairs. Ask and answer questions using the morning, attends grandma, teaches English
prompts below, as in the example. until 8:30 and goes to sleep. I´m afraid she´s
getting into a rut.
A: Beth gave you those books, didn´t she?
B: That´s right. The person who gave me 12. Match these proverbs with their correct
these books was Beth. meaning.
a) Robert fixed your fan, didn´t he?
Column A
b) Ruth decorated your house, didn´t she?
c) Peter bought your car, didn´t he? a) A friend in need is a friend indeed
d) Laura did your housework last weekend, b) A penny saved is a penny gained
didn´t she? c) Great talkers are little doers
e) Betty paid your bills, didn´t she? d) A bird in hand is worth two in the bush
44
e) All that glitters is not gold ___ A friend who helps when one is in
f) Eat to live, but do not live to eat trouble is a real friend.
g) Where there's a will there's a way ___ Those people who talk a lot and are
h) Better late than never always teaching others usually do not
do much work.
Column B ___ By being thrifty one will be able to save
___ Do not be deceived by things or offers up.
that appear to be attractive. ___ To do something that is right, profitable,
___ Man was created for a divine purpose or good a little late is still better than
and he has a destiny with his Creator - he not doing it at all.
was not born just to enjoy food. ___ Something that one already has is better
___ When a person really wants to do than going after something seemingly
something, he will find a way of doing more worthwhile that one may not be
it. able to get.
READING AND WRITING
13. Talk about it.
Do you like smoking ? Why ?
14. Read the following article carefully and do the following exercises.
“Controversy: to be or not to be?”

Julio Acanda, who is a Cuban journalist, has been interviewing
some people on the street about the habit of smoking
Interviewer: As I can see you are a smoker. How do you feel about
it?
Smoker: Well, I´ve been smoking for more than 20 years. We are
on the spot. Smoking is something I consider to be a personal
choice, yet it´s become a very public issue. People like me are very
confused.
Smoking gives us enjoyment, but it gives others offense. We are
doing something perfectly legal, thought we are often segregating
and discriminated. Total strangers feel free to abuse us verbally in
public without warning.
We are not criminals. We don´t mean to bother or offend people
and we don´t like confrontations with them. We´ve made a
decision of doing something we enjoy and trying to understand
non-smokers concerns.
Everybody has rights and feelings, so we just want people respect ours, as well
Interviewer: Excuse me, Sir? What´s your point of view about smoking?
45
Non-smoker: I´m uncomfortable. To me, the smoke from cigarettes can be a real annoyance. Even
thought people like me, have chosen not to smoke, we´re exposed to second-hand smoke anyway.
We feel a little powerless because smokers invade our privacy without even noticing and
sometimes when we speak up and let them know how we feel they react as we are bad guys.
Yes, I have known many people who are smokers but I´m not a fanatic. I don´t want to be a social
enemy. I just wish smokers would be more considerate and responsible about how, when and
where to smoke. To give up smoking is up to them.
(Adapted from an English Digital Magazine)
A. Choose a, b or c according to the article.

The main idea in the first interview shows that smoking…
a) ___ is welcome to non-smokers.
b) ___ is rejected by non-smokers.
c) ___ is a personal decision.
B. The journalist wants…
a) ___ to give information about smoking.
b) ___ to make a description about smoking.
c) ___ to reflect on smoking.
C. Say right ( R ) or Wrong ( W ). Explain the wrong ones.
a) ___ Smoking everywhere is a sign of right and joy.
b) ___ Non-smokers often make smokers feel put apart and intimidated.
c) ___ Smokers are supposed to be refused by everybody.
d) ___ There are different opinions about to smoke or not to smoke.
e) ___ To stop smoking is a personal decision.
D. Answer from the article.
a) Why do smokers feel like doing something offensive in social situations?
b) What do smokers feel about non-smokers ‘criticism?
c) Does the bad habit of smoking affect non-smokers too? How?
d) What do non-smokers think about people who smoke?
e) If you had to pick out a phrase or sentence from the article to sum up the main idea, which
one would you choose? Explain your choice.
15. If you had been the journalist, why would you have made the interview? Write your answers
in no less than 100 words. Remember to make your plan first.
46
UNIT 7 It Is Considered…
WAYS TO SAY IT
Carol and Alex haven’t seen each other for a long time, so Carol invites Alex to come over.
Carol ● Alex ▲
● Hi, how have you been?
▲ I´ve been fine. I have worked in Canada for a long time.
● Well! That´s great! Come on in please
▲ Thanks. Oh! What a beautiful painting! Where is it made?
Ask for and give
information about objects
● I love it. It is made here in Cuba. It was painted by Mikel Herrera
who is a famous young painter.
▲ Where did you get it? I would like to buy one if you told me
where.
● I bought it at Pabexpo Fair. It is one of Mikel´s best collection. Talk about the content
The collection is called “Los pequeños Gigantes”. By the way, of something
would you like something to drink and a piece of chocolate
cake? It was made by me.
▲ Yes, thanks. Wow! It is delicious!
● Thank you. Enjoy it!
Say Right (R), Wrong (W) or I don´t know (IDK). Explain the wrong ones as you have learned.
a) ___ Carol and Alex are friends.
b) ___ Alex have worked in Canada for two months.
c) ___ The painting was painted by Kacho.
d) ___ Los pequeños Gigantes is a famous collection made by a Cuban artist.
e) ___ Carol bought the painting in a foreign exhibition.
f) ___ The cake was made of chocolate.
Ask for and give information about objects Talk about the content of something
● Where were these magazines bought? ● Who is this book written by?
▲ They were bought in Spain. ▲ It is written by Isabel Allende.
47
Talk about material and origin Formation
● What are these socks made of?

