𝑥0

𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑚𝑥
𝑥−𝑥0

(𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)) (𝑥0 , 𝑓(𝑥0 ))

𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥0 )
lim
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥−𝑥0

𝑥0
ℎ = 𝑥 − 𝑥0 ℎ→0 𝑥 → 𝑥0 𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑥0

𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 ) 𝑓(𝑥0 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )

lim = lim .
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0 ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑥0
𝑓(𝑥0 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = [(𝑥0 + ℎ)2 + 𝑥0 + ℎ] − [𝑥02 + 𝑥0 ] = 2𝑥0 ℎ + ℎ
 𝑓(𝑥0 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥0 ) 2𝑥0 ℎ + ℎ
lim = lim = 2𝑥0 + 1 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ).
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|

𝑓 𝑓 −1 (𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 −1 )(𝑥) = 𝑥
′
[𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥))] [(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)]′ = 1

1
[𝑓 −1 (𝑥)]′ =
[𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥))] ′
 𝑥3
𝑓(𝑥) = 3
− 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 2

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≥ 0
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 ≥ 0 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −2] ∪ [4, ∞)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 ∈ [−2,4].
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 0 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8
𝑥1 = −2 𝑥2 = 4

𝑥0 𝑓 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥0 ) < 0
𝑥0 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥0 ) > 0 𝑥0
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 2 𝑓 ′′ (−2) = −6 < 0 𝑥1 =
−2 𝑓 ′′ (4) = 6 > 0 𝑥2 = 4

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0 2𝑥 − 2 < 0 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 1) 𝑓(𝑥)

(−∞, 1) (1, ∞)
𝑥0 = 1

∞
∞
0 ∞
0 0
0
∞
 𝑥2
lim cos 𝑥−1
𝑥→0
0
0

𝑥2 2𝑥
lim = lim .
𝑥→0 cos 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→0 − sin 𝑥

0
0

𝑥2 2𝑥 2
lim = lim = lim = −2.
𝑥→0 cos 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→0 − sin 𝑥 𝑥→0 −cos 𝑥