▲ They are made of wool. Active voice Passive voice
● Where were they made? The subject
The subject of the sentence
▲ They were made in Japan of the sentence is the
is the doer
receiver of the action
Confirm facts Someone washes the car The car is washed every
every week. week.
● Where are these high heels sold?
▲ They are sold at La Puntilla shop
Someone washed the car The car was washed
yesterday yesterday
1. Match the related ones:
Column A
In simple present
a) Where was this dress made?
b) This interesting book was written by Noun / pronoun + is / are + past participle
Gabriel García Márquez.
c) I bought a beautiful painting.
Active Someone washes the car every week.
d) These socks are made of wool.
Passive The car is washed every week.
Column B
Active They make these televisions in Japan
___ Give information about objects
Passive These televisions are made in Japan.
___ Ask for information about objects
___ Talk about the content of something
2. Writing. Inform in your journal. In simple past
– Say who has been doing each household Noun / pronoun + was / were + past participle
chore at home.
– Describe the things you have at home and Someone painted the house last
say what they are made of, etc cetera. Active
week.
Passive The house was painted last week.
Active They taught the children to be polite.
Passive The children were taught to be polite.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
3. Circle the correct form of passive voice.
How to talk about actions, Active voice The boys kicked the ball.
people and objects
Passive voice a) The ball is kicked by the boys.
We use the passive voice to describe actions b) The ball was kicked by the boys.
when we don't know who does, or did the Active voice Did you write this letter?
action or it is not important to know about the
Passive voice a) Was this letter written by you?
doer, e.g. My purse was stolen last night.
(I don't know who stole it). The cars are taken b) Is this letter written by you?
to Europe every week. (It doesn't matter who Active voice Somebody else did that mess.
takes them).
48
Passive voice a) That mess was done by somebody k) Someone watches the palace twenty-four
else. hours a day.
b) That mess is done by somebody l) They leave the grapes to dry in the sun.
else.
6. Complete these sentences in the passive
using a word from the list.
4. Choose the correct answer.
List: grown, cut, taught, locked, sent,
A. ▲ Where does that lady keep her jewelry? explained, killed, given, built, driven,
● It___________ in a safe place in her understood, said
house.
a) is kept b) are kept c) was kept His father was killed in the war and all his
belongings were given to his family.
B. ▲ Have you got Stella’s phone number?
a) When _______ these houses ________?
● It ____________ in my phone book.
b) You can't go into the school. The gates
a) is written b) written c) be written.
_______ always ________ at 4.30.
C. ▲ Can you swim? c) _____ these potatoes __________ in your
● Oh, yes. I ___________ how to swim garden?
when I was five. d) I ______________ a beautiful gold watch. It
a) taught b) am taught c) was taught. _______ it’s the best of all.
D. ▲ Did you buy the picture? e) We take the bus to work during the week
● No, it _____________ to me for my so the car _______ only ________ at
birthday. weekends.
a) was given b) gave c) is given. f) The problem _______________ to us very
clearly, but it _______ not ____________ by
E. ▲ Did you build your house? Tommy.
● No, It _____________ built before we
g) This letter _______never _______ to Elvis.
moved in
a) is built b) built c) was built h) Children _________________ important
subjects at primary school now.
5. Rewrite these sentences in passive voice. i) The grass ______never _______ in winter.
Someone broke this mirror last night.
7. Rewrite these sentences putting the verbs in
This mirror was broken last night.
the passive voice.
Someone washes the towels in the hotel
every day. My car / damage / last night. (past)
The towels in the hotel are washed every day. My car was damaged last night.
This computer / make / in the USA. (present)
a) Someone built the house ten years ago.
This computer is made in the USA.
b) They grow this fruit in very hot countries.
c) They pay the office workers weekly. a) The machines / make / in Scotland, (present)
d) Someone bought all this cheese in France. b) The President / kill / last night, (past)
e) Someone found Emily's bike in the river. c) The money / change into dollars / at the
f) Someone visits most of the prisoners once bank, (present)
a week. d) The parcel / post / yesterday, (past)
g) Someone cleans this car every week. e) Cheese / make / from milk, (present)
h) They play a lot of sport on the beach. f) The children / give / some food, (past)
i) Someone stole all my best jewellery. g) The house / paint / every year, (present)
j) They carried the children all the way h) Several people / hurt / in an accident last
home. night, (past)
49
8. You and your friend are at the shop and you c) He fixed my washing machine. What
want to buy some articles. Act out a about my washing machine?
conversation giving and asking for d) Somebody brought up the child very
information about the objects. Use passive badly. What about the child?
voice and the functions studied in class. e) They turned my offer down. What about
my offer?
f) She organizes a surprise party every year.
What about the surprise party?
g) They send beautiful Mother’s cards every
LANGUAGE TRAINING second Sunday in May. What about the
beautiful Mother’s cards?
h) Mabel prepares beautiful exhibitions
9. Look for the meaning of these words, make every year. What about the exhibitions?
sentences and discuss them with your
classmates. Discussion clock
Words: behaviour, violence, delinquency, It is a technic to organize and develop your
marginalized, poverty, equality and justice, writing and speaking focusing on different
hope and peace. viewpoints about a topic. Here you are some
aspects you may set out in the “discussion
10. Debate in class. clock”.
There are million street children all over the
world. “Street children” are those who do not 1. Psychological 7. Social
have a place to live or sleep, so they do it on 2. Scientific 8. Political
the street, many of them have an antisocial or 3. Religious 9. Moral
4. Artistic 10. Historical
illegal behavior that is considered a serious 5. Economic 11. Geographical
problem of health and education. 6. Educational 12. Personal
(Adapted from a Master Degree Thesis, by
Bertha Maria Gonzalez Feria, 2008)
13. Analyze and complete the following
a) What do you think about this problem? Discussion Clock and debate in class.
b) What help is available to these children?
– What aspects may we take into account
c) How do they survive?
in the discussion clock to refer to
d) Does it ever happen in Cuba nowadays?
violence?
Explain.
11. Make up possible statements using passive

voice related to Street children. Debate them
in class. Psychological
12. Answer the following questions about the

situations.
She cleaned up the house this morning.
What about the house? Violence Educational
The house was cleaned up this morning.
a) Lions attacked the visitors. What about
the visitors?
b) They build new houses every year. What Moral
about the new houses?
50
– Take notes about what you and your In spite of that there are people who
classmates say in each aspect or point of believe that the traumatic childhood and
view. family problems do not clear people of
– Then, based on your notes, in pairs, write being conscious of the difference
paragraphs making reference to each between good and bad unless they suffer
aspect. from mental problems…
– You may write like this:
From a psychological viewpoint violence Say what this proverb means
can be a consequence of a traumatic “A good name is better than a good face”
childhood because…
– Then continue developing your point
with an opposing argument:
READING AND WRITING
14.Talk about it.

What do you think about delinquency and violence in young people? Support your answer.
15. Read the following text and do the exercises
“Juvenile Crime”
Juvenile delinquency refers to antisocial or illegal
behavior by children or adolescents and is
considered a serious problem all over the world.
It is caused by social, economic and cultural
factors. This juvenile criminality is apparent in
marginal sectors of urban areas where children
are exposed to violence in their immediate social
environment, either as observers or as victims.
Because delinquents basic education, if they have
any, is poor they have been marginalized from
society and destitute of any dignity or self-esteem.
Although most legal systems prescribe specific
procedures for dealing with young criminals, such
as juvenile detention centers and suppression,
approaches to prevent youth from becoming delinquent should also include measures to instill
equality and justice, fight poverty and create an atmosphere of hope and peace among youth.
These preventive policies should be given priorities over any coercive measures.
Socioeconomic opportunities and administrative services should be provided in rural areas to
discourage young people from migrating to urban areas. Similarly, youth from poor urban
settings should benefit from plans that focus on education, employment and access to leisure
programs, especially during long school holidays. Young people who drop out of school or
come from broken families should have access to specific social programs that help them
become responsible adults.
51
Information campaigns should be planned to sensitize youth to be aware of the detrimental

effects of violence on the family, community and society, to teach them how to communicate
without violence. Focus on the importance of family should become a priority because it is the
primary institution of socialization of youth and continues to play an important role in the
prevention of juvenile delinquency and underage crime.
(Taken from internet: Blog.tiching.com)
A. Choose A or B:
Juvenile crime is affected by economic factors. A True
B False
Migration might be another cause of juvenile criminality A True
B False
Family is not an important factor when dealing with juvenile criminality A True
B False
Suppression is not an option when dealing with juvenile criminality A True
B False
B. From the reading find.

a) Two sentences in passive voice ___________________________
b) A modal verb ___________________________
c) An antonym of poor ___________________________
d) A synonym of advantage ___________________________
e) A relative clause ___________________________
C. Answer the following questions.

a) What does juvenile delinquency refer to?
b) What is it caused for?
c) Do most legal systems prescribe specific procedures to prevent youth from becoming
delinquent?
d) Do young people who drop out of school or come from broken families have access to specific
social programs that help them become responsible adults?
e) What are Information campaigns planned for?
f) What is done by our revolutionary government to prevent juvenile delinquency?
D. Find in the reading the three most important ideas which describe juvenile crimes and suggest
what can be done to avoid them.
16. Write a composition in no less than 100 words, beginning with one of the following ideas.
• If I had children, I would like them to be…
• Many people could have helped to avoid juvenile delinquency if…
• Juvenile delinquency is considered…
According to your choice of the topic and aim of writing you may use one of the types of essays
studied or the following Discursive Essay*.
– Read and discuss this plan in class.
– You may use the following useful language
52
To bring up other points or As far as, regarding, as for, with regard to

aspects
To make contrasting points Yet, despite, however, nevertheless, although, in
spite of, on the other hand, it is argue that, there
are people who oppose, contrary what people
believe…
To conclude All in all, to sum up, in my opinion, in my view,
to my mind
To express reality In fact, as a matter of fact, in practice, the fact is
Introduction
Paragraph 1: State the topic. Explain the current or past situation.
Main body
Paragraph 2: State some viewpoints and their opposing arguments in two or more paragraphs.
Conclusion
Paragraph 3: Make general comments and / or give your opinion.
*
Discursive Essay: in this type of essay you can focus on various aspects of the topic in turn.
Each viewpoint is supported by examples. Opposing viewpoints should be mentioned as well.
53
UNIT 8 Celebrate!
WAYS TO SAY IT
It´s 10:00 a.m. Samantha is getting married at 4:30 p.m. Her old friend Sylvia calls her to know if
everything is O.K.
Sylvia ● Samantha ▲
● Good morning, how’s the luckiest bride today?
▲ Me? A lucky bride?
● Is there any problem? Are you O.K.?
▲ I´m afraid not. My head is killing me. I´m stressed out and this Make a complaint
wedding is getting me crazy. Everything is wrong.
● Calm down. Will the flowers be brought on time? Talk about the future
▲ I can’t tell. The wedding cake hasn’t been made yet. The car is
broken and it can’t be fixed before 3:00 p.m. Talk about something
that has been done
● Please, everything can be solved. Someone must be worried
about it. Well, don’t worry. In a few hours Sean and you will be
Express possibilities
happily married and after the wedding things should slow down.
and obligations
▲ Thanks for your support. Now I´m feeling much better.
Say Right (R), Wrong (W). Explain the wrong ones as you have learned.
a) ___ A surprise party has been organized to Samantha.
b) ___ Everything has been prepared for the wedding.
c) ___ Samantha is so worried in the morning.
d) ___ The wedding cake has been brought early in the morning.
e) ___ Sylvia’s call made Samantha feel more nervous and scared.
Make a complaint Talk about the future
● How about the weeding? Is it O.K. ● At what time will she finish the work?
▲ Yes, but the flowers haven´t been brought ▲ She will finish the work at 5 p.m. / The work
yet because the car is broken. will be finished at 5 p.m.
54
Express possibility
● I´m worry about the children´s school party.

▲ Be quiet, everything can be solved. GRAMMAR FOCUS
Express obligation
How to talk about actions, people and objects
● I´ve got a terrible headache and I feel awful.
▲ Well, I hope you must be in bed to rest and We use the passive voice to describe actions in
relax. which the receiver of the action is more
important than the doer or when the performer
1. Match the related elements: of the action is not someone specific. We may
use the passive with will, modal verbs and
Column A present perfect.
a) Where will the lecture be taken place?
b) The music outside and the noise of cars Formation
have been driving me crazy.
c) Something could be done about it. Active Voice Passive Voice
d) The sidewalk will be repaired to avoid
They will clean Will + be + past
accidents. the room later. participle
e) Some pain pills must be prescribed by the Will they build it The room will be
doctor. Future
in four years? cleaned later.
f) Have all these books been printed in Will it be built in
London? four years?
g) To get rid of my headache, I took four He can’t explain Can / should... +
aspirins. Two hours later my headache still the mystery. be + past
wasn’t gone, so I took four more. I must see the participle
h) Something can be done. new report at The mystery can’t
once. be explained
Column B
We could hear The new report
____ Talk about something that has been the music from a must be seen at
done long way away. once.
Modal verbs
____ Express obligation You should lock The music could
the door before be heard from a
____ Talk about the future
living. long way away.
____ Express possibility
Can they fix the The door should
____ Make a complaint blender? be locked before
living.
2. Debate these problems in class giving
Can the blender
appropriate solutions. be fixed?
a) A surprise party to a friend will be done Somebody has Have (has) + been
this Saturday, but something is wrong. sent the letter + past participle
to the wrong
b) A new house has been bought, but there address.
The letter has
are some problems in it. been sent to the
He hasn’t seen wrong address.
Present Perfect the cat inside the The cat hasn’t
3. Oral and writing. Answer on your own. Write house. been seen inside
about it in your journal.
What has the the house.
thief stolen from What has been
What things haven’t been done in your life
the museum? stolen from the
yet? Why?
museum?
How can your English be improved?
55
4. Which is right? c) Can you finish the composition?

_______________________________.
a) A new supermarket (has been built / will
be built) next year. d) What has your mother just bought for the
b) There was a fire at the disco, but house?
fortunately, nobody (has been hurt / must _______________________________.
be hurt). e) Have they seen the new Cuban film
c) Many car accidents (should be caused / Conducta?
have been caused) by careless drivers. _______________________________.
d) In a few weeks the museum (will be visited /
has been visited) by many tourists. 8. Complete these situations with passive voice
e) (Have they been invited / have they using the appropriate verbs in the correct form.
invited) to the wedding anniversary)?
Verbs: arrest, carry, cause, do, repair, send,
wake up, postpone, record, find.
5. Change these statements into passive voice.
a) He has sent an e-mail with bad news.
a) We have made a wise decision.
___________ in a bad time I guess.
_____________________________.
b) The killer ran away so he ______________
b) They have built a new hospital near the immediately by the police.
airport. c) Nobody came to the meeting so
_____________________________. ______________ next Friday at 4:00 p.m.
c) I can’t translate the book on time. d) This road is in a very bad condition. It
_____________________________. __________.
d) Police must catch the thief at once. e) It is not certain how the fire started, but it
_____________________________. __________ by an electrical fault.
f) The injured man can’t even walk.
e) She should see a physician right away.
Something __________ right now.
_____________________________.
g) Now everybody can hear our conversation.
f) Will Patty arrange everything? It _________ by someone who hates me.
_____________________________. h) I arrived to work early this morning. I
g) He couldn’t do anything about it. __________by my new alarm clock.
_____________________________.
6. Use passive voice using the verbs in parentheses.
a) The situation is serious. Something _______ LANGUAGE TRAINING

(do) before it’s late.
b) _____ you ever _____ (bite) by a dog
before? 9. What do these words mean? Then use passive
c) Have you heard? The concert _______ voice with will, modal verbs or present
(cancel). perfect to complete the ideas. Use a
d) Next time it _______ (do) better. I promise. dictionary if necessary.
e) He knows what to do. The computer
________ (fix) by himself easily. If something is…
a) washable, it _______________.
7. Answer these questions using passive voice. b) unbreakable, it _________.
a) What should I do with my broken glasses? c) edible, it ______________.
_______________________________. d) portable, it _______________.
b) When will we buy the new TV set? e) invisible, it _____________.
_______________________________. f) dirty, it __________________.
56
10. Complete the following reading in passive 12. These are some traditional celebrations that
voice using the given words in parentheses, have been commemorated by people for
and then do the exercises. ages. Choose them with their corresponding
features.
“Valentine´s Day”
Celebrations
a) Christmas Eve
b) Teacher´s Day
c) Mother’s Day
d) Father’s Day
e) Wedding anniversaries
f) Valentine´s Day
g) New Year’s Day
h) New Year’s Eve
____ It´s a day for sweethearts where we can
show our friends and lovers how much that
we care. Many gifts are given to each other
Valentine´s Day __________ (consider) a
on February 14th.
special day that everybody celebrates on
February 14th. On this day greeting cards, ____ It´s a holiday where many people
flowers or gifts __________ (can / send / attend to church service and stay at home
receive) and ________ by sweethearts, opening gifts and sharing a special meal
friends and relatives. It ________ (call) the with the family on December 24th.
day of love and friendship everywhere. ____ It´s celebrated on December 31st to
farewell the old year and to welcome the new
A lot of stories and versions ______________
one with parties with music, plenty of food
(may / find) about the origin of this date,
and drink. At exactly midnight everybody
but one of the most popular is that a Roman
kisses and holds each other shouting, “Happy
Emperor Claudius II forbade young men to
New Year!”.
marry. The Emperor thought single men
____________ (could / make) better soldiers. ____ It´s a family day to show respect and
Then a priest named Valentine disobeyed love to mothers on the second Sunday in
the Emperor’s order and secretly married May. Flowers, mother’s cards and gifts are
young couples. He _______ (sentence) to given to them and family members do not
death on February 14th. want Mom to have to cook dinner!
– The main idea of paragraph 1 is ____________ ____ It´s held on the third Sunday in June
and paragraph 2 tells us about _____________. and children give special gifts for always
been there when they needed “Dad”.
11. Answer and discuss in class. ____ They occur on the same day of the year
the wedding took place. Couples plan special
a) What are we used to doing on Valentine´s dinners or trips with family members.
Day? Why? Sometimes the presents are associated to
b) What do you think about Valentine´s specific materials according to the anniversary
attitude? What could you have done? year.
c) How can Valentine´s Day be celebrated?
d) Have you ever given any gifts to someone ____ On January 1st get-togethers are often
on this day? Why? informal, but generally there is plenty to eat
e) What special presents are given to you that and drink as loved ones and friends wish
can’t be forgotten? Support your answer. each other the best for the year ahead.
f) What kind of present had you rather give ____ All students show their admiration and
and receive? Explain. respect to their teachers by giving presents
57
or parties with special activities at school on 14. “Giving is receiving” What can you tell
December 22nd. about it?
13. Which of these events can be the most Say what this proverb means
attractive to you? Support your answer and
“A good conscience is a soft pillow”
be ready to discuss it in class.
READING AND WRITING
15. Talk about it.
Do you like celebrations? Support your answer.
“Birthday celebrations”
Birthdays can be considered one of the most important celebrations
of all.
They might be accompanied by parties, balloons, flowers, special meals,
or presents.
Birthdays are celebrated in a variety of ways all over the world. A birthday has been considered
a special day for the birthday person, so a special treatment will be given from friends and
family.
Children are usually very excited about their birthdays. At a very early age, children know when
their birthdays are and they are proud of saying how old they are. Their parents often host a
party, and friends, neighbors and family members will be invited to share the birthday cake
topped with lighted candles, one candle for each year. As a long-standing tradition ,when the
cake is brought to the table everybody sings, “Happy birthday to you” and the birthday girl or
boy is supposed to make a wish and blow out the candles to make his or her wish come true.
Most of the adults also celebrate their birthdays, though not as regularly as children. They may
plan a party or a special meal at home and invite close friends and family or simply to go out
for dinner. And as it is a customary to say “Happy birthday”, it is not usually appropriate to
ask and adult how old he or she is. They don’t like the reminder that they are continually
getting older. Others try not to tell anyone about his or her birthday.
The song “Happy birthday to you” has been sung all over the world in different languages
thanks to two American sisters who wrote it in 1893. No birthday can be held without singing
this traditional song.
(Adapted from Celebrate Holidays in the United States, 2nd edition)
A. The main purpose of the reading is…

a) ___ to criticize birthday festivities.
b) ___to advice about celebrations.
c) ___ to inform about birthday customaries.
58
B. Say right (R) or wrong (W) .Explain the wrong ones.

a) ______ The birthday person will be honored by friends and relatives.
b) ______ Children are rarely happy in their birthday parties.
c) ______ Old people celebrate their birthdays in the same way.
d) ______ All adults avoid remembering their birthdays.
e) ______ The song “Happy Birthday to You” was written in the 20th Century.
f) ______ The birthday song has been translated into several languages around the world.
C. Answer these questions from the reading.

a) Is a birthday an ordinary day? Why?
b) Have birthday festivities been considered a popular tradition?
c) Can birthday festivities be celebrated in the same way? Explain.
d) Why has the cake with candles been important to the birthday child?
e) What do old people refuse to talk about on their birthdays? Do you agree? Support your
answer.
17. Have you ever been given a special birthday gift? Write about your opinion and impressions
in a composition in no less than 100 words.
59
UNIT 9 What Did He Say?
WAYS TO SAY IT
Jack and Lissy have been waiting for their friend John at a restaurant.
Lissy ● Jack ▲ John ♦

● I wonder what´s keeping John. He might have gotten lost.
▲ He was supposed to be here at two and it´s 2:10.
● Did you finally call him?
▲ Sure, I did.
● What did he say then?
▲ He said he would meet us for lunch. He asked me if we met finally.
● And at what time?
▲ He only said that he couldn´t leave work before 1:30. He also told
me that he didn’t that he didn’t want us wait too long.
● Did you tell him that I had an appointment at 3:30?
▲ Yes, I told him that you had plans and that you were in a hurry. Report
a conversation
Oh, look. There he is.... John, what happened?
♦ Hi, I´m sorry I´m so late. The bus broke down so I had to walk. I knew
you told me that you were having a date with someone later... or
something like that.
● A date? I am having a doctor´s appointment!
♦ You are! Oh, I apologize again.
● That´s OK. I still have the time. Well, let´s order... I am starving
because I haven´t eaten anything today. Waiter, please.
Tell whether these statements are True (T), False (F) or not mentioned (NM). Correct the false ones.
a) ___ Jack said that he had never called John.
b) ___ They were waiting for John at an Italian restaurant.
c) ___ John couldn´t leave work earlier because he was having a meeting.
d) ___ He thought Lissy was seeing someone.
e) ___ Lissy told John she had an appointment an hour and a half later.
f) ___ Finally John told them he was late because he got stuck in a traffic jam.
60
Choose the correct idea.

They were supposed to meet at… a) 2:10 b) 3:30 c) 2:00
They were meeting for having… a) dinner b) lunch c) coffee
John came late because… a) He had a lot b) He had a car c) The bus he was
of phone call accident coming broke
to make down
Report a conversation d) Susan said she had to work until late.

___ I have to work until late.
● Where are your books Frank? ___ I had to work until late.
▲ They are on my desk. ___ I´m working until late.
● What did he say?
♦ He said that his books were on his desk. e) Paul said that he had gone to the cinema
last Saturday.
1. Match the columns. ___ I go to the cinema last Saturday.
___ I went to the cinema last Saturday.
Column A ___ I will go to the cinema last Saturday.
a) Lissy supposed
b) John wasn’t there 3. Writing. Remember and write in your journal
c) They waited for him what your parents and someone who were in
d) John thought charge of you told when:
e) Lissy really had a) You woke up late or too early
Column B b) You fought at school
c) You let other people to abuse you
____ that Lissy had a different plan. d) You didn´t want to study
____ a doctor’s appointment. e) You didn´t pass a test
____ at the time they had agreed. f) You bring your first boyfriend / girlfriend
at home
____ John got lost.
g) ….
____ for about 10 minutes.
2. Choose the correct answer.
a) Laura said that she couldn´t go to the

party. GRAMMAR FOCUS
___ She won´t go to the party
___ She doesn´t go to the party
How to express what people say
b) She can´t go to the party Maria said she
had an appointment at 8.00 p.m. We use direct and indirect speech to express
___ I had an appointment at 8:00 p.m. what people say or talk about.
___ I have an appointment at 8:00 p.m.
We use the direct speech to express the exact
___ I will have an appointment at 8:00 p.m.
words of what people said, in writing
c) Carlos said that he was going to study on conventionally it is inside quotation marks “”;
Tuesday. e.g.: “I have to take care of my grandmother”,
___ I go to study on Tuesday. Omar said.
___ I´m going to study on Tuesday. We use the indirect speech or reported speech
___ I went to study on Tuesday. to express the exact meaning of what someone
61
said but not the exact words in their original Notice the examples:
form. Quotation marks are not used; e.g:. Omar
“Are you working tomorrow morning?” Paul
said (that) he had to take care of his
asked her.
grandmother.
Paul asked her if she was working the next
Using say and tell morning.
“Why are you late?” Mother asked me. Mother
We can use say and tell for both direct and asked me why I was late.
indirect speech.
“Can you speak French?” They asked me
They asked me whether / if I could speak French.
Zenaida said to me, “I bought a
Say + to + object new dress”.
4. Underline the correct form.
pronoun Zenaida said to me that she had
bought a new dress. a) Joe said that he (is / was / will be) busy all
Juanito is totally blind now. He day.
Tell + object told me “he wanted to see again”. b) Rose told us that she (didn’t know /
pronoun Juanito told me (that) he had doesn´t know / has known) anybody there.
wanted to see again. c) Vince said he (will come back / has come
back / would come back) at 3:00.
d) Gary told us that Anna (can’t stay / may
Formation
not stay / couldn’t stay) longer than she
Tenses and expressions of time changes form thought.
the direct to the indirect speech. Notice the e) Bill said they (has called / had called / have
examples. been calling) twice before lunch.
5. Match.
Direct Indirect
Column A
Present simple Past simple
a) Jack said he was...
“I want to find a better He said he wanted to find a
job”, he said. better job. b) Ellen told us she could...
c) My dad asked me if I had...
Present continuous Past continuous
d) Johnny asked them...
“They are playing tennis”, He said they were playing e) Sheilla said to me that she...
he said. tennis.
f) Andy told him...
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Column B
“I´ve ordered a new fridge; She said she had ordered a
she said. new fridge. ___ spent all the money.
Simple past Past perfect ___ telling them the truth.
___ where they lived.
“Jack left the country”, They said Jack had left the
they said. country. ___ that pencil was his
___ play the piano perfectly.
Future (will) Conditional (would)
___ wouldn’t stay the next day.
“I´ll send you a letter”, he He said he would send me
said. a letter. 6. Change these statements from the main
dialogue to indirect speech by answering
Reported question formation questions.
We can use reported questions to say what a) “Did you finally call him?”.
people asked. They can be direct and indirect or What did Lissy ask Jack? Lissy ___________.
reported. We may use the following verbs: ask, b) “I am sorry I´m so late”.
wonder, or want to know. What did John say to them? John _______.
62
c) “The bus broke down” Note: Miss Clark: Mr Anderson called and
What did John tell them? He ___________. said that the meeting would be tomorrow
d) “I am having a doctor’s appointment” at 8:30. He asked you not to be late.
What did Lissy say to Jack? She __________. Message 1: The principal of the school,
e) “I am starving because I haven’t eaten Mrs Sanchez, “Calls and says: Mr Lopez your
anything today”. son failed the math test. Please come to see
What did she finally tell them? __________. me”.
Message 2: Sandra calls and says: “I have a
7. In groups of three. Play roles of an interviewer, party tonight. Can I pick you up at 8?”
a person who is interviewed and a reporter.
Message 3: Roberto calls and says:” I have two
Use the questions below.
tickets for the theatre. Please be there at 8.
See the example: Message 4: Laura calls and says.” I have an
appointment at 4:00. Please pick up the
Interviewer ● (Asks the question) children”.
Person who is interviewed ▲ (Answers the
Message 5: The manager calls and says “I
question)
have travelled for an emergency. Can you
Reporter ♦ (Reports on what the Interviewer check the messages for me?”
asked and the Person who is interviewed said)
● What are you studying these days? 9. Act out the conversation in groups of three
▲ An English lesson.
using the reported speech. Then write it on
♦ (●) asked (▲) what he was studying those your notebook. Albert has invited some
days and (▲) told him he was studying an friends to a movie but four of them can’t go.
English lesson. What excuses did they give for not coming?
What did they say?
Questions Albert : Would you like to go to a movie?
Where will you go next weekend? Susan: I have a test tomorrow. I must study
What kind of music do you like best? hard.
Are you single or married? Reporter: Susan said that she had a test and
What exciting trip have you had lately? must study hard.
Do you practice any sports? Some excuses
What sports did you practice some years ago?
When is she coming back? a) Scott: “I am not feeling well. I think I have
a fever now”.
b) Eddy. “I will be out of town tomorrow. I
have packed my bags”.
LANGUAGE TRAINING c) Annie: “I have already been invited to a
wedding. I´m so sorry.”
d) Joanna: “I can’t come. I may be here the
8. Write down a note for each message using whole weekend”.
reported speech. Then read your notes aloud e) Terry: “ My mother needs to see me today”
to a class.
10. Make an interview to a friend, a classmate,
Situation a doctor, a teacher or any other personality.
You get home and you hear these messages Then report to the class using the indirect
in the answering machine. speech.
e.g.: Message: Mr Anderson calls and says: Make a plan with 10 questions to prepare
“Miss Clark, the meeting will be tomorrow at the interview based on a topic given by your
8:30. Please don’t be late”. teacher.
63
11. Read the following Letter Pages and report one. It was a huge wrench giving up a legal
what they say career I had worked extremely long and
hard for, but I am planning a complete
– About to work or not work? change of career when the youngest starts
– About being independent? school. I believe it´s possible both to take a
– About feminism? break for your kids and have two different
– About being a mother and work at the but successful careers either side. Obviously
same time? Cherie Blair came to a different conclusion
and no doubt has had a procession of
Now over to you… nannies, but surely a woman should be
To work or not to work- is it anyone´s free to choose how and when to work and
business but ours? enjoy it when she does.
Anon: Cherie Blair should be ashamed by
Joanna: I gave up my career as a successful
her comments. In this day and age you
lawyer at the end of last year to be a
would have thought that feminism would
full-time housewife, and it´s one of the best
mean being allowed to make a choice
decisions I have ever made. …my husband
instead of being dictated to about what we
makes enough money to support us both
have to do…
very comfortably. But it was still an
extremely difficult choice to make. Some Jodie: What happened to a woman´s own
time during 12 years I worked as a lawyer, choice? No one is allowed to judge what
my identity became so interlocked with another person wants to do with their life.
what I did that I ended up forgetting who I (Taken from Grazia Magazine, Nº. 8, Letter
really am. … Pages, August 13, 2012)
Name withheld A: No money worries,
beautiful kids, perfect husband and no A. Try this.
requirement for her to work… This is
Write an opinion essay about one of the topics
smugness on a whole new level.
of the letters.
Name withheld B: I fail to see why a
woman in this position should lose her Say what this proverb means
ambitious –I haven´t! I now have two girls “Don't judge a book by its cover”
and stopped practicing law after the first
READING AND WRITING
12. Talk about it.

Have you ever read any detective story? Which one?
“Arthur Conan Doyle”

There is probable no one among book-lovers who has not heard of Sherlock Holmes, the skillful
and Clever detective in the stories by Arthur Conan Doyle. Sherlock Holmes’ method of analyzing
the most difficult problems was to notice the smallest facts; he never gave up looking into what
64
seemed unimportant. His method never failed; the criminal

was always found out and fell into the hands of the law.
Conan Doyle once arrived in Paris, after spending a month
in the south of France. There was a long row of cabs outside
the railway station. Conan Doyle got into the first cab and
ordered the driver to take him to a good hotel. The driver
was silent all the way to the hotel, but when Conan Doyle
paid him, he said, “Thank you, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle”.
“How do you know who I am?” Conan Doyle asked in the
greatest surprise.
“I have never seen you before”, the man answered, “so I can’t pretend that I recognized you. But
I have always been able to notice small things. I read in the newspaper that you were expected in
Paris after your vacation in the south of France. The train you arrived on came from the south of
France. I could tell from your clothes, especially your hat, and also from the strange way you
pronounce French words that you were English. These facts helped me to guess that you were
probably Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
“Fine work! Wonderful!”, Conan Doyle cried. “You analyzed the facts quite correctly. It´s a pity
you aren’t a detective!”
“Of course”, the driver added, “your name is on both your travelling bags. I can’t pretend that
that fact didn’t help”.
(Taken from Reading Selections, ten grade)
A. Select a, b, or c according to the reading.

a) Arthur Conan Doyle had arrived to Paris by… __ taxi
__ train
__ plane
b) He had come back from the South of… __ France
__ England
__ Paris
c) He had stayed there for… __ two months
__ two years
__ a month
d) He saw… __ only one taxi

__ not taxis at all
__ a lot of taxis
B. Say if these ideas are Right (R), Wrong (W), or Not Mentioned (NM).
a) ___ The driver told Conan Doyle that he hadn’t paid for his journey.
b) ___ He said that he had pronounced French words strongly.
c) ___ Conan Doyle asked the driver if the hotel was outside the city.
C. Answer these questions:

a) What did the driver say about the facts which helped him guess?
b) Was the driver as clever as Sherlock Holmes? Explain.
c) What did he finally tell Conan Doyle?
65
D. Improve your vocabulary matching the related words. Make sentences with them.
Column A Column B
a) cabs ____ someone having abilities
b) skilful ____ intelligent, talented
c) noticed ____ stopped
d) gave up ____ taxis
e) facts ____ make believe
f) law ____ true things
g) clever ____ to be insufficient
h) unimportant ____ justice
i) failed ____ observed
j) pretend ____ not important
E. Select the correct word (Column A) from exercise 13.D to complete these ideas.
a) When I finished reading I told my brother that Holmes was so _______.
b) He told us that his method had never _________.
c) He said he couldn’t _________ that he had recognized him.
d) He also said that those _________ had helped him to guess.
e) ______ details were not taken into account, only the most significant were supposed to be
_______.
F. Change into indirect speech what Conan Doyle and the driver have said after meeting.
a) Conan Doyle asked the driver, “How do you know who I am?”.
b) The taxi driver answered, I have never seen you before”.
c) He also said, “I can’t pretend that I recognized you”.
d) Conan Doyle said, “You analyzed the facts quite correctly. It is a pity you aren’t a detective”.
e) The driver finally said to Conan Doyle, “Your name is on both sides of your travelling bags”.
14. Answer and write in a composition the following questions in no less than 100 words. Use
what you have learned during the course. Then read it in class.
Do you like detective stories? If so, write about it.
If not, what kind of books would you rather read? Tell about it.
– Make you plan based on the type of essay you consider is the best to develop the topic.
66
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Appendix
LIST OF VERBS
Base Form Meaning in Spanish Past* Past Participle

ask preguntar asked asked
answer responder answered answered
apologize disculparse apologized apologized
agree estar de acuerdo agreed agreed
accept aceptar accepted accepted
arrive arribar arrived arrived
appear aparecer appeared appeared
admire admirar admired admired
attend asistir attended attended
bring traer brought brought
build construir built built
buy comprar bought bought
be ser o estar was / were been
begin comenzar began begun
become convertir(se) became become
break romper broke broken
believe creer believed believed
belong pertenecer belonged belonged
close cerrar closed closed
clean limpiar cleaned cleaned
complain quejarse complained complained
call llamar called called
continue continuar continued continued
cry llorar, gritar cried cried
carry cargar, llevar a cabo carried carried
69
complete completar completed completed

cost costar cost cost
cut cortar cut cut
catch agarrar caught caught
come venir came come
choose escoger, seleccionar chose chosen
change cambiar changed changed
copy copiar copied copied
discover descubrir discovered discovered
dream soñar dreamed dreamed
destroy destruir destroyed destroyed
dance bailar danced danced
develop desarrollar developed developed
describe describir described described
defend defender defended defended
depend depender depended depended
disappoint decepcionar disappointed disappointed
do hacer did done
drink beber drank drunk
drive manejar drove driven
eat comer ate eaten
earn ganar earned earned
enjoy disfrutar enjoyed enjoyed
end finalizar ended ended
expect esperar expected expected
explain explicar explained explained
fire incendiar, despedir fired fired
fight luchar fought fought
fill llenar filled filled
follow seguir followed followed
form formar formed formed
fail fallar, suspender failed failed
fly volar flew flown
finish terminar finished finished
fix componer, fijar fixed fixed
forbid prohibir forbade forbidden
70

forget olvidar forgot forgotten
feed alimentar fed fed
feel sentir felt felt
find encontrar found found
fall caer fell fallen
found fundar founded founded
go ir went gone
give dar gave given
grow crecer grew grown
get obtener got got
graduate graduar(se) graduated graduated
greet saludar greeted greeted
hurt herir hurt hurt
have tener had had
hate odiar hated hated
hear oír heard heard
hold sostener held held
increase incrementar increased increased
introduce presentar, introducir introduced introduced
invent inventar invented invented
invite invitar invited invited
keep guardar, mantener kept kept
kill asesinar killed killed
kiss besar kissed kissed
listen escuchar listened listened
live vivir lived lived
leave abandonar, dejar left left
learn aprender learned learned
love amar loved loved
like gustar liked liked
lose perder lost lost
look mirar looked looked
last durar lasted lasted
make hacer made made
mean significar meant meant
miss perder, extrañar missed missed
71
move mudar(se), mover(se) moved moved

name nombrar named named
need necesitar needed needed
open abrir opened opened
overcome superar overcame overcome
order ordenar ordered ordered
put poner, situar put put
pay pagar paid paid
practice practicar practiced practiced
play jugar, tocar un instrumento musical played played
please agradar, satisfacer pleased pleased
possess poseer possessed possessed
place situar, poner placed placed
pass pasar, aprobar passed passed
paint pintar painted painted
repeat repetir repeated repeated
remember recordar remembered remembered
rain llover rained rained
return retornar, volver returned returned
read /i/ leer read /e/ read /e/
ring sonar rang rung
rest descansar rested rested
refuse rechazar refused refused
run correr run run
see ver saw seen
start iniciar started started
sing cantar sang sung
speak hablar spoke spoken
sell vender sold sold
sleep dormir slept slept
send enviar sent sent
sweep barrer swept swept
sit sentar(se) sat sat
spend pasar, gastar spent spent
shut cerrar shut shut
solve resolver solved solved
sign firmar signed signed
72

study estudiar studied studied
say decir said said
tell decir told told
take coger took taken
teach enseñar taught taught
think pensar thought thought
travel viajar traveled traveled
try tratar, probar tried tried
touch tocar touched touched
use usar used used
understand entender understood understood
wash lavar washed washed
watch mirar, vigilar watched watched
worry preocupar(se) worried worried
work trabajar worked worked
win ganar won won
wait esperar waited waited
* The verbs that end in -ed in past are called regular verbs.
* The verbs that do not end in -ed in past are called irregular verbs.
73
74

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5A008 Tripa_Maquetación 1 22/03/2016 02:18 p.m.

M. Sc. Ana Susana Arriola León

Edición: Lic. Aldo R. Gutiérrez Rivera

© Ana Susana Arriola León y coautores, Cuba, 2016

ISBN 978-959-13-2908-0 Obra completa

EDITORIAL PUEBLO Y EDUCACIÓN

UNIT 1. Let’s Refresh / 1

Este libro contribuye al aprendizaje de los contenidos que corresponden

UNIT 1 Let´s Refresh

Robert runs into his friend Alex on the street.

● Hi, What are you doing?

Identify. What´s the expression?

Find out another way to say it in the text.

Talk about plans d) I´ll take a walk in the park.

With affirmative If my mother recovers, I’ll

If you want, I can help you to learn English.

Column A The police / not / catch / the thieves

8. Create conversations with your partner. Write

A. Try this! In pairs. Choose two topics to write about

READING AND WRITING

13. Talk about it.

14. Read the following article and do the exercises.

“You have to have friends”

A. Answer the following questions according to the reading.

UNIT 2 If I Were Born Again…

▲ O.K., see you then.

a) ___ Carlos and Sam are schoolmates.

Find out another way to say it in the text.

Answer according to the text:

Imagine something React to a situation

Untrue in the present 1. Match with the correct functions.

● Would you behave differently if you were Column A

Formation If I were you, I would practice for the match.

7. In pairs. What would you do in each of these

8. Identify these sentences as first or second Column A

c) Why is it said that human beings are 2 4

d) Why is the weather making so many R N

13. Read these environmental situations and S

quality in most of main cities? F M

14. Find out the world problems to complete

Linking words and phrases

READING AND WRITING

15. Talk about it.

16. Read the following opinions and be ready to do

Roberta, James and Maria are friends. They are

A. The main idea of the reading is... __________________________________.

B. Answer the questions from the text.

D. Fill in the blanks the correct words from the list.

Suggestions Results and consequences

– Read and discuss in class this plan.

UNIT 3 What Had Happened?

▲ Hi, Robert, how have you been?

a) ___ Miriam was cleaning her room.

Answer according to the text.

Talk about a decision

● Why didn´t you warm Mary and Peter about

Formation Time expressions:

Expressing affirmative statements Expressions of time for the present perfect

4. Underline the correct form of the verbs in

• arrived home. academic regulations, he got to arouse his

READING AND WRITING

17. Talk about it.

18. Read the following story and do the exercises.

If my mother had recovered, I c) If she (be) qualified, she